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We report on the investigation and realization of photonic filters based on the combination of fractional compositions of a few basic grating periods. Using a minimum set of two basic periods Lambda(1) and Lambda(2) we demonstrate comb-like few mode photonic band gap structures with arbitrary numbers of bands and frequency spacing between the bands. Optically integrated filters of different comb periods result in switchable wavelength filters for channel selection in WDM applications.
Affordances manifest possibilities of interaction with a spoken dialogsystem. For example, the act of asking a question affords to the recipient thepossibility of answering. In the system we present, the observable act of maneuveringaffords the possibility of controlling a motion. Our system thus uses the affordanceprinciple to shape the interaction: to trigger the usage of instructions that are easyto understand and process, the system gives immediate visual feedback to afforduser commands that can then be reacted upon. This tightening of the interactionloop requires an incremental processing paradigm to allow fast reactions and to beable to alter ongoing system actions. Our system is a hybrid of incremental andnon-incremental processing components, combining conventional, state graph-basedprocessing, which has the advantage of widely available toolkits and well-understooddialog management, with incremental dialog processing which allows for the tightfeedback loop that provides for quick reactions. We tested our approach in a smalluser study and found that users used simpler and setting-independent commandsmore often and were more efficient when faced with the affordance-based version ofour system.
In this paper, the high-temperature fatigue behavior and residual stress states of a Ti-6Al-4V alloy are investigated after mechanical surface treatment. In particular, the two surface treatments investigated, laser shock peening and deep rolling, were observed to result in significantly different residual stress states. The consequent isothermal fatigue behavior at elevated temperatures, characterized using cyclic deformation curves, are discussed in terms of the stability of the near-surface work hardening and compressive residual stresses. Despite pronounced relaxation of the residual stresses, both laser shock peening and deep rolling led to a significant improvement in the cyclic deformation behavior and, hence, increased fatigue lifetimes at elevated temperatures as compared to untreated materials states.
The potential of using ASR n-best lists for dialogue systems has often been recognised (if less often realised): it is often the case that even when the top-ranked hypothesis is erroneous, a bet- ter one can be found at a lower rank. In this paper, we describe metrics for evaluating whether the same potential carries over to incremental dialogue systems, where ASR output is consumed and reacted upon while speech is still ongoing. We show that even small N can provide an advantage for semantic process- ing, at a cost of a computational overhead.
In incremental spoken dialogue systems, par- tial hypotheses about what was said are re- quired even while the utterance is still ongo- ing. We define measures for evaluating the quality of incremental ASR components with respect to the relative correctness of the par- tial hypotheses compared to hypotheses that can optimize over the complete input, the tim- ingof hypothesisformationrelative to the por- tion ofthe inputthey areabout, andhypothesis stability, defined as the number of times they are revised. We show that simple incremen- tal post-processing can improve stability dra- matically, at the cost of timeliness (from 90% of edits of hypotheses being spurious down to 10% at a lag of 320ms). The measures are not independent,and we show how system de- signers can find a desired operating point for their ASR. To our knowledge, we are the first to suggest and examine a variety of measures for assessing incremental ASR and improve performance on this basis.
Incremental spoken dialogue systems, which process user input as it unfolds, pose additionalengineering challenges compared to more standard non-incremental systems: Their processingcomponents must be able to accept partial, and possibly subsequently revised input, and mustproduce output that is at the same time as accurate as possible and delivered with as little delay aspossible. In this article, we define metrics that measure how well a given processor meets thesechallenges, and we identify types of gold standards for evaluation. We exemplify these metrics inthe evaluation of several incremental processors that we have developed. We also present genericmeans to optimise some of the measures, if certain trade-offs are accepted. We believe that thiswork will help enable principled comparison of components for incremental dialogue systems andportability of results.
We present INPROTK, a toolkit for building incremental spoken dia-logue systems. Incremental spoken dialogue systems (systems that may react whilethe user’s utterance is ongoing) are a fairly recent research topic and allow for ex-citing new features. Even though toolkits exist that help in building conventionaldialogue systems, INPROTK offers both a tested architecture for building incre-mental SDSs as well as many of the building blocks necessary when building suchsystems. With INPROTK a researcher can avoid many of the technical difficulties,which hopefully further fosters research in this area.
Conventional dialogue management centers around an interaction style that is best described as a ping-pong game, with full turns being the units at which speech is delivered (and expected) by the system, which greatly simplifies the interaction management, delivery and understanding components of the system. While the resulting mode of interaction works well for task-based systems, it is insufficient for more conversational interaction styles, where content is delivered and grounded in units finer than full turns (Poesio and Traum 1997) and where turns are delivered concurrently by both interlocutors and hence overlap more frequently. One domain with particularly frequent overlapping contributions is interactive storytelling: a storyteller that is responsive to listeners will integrate their feedback immediately while still speaking a current contribution, and listener’s remarks or propositions regarding the story will typically be uttered immediately when the related content is delivered. We present our work on a dialogue manager that leverages recent advances in incremental speech delivery and reception (Baumann 2013) to provide for an interactive and concurrent storytelling experience. Our system uses an interaction graph, which uses a word-by-word granularity and allows to specify for individual stretches of speech where (and with what content) users may interrupt/comment, how this is interpreted, and how it is integrated into the storytelling process, thus providing for in-utterance alternatives to be spoken even without audibly interrupting the system’s ongoing utterance. The system’s interaction graph is specified in an XML language and may be hand-crafted by a story designer but can also be automatically generated. In our current system, speech recognition results are interpreted only when the user utterance is finished; however, we plan to integrate incremental speech recognition and understanding capabilities, and to
immediately react to the start of user contributions.
En este trabajo se presenta una implementación de unsistema de reconocimiento distribuido del habla en tiem-po real para su aplicación en un entorno de Internet. Desa-rrollado como una aplicación cliente-servidor, el clien-te hace uso del front-end estándar definido por la ETSI.Incluye un detector de voz para sólo enviar informacióncuando el locutor habla y la transmisión de la informaciónse hace de acuerdo al RFC 3557. El servidor realiza el re-conocimiento utilizando programación dinámica, incluyea su vez un detector de voz y utiliza la técnica de mitiga-ción de pérdida de paquetes propuesta en el estándar de laETSI. La modularidad del diseño permite la utilización decualquier otro reconocedor sin que por ello se vean afec-tados los clientes. Las pruebas reales de funcionamientopara la aplicación particular desarrollada han demostradouna alta fiabilidad en varias condiciones de transmisión.
We present the novel task of predicting tem-poral features of continuations of user input,while that input is still ongoing. We show that the remaining duration of an ongoing word, aswell as the duration of the next can be predicted reasonably well, and we put this information touse in a system that synchronously completesa user’s speech. While we focus on collaborative completions, the techniques presented here may also be useful for the alignment of back-channels and immediate turn-taking in anincremental SDS, or to synchronously monitorthe user’s speech fluency for other reasons.
We present a component for incremental speech synthesis (iSS) and a set of applications that demonstrate its capabilities. This component can be used to increase the responsivity and naturalness of spoken interactive systems. While iSS can show its full strength in systems that generate output incrementally, we also discuss how even otherwise unchanged systems may profit from its capabilities.
In many environments (e. g. sports commentary), situations incrementally unfold over time and often the future appearance of a relevant event can be predicted, but not in all its details or precise timing. We have built a simulation framework that uses our incremental speech synthesis component to assemble in a timely manner complex commentary utterances. In our evaluation, the resulting output is preferred over that from a baseline system that uses a simpler commenting strategy. Even in cases where the incremental system overcommits temporally and requires a filled pause to wait for the upcoming event, the system is preferred over the baseline.
Die Anleitung zum selbständigen wissenschaftlichen Arbeiten ist ein fester Bestandteil in der naturwissenschaftlichen Ausbildung, der im letzten Jahr durch Distanz‐Unterricht stark vernachlässigt wurde. Wir stellen hier einen Ansatz vor, bei dem Studierende zu Hause mit Alltagsgegenständen in Teilaufgaben die Aktivität von Hefe in Abhängigkeit von Temperatur und Substrat untersucht haben. Die Ergebnisse des gesamten Kurses wurden in einem Google‐Dokument gesammelt und zentral ausgewertet. Gleichzeitig fand ein Erfahrungsaustausch unter den Lernenden statt und Probleme konnten öffentlich diskutiert werden. Darüber hinaus wurden grundlegende Fähigkeiten wie Beobachten, Protokollieren und detailgetreues Berichten geübt. Die Online‐Dokumentation und ‐Erfassung der Ergebnisse stellt somit eine geeignete Methode dar, die Durchführung von Heimexperimenten zu aktivieren und zu koordinieren.
Dual front steering axles are quite common in multi-axled heavy duty trucks. In standard layouts of such axle combinations, the steer motions of the wheels depend not only on the rotation of the steering wheel but also on the movements of the axles. As a consequence, the model complexity of the steering system should match with the complexity of the suspension model. The development of new technologies like advanced driver assistance systems or autonomous driving can only be accomplished efficiently using extensive simulation methods. Such kind of applications demand for computationally efficient vehicle models. This paper presents a steering system model for dual front axles of heavy duty trucks which supplements the suspension model of the axles. The model takes the torsional compliance of the steering column as well as the stiffness of the tie rods and the coupling rod into account. A quasi-static solution provides a straight forward computation including the partial derivatives required for an efficient implicit solver. The steering system model matches perfectly with comparatively lean, but sufficiently accurate multibody suspension models.
Introduction The most well known effect of mechanical surface treatments on metallic materials is the improvement in fatigue properties. It is therefore not surprising that most of the archival literature on mechanical surface treatments, such as shot peening, deep rolling and laser shock peening, deals with the effect of near-surface properties on fatigue behavior. Most of these studies, however, are confined to room temperature fatigue behavior; in comparision, the effect of mechanical surface treatment on fatigue behavior at high temperatures has been rarely investigated [1-5]. The reason for this disparity can be found in the popular belief that fatigue strength improvement by mechanical surface treatments is mainly due to the presence of compressive residual stresses, and since such stresses should anneal out at elevated temperatures, mechanical surface treatments for high temperature applications would appear questionable. However, this view may be over simplistic as there is always a possibility that the residual stresses may be at least partially stable at elevated temperatures [6]; in addition, other factors may be involved, such as the nature of the near-surface microstructure. Accordingly, it is the objective of this study to examine the role of mechanical surface treatments on the high temperature fatigue behavior of several metallic engineering materials. Moreover, it is the aim of this work to clarify what are the critical temperature "thresholds' at which near-surface microstructures and residual stresses become unstable and whether this can explain the observed fatigue behavior.
It is well known that mechanical surface treatments, such as deep rolling, shot peening and laser shock peening, can significantly improve the fatigue behavior of highly-stressed metallic components. Deep rolling (DR) is particularly attractive since it is possible to generate, near the surface, deep compressive residual stresses and work hardened layers while retaining a relatively smooth surface finish. In the present investigation, the effect of DR on the low-cycle fatigue (LCF) and high-cycle fatigue (HCF) behavior of a Ti–6Al–4V alloy is examined, with particular emphasis on the thermal and mechanical stability of the residual stress states and the near-surface microstructures. Preliminary results on laser shock peened Ti–6Al–4V are also presented for comparison. Particular emphasis is devoted to the question of whether such surface treatments are effective for improving the fatigue properties at elevated temperatures up to ∼450 °C, i.e. at a homologous temperature of ∼0.4T/Tm (where Tm is the melting temperature). Based on cyclic deformation and stress/life (S/N) fatigue behavior, together with the X-ray diffraction and in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations of the microstructure, it was found that deep rolling can be quite effective in retarding the initiation and initial propagation of fatigue cracks in Ti–6Al–4V at such higher temperatures, despite the almost complete relaxation of the near-surface residual stresses. In the absence of such stresses, it is shown that the near-surface microstructures, which in Ti–6Al–4V consist of a layer of work hardened nanoscale grains, play a critical role in the enhancement of fatigue life by mechanical surface treatment.
Studies focusing on the supply side of IP management, particularly on the outsourcing of patent related work, are relatively rare. This paper aims to contribute to the IP literature in two ways. First, a definition of the IP service provider is proposed. Second, I consider three main hypotheses that determine a firm's preference for outsourced IP work. Using data on the outsourcing of patent renewal payments, I found evidence that the choice of IP supplier is affected by: (1) the firm's own IP maintenance capabilities, (2) the firm's IP knowledge utilization, and (3) the IP complexity.
PurposeIn the intellectual property (IP) and management literature, the question of how external patent attorneys impact patent filings has been understudied. The purpose of this paper is to advance this area of research by examining how the use of external patent attorneys influences the patent filing strategies of firms and what impact firms? level of experience with the exclusive use of in-house resources has on filing strategies. This study, thus, provides insights into the strategic dimension behind patent filing, a process which is affected by patent attorneys? work and decision-making processes.Design/methodology/approachThe econometric analysis is based on a patent database of 922,553 patents which is combined with an EPO patent database covering applications from 1990 to 2010. The authors test the hypotheses for this study using patent indicators addressing the impact of in-house firm experience vs the use of external patent attorneys on firm?s filing strategy.FindingsThis research finds empirical evidence that external patent attorneys? work has an effect on patent scope, international scope, and patenting speed. Moreover, it can be shown that external patent attorneys have a positive impact on most filing dimensions, such as patent scope, international scope and the Patent Cooperation Treaty option, whereas the level of in-house firm experience has a negative impact on most filing dimensions. This implies that external patent attorneys seem to pursue a ?maximization approach? while experienced firms seem to pursue a more differentiated approach to filing patents, for instance, drafting narrower and more focused patents.Practical implicationsThe study suggests that effective filing strategies require an integrated approach between diverse IP stakeholders. More particularly, filing strategies should be communicated and aligned between all actors, including external patent attorneys in order to achieve the targeted patenting output.Originality/valueThe current study develops a patent filing typology, which accounts for patent attorneys? decision options. In providing insights into patent attorneys? work and their impacts on intellectual property rights management, the study is a useful complement to prior research, which has predominantly focused on applicants or examiners.
Seit einigen Jahren kann beobachtet werden, dass Unternehmen zunehmend marginale Innovationen in Patente umwandeln. Alle wichtigen Patentämter weltweit sind mit einer regelrechten "Explosion von Patentanmeldungen" konfrontiert (Harhoff et al., 2007). Die Rolle von geistigem Eigentum - englisch: Intellectual Property (IP) - vor allem von Patentmanagement hat sich von einem rein rechtlichen Konstrukt, hin zu einem Bereich von strategischer Bedeutung entwickelt. Obwohl Fragestellungen in Hinblick auf strategisches Patentmanagement zuletzt Gegenstand zunehmender Forschung und Praxis geworden sind, mangelt es bislang an dedizierter Forschung zu IP Outsourcing und deren Einfluss auf das Management von Patenten. Aus diesem Grunde, untersucht meine Dissertation empirisch folgende wichtige Fragestellungen: Wie Firmen Outsourcingstrategien definieren, welche Typen von IP Intermediären im Umfeld von IP existieren und wie diese IP Intermediäre die IP Strategien von Unternehmen beeinflussen. Meine Dissertation besteht aus einem Einleitungskapitel und drei individuellen Forschungsartikeln. Das Einleitungskapitel erläutert die Motivation der Arbeit und gibt einen Überblick über den aktuellen Stand der Forschung. Desweiteren untersuchen die nachfolgenden drei Artikel spezifische Forschungsfragen zum Thema IP Outsourcing und dem Management von IP unter Zusammenarbeit mit IP Intermediären. Der erste Artikel betrachtet das Phänomen IP Outsourcing näher und analysiert Unternehmensstrategien in Bezug auf IP Outsourcing. Der zweite Artikel fokussiert sich auf IP Intermediäre, indem unterschiedliche IP Dienstleister vorgestellt werden und sowohl Motive, als auch Determinanten für die Auswahl von IP Dienstleister untersucht werden. Der letzte Artikel befasst sich mit der Frage, wie externe Patentanwälte und deren Erfahrung auf die Patentanmeldestrategie von Unternehmen Einfluss nehmen. Meine Dissertation leistet durch Beantwortung wichtiger
Friction has long been an important issue in multibody dynamics. Static friction models apply appropriate regularization techniques to convert the stick inequality and the non-smooth stick-slip transition of Coulomb’s approach into a continuous and smooth function of the sliding velocity. However, a regularized friction force is not able to maintain long-term stick. That is why, dynamic friction models were developed in the last decades. The friction force depends herein not
only on the sliding velocity but also on internal states. The probably best known representative, the LuGre friction model, is based on a fictitious bristle but realizes a too simple approximation. The recently published second order dynamic friction model describes the dynamics of a fictitious bristle more accurately. Its performance is compared here to stick-slip friction models, developed and launched not long ago by commercial multibody software packages.
We present first experimental results of the successful transfer of our monolithic integrated double-stack multi quantum well laser-modulator approach from the traditional InGaAsP/InP to the more promising InGaAlAs/InP material system. In continuous wave operation at room temperature, the devices achieved threshold currents of <21 mA, fiber coupled optical power levels up to 570 μW and static extinction ratios in the range of 15 dB/V. The measured small-signal modulation bandwidth of about 10 GHz is capacitance limited due to a conservative device layout.
We present a new method for fabrication of tunable InGaAsP-InP single mode lasers without epitaxial overgrowth. These devices show the advantage of a considerably simplified fabrication process compared to conventional tunable laser types. The lasers comprise an active Bragg reflector integrated with an uncorrugated separately pumped gain region. To overcome the extensive and expensive overgrowth step we realized a surface grating on both sides of the ridge mesa, which provides DFB operation. By adjusting the current through the Bragg reflector, the wavelength can be tuned between 1590.8 nm and 1595.2 nm. A maximum of 11 wavelength channels with an average spacing of ~0.5 nm and a constant optical output power of ~0.5 mW are addressable.
We report on dynamic measurements on antiphase complex coupled 1.55 /spl mu/m DFB lasers. The antiphase complex coupling mechanism is realized by periodically etching the active layer and quarternary InGaAsP overgrowth. This new fabrication approach results in very narrow linewidths measured on devices with rather short resonator lengths. The minimum linewidth for a 375 /spl mu/m long ridge waveguide laser was only 250 kHz at an optical output power of 4 mW. The RC-limited 3dB-bandwidth for those devices was /spl sim/6 GHz. Using circuit model corrections, the intrinsic bandwidth limitation of those lasers was found to be 17.4 GHz.
We present a toolkit for manipulating andvisualising time-aligned linguistic datasuch as dialogue transcripts or languageprocessing data. The package comple-ments existing editing tools by allowingfor conversion between their formats, in-formation extraction from the raw files,and by adding sophisticated, and easily ex-tended methods for visualising the dynam-ics of dialogue processing. To illustratethe versatility of the package, we describeits use in three different projects at our site.
Comparing Local and Sequential Models for Statistical Incremental Natural Language Understanding
(2010)
Incremental natural language understanding is the task of assigning semantic representations to successively larger prefixes of utterances. We compare two types of statistical models for this task: a) local models, which predict a single class for an input; and b), sequential models, which align a sequence of classes to a sequence of input tokens. We show that, with some modifications, the first type of model can be improved and made to approximate the output of the second, even though the latter is more informative. We show on two different data sets that both types of model achieve comparable performance (significantly better than a baseline), with the first type requiring simpler training data. Results for the first type of model have been reported in the literature; we show that for our kind of data our more sophisticated variant of the model performs better.
Participants in a conversation are normally receptive to their surroundings and their interlocutors, even while they are speaking and can, if necessary, adapt their ongoing utterance. Typical dialogue systems are not receptive and cannot adapt while uttering. We present combin-able components for incremental natural lan-guage generation and incremental speech syn-thesis and demonstrate the flexibility they can achieve with an example system that adapts to a listener's acoustic understanding problems by pausing, repeating and possibly rephrasing problematic parts of an utterance. In an evaluation, this system was rated as significantly more natural than two systems representing the current state of the art that either ignore the interrupting event or just pause; it also has a lower response time.
When dialogue systems, through theuse of incremental processing, arenot bounded anymore by strict, non-overlapping turn-taking, a whole range ofadditional interactional devices becomesavailable. We explore the use of one suchdevice, trial intonation. We elaborateour approach to dialogue managementin incremental systems, based on theInformation-State-Update approach, anddiscuss an implementation in a micro-domain that lends itself to the use ofimmediate feedback, trial intonations andexpansions. In an overhearer evaluation,the incremental system was judged as sig-nificantly more human-like and reactivethan a non-incremental version.
Generating Situated Assisting Utterances to Facilitate Tactile-Map Understanding: A Prototype System
(2012)
Tactile maps are important substitutes for visual maps for blind and visually impaired people and the efficiency of tactile-map reading can largely be improved by giving assisting utterances that make use of spatial language. In this paper, we elaborate earlier ideas for a system that generates such utterances and present a prototype implementation based on a semantic conceptualization of the movements that the map user performs. A worked example shows the plausibility of the solution and the output that the prototype generates given input derived from experimental data.
If we can model the cognitive and communicative processes underlying speech, we should be able to better predict what a speaker will do. With this idea as inspiration, we examine a number of prosodic and timing features as potential sources of information on what words the speaker is likely to say next. In spontaneous dialog we find that word probabilities do vary with such features. Using perplexity as the metric, the most informative of these included recent speaking rate, volume, and pitch, and time until end of utterance. Using simple combinations of such features to augment trigram language models gave up to a 8.4% perplexity benefit on the Switchboard corpus, and up to a 1.0% relative reduction in word error rate (0.3% absolute) on the Verbmobil II corpus.
We present a model of semantic processing of spoken language that (a) is robust against ill-formed input, such as can be expected from automatic speech recognisers, (b) respects both syntactic and pragmatic constraints in the computation of most likely interpretations, (c) uses a principled, expressive semantic representation formalism (RMRS) with a well-defined model theory, and (d) works continuously (producing meaning representations on a word-by-word basis, rather than only for full utterances) and incrementally (computing only the additional contribution by the new word, rather than re-computing for the whole utterance-so-far). We show that the joint satisfaction of syntactic and pragmatic constraints improves the performance of the NLU component (around 10 % absolute, over a syntax-only baseline).
In this paper we do two things: a) we discuss in general terms the task of incre mental reference resolution (IRR), in particular resolution of exophoric reference, and specify metrics for measuring the performance of dialogue system components tackling this task, and b) we present a simple Bayesian filtering model of IRR that performs reasonably well just using words directly (no structure information and no hand-coded semantics): it picks the right referent out of 12 for around 50 % of real world dialogue utterances in our test corpus. It is also able to learn to interpret not only words but also hesitations, just as humans have shown to do in similar situations, namely as markers of references tohard-to-describe entities.
We describe work done at three sites on designing conversational agents capable of incremental processing. We focus on the middleware layer in these systems, which takes care of passing around and maintaining incremental information between the modules of such agents. All implementations are based on the abstract model of incremental dialogue processing proposed by Schlangen and Skantze (2009), and the paper shows what different instantiations of the model can look like given specific requirements and application areas.
This project aimed to establish the feasibility of creating a procedural system for generating expressive facial animation based on an affective agent. A procedural system supporting a limited number of emotional expression changes was created alongside keyframed animations of these same emotional expression changes, and audience response to these two approaches was tested empirically. Results seem to partially support the procedural animations generated being comparable with keyframed, in terms of perceptual validity.
Speaking as part of a conversation is different from reading out aloud. Speech synthesis systems, however, are typically developed using assumptions (at least implicitly) that are more true of the latter than the former situation. We address one particular aspect, which is the assumption that a fully formulated sentence is available for synthesis. We have built a system that does not make this assumption but rather can synthesize speech given incrementally extended input. In an evaluation experiment, we found that in a dynamic domain where what is talked about changes quickly, subjects rated the output of this system as more ‘naturally pronounced’ than that of a baseline system that employed standard synthesis, despite the synthesis quality objectively being degraded. Our results highlight the importance of considering a synthesizer’s ability to support interactive use-cases when determining the adequacy of synthesized speech.
Incremental speech synthesis (iSS) accepts input and produces output in consecutive chunks that only together result in a full utterance. Systems that use iSS thus have the ability to adapt their utterances while they are ongoing. Having available less than the full utterance to plan the acoustic realisation has downsides, however, as global optimisation is not possible anymore. In this paper we present a strategy for incrementalizing the symbolic pre-processing component of speech synthesis and assess the influence of a reduction in "lookahead", i. e. in knowledge about the rest of the utterance, on prosodic quality. We found that high quality incremental output can be achieved even with a lookahead of slightly less than one phrase, allowing for timely system reaction.
Self-assembled and coherently strained Ge dots were grown on a Si/SiGe superlattice, which was deposited on a flat Si(001) substrate surface patterned with a regular array of straight trenches. The superlattice translates the surface modulation of the substrate into a strain-field modulation, which causes the Ge dots on its surface to form along straight lines above the buried trenches. This approach provides self-assembled Ge dots with excellent lateral periodicity, which might be useful for fabricating dot-based field-effect-transistors (DotFETs). Here, we propose the concept of a modulation-doped p-channel DotFET (p-MOD-DotFET). The p-MOD-DotFET relies on embedded Ge-rich nanostructures, which provide p-channels through the Ge-rich dots. A high Ge concentration in the dots is desirable in order to exploit the high hole mobility of Ge-rich material. We show that the commonly observed Si–Ge intermixing during Si capping of Ge dots can be suppressed by overgrowing the islands at low temperature.
A randomly inhomogeneous composite consisting of two, ferromagnetic and nonmagnetic (para-or diamagnetic), phases is considered. The dependence of the effective permeability of the composite on the concentration of the ferromagnetic phase and on the applied magnetic field is found for the case of the negligible hysteresis loop. When the hysteresis loop is appreciable, the remanent magnetization as a function of the ferromagnet concentration is calculated.
Various theoretical models (self-consistent field, local linearization, and percolation theory methods and an analytic solution of the linear problem for an ordered medium) for calculating the magnetostatic properties of two-phase composites containing one ferromagnetic phase were considered. The concentration and field dependences of the effective magnetic permeability were found. A method for determining the coercive force and remanent magnetization as functions of the ferromagnetic phase concentration was suggested. Numerical experiments were performed for composites with a periodic distribution of circular inclusions. The results were compared with the analytically calculated effective magnetic permeability.
Two analytical methods based on the so-called local linearization of magnetostatic properties of composite materials with ferromagnetic inclusions in a non-magnetic matrix are described. These methods are applied to the experimental data obtained in Gorkunov et al. [Russ. J. Nondestruct. Test. 3 (2001) 186]. A qualitative agreement is obtained for the concentration values reported in that paper and a quantitative agreement is achieved at slightly different value of concentration. The conclusions are supported by direct numerical modeling.
Illumination of ac-biased photorefractive Bi12TiO20 crystals with a coherent light beam results in the development of strong nonlinear scattering. Theoretically and experimentally we investigate the angular and polarization characteristics of the scattered light for the diagonal ([1̲1̲1]) optical configuration and different polarization states of the pump. A satisfactory understanding of the observed scattering properties is achieved for most of the cases investigated.
Rare-earth iron garnet films with in-plane anisotropy grown on (111)-oriented substrates can be used as magneto-optical indicator films for visualization of magnetic leakage fields in nondestructive evaluation. The influence of Faraday rotation, Faraday ellipticity, absorption and film thickness on the performance of a magneto-optical indicator film is investigated. A new optimization method is introduced and compared with the method of contrast optimization. The theory is experimentally verified and an application example is presented.
A novel analytical approach for calculating the magnetic leakage field from surface defects is proposed and demonstrated for the case of a linear ferromagnetic material. The novelty of the theory is that it relates the distribution of induced magnetic charges to the surface shape. An excellent agreement between the analytical and numerical results is shown. The functional relations between different magnetic field components are discussed.
We investigate the feasibility of using rare-earth iron garnet films grown on (111)-oriented substrates as magneto-optic indicator films for the visualization of magnetic leakage fields in non-destructive evaluation. In most cases the leakage field of the defect has a strong component in the film plane. The influence of this in-plane dc magnetic field on the image formation is investigated. It is shown that the presence of a strong in-plane magnetic field allows one to extend the dynamic range of the out-of-plane field imposed by the uniaxial anisotropy field HA. On the other hand, an in-plane field reduces the sensitivity. The guidelines for selecting parameters of magneto-optic indicator films are given.
Rare-earth iron garnet films with in-plane magnetic anisotropy grown on [111]-oriented substrates are promising for the visualization of magnetic leakage fields in nondestructive evaluation. Such magneto-optical films have to be specifically engineered, and we give an example of this technology. To assess the validity and accuracy of finite-element calculations of a magnetization assembly combined with the physical modeling of the image formation, comparisons between calculated and experimentally obtained magneto-optical images of metal-loss defects have been made. A convincing quantitative agreement is demonstrated. It is shown that both physical and computer modeling techniques allow for a predictive engineering design of the prospective applications and provide greater insight into the method.
Das Qualitätswesen einer Rehaeinrichtung: Wie kann man das als Patient oder Angehöriger nutzen?
(2005)
Wie sollte Tagespflege aus Sicht der Angehörigen gestaltet sein, um ihren und den Bedürfnissen der Demenzbetroffenen gerecht zu werden? Dies ist eine der zentralen Leitfragen der Eichstätter Angehörigenstudie Demenz. Den Hintergrund stellt die Tatsache dar, dass die Pflege Demenzkranker im häuslichen Umfeld in der Regel durch nahe stehende Familienangehörige geleistet wird, die durch diese Aufgabe meist hoch belastet sind. In der Fachdiskussion wird davon ausgegangen, dass bei dem hohen Betreuungsbedarf demenziell erkrankter Menschen eine Überlastung familiärer Pflegeressourcen in der Regel nur dann vermieden werden kann, wenn die betreuenden Angehörigen mittels professioneller Hilfsangebote adäquat unterstützt werden. Nur ein kleiner Teil der Demenzbetroffenen und ihrer pflegenden Angehörigen greift jedoch auf formelle Angebote wie die Tagespflege zurück. Im Jahr 2006 wurden lediglich 2,5% der Leistungen der Pflegeversicherung für Kurzzeit-, Tages- und Nachtpflege sowie Urlaubspflege gemeinsam ausgegeben. Der Anspruch auf Leistungen der Tagespflege wurde 1995 mit der Einführung des Pflegeversicherungsgesetzes festgeschrieben. Seither wurde das Tagespflegeangebot in Deutschland quantitativ deutlich erweitert und vielerorts sind ausreichende Strukturen vorhanden. Um die Tagespflege aber auch qualitativ fortzuentwickeln und den Vorstellungen und Wünschen betroffener Familien kontinuierlich anzupassen, bieten empirisch belegte Antworten auf die aufgeworfene Forschungsfrage eine fundierte Grundlage.
217 Teilnehmer/innen wurden mittels standardisierter Fragebögen zu ihrer Informiertheit über das Hilfesystem bei Demenz sowie zu ihren eigenen Versorgungswünschen im Falle einer Demenzerkrankung befragt. Bei den Probanden handelt es sich um Personen mit und ohne pflegebedürftige Angehörige. Jene wurden hinsichtlich ihrer Versorgungssituation in drei Gruppen unterteilt: ambulante Pflege, Tagespflege und Altenpflegeheime. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass in allen Untersuchungsgruppen ein im Allgemeinen geringer Informationsstand in Bezug auf die unterschiedlichen Hilfs- und Entlastungsangebote für Angehörige dementer Patienten vorherrscht. Zu den bevorzugten Versorgungsformen im Falle eigener Betroffenheit gehören ambulante sowie neue, alternative Pflegemodelle.
Die Bildung alter Menschen hat Franz Pöggeler vor einem halben Jahrhundert als noch ungelöste Aufgabe erkannt und in einer umfassenden Weise anthropologisch begründet. Seine Konzeption einer ‚abschließenden Bildung‘ für die letzten Lebensphasen ist spirituell, aber nicht konfessionell geprägt, methodisch-didaktisch setzt sie entschieden auf Informalität. Im Vergleich zum Zeitpunkt der Entstehung dieses Entwurfs sind heute auch Ältere reguläre Adressaten der Bildungsarbeit geworden, im Rahmen des Lebenslangen Lernens werden sie aber anders als bei Pöggeler eher nach dem Muster einer ‚vorbereitenden Bildung‘ angesprochen. Spezifische Bildungsbedürfnisse des Alters werden dabei nicht ausreichend berücksichtigt. Mit der Begründung einer empirischen Weisheitstheorie und der Öffnung der Gerontologie für spirituelle Fragen zeigt sich inzwischen der Ansatz Pöggelers in einer hohen Aktualität. Auch seine methodisch-didaktische Leitvorstellung kann in den aktuellen Entwicklungen der Erinnerungsarbeit wiederentdeckt werden. Sie erfährt hier aber auch eine Fortentwicklung unter Berücksichtigung der Erkenntnisse zum lebensgeschichtlichen Reminiszieren.
Der Samariter ist eine Leitvorstellung für das Helferhandeln von hoher suggestiver Kraft und wird auch für die in der Pflege Tätigen in Anspruch genommen. Nach einer Phase der reflexiven Problematisierung der Hilfemotivation erfährt der Samariter im Zeichen der Positiven Psychologie heute eine erneute Bekräftigung. Diese Affirmation bezieht sich aber vor allem auf die Motivation zur Hilfe. Problematisch bleibt der für das berufliche Helferhandeln zentrale Aspekt der fachlichen Kompetenz, den das Leitbild nicht transportiert.
Krankenhäuser sind nicht nur Spendennehmer, sie sind auch selbst sozial engagierte Akteure. Der Beitrag liefert Beispiele für dieses Engagement und erläutert sie als Aufbau von Sozialkapital, dem mit der Perspektive der Corporate Citizenship ein geeigneter Rahmen gegeben werden kann. Der Citizenship-Ansatz wird für Kliniken erläutert. Den Abschluss bilden Überlegungen zur Akzeptanz im ärztlichen Dienst und in der Pflege.
Die Ökonomisierung der Sozialen Arbeit ist ein vieldiskutiertes und kontroverses Th ema. Das Spektrum der Diskussion reicht dabei von der affi rmativen Aufnahme der Th ematik mit Beiträgen zu dem relativ neuen Th ema des Sozialmanagements bis zur detaillierten Beschreibung einer negativen sozial-politischen Tendenz, für deren Charakteristik der Begriff der Ökonomisierung überwiegend pejorativ gebraucht wird. Hier werden häufi g Vorgänge problematisiert, indem ökonomische Rücksichten als imperative Verdrängungen der Eigenlogik der Sozialen Arbeit interpretiert werden. Die affi rmative Aufnahme hat ihren systematischen Niederschlag in der Formulierung von klassischen Sozialmanagementmodellen wie dem Freiburger Managementmodell (siehe Schwarz 2000) und dem Bielefelder Diakonie-Managementmodell (siehe Lohmann 1997) gefunden. Ihr in die Praxis wirkendes Pendant stellt die expansive Entwicklung von Studiengängen für das Sozialmanagement dar (vgl. Boeßenecker/Markert 2007). Der andere Pol der Diskussion wird exemplarisch durch das „Schwarzbuch Soziale Arbeit“ (Seithe 2011) repräsentiert.
Durch die voranschreitende Digitalisierung bieten sich neue Ansätze für Designs und Methoden in der Jugendforschung. Mit vielfältigen digitalen Möglichkeiten wachsen auch Chancen für inklusiv angelegte Befragungen. Dieser Beitrag fokussiert exemplarisch gehörlose bzw. hörbeeinträchtigte gebärdensprachige Jugendliche und stellt nach einem theoretischen und empirischen Überblick die Frage, ob und inwieweit diese heterogene Gruppe Jugendlicher durch in digitale Fragebögen implementierte Videos in Gebärdensprache profitieren kann. Anhand zweier kontrastiver Fallvignetten sollen Erfahrungen aus dem Projekt „Inklusive Methoden“ in Bezug auf Möglichkeiten, Voraussetzungen, Herausforderungen und Grenzen digitaler Befragungen mit Gebärdensprachvideos dargestellt und diskutiert werden.
To detect convective gas flow inside the large airways during high frequency oscillated ventilation (HFOV) the fluorinated contrast gas Heptafluoropropane was used for 19F-MRI. In a first study the comparison between constant flow measurements and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations provided a good agreement. In a following experiment oscillated flow was applied to a lung phantom consisting of ventilation bag and long pipe. The pressure wave inside the pipe was explored point-by-point and corresponding velocities were determined. With these experiments it could be shown for the first time that flow measurement during HFOV using fluorinated contrast gas is feasible.
Der (un)geliebte Mitmieter
(2009)