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The concept of Personal Knowledge and Information Management (PKIM) is, among others, based on two heories: Personal Information Management (PIM) and Personal Knowledge Management (PKM) which were, hitherto, the subject of separate studies. Moreover, the PKIM concept is relating to the so-called Information Literacy (IL), which is a concept of information skills and competences of individuals. According to the literature, in practice the person who manages knowledge has to be information literate.
Some of the empirical studies results in the PKIM scope, started in Poland (Świgoń, 2012) and recently conducted in Germany, are presented in this article.
The aim of the PKIM empirical studies was to get to know the individuals’ opinions about management of knowledge and information in the context of learning and studying. This part of the studies in Germany asked the following research questions (analogical to studies in Poland): 1. What are the main definitions, dimensions and manifestations of management of knowledge and information through the eyes of individuals (students)?; 2. What is the difference, if any, between knowledge management and information management in the opinion of students?; 3. What is the role of knowledge and information management in studying and other spheres of life?; 4.Which factors influence management of knowledge and information in students’ opinion? The qualitative method was used with an unstructured questionnaire. Respondents were asked to share their own opinions according to the abovementioned open questions in a written form.
Questionnaires were distributed during classes at the Brandenburg University of Technology, Cottbus (BTU) in January 2013. Finally 62 opinions were analysed.
In the light of these empirical studies results, as well as the literature review Świgoń, 2012), three concepts: PIM, PKM and IL are compatible and merged with each other.
Individuals perceive knowledge and information as well as knowledge management (KM) and information management (IM) as integrated areas of interests. Although they do see differences between them (knowledge vs. information, KM vs. IM), the issue of interconnections and relations seem more important. KIM is the process of following steps: gathering, selecting, organising, disseminating and using. In the context of personal knowledge and information, this process involves personal needs, objectives and benefits. Individuals understand that this process, or set of activities is strongly connected with their and skills. These are not only the so-called information skills, but knowledge skills as well, because they tion of new information and knowledge. Sometimes KIM is perceived as a way of coping with information ovabilities involve creative thinking, reflection and creaerload. Thiscompetence is not easy and depends on personal abilities, especially in selecting of information.
Moreover, it depends on appropriate education and training, sometimes on other people, colleagues and experts, and sometimes on technology. All factors and variables influencing on KIM can be negative or positive in their nature. Furthermore, they are related to three categories: personal characteristics, environment (macro and micro environment), and to knowledge and information sources.
Single-crystal Pd nanowires with typically 100 nm diameters and lengths from several micrometers to tens of micrometers were grown on Al 2 O 3 substrates in a furnace with Ar atmosphere. Integral field emission measurements of such samples after Pd coating (~10 nm) were performed in a diode configuration with a 50 μm mica spacer in a vacuum chamber at pressures of about 10 -9 mbar. The IV measurement of the sample shows an integral emission current up to 2 μA at a voltage of 500 V (10 MV/m) and an onset voltage for a current of 1 nA of about 275 V. The corresponding Fowler-Nordheim plot show a linear behavior, like expected for a metal needle.
The homogeneity of emitters is very important for the performance of field emission (FE) devices. Reactive-ion etching (RIE) and oxidation have significant influences on the geometry of silicon tips. The RIE influences mainly the anisotropy of the emitters. Pressure has a strong impact on the anisotropic factor. Reducing the pressure results in a higher anisotropy, but the etch rate is also lower. A longer time of etching compensates this effect. Furthermore an improvement of homogeneity was observed. The impact of uprating is quite low for the anisotropic factor, but significant for the homogeneity. At low power the height and undercut of the emitters are more constant over the whole wafer. The oxidation itself is very homogeneous and has no observable effect on further variation of the homogeneity. This modified fabrication process allows solving the problem of inhomogeneity of previous field emission arrays.
The homogeneity of emitters is very important for the performance of field emission (FE) devices. Reactive-ion etching (RIE) and oxidation have significant influences on the geometry of silicon tips. The RIE influences mainly the anisotropy of the emitters. Pressure has a strong impact on the anisotropic factor. Reducing the pressure results in a higher anisotropy, but the etch rate is also lower. A longer time of etching compensates this effect. Furthermore an improvement of homogeneity was observed. The impact of uprating is quite low for the anisotropic factor, but significant for the homogeneity. At low power the height and undercut of the emitters are more constant over the whole wafer. The oxidation itself is very homogeneous and has no observable effect on further variation of the homogeneity. This modified fabrication process allows solving the problem of inhomogeneity of previous field emission arrays.
Transition metal dichalcogenides such as MoS2 and WS2 are low-dimensional semiconductor materials. MoS2 and WS2 nanotubes and flakes were grown by a chemical transport reaction under a temperature gradient. I2 was used as a transport agent for previously synthesized MoS2 and WS2, respectively. These multilayered nanotubes are indirect bandgap semiconductors with a bandgap depending on their diameter. WS2 flakes were prepared by the sulfurization of thin WOx flakes. To increase the field enhancement of such low-dimensional structures by a higher aspect ratio, two approaches were examined: (a) the MoS2 and WS2 nanotubes were attached individually by a focused ion beam with Pt on dry etched n-type Si pillars and (b) the WS2 flakes were grown directly on the surface of the (n-type and p-type) Si pillars. Integral field emission measurements were performed in a diode configuration with a 50 μm mica spacer in a vacuum chamber at pressures of about 10−9 mbar. At a voltage of 900 V (18 MV/m), the integral emission current from the nanotubes is up to 11 μA for the lateral mounted MoS2 and about 1.3 μA (1.0 μA) for the upright mounted WS2 (MoS2). The onset voltage for a current of 1 nA is about 550 V for MoS2 and 500 V for WS2, respectively. The voltage conversion factor is in the range of 6 × 104–8 × 104 cm−1 for the nanotubes. The mounted MoS2 flakes show a field emission current of about 6 μA at 18 MV/m in contrast to the directly grown WS2 flakes, which show a pronounced saturation regime and, therefore, a lower emission current of about 0.5 μA is reached at 1500 V (25 MV/m). The WS2 flakes show a two times higher (1 × 105 cm−1) voltage conversion factor in comparison to the MoS2 flakes (5 × 104 cm−1). The extracted characteristics of the current-limiting part show a difference in the behavior of the extracted current-limiting characteristics between the lateral (linear) and upright mounted (exponential) nanotubes and the MoS2 flakes. In contrast, the WS2 flakes show charge carrier depletion effects.
Nano Emitters on Silicon Pillar Structures generated by a Focused Electron Beam Induced Deposition
(2018)
Nano emitters were deposited by focused electron beam induced deposition of Trimethyl-(methylcyclopentadienyl)platinum(IV) on top of silicon pillars. The nano emitters were exactly positioned in the center on the top of up to four pillars of a quadratic arranged array of sixteen pillars with a pitch of 50 μm. Integral field emission measurements were performed in a diode configuration with a 50 μm mica spacer in a vacuum chamber at pressures of about 10 -9 mbar. The Fowler-Nordheim plots show a linear behavior, like expected for an n-type silicon material and a metal needle. The I-V measurement of the most promising sample shows an integral emission current up to 2 μm at a voltage of 600 V (12 MV/m) and an onset voltage for a current of 1 nA of about 300 V.
In this contribution we report on field emission (FE) cathodes based on thin-film LED-technology and surface texturing. The FE cathode can be used both as an n-GaN cathode with an electrical contact at the top side metallization as well as a pn-GaN diode contacting only the p-GaN layer at the bottom side of the structure. The local and integral FE properties of the textured surface of the LED structure were investigated. For n-GaN an integral emission current up to 1.0 μA at an electric field of 19 V/μm was achieved. The pn-GaN diode measurements showed an integral current saturation behavior with two orders of magnitude lower FE currents. Regulated voltage scans obtained by FE scanning microscopy revealed a well-distributed emission over the whole cathode area. Measurements under pulsed tunable laser illumination and moderate electric fields indicated charge carrier generation in the buried double-heterostructures at photon energies below 3.5 eV besides normal photoemission above 4.1 eV.
Microrods and microlines by three-dimensional epitaxially grown GaN for field emission cathodes
(2017)
The three-dimensional epitaxial technique allows the realization of gallium nitride lines in addition to the rods. To optimize the properties of GaN-based field emission cathodes further investigations and an improvement of the epitaxial process were performed. The microrods and microlines consist of a one-order higher n-doped gallium nitride in comparison to the gallium nitride layer on the sapphire substrate. The typical height of the microrods and -lines is about 5 μm. The field emission properties of these structures were investigated in diode configuration by integral field emission measurements at pressures below 10 -9 mbar. For the microrods (microlines) a voltage of 1100 V (2000 V) was measured for a field emission current of about 0.5 μA with an onset field of about 12 MV/m (24 MV/m). Furthermore, the field enhancement factors for microrods and -lines are in the range of 300 and 200, respectively.
A novel three-dimensional epitaxial technique allows on patterned substrates the realization of gallium nitride pillars, also known as nano- and microrods. The typical dimensions of the microrods are in the range of one micron for the radius of the hexagonal footprint and about 10 μm in height. The microrods consist of a semiconductor heterostructure with an n GaN core, a n-GaN shell, a p GaN shell and an intermediate quantum well layer. The field emission properties were investigated in diode configuration by integral field emission measurements in a vacuum chamber at pressures around 10 -9 mbar. The spacer was mica with a thickness of 50 μm. A metallized fine-meshed nitride grid (or a metallized Si-grid) was used as anode. A current of about 1 μA at a voltage of 1250 V (1750 V) was measured. An onset field of about 12.5 MV/m (20 MV/m) and field enhancement factors in the range of 200 to 500 (150 to 300) were found. The investigation with the fine-meshed grid showed an expected pronounced saturation region.
Spitzen- und Kantenemitter aus Silizium mit einem hohen Aspektverhältnis für Ionisationsgassensoren
(2014)
Durch die Optimierung von reaktivem Ionenätzen mit induktiv gekoppeltem Plasma ist die Herstellung von verschiedenen Siliziumkathoden mit hoher Anisotropie und hohem Aspektverhältnis für Feldemissionsanwendungen möglich. Simulationen mit COMSOL Multiphysics untermauern das Potential von solchen Spitzen- und Kantenfeldemittern. Die Ergebnisse der Simulation zeigen einen zwei- bis sechsfach höheren Feldüberhöhungsfaktor der tiefgeätzten Strukturen im Vergleich zu identischen Emittern ohne zusätzliche Tiefenätzung. Feldemissionsmessungen bestätigen die Simulationsergebnisse. Der modifizierte Herstellungsprozess der Feldemitter ermöglicht somit einen zuverlässigen Betrieb von Feldemissionselektronenquellen bei kleineren makroskopischen Feldstärken. Außerdem weisen die Messungen des Emissionsstroms im Sättigungsbereich eine weitgehende Unabhängigkeit vom elektrischen Feld auf. Lokale Feldemissionsmessungen ergeben dadurch eine deutliche Stromstabilisierung, welche über große Feldstärkenbereiche konstant bleibt. Die Nutzung der HAR-Emitter (high aspect ratio) ist damit eine gute Voraussetzung für einen zuverlässigen Betrieb der Emissionskathoden bei kleinen Feldstärken für die Anwendung in Ionisationsgassensoren.
Fabrication and simulation of silicon structures with high aspect ratio for field emission devices
(2014)
To obtain higher field enhancement factors of Si-tip structures, we present an improved fabrication process utilizing reactive-ion etching (RIE) with an inductively coupled plasma (ICP). In our design, a pillar under the tips is realized by a combination of RIE with ICP. With adjusted power settings (≈ 240 W) and step times (<; 5 s), vertical slopes with a low roughness of approximately 10 nm to 20 nm are possible. The remaining silicon is oxidized thermally to sharpen the emitters. A final tip radius of R <; 20 nm is obtained for the tips of the emitters. The pillar height HP can be mainly adjusted by the duration of the ICP-etching step. A total emitter height of H ≈ 6 μm with a pillar height of HP ≈ 5 μm is achieved. Simulations with COMSOL Multiphysics® are applied to calculate the field enhancement factor β. A two-dimensional model is used in rotational symmetry. In addition to the previous model, a pillar with a varying diameter ØP and height HP is added. A conventional emitter (H = 1 μm and R = 20 nm) placed on a pillar of the height HP ≈ 5 μm approximately results in a three times higher β-factor (β≈ 105). By decreasing the diameter ØP a slight increase of the β-factor is observed. However, the aspect ratio of the emitter mainly influences on the β-factor.
A cathode with individually addressable Si tips allows the observation of the activation procedure and emission behaviour of each field emission emitter at any time of the measurement. The cathode consists of an array of 2x2 conically shaped emitter structures, which were fabricated by laser micromachining and wet etching of a Si substrate bonded on a glass carrier. Using the same process, a Si extractions grid was fabricated and mounted onto the emitter. Integral field emission measurements were performed in a diode configuration in a vacuum chamber at pressures of about 10- 9 mbar. The emitters show an onset voltage between 200 V and 300 V. The emission current for each emitter on the cathode was regulated to a given value (1.0 μA, 2.5μA, 5.0μA) by an external regulating circuit and was recorded individually during the measurement. With such approach, the relation between the emission behaviour and the geometry of emitters can be studied in detail. In addition, the current stabilization of each emitters of an array can be investigated, which led to a current stability of better than 0.5%.
An electron source with an array of individually controllable single tips allows the observation of each emitter current simultaneously as well as the measurement of the integral current. Furthermore, the initial activation process of the individual tips and current distribution of the source can be examined. The Si cathode consists of an array of 2 x 2 conically shaped emitter structures on a borosilicate glass substrate. The emitters were fabricated by laser micromachining and wet etching. Integral field emission (FE) measurements were performed in a diode configuration in a vacuum chamber at pressures of about 10(-9) mbar with a self-aligned Si extraction grid, due to adjustment pins. The total emission current was regulated to a predefined value (4.0, 10, 20, 40, and 50 mu A) by an external regulating circuit and recorded individually during the measurement. The onset voltage for a current of 1 nA varied between 320 and 430 V. The voltage conversion factor is in the range of 7.6 x 10(4) cm(-1) to 1.3 x 10(5) cm(-1). Constant currentmeasurementsover a longer periodof time (1800 values with a sample rate of 0.5 Hz) were performed and show a total current fluctuation less than 0.6% due to the regulation circuit. Despite the stable total current in regulated operation, it was observed that the individual emitters fluctuate up to 75% for low (similar to 10(-8) A) and 5% for high (similar to 10(-5) A) currents.
Um die Eigenschaften von Leuchtdioden zu verbessern und den Herstellungsprozess zu vereinfachen, wurde ein erweitertes Verfahren der metallorganischen Gasphasenepitaxie verwendet, um dichtgepackte dreidimensionale GaN-Säulen mit hohen Aspektverhältnis auf Chipoberflächen zu wachsen. Diese selbstorganisierenden dreidimensionalen Strukturen sollen einerseits die lichtabstrahlende Oberfläche der Leuchtdiode bei gleichbleibender Chipgröße vergrößern und andererseits durch die nichtpolaren Kristallebenen an den Seiten- und Deckflächen der Säulen die Effizienz dieser Bauteile erhöhen. Messungen an ersten Bauteilen, die mit dieser Methode realisiert wurden, zeigen eine homogene blaue Emission bei Wellenlängen von 450 nm und abgestrahlte Lichtleistungen von bereits mehr als 50 mW bei Stromdichten von 120 A/cm². Diese Ergebnisse sind bereits sehr vielversprechend und lassen eine deutliche Performancesteigerung bei Optimierung der Herstellungstechnologie erwarten.
Arrays of 4x4 conical shaped emitters were directly structured by laser micromaching. Assembled as an electron source with a spacer and Si-grid, they were investigated by means of IV-measurement in ultra-high vacuum. The IV-measurements of the sample show integral emission currents up to 10 µA at a voltage of 1000 V (11 MV/m). Initially, an ideal FN-behaviour is noticeable. The deviation for higher voltage values in the FN-plot is caused by the change of the work function, which was proven by numerical calculations.
Laser micro structuring allows the manufacturing of conical shaped emitters on a graphitized carbon substrate without any additional treatment. Integral field emission measurements were performed in a diode configuration with a 50 µm mica spacer and a metalized Si-grid in a vacuum chamber at pressures of about 10-9 mbar. Emission currents up to 10 µA at a voltage of 1000 V (11 MV/m) with a positive current drift were observed for an array of 16 emitters. A strong modification of the emitter tip is noticeable after individual measurements. A comparable alteration of the surface is also achieved by an electrochemical treatment of the samples with a potassium hydroxide solution. However, the IV-measurements of such samples show higher onset voltages, but also higher integral emission currents. For all arrays an ideal FN behaviour is only noticeable at applied voltages below 625 V (7 MV/m). Numerical calculations indicate that the deviation in the FN-plot for higher voltage values is caused by the change of the effective work function.
Ästhetisches Sorgen
(2020)
Ästhetik reflektiert Kunst, kaum aber deren konkrete Verwendungsformen. Um zu verstehen, was Kunst ist, muss sie jedoch als spezifische Situationen konstituierende besondere Praxis untersucht werden. Kunst ist kein Erkennen oder Erfahren, sondern strategisches Tun: Als (feierliches) ästhetisches Sorgen kultiviert sie in öffentlichen wie privaten Kontexten eine Praxis existenziellen kultischen Sorgens. Christian Zürner hinterfragt ästhetische Topoi wie Autonomie und (Zweck-)Freiheit angesichts solch immanenter Notwendigkeit ebenso wie normative philosophische Zuschreibungen. Kunst bedeutet keinen souveränen Überschuss, sondern lebt vom Drang, menschliche Existenz in einer unheimlichen Welt überhaupt erst einzurichten.
Background:
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has a functional definition. However, differences in clinical characteristics and systemic manifestations make COPD a heterogeneous disease and some manifestations have been associated with different risks of acute exacerbations, hospitalizations, and death.
Objective:
Therefore, the objective of the study was to evaluate possible clinical clusters in COPD at two study centers in Brazil and identify the associated exacerbation and mortality rate during 1 year of follow-up.
Methods:
We included patients with COPD and all underwent an evaluation composed of the Charlson Index, body mass index (BMI), current pharmacological treatment, smoking history (packs-year), history of exacerbations/hospitalizations in the last year, spirometry, six-minute walking test (6MWT), quality of life questionnaires, dyspnea, and hospital anxiety and depression scale. Blood samples were also collected for measurements of C-reactive protein (CRP), blood gases, laboratory analysis, and blood count. For the construction of the clusters, 13 continuous variables of clinical importance were considered: hematocrit, CRP, triglycerides, low density lipoprotein, absolute number of peripheral eosinophils, age, pulse oximetry, BMI, forced expiratory volume in the first second, dyspnea, 6MWD, total score of the Saint George Respiratory Questionnaire and packs-year of smoking. We used the Ward and K-means methods and determined the best silhouette value to identify similarities of individuals within the cluster (cohesion) in relation to the other clusters (separation). The number of clusters was determined by the heterogeneity values of the cluster, which in this case was determined as four clusters.
Results:
We evaluated 301 COPD patients and identified four different groups of COPD patients. The first cluster (203 patients) was characterized by fewer symptoms and lower functional severity of the disease, the second cluster by higher values of peripheral eosinophils, the third cluster by more systemic inflammation and the fourth cluster by greater obstructive severity and worse gas exchange. Cluster 2 had an average of 959 3 peripheral eosinophils, cluster 3 had a higher prevalence of nutritional depletion (46.1%), and cluster 4 had a higher BODE index. Regarding the associated comorbidities, we found that only obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and pulmonary thromboembolism were more prevalent in cluster 4. Almost 50% of all patients presented an exacerbation during 1 year of follow-up. However, it was higher in cluster 4, with 65% of all patients having at least one exacerbation. The mortality rate was statistically higher in cluster 4, with 26.9%, vs 9.6% in cluster 1.
Conclusion:
We could identify four clinical different clusters in these COPD populations, that were related to different clinical manifestations, comorbidities, exacerbation, and mortality rate. We also identified a specific cluster with higher values of peripheral eosinophils.
Durch die dezentrale Energiegewinnung, welche aus dem Fokus auf regenerative Stromerzeugung resultiert, ist ein Ausbau des Übertragungsnetzes alternativlos – auch mit Hinblick auf den steigenden Strombedarf in den kommenden Jahrzehnten. Der Ausbau ist bereits beschlossene Sache, schreitet aber schleppend voran. Die Gründe hierfür sind jedoch nicht etwa Verzögerungen in der Bauausführung, sondern vor allem die Ablehnung innerhalb der Bevölkerung gegenüber dem Neubau von Stromtrassen. Jahrelange Planungs- und Genehmigungsphasen sowie regelmäßige Änderungen der Trassenverläufe sind die Folge. Die Bürgerbewegungen gegen den Netzausbau sind meist mit auf dem Einfluss auf das Landschaftsbild, der Strahlungsbelastung oder Lärmbelästigung begründet. Eine Erdverlegung würde hinsichtlich dieser Probleme (trotz kurzfristiger Mehrbelastung während der Bauphase) eine Alternative darstellen, weist jedoch baubedingte Problematiken wie den Abtransport der Verlustwärme auf. Bei einer klassischen Sandbettung hängt die Wärmeleitfähigkeit maßgeblich vom Wassergehalt des Sandes ab, welcher je nach Witterungslage und geologischen Gegebenheiten sehr stark schwankt. Als Folge muss die Trasse für den ungünstigsten Fall und damit unwirtschaftlich bemessen werden.
Im Rahmen des Forschungsprojekts „DC-CTL DBI“ wurde eine gasisolierte HGÜ-Leitung (GIL) erdverlegt und einem Langzeitversuch unterzogen. Anstelle einer Sandbettung wurde jedoch ein zeitweise fließfähiger, selbstverdichtender Verfüllbaustoff (ZFSV) verwendet. Für den Einsatz als thermische Bettung bietet ein ZFSV mehrere Eigenschaften, welche eine klassische Sandbettung nicht bietet. So ist mit Hinblick auf die verschweißte Aluminium-Hülle der GIL kein Verdichtungsaufwand nötig, welcher bei aktueller Bauform zweifelsfrei in Schäden resultieren würde. Darüber hinaus weisen Flüssigböden durch den Bentonit-Gehalt eine höhere adsorbierende Oberfläche auf, wodurch der Anteil des Haftwassers im Boden zunimmt und die Wärmeleitfähigkeit der Bettung in ihrer Konstanz positiv beeinflusst wird.
Im Zuge dieser Arbeit wurden die thermischen und hydraulischen Transportprozesse um die GIL mittels FEM in Plaxis2D untersucht und transient über den gesamten Messzeitraum (18 Monate) berechnet. Hierfür wurden die Materialparameter durch labortechnische Versuche ermittelt und die Messergebnisse einer verbauten Wetterstation als Randbedingungen (Niederschlag, Temperatur, Evapotranspiration) aufgebracht. Die Ergebnisse aus Plaxis2D wurden abschließend mit der im Feldversuch verbauten Sensorik verglichen. Es zeigte sich, dass sowohl die Boden- als auch die Leitertemperaturen nur um wenige Grad von den Messwerten der Sensorik abweichen. Anders als bei den etablierten analytischen Bemessungsrechnungen, welche stets auf Vereinfachungen basieren, können auch Effekte wie konvektiver Wärmetransport oder Austrocknung bei gleichzeitig höherer Genauigkeit der Ergebnisse untersucht werden.
Um den Rechenaufwand gering zu halten, wurden lediglich die thermischen und hydraulischen Entwicklungen und Einflüsse des Bodens berücksichtigt. Es ist aber durchaus möglich, Verformungen und Kräfte in die Berechnung zu integrieren und so ein ganzheitliches Berechnungsmodell zu erstellen.
Das nachträgliche Verstärken von bestehenden Bauteilen ist eine häufig auftretende Problemstellung, die durch das Aufkleben von zusätzlicher Bewehrung gelöst werden kann. An der Tragweise der geklebten Bewehrung wird seit den 60er Jahren intensiv geforscht. Die erste bauaufsichtliche Zulassung wurde 1979 vom DIBt erteilt. Seit dieser Zeit hat sich die Bauweise in der Praxis etabliert und immer weitere Anwendungsmöglichkeiten, Materialien und Verfahren wurden entdeckt. An den Forschungsstellen wurden mithilfe von zahlreichen Versuchen immer bessere Modelle für die Tragweise entwickelt. Das Tragverhalten aufgeklebter Bewehrung wird durch den mäßigen Verbund zwischen der geklebten Bewehrung und dem Beton bestimmt, was besondere Bemessungsansätze nötig macht. Im Rahmen der Erstellung dieses Sachstandberichtes wurden zahlreiche Bauteil- und Verbundversuche mit geklebter Bewehrung in einer Datenbank gesammelt. Die gängigen nationalen und internationalen Modelle sowie Bemessungsvorschriften sind in diesem Sachstandbericht nach Themen geordnet aufgelistet und wurden mit den Versuchswerten aus der Datenbank gegengerechnet und verglichen.
Verankerung von aufgeklebten Stahllaschen im Bereich von Biegemomenten mit wechselnden Vorzeichen
(2012)
Bei durchlaufenden verstärkten Stahlbetonkonstruktionen kann es aufgrund der ungünstigen Anordnung der Verkehrslasten im Bereich der Verankerung der aufgeklebten Bewehrung zu einem Vorzeichenwechsel des Momentes bei unterschiedlichen Lastfällen kommen. Dies führt dazu, dass die aufgeklebte Verstärkung in einem bestimmten Bereich sowohl Zug- wie auch Druckkräften ausgesetzt ist. Im Rahmen dieses Forschungsberichtes werden zunächst bisherige Untersuchungen, welche diese Problemstellung tangieren, betrachtet. Darauf aufbauend werden Verbunddruckversuche mit unterschiedlich dicken Stahllaschen durchgeführt, um das Verhalten des Verbundes unter Druckbeanspruchung zu untersuchen. Zur Verifizierung der Versuchsergebnisse sowie zur Erfassung weiterer bauteilspezifischer Effekte werden zwei Versuche an einem Durchlaufträger durchgeführt in welchem die Stahllaschen bis weit in den Druckbereich verankert waren. Aufgrund der durchgeführten experimentellen Untersuchungen werden abschließend Empfehlungen für den Umgang mit dieser Problemstellung in der Bemessung gegeben.
New German guideline for strengthening concrete structures with adhesive bonded reinforcement
(2011)
Die Wirkungsweise einer aufgeklebten Biegezugverstärkung kann aufgrund der umfangreichen Forschung der letzten Jahrzehnte nun gut beschrieben werden. Eine wesentliche Rolle spielt hierbei der Verbund zwischen Beton und aufgeklebter Bewehrung, welcher durch die mäßige Zugfestigkeit der oberflächennahen Betonschichten charakterisiert wird. Dieser Aufsatz gibt einen historisch orientierten Abriss der Entwicklung des derzeitigen Kenntnisstands zur mechanischen Beschreibung der Wirkungsweise der aufgeklebten Bewehrung an. Dazu wird zunächst auf das Verbundverhalten der aufgeklebten Bewehrung sowie die übertragung auf das Bauteil und danach auf den weiteren Einfluss des Verbundes auf das Bauteilverhalten eingegangen.
A comparative analysis of two different approaches developed to deal with molecular relaxation in photoacoustic spectroscopy is here reported. The first method employs a statistical analysis based on partial least squares regression, while the second method relies on the development of a digital twin of the photoacoustic sensor based on the theoretical modelling of the occurring relaxations. Methane detection within a gas matrix of synthetic air with variable humidity level is selected as case study. An interband cascade laser emitting at 3.345 µm is used to target methane absorption features. Two methane concentration ranges are explored targeting different absorptions, one in the order of part-per-million and one in the order of percent, while water vapor absolute concentration was varied from 0.3 % up to 2 %. The results achieved employing the detection techniques demonstrated the possibility to efficiently retrieve the target gas concentrations with accuracy > 95 % even in the case of strong influence of relaxation effects.
Photoacoustic spectroscopy is an efficient method to detect the concentration of trace gases with following advantages: short response time, high sensitivity, continuous and real-time monitoring and the option of miniaturization without the need of complex mirror-based multi-pass cell designs. A micromechanical cantilever is used as a key component in a two-part "Cantilever-Resonator" system that detects the weak photoacoustic signal. The resonance frequency of cantilever needs to be tuned to match the resonance frequency of resonator in order to achieve the maximum vibration amplitude of the "Cantilever-Resonator" system. This paper reports a post-fabrication method to tune the resonance frequency of cantilevers via focused ion beam (FIB) and a capacitive solution for the cantilever to transform the acoustic signal to electrical signal.
Ultrafast time resolved reflection high energy electron diffraction with tilted pump pulse fronts
(2013)
We present time-resolved RHEED from a laser excited Pb(111) surface using a pulse front tilter for the compensation of the velocity mismatch of electrons and light. The laser pulses with tilted fronts were characterized by a spatially resolving cross correlator. The response of the surface upon excitation was observed to be less than 2 ps.
Different higher education backgrounds in China and Germany led to challenges in the curriculum design at the beginning of our cooperative bachelor program in Optoelectronics Engineering. We see challenges in different subject requirements from both sides and in the German language requirements for Chinese students. The curriculum was optimized according to the AS IIN criteria, which makes it acceptable and und erstandable by both countries. German students are integrated into the Chinese class and get the sa me lectures like their Chinese colleagues. Intercultural and curriculum challenges are successfully solved. The results are summarized to provide an example for other similar international programs.
ntervention with motivational emails can have a positive effect on course retention in e-learning. It is, however, not yet clear whether different forms of emails affect course retention and how students make progress during the sending of emails. We therefore used a voluntary asynchronous online course with 206 students. Students were randomly divided into four groups: text–picture personalised email vs. text personalised email vs. generalised email vs. no email. Emails were sent weekly for 3 months. Results yield that more students made progress in the text–picture personalised email group than in the control group. Students in all email groups progressed by more units than students in the control group. Only students in email groups completed the course and only students in personalised email groups reacted to the emails. Emails were accepted by most students enrolled. The findings suggest that cost-effective and easily implemented emails can encourage students to progress from unit to unit.
In this paper we present a practical example of the use of Cellular Communication standards like GPRS and UMTS in a Smart Grid Application. For a more detailed view we demonstrate a possible implementation of Cellular Communication Technologies in a data acquisition application for the collection of energy indicators in a medium-voltage grid. Furthermore, we show a technical overview of relevant and common mobile communication standards available in Germany. The included theoretical examples, Smart Grid scenarios, presented data and results are based on a research project for intelligent power regulation in medium-voltage grids performed in Regensburg (Germany). It is a joint project' of the University of Applied Sciences Regensburg together with a local energy provider and a manufacturer for distribution network systems.
Unternehmen sind häufig mit Situationen konfrontiert, in denen schnell Entscheidungen bezüglich der Auswahl mehrerer Handlungsalternativen gefunden werden müssen. Mathematische Verfahren können hierbei unterstützen, z. B. für die Ermittlung einer ersten Diskussionsbasis. Verfügbare Softwarelösungen errechnen zwar häufig optimale Ergebnisse, zeigen jedoch Schwächen bei der praktischen Anwendbarkeit. So ist eine Einarbeitung in komplexe Optimierungssoftware für die teilweise sporadisch auftretenden Probleme in der Regel für Unternehmen nicht möglich, unter anderem auch unter Anbetracht der teilweise hohen Kosten der Standardsoftware und dem benötigten hohen Einarbeitungsaufwand. Gerade Problemstellungen in Fachbereichen, die nicht auf mathematische Problemlösung spezialisiert sind, münden daher regelmäßig in Ineffizienzen. Basierend auf den in der Literatur diskutierten Lösungsansätzen wurde ein praxisorientierter Ansatz zur Entscheidungsunterstützung für Rucksackprobleme bzw. 0–1 Probleme mithilfe von Genetischen Algorithmen (GA) entwickelt und technisch in Microsoft Excel® umgesetzt. Ein Praxistest bei einem chinesischen Textilunternehmen belegt erhöhte Effektivität und Effizienz. Die Software kann kostenfrei nach MIT Lizenz unter http://www.solvega.de/ heruntergeladen werden.
Blockchain and GDPR
(2019)
Blockchain and the European General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) are two topics that are currently highly discussed in academia and amongst professionals. The Blockchain technology is claimed to revolutionize how business is being conducted by its way of storing data and sharing it with others. The recently introduced GDPR has a huge impact on processing personal data because it brought major changes to privacy regulation. This might also affect the processing of personal data in Blockchain-based application scenarios. Based on literature analysis, the paper at hand provides an overview of the Blockchain technology, presents a decision model, and introduces two possible Blockchain application scenarios. It analyses relevant requirements of the GDPR in view of processing personal data and compares these with the fundamental principles of the Blockchain technology. The paper concludes that processing personal data in the Blockchain is violating the GDPR because it conflicts with fundamental specification of this regulation. This finding reveals the need for further research to propose concepts and frameworks for a GDPR-compliant processing of personal data using Blockchain technology.
Meniscal tears in the avascular zone have a poor self-healing potential, however partial meniscectomy predisposes the knee for early osteoarthritis. Tissue engineering with mesenchymal stem cells and a hyaluronan collagen based scaffold is a promising approach to repair meniscal tears in the avascular zone. 4 mm longitudinal meniscal tears in the avascular zone of lateral menisci of New Zealand White Rabbits were performed. The defect was left empty, sutured with a 5-0 suture or filled with a hyaluronan/collagen composite matrix without cells, with platelet rich plasma or with autologous mesenchymal stem cells. Matrices with stem cells were in part precultured in chondrogenic medium for 14 days prior to the implantation. Menisci were harvested at 6 and 12 weeks. The developed repair tissue was analyzed macroscopically, histologically and biomechanically. Untreated defects, defects treated with suture alone, with cell-free or with platelet rich plasma seeded implants showed a muted fibrous healing response. The implantation of stem cell-matrix constructs initiated fibrocartilage-like repair tissue, with better integration and biomechanical properties in the precultured stem cell-matrix group. A hyaluronan-collagen based composite scaffold seeded with mesenchymal stem cells is more effective in the repair avascular meniscal tear with stable meniscus-like tissue and to restore the native meniscus.
Einleitung Die Endoskopische Retrograde Cholangiopankreatikographie (ERCP) ist der Goldstandard in der Diagnostik und Therapie von Erkrankungen des pankreatobiliären Trakts. Jedoch ist sie technisch sehr anspruchsvoll und weist eine vergleichsweise hohe Komplikationsrate auf.
Ziele
In der vorliegenden Machbarkeitsstudie soll geprüft werden, ob mithilfe eines Deep-learning-Algorithmus die Papille und das Ostium zuverlässig detektiert werden können und somit für Endoskopiker mit geringer Erfahrung ein geeignetes Hilfsmittel, insbesondere für die Ausbildungssituation, darstellen könnten.
Methodik
Wir betrachteten insgesamt 606 Bilddatensätze von 65 Patienten. In diesen wurde sowohl die Papilla duodeni major als auch das Ostium segmentiert. Anschließend wurde eine neuronales Netz mittels eines Deep-learning-Algorithmus trainiert. Außerdem erfolgte eine 5-fache Kreuzvaldierung.
Ergebnisse
Bei einer 5-fachen Kreuzvaldierung auf den 606 gelabelten Daten konnte für die Klasse Papille eine F1-Wert von 0,7908, eine Sensitivität von 0,7943 und eine Spezifität von 0,9785 erreicht werden, für die Klasse Ostium eine F1-Wert von 0,5538, eine Sensitivität von 0,5094 und eine Spezifität von 0,9970 (vgl. [Tab. 1]). Unabhängig von der Klasse zeigte sich gemittelt (Klasse Papille und Klasse Ostium) ein F1-Wert von 0,6673, eine Sensitivität von 0,6519 und eine Spezifität von 0,9877 (vgl. [Tab. 2]).
Schlussfolgerung
In vorliegende Machbarkeitsstudie konnte das neuronale Netz die Papilla duodeni major mit einer hohen Sensitivität und sehr hohen Spezifität identifizieren. Bei der Detektion des Ostiums war die Sensitivität deutlich geringer. Zukünftig soll das das neuronale Netz mit mehr Daten trainiert werden. Außerdem ist geplant, den Algorithmus auch auf Videos anzuwenden. Somit könnte langfristig ein geeignetes Hilfsmittel für die ERCP etabliert werden.
Aims
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography (ERCP) is the gold standard in the diagnosis as well as treatment of diseases of the pancreatobiliary tract. However, it is technically complex and has a relatively high complication rate. In particular, cannulation of the papillary ostium remains challenging. The aim of this study is to examine whether a deep-learning algorithm can be used to detect the major duodenal papilla and in particular the papillary ostium reliably and could therefore be a valuable tool for inexperienced endoscopists, particularly in training situation.
Methods
We analyzed a total of 654 retrospectively collected images of 85 patients. Both the major duodenal papilla and the ostium were then segmented. Afterwards, a neural network was trained using a deep-learning algorithm. A 5-fold cross-validation was performed. Subsequently, we ran the algorithm on 5 prospectively collected videos of ERCPs.
Results
5-fold cross-validation on the 654 labeled data resulted in an F1 value of 0.8007, a sensitivity of 0.8409 and a specificity of 0.9757 for the class papilla, and an F1 value of 0.5724, a sensitivity of 0.5456 and a specificity of 0.9966 for the class ostium. Regardless of the class, the average F1 value (class papilla and class ostium) was 0.6866, the sensitivity 0.6933 and the specificity 0.9861. In 100% of cases the AI-detected localization of the papillary ostium in the prospectively collected videos corresponded to the localization of the cannulation performed by the endoscopist.
Conclusions
In the present study, the neural network was able to identify the major duodenal papilla with a high sensitivity and high specificity. In detecting the papillary ostium, the sensitivity was notably lower. However, when used on videos, the AI was able to identify the location of the subsequent cannulation with 100% accuracy. In the future, the neural network will be trained with more data. Thus, a suitable tool for ERCP could be established, especially in the training situation.
As part of a research project to develop design solutions for concrete-masonry buildings for the Canadian market, the apparent sound insulation performance of hybrid assemblies with concrete masonry walls and wood joist floors was evaluated. In this paper, the effect of junction coupling is investigated in an ISO 15712 flanking prediction context. Airborne flanking path data predicted according to ISO 15712 are compared to data measured using the indirect ISO 10848 shielding
method. Recommendations are made on how appropriate the application of ISO 15712 is for this type of hybrid assembly.
Tools to predict sound transmission through building elements are beneficial from both amarketing and a research standpoint. Prediction models can assist with the optimization ofelement performance and often reduce both cost and time in projects. However, the morephysical phenomena are to be included in the model, the more input data that is needed,which in some cases can be quite time-consuming and costly to collect. A balance is neededbetween the input and modeling effort and the output, which is usually delivered in onethird octave frequency bands or single number ratings. Many different types of models arecommonly used, including analytical, numerical, and empirical are used, all of which haveadvantages and disadvantages. In this paper, the latter type is presented using a set ofphysical properties of lightweight wood elements, and the errors made in the prediction arequantified. The disadvantage of empirical compared to analytical modeling is that thephysical phenomena are more difficult to identify. The advantage is often the simplicityand accuracy of the prediction results.
It is common practice to use maximum FAST time-weighted sound pressure levels to assess transient impact noise, as these levels correlate well with human perception of impact noise. Maximum FAST time-weighted levels are known to be dependent on the reverberation time of the receiving room. In previous studies, an analytical correction term was developed using a Dirac impulse. The correction term is used to calculate the maximum FAST time-weighted levels from peak sound pressure levels. Peak levels are independent of the reverberation time of the room. Applying the correction term makes it possible to compare measurement results from different rooms. The correction term has been validated in several studies for the standard rubber impact ball. In this paper, the influence of the source signal (Dirac impulse) on the correction term is studied. Analytical and numerical models are employed to investigate the consequences of stretching the impulse in time and of changing its shape. The results are compared with empirical solutions developed in other studies.
GraphMIC is a cross-platform image processing application utilizing the libraries ITK and OpenCV. The abstract structure of image processing pipelines is visually represented by user interface components based on modern QtQuick technology and allows users to focus on arrangement and parameterization of operations rather than implementing the equivalent functionality natively in C++. The application's central goal is to improve and simplify the typical workflow by providing various high level features and functions like multi threading, image sequence processing and advanced error handling. A built-in python interpreter allows the creation of custom nodes, where user defined algorithms can be integrated to extend basic functionality. An embedded 2d/3d visual-izer gives feedback of the resulting image of an operation or the whole pipeline. User inputs like seed points, contours or regions are forwarded to the processing pipeline as parameters to offer semi-automatic image computing. We report the main concept of the application and introduce several features and their implementation. Finally, the current state of development as well as future perspectives of GraphMIC are discussed
The anisotropy ΔS of the thermopower in thin films of the high-Tc superconductor Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 is investigated using off–c-axis epitaxial film growth and the off-diagonal Seebeck effect. The measurements represent a new method for the investigation of anisotropic transport properties in solids, taking advantage of the availability of oriented grown crystalline thin films instead of using bulk crystals. First results for the temperature dependence ΔS(T) in Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 thin films are presented and described within a two-band model. Subjecting the films to heat treatments in different gases at relatively low temperatures, ΔS could reversibly be changed in a wide range.
9x Ofra: Technikunterstütztes Wohnen als Beitrag zur Verbesserung der kommunalen Daseinsvorsorge
(2023)
Non-road sectors, such as agriculture and construction machinery, require high energy densities and flexibility in use, which is why diesel engines are mainly used. The use of climate-neutral fuels, produced from renewable energies, such as Oxymethylene Ether (OME) as a diesel substitute, can significantly reduce CO2 and pollutant emissions in these sectors. In addition to CO2 neutrality, OME also offers improved combustion characteristics compared to diesel fuel, eliminating the soot–NOx trade-off and thus enabling new opportunities in engine design and calibration. In this paper, the combustion of pure OME on a close-to-production, single-cylinder non-road diesel engine with a pump–line–nozzle injection system is analyzed. A variation of the center of combustion at constant power output was performed for diesel and OME at different operating points. Two injectors were investigated with OME. A study on ignition delay and a detailed thermodynamic analysis was carried out. In addition, the exhaust emissions CO, NOx, VOC, as well as particulate-matter, -number and -size distributions were measured. With OME, a significantly shorter ignition delay as well as a shortened combustion duration could be observed, despite a longer injection duration. In addition, the maximum injection pressure increases. VOC and CO emissions are reduced. Particulate matter was reduced by more than 99% and particle number (>10 nm) was reduced by multiple orders of magnitude. The median of the particle size distribution shifts from 60 to 85 nm (diesel) into a diameter range of sub 23 nm (OME). A significant reduction of NOx emissions with OME enables new degrees of freedom in engine calibration and an efficiency advantage without hardware adaption.
Schlussbericht zum Verbundvorhaben NAMOSYN: Nachhaltige Mobilität durch synthetische Kraftstoffe
(2023)
Im Labor für Verbrennungsmotoren und Abgasnachbehandlung der OTH-Regensburg sollten im Zuge des NAMOSYN-Projektes zwei Vertreter klimaneutraler Kraftstoffe an verschiedenen Systemprüfständen (Motor-, Einspritzprüfstand, optisch zugängliche Einspritzkammer, …) und mit Hilfe von Simulationsmethoden für den Einsatz in bestehenden Verbrennungsmotoren untersucht werden. Synthetische Kraftstoffe aus der Gruppe der Oxymethylenether (OME) stellen eine CO2-neutrale Alternative zu fossilem Dieselkraftstoff dar. Für Ottomotoren wurde untersucht, ob der synthetische Kraftstoff DMC/MeFo (Dimethylcarbonat & Methylformiat) einen Ersatz für Ottokraftstoff darstellen kann, bzw. eine Drop-In-Fähigkeit gegeben ist.
Die OTH Regensburg bearbeitete 2 unabhängige Teilvorhaben zur motorischen Testung von synthetischen Kraftstoffen: „FC 1A: Motorische Testung von OME“ und „FC 2: Untersuchung von C1-Oxygenaten für Ottomotoren“. Die Projektlaufzeit betrug 3,5 Jahre, inkl. kostenneutraler Verlängerung um 6 Monate aufgrund der Corona-Pandemie.
Im FC1A "AP2-Nachrüstung Dieselmotoren" der OTH Regensburg lag der Fokus auf der Erforschung der Potentiale und der Umrüstung eines Einzylinder-Dieselmotors mit Pumpe-Leitung-Düse-(PLD)-Einspritzsystem des Projektpartners Motorenfabrik Hatz GmbH und Co. KG für OME-Betrieb.
Im AP2.1 wurden umfangreiche Daten gesammelt und Simulationsmodelle des Motors und PLD-Einspritzsystems erstellt und mit Dieselkraftstoff und OME validiert. Nachfolgend wurden Parameterstudien zur Geometrie des Einspritzsystems und der physikalischen Eigenschaften von OME durchgeführt.
In AP2.2 und AP2.3 wurden umfangreiche Untersuchungen an einem Motor- und Einspritzsystemprüfstand mit Diesel und OME durchgeführt und der Steuergerätedatensatz für den OME-Betrieb optimiert.
Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Umstellung des Kraftstoffs auf OME, insbesondere bei einfachen Motoren mit rudimentärer Einspritztechnik und ohne Mittel zur NOx-Reduzierung (keine AGR oder SCR), ein enormes Potenzial zur Steigerung des Wirkungsgrads bei gleichzeitiger Reduzierung aller regulierten Schadstoffe (NOx, 𝑃N, 𝑃M, CO und 𝑉OC) eröffnet. Die Ergebnisse und generierten Simulationsmodelle unterstützen eine schnelle Serienentwicklung und Einführung von OME-Umrüstlösungen.
In FC 2 werden die vielversprechenden Kraftstoffe Methylformiat (MeFo) und Dimethylcarbonat (DMC) motorisch getestet. Untersuchungen am Kraftstoffsystem und wichtigen Komponenten dienen als Grundlage für das AP3.
Im AP3 wird die Machbarkeit der DMC/MeFo-Verbrennung am Vollmotor demonstriert und die erwarteten Emissionsvorteile gegenüber herkömmlichen Ottokraftstoffen gezeigt. Abweichend von der ursprünglichen Planung werden an der OTH Regensburg Kraftstoffblends aus Benzin und MeFo untersucht, um den Einsatzbereich des Kraftstoffs zu erweitern.
In AP5 werden potentielle Mischungsverhältnisse analysiert und die Eigenschaften der ausgewählten Kraftstoffmischungen an einem Einspritzratenprüfstand, an der Einspritzkammer und am Vollmotor untersucht. Es werden Einspritzverhalten, Gemischaufbereitung und Abgasemissionen bewertet.
Zudem wird eine Kraftstoffmischanlage entwickelt und ein optischer Zugang am Vollmotor ermöglicht. Eine Ölverdünnungsmesstechnik wird eingesetzt, um den Kraftstoffeintrag ins Motoröl zu untersuchen
Quantum computing is a relatively new paradigm that has raised considerable interest in physics and computer science in general but has so far received little attention in software engineering and architecture. Hybrid applications that consist of both quantum and classical components require the development of appropriate quantum software architectures. However, given that quantum software engineering (QSE) in general is a new research area, quantum software architecture–a subresearch area in QSE is also understudied. The goal of this chapter is to provide a list of research challenges and opportunities for such architectures. In addition, to make the content understandable to a broader computer science audience, we provide a brief overview of quantum computing and explain the essential technical foundations.
Algorithm selection (AS) tasks are dedicated to find the optimal algorithm for an unseen problem instance. With the knowledge of problem instances’ meta-features and algorithms’ landmark performances, Machine Learning (ML) approaches are applied to solve AS problems. However, the standard training process of benchmark ML approaches in AS either needs to train the models specifically for every algorithm or relies on the sparse one-hot encoding as the algorithms’ representation. To escape these intermediate steps and form the mapping function directly, we borrow the learning to rank framework from Recommender System (RS) and embed the bi-linear factorization to model the algorithms’ performances in AS. This Bi-linear Learning to Rank (BLR) has proven to work with competence in some AS scenarios and thus is also proposed as a benchmark approach. Thinking from the evaluation perspective in the modern AS challenges, precisely predicting the performance is usually the measuring goal. Though approaches’ inference time also needs to be counted for the running time cost calculation, it’s always overlooked in the evaluation process. The multi-objective evaluation metric Adjusted Ratio of Root Ratios (A3R) is therefore advocated in this paper to balance the trade-off between the accuracy and inference time in AS. Concerning A3R, BLR outperforms other benchmarks when expanding the candidates range to TOP3. The better effect of this candidates expansion results from the cumulative optimum performance during the AS process. We take the further step in the experimentation to represent the advantage of such TOPK expansion, and illustrate that such expansion can be considered as the supplement for the convention of TOP1 selection during the evaluation process.
This paper overviews the state of the art in reverberant speech processing from the speech recognition viewpoint. First, it points out that the key to successful reverberant speech recognition is to account for long-term dependencies between reverberant observations obtained from consecutive time frames. Then, a diversity of approaches that exploit the long-term dependencies in various ways is described, ranging from signal and feature dereverberation to acoustic model compensation tailored to reverberation. A framework for classifying those approaches is presented to highlight similarities and differences between them.
This paper presents a simple and systematic approach to determine the equivalent frequency-independent circuit model for a dual-band planar antenna. The Foster Canonical network synthesis technique with two RLC tanks has been employed to generate the two resonant bands of the antenna. The transfer function model is subsequently refined using a data fitting algorithm (viz the Nelder-Mead simplex algorithm). Parametric adjustments are performed at the final stage in order to further improve the accuracy of the final parameters.
This White Paper outlines how the ethical discourse on cybersecurity has developed in the scientific literature, which ethical issues gained interest, which value conflicts are discussed, and where the “blind spots” in the current ethical discourse on cybersecurity are located. The White Paper is based on an extensive literature with a focus on three reference domains with unique types of value conflicts: health, business/finance and national security. For each domain, a systematic literature search has been performed and the identified papers have been analysed using qualitative and quantitative methods. An important observation is that the ethics of cybersecurity not an established subject. In all domains, cybersecurity is recognized as being an instrumental value, not an end in itself, which opens up the possibility of trade-offs with different values in different spheres. The most prominent common theme is the existence of trade-offs and even conflicts between reasonable goals, for example between usability and security, accessibility and security, privacy and convenience. Other prominent common themes are the importance of cybersecurity to sustain trust (in institutions), and the harmful effect of any loss of control over data.
A comprehensive experimental program is carried out to determine material parameters for fracture initiation and propagation in X100 pipeline steels. The quadratic Hill’48 yield function along with an isotropic hardening are used to describe plastic flow at large deformation and a phenomenological fracture criterion to predict fracture initiation. Fracture mechanics SENT specimens are used to calibrate post-initiation softening parameters necessary for ductile crack propagation in thick components. Once the material model parameters set is complete a final comparison is conducted with ring expansion test on same material.
The current analyses present results of running ductile fracture propagation in high strength X100 line pipe steels under the influence of anisotropy. Mechanical anisotropy is commonly available in pipe products as a result of the manufacturing process, especially, those subjected to hot/cold-worked deformation. The outcomes of the present analyses show that its effect on the behavior of running ductile fracture in cracked pipes undergoing depressurization is meaningful. For instance, the Crack-Tip Opening Angle (CTOA) not only exhibits a strong dependence to the pipe's diameter size, but also to the material's anisotropy nature when compared to a hypothetical isotropic material. Moreover, laboratory scale tests such as those performed on Battelle Drop Weight Tear (BDWT) samples provide useful information about initiation of ductile crack propagation when the anisotropy features are taken into account in the material description.
Dieser Artikel soll durch die wissenschaftlich fundierte Darstellung der (Brustkrebs)-Selbsthilfe mögliche Handlungsunsicherheiten im Umgang mit Selbsthilfegruppen (SHG) in der täglichen Praxis verringern.
Die Gesundheitsversorgung kommt ohne die Eigenverantwortung, Selbsthilfe und aktive Mitarbeit der Patienten(inn)en nicht aus. Welche Mechanismen in SHG wirken, wurde bisher nicht im Einzelnen wissenschaftlich untersucht. Im Zusammenhang mit dem gesicherten Wissen über die salutogenen und tertiärpräventiven Wirkungsweisen von Kommunikation und sozialen Bindungen, kann aus dem Stand der Selbsthilfeforschung jedoch ein allgemeines heuristisches Modell der Wirkung von SHG abgeleitet werden, welches kurz erläutert wird. Die am häufigsten auftretende Krebserkrankung in Deutschland ist Brustkrebs. Davon sind zu 99 % Frauen betroffen. Frauen mit Brustkrebs werden im professionellen Versorgungssystem und insbesondere durch die vielfältigen Angebote der Selbsthilfe unterstützt.
Insbesondere SHG tragen zur gegenseitigen sozialen Unterstützung und zur Informationsaneignung bei den Betroffenen und in deren sozialen Umfeld bei. Sie entlasten die primären Netzwerke der Betroffenen und unterstützen eine gezielte Inanspruchnahme professioneller Dienste. Sind die Ergebnisse und Schlussfolgerungen der Studien zur Wirksamkeit von Selbsthilfe bei Brustkrebs aufgrund methodischer Schwierigkeiten der Wirksamkeitsforschung auch limitiert, heben doch die meisten Forscher hervor, dass die Unterstützung durch SHG allein und in Kombination mit einer professionellen Versorgung psychische Störungen reduzieren und subjektiv Gesundheit und Lebensqualität erhöhen.
Selbsthilfeaktivitäten werden zunehmend durch das Sozialversicherungssystem gefördert und in das Versorgungssystem integriert. Die Kooperation zwischen Selbsthilfe und professionellem System kann durch das Kennenlernen der regionalen Selbsthilfelandschaft mit ihren Strukturen, Unterstützungsleistungen und Besonderheiten verbessert werden.
Durch die wissenschaftlich fundierte Darstellung der Selbsthilfe (SH) bei rheumatischen Erkrankungen sollen mögliche Handlungsunsicherheiten im Umgang mit Selbsthilfegruppen (SHG) in der täglichen Praxis verringert werden. Welche Mechanismen in SHG wirken, wurde bisher nicht ausreichend wissenschaftlich untersucht. Im Zusammenhang mit dem gesicherten Wissen über die salutogenen und tertiärpräventiven Wirkungsweisen von Kommunikation und sozialen Bindungen, kann aus dem Stand der Selbsthilfeforschung jedoch ein allgemeines heuristisches Modell der Wirkung von SHG abgeleitet werden, welches kurz erläutert wird. Von der Weltgesundheitsorganisation werden rheumatische Erkrankungen als mehr oder weniger klar definierte Erkrankungen der Gelenke, gelenkumgebenden Strukturen und Muskel- oder Bindegewebe beschrieben, die zu schmerzhaften, häufig chronischen Einschränkungen des Bewegungsapparates führen können. Neben der fachärztlichen Versorgung besteht durch die Deutsche Rheuma-Liga (DRL) ein flächendeckendes SH-Angebot für Betroffene. Insbesondere SHG tragen zur gegenseitigen sozialen Unterstützung und zur Informationsaneignung bei den Betroffenen und in deren sozialen Umfeld bei. Sind die Ergebnisse und Schlussfolgerungen der Studien zu den Wirkungen von SH bei rheumatischen Erkrankungen aufgrund methodischer Schwierigkeiten der Wirkungsforschung auch limitiert, heben doch die meisten Forscher hervor, dass die Unterstützung durch SHG allein und in Kombination mit einer professionellen Versorgung neben vielen Einzelaspekten auch die Lebensqualität erhöht.
Die Gesundheitsversorgung kommt ohne die Eigenverantwortung, Selbsthilfe und aktive Mitarbeit der Patient(inn)en nicht aus. Welche Mechanismen in Selbsthilfegruppen wirken, wurde bisher nicht im Einzelnen wissenschaftlich untersucht. Im Zusammenhang mit dem gesicherten Wissen über die salutogenen und tertiärpräventiven Wirkungsweisen von Kommunikation und sozialen Bindungen kann aus dem Stand der Selbsthilfeforschung jedoch ein allgemeines heuristisches Modell der Wirkung von Selbsthilfegruppen abgeleitet werden, welches kurz erläutert wird.
Alkoholbezogene Krankheiten haben in Deutschland eine besondere sozioökonomische Bedeutung. Menschen mit Alkoholabhängigkeit werden mithilfe multimodaler Therapiekonzepte (ambulante, teilstationäre oder stationäre Interventionen) und vor allem durch die vielfältigen Angebote der Suchtselbsthilfe unterstützt.
Vor allem Selbsthilfegruppen tragen zur gegenseitigen sozialen Unterstützung, zur Informationsaneignung und zu Einstellungsänderungen bei den Betroffenen und in deren sozialem Umfeld bei. Sie entlasten die primären Netzwerke der Betroffenen und unterstützen bei der gezielteren Inanspruchnahme professioneller Dienste. Sind die Ergebnisse und Schlussfolgerungen der Studien zur Wirksamkeit von Selbsthilfe bei Alkoholabhängigkeit aufgrund methodischer Schwierigkeiten der Wirkungsforschung auch limitiert, so sind sich doch die meisten Forscher einig, dass die Unterstützung durch Selbsthilfegruppen allein und in Kombination mit einer professionellen Versorgung das Erreichen und Erhalten der Alkoholabstinenz unterstützt.
Selbsthilfeaktivitäten werden zunehmend durch das Sozialversicherungssystem gefördert und in das Versorgungssystem integriert. Das Ungleichgewicht in der Kooperation zwischen Selbsthilfe und professionellem System kann durch ein Kennenlernen der regionalen Selbsthilfelandschaft mit ihren Strukturen, Unterstützungsleistungen und Besonderheiten ausgeglichen werden.
Dieser Beitrag verringert durch die wissenschaftlich fundierte Darstellung der (Sucht-)Selbsthilfe mögliche Handlungsunsicherheiten im Umgang mit Selbsthilfegruppen in der täglichen Praxis.
Die Gesundheitsversorgung kommt ohne die Eigenverantwortung, Selbsthilfe und aktive Mitarbeit der Patient(inn)en nicht aus. Welche Mechanismen in Selbsthilfegruppen wirken, wurde bisher nicht im Einzelnen wissenschaftlich untersucht. Im Zusammenhang mit dem gesicherten Wissen über die salutogenen und tertiärpräventiven Wirkungsweisen von Kommunikation und sozialen Bindungen kann aus dem Stand der Selbsthilfeforschung jedoch ein allgemeines heuristisches Modell der Wirkung von Selbsthilfegruppen abgeleitet werden, welches kurz erläutert wird.
Alkoholbezogene Krankheiten haben in Deutschland eine besondere sozioökonomische Bedeutung. Menschen mit Alkoholabhängigkeit werden mithilfe multimodaler Therapiekonzepte (ambulante, teilstationäre oder stationäre Interventionen) und vor allem durch die vielfältigen Angebote der Suchtselbsthilfe unterstützt.
Vor allem Selbsthilfegruppen tragen zur gegenseitigen sozialen Unterstützung, zur Informationsaneignung und zu Einstellungsänderungen bei den Betroffenen und in deren sozialem Umfeld bei. Sie entlasten die primären Netzwerke der Betroffenen und unterstützen bei der gezielteren Inanspruchnahme professioneller Dienste. Sind die Ergebnisse und Schlussfolgerungen der Studien zur Wirksamkeit von Selbsthilfe bei Alkoholabhängigkeit aufgrund methodischer Schwierigkeiten der Wirkungsforschung auch limitiert, so sind sich doch die meisten Forscher einig, dass die Unterstützung durch Selbsthilfegruppen allein und in Kombination mit einer professionellen Versorgung das Erreichen und Erhalten der Alkoholabstinenz unterstützt.
Selbsthilfeaktivitäten werden zunehmend durch das Sozialversicherungssystem gefördert und in das Versorgungssystem integriert. Das Ungleichgewicht in der Kooperation zwischen Selbsthilfe und professionellem System kann durch ein Kennenlernen der regionalen Selbsthilfelandschaft mit ihren Strukturen, Unterstützungsleistungen und Besonderheiten ausgeglichen werden.
Dieser Beitrag verringert durch die wissenschaftlich fundierte Darstellung der (Sucht-)Selbsthilfe mögliche Handlungsunsicherheiten im Umgang mit Selbsthilfegruppen in der täglichen Praxis.
Backround
Scaphoidectomy and midcarpal fusion can be performed using traditional fixation methods like K-wires, staples, screws or different dorsal (non)locking arthrodesis systems. The aim of this study is to test the Aptus four corner locking plate and to compare the clinical findings to the data revealed by CT scans and semi-automated segmentation.
Methods:
This is a retrospective review of eleven patients suffering from scapholunate advanced collapse (SLAC) or scaphoid non-union advanced collapse (SNAC) wrist, who received a four corner fusion between August 2011 and July 2014. The clinical evaluation consisted of measuring the range of motion (ROM), strength and pain on a visual analogue scale (VAS). Additionally, the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (QuickDASH) and the Mayo Wrist Score were assessed. A computerized tomography (CT) of the wrist was obtained six weeks postoperatively. After semi-automated segmentation of the CT scans, the models were post processed and surveyed.
Results
During the six-month follow-up mean range of motion (ROM) of the operated wrist was 60°, consisting of 30° extension and 30° flexion. While pain levels decreased significantly, 54% of grip strength and 89% of pinch strength were preserved compared to the contralateral healthy wrist. Union could be detected in all CT scans of the wrist. While X-ray pictures obtained postoperatively revealed no pathology, two user related technical complications were found through the 3D analysis, which correlated to the clinical outcome.
Conclusion
Due to semi-automated segmentation and 3D analysis it has been proved that the plate design can keep up to the manufacturers’ promises. Over all, this case series confirmed that the plate can compete with the coexisting techniques concerning clinical outcome, union and complication rate.
The Impact of Semi-Automated Segmentation and 3D Analysis on Testing New Osteosynthesis Material
(2017)
A new protocol for testing osteosynthesis material postoperatively combining semi-automated segmentation and 3D analysis of surface meshes is proposed. By various steps of transformation and measuring, objective data can be collected. In this study the specifications of a locking plate used for mediocarpal arthrodesis of the wrist were examined. The results show, that union of the lunate, triquetrum, hamate and capitate was achieved and that the plate is comparable to coexisting arthrodesis systems. Additionally, it was shown, that the complications detected correlate to the clinical outcome. In synopsis, this protocol is considered beneficial and should be taken into account in further studies.
The increasing popularity of nanoparticles in many applications has led to the fact that these persistent materials pollute our environment and threaten our health. An online sensor system for monitoring the presence of nanoparticles in fresh water would be highly desired. We propose a label-free sensor based on SPR imaging. The sensitivity was enhanced by a factor of about 100 by improving the detector by using a high-resolution camera. This revealed that the light source also needed to be improved by using LED excitation instead of a laser light source. As a receptor, different self-assembled monolayers have been screened. It can be seen that the nanoparticle receptor interaction is of a complex nature. The best system when taking sensitivity as well as reversibility into account is given by a dodecanethiol monolayer on the gold sensor surface. Lanthanide-doped nanoparticles, 29 nm in diameter and with a similar refractive index to the most common silica nanoparticles were detected in water down to 1.5 mu g mL(-1). The sensor can be fully regenerated within one hour without the need for any washing buffer. This sensing concept is expected to be easily adapted for the detection of nanoparticles of different size, shape, and composition, and upon miniaturization, suitable for long-term applications to monitor the quality of water.
According to the Letter of Intent on Cooperation between the Palace Museum and the German Archaeological Institute from 2015 both institutes intend to cooperate on projects focusing on ancient palace architectures. As the first project of cooperation, the so-called Crystal Palace (Lingzhao Xuan) in the courtyard of the former Palace of Prolonging Happiness (Yanxi Gong) was selected, because it represents a unique example of the influence of western construction methods and architectural elements on Chinese palace architecture. The building, begun in 1909, is most unusual for the architecture of the Forbidden City because of its choice of materials. We are dealing with a stone-iron construction with cast iron and steel supports for floor and ceiling construction, pavilion-like super structures with iron and steel profiles, even steel door casings and window frames. The Summer School comprised mainly the mediation of theoretical principles of building archaeology and early iron construction including its cleaning and structural improvement on the one hand and practical work on the object itself on the other hand. A first round of discussions was added to heritage values and possible forms of presentation of the ‘Crystal Palace’, which initially was planned to be an aquarium.
Looking for architectural examples in Europe it seems plausible that some inspiration from western aquaria helped the vision of the last emperors of China of a modern fish pool with clear water to gain shape. Concerning the question if the iron elements just like the decorated tiles also came from Germany it is suggested that these were enveloped in the context of the contemporary building project of the Tianjin-Pukow Railway for which the major share of orders had gone to German firms.
We have a platform, but nobody builds on it – what influences Platform-as-a-Service post-adoption?
(2022)
When higher-level management of a company has strategically decided to adopt Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) as a Cloud Computing (CC) delivery model, decision-makers at lower hierarchy levels still need to decide whether they want to post-adopt PaaS for building or running an information system (IS) – a decision that numerous companies are currently facing. This research analyzes the influential factors of this managerial post-adoption decision on the IS-level. A survey of 168 business and Information Technology (IT) professionals investigated the influential factors of this PaaS post-adoption decision. The results show that decision-makers’ perceptions of risks inhibit post-adoption. Vendor trust and trialability reduce these perceived risks. While competitive pressure increases perceived benefits, it does not significantly influence PaaS post-adoption. Controversially, security and privacy, cost savings, and top management support do not influence post-adoption, as opposed to findings on company-level adoption. Subsamples constructed by the form of post-adoptive use (migration of IS, enhancement of IS, new IS development) exhibit better goodness-of-fit measures than the full sample. Future research should explore this interrelation of the form of post-adoptive use and the post-adoption influence factors.
Cloud Computing Adoption: A Literature Review on What Is New and What We Still Need to Address
(2021)
Research on cloud computing (CC) recently emerged congruently with the technology’s importance for organizations at a fast pace. This makes it difficult for practitioners to obtain a consolidated overview of what determines CC adoption based on the numerous papers in this regard. Moreover, for further research in the field to add value, it is necessary to identify what still needs to be addressed. In this vein, we conducted a descriptive review of 39 papers, integrating the results of a previous review on 23 papers from 2014, to compare findings across studies. We identify 44 determinant factors that exhibit consistent directional influence on the dependent meta-variable “CC adoption”, extending previous literature reviews with regard to asset, client, and environmental characteristics. We then critically reviewed the research landscape to identify what is there, and what is not yet covered: Future research should specifically regard the adoption of Infrastructure-, Platform-, and Everything-as-a-Service, private, hybrid, and multi-cloud deployment, investigate vendor, solution, and individual characteristics, analyzing information systems, or the decision-maker.
This paper is directed towards IT executives aiming to promote the adoption of cloud computing (CC) with in their company. We conducted a longitudinal case study on the evolving CC strategy and its implementation at the multinational company Continental, based on a previous case study by Loebbecke et al. (2012). We narrate Continental's pathway towards CC adoption, which comprised the experimentation, professionalization, and utilization of CC, and discuss current and previous barriers encountered during the implementation. We derive five lessons learned that can serve as practical guidance for executives aiming to accelerate CC adoption within their own organization: (1) differentiate the CC strategy by delivery model; (2)drive proof of concepts to generate reusable blueprints; (3) preinvest in the integration of IaaS and PaaS providers; (4) implement CC gradually, transforming applications during the transition to the cloud; and (5) disseminate knowledge within the organization to enable change.
Dieser Artikel richtet sich an IT-Führungskräfte, die die Nutzung von Cloud Computing (CC) in ihren Unternehmen fördern wollen. Eine Fallstudie des Konzerns Continental AG zeigt, wie Continental CC in großem Maßstab für die Organisation nutzbar machte. Das Unternehmen ging dabei in drei Schritten vor: Nach einer Experimentierphase wurde der Einsatz zunehmend professionalisiert und CC abschließend umfangreich nutzbar gemacht. Hieraus können drei Hand-lungsempfehlungen für Führungskräfte abgeleitet werden: (1) die CC-Strategie nach dem Delivery-Modell differenzieren, (2) in die Integration von Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS)- und Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS)-Anbietern investieren und (3) den Wissenstransfer innerhalb des Unternehmens fördern, um Veränderungen zu ermöglichen.
This paper develops a categorization of cloud security risks, elaborates how they impact information security, and discusses potential security benefits from cloud sourcing. This review integrates the literature on information systems and computer science to summarize managerial and technological mitigation measures that enhance cloud security. The analysis uncovers gaps regarding the empirical investigation of security considerations in the corporate decision-making process. Specifically, the micro level of how security comes into play in the decision-making process and whether mitigation measures proposed by scholars are practically feasible requires further investigation. Furthermore, the macro level, how stakeholders perceive cloud sourcing, is not yet well understood.
Most large-scale organizations adopted Cloud Computing (CC) on a company level in recent years. Managers now face the challenge to appropriately implement CC "operationally", i.e., for information systems (ISs). We refer to this as post-adoption, addressing the extent of technology usage after adoption. Specifically, managers need to choose among the CC delivery models Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS), Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS), and Software-asa-Service (SaaS). We differentiate the determinants of this post-adoption decision for IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS. Based on this analysis, we derive criteria that guide managers' delivery model selection: Adopt 1) IaaS for ISs requiring flexibility and reduced time to market, 2) PaaS to access specialized resources, and 3) SaaS to focus on core competencies. Moreover, we analyze the impact on the CC strategy and postulate them as recommendations: I) acknowledge the interplay between governance and time-to-market, II) realize cost savings on company level, and III) consider strategically important ISs for CC.
The increasing global competition demands continuous optimization of products and processes from companies in the process industry. Where conventional methods of Lean Management and Six Sigma reach their limits, new opportunities and challenges arise through increasing connectivity in the Industrial Internet of Things and machine learning. The majority of industrial projects do not reach the deployment or are isolated solutions, as the structures for data integration, training, deployment and maintenance of models are not established. This paper presents the conception of a reference architecture for machine learning in the process industry to support companies in implementing their own specific structures. The focus is on the development process and an exemplary implementation in the brewing industry.
Introduction: Previous studies of bone stresses in the human lumbar spine have relied on simplified models when modeling the spinal musculature, even though muscle forces are likely major contributors to the stresses in the vertebral bones. Detailed musculoskeletal spine models have recently become available and show good correlation with experimental findings. A combined inverse dynamics and finite element analysis study was conducted in the lumbar spine to investigate the effects of muscle forces on a detailed musculoskeletal finite element model of the 4th lumbar vertebral body. Materials and Methodology: The muscle forces were computed with a detailed and validated inverse dynamics musculoskeletal spine model in a lifting situation, and were then applied to an orthotropic finite element model of the 4th lumbar vertebra. The results were compared with those from a simplified load case without muscles. Results: In general the von Mises stress was larger by 30%, and even higher when looking at the von Mises stress distribution in the superio-anterior and central part of the vertebral body and in the pedicles. Conclusion: The application of spine muscles to a finite element model showed markedly larger von Mises stress responses in the central and anterior part of the vertebral body, which can be tolerated in the young and healthy spine, but it would increase the risk of compression fractures in the elderly, osteoporotic spine.
For its third installment, the Data Science Challenge of the 19th symposium “Database Systems for Business, Technology and Web” (BTW) of the Gesellschaft für Informatik (GI) tackled the problem of predictive energy management in large production facilities. For the first time, this year’s challenge was organized as a cooperation between Technische Universität Dresden, GlobalFoundries, and ScaDS.AI Dresden/Leipzig. The Challenge’s participants were given real-world production and energy data from the semiconductor manufacturer GlobalFoundries and had to solve the problem of predicting the energy consumption for production equipment. The usage of real-world data gave the participants a hands-on experience of challenges in Big Data integration and analysis. After a leaderboard-based preselection round, the accepted participants presented their approach to an expert jury and audience in a hybrid format. In this article, we give an overview of the main points of the Data Science Challenge, like organization and problem description. Additionally, the winning team presents its solution.
It is state of technology in district heating systems to use sand as backfill material for district heating pipes (DHP). In conventional pipeline construction, Temporarily Flowable Backfill Materials (TFB) have been already used for backfilling the pipe zone. TFB consists of the excavated material, cement, water and optionally bentonite. Environmental and economic advantages are that the excavated material can be reused and that TFB requires no compaction. In order to embed district heating pipes in TFB, soil mechanical parameters of the TFB are required. Above all the resistance to temperature-induced axial displacement should be well-known in order to estimate the displacements of the DHP, as well as the stress distribution along the DHP. Compared to sand as a non-cohesive backfill TFB have remarkable adhesive contact stresses which result in considerable resistance forces.In this article, the contact behavior between TFB and DHP is described as well as the effect on the DHP statics. Therefore, the results of various laboratory tests are summarized and presented to understand the interface-resistance-characteristics (IRC) of the DHP/ TFB interface. Then, the deduced IRC was implemented in a computer program for some comparative calculations with sand and TFB. Finally, the results of cyclic loading are presented and discussed.