TY - JOUR A1 - Sterner, Michael A1 - Specht, Michael T1 - Power-to-Gas and Power-to-X-The History and Results of Developing a New Storage Concept JF - Energies N2 - Germany's energy transition, known as 'Energiewende', was always very progressive. However, it came technically to a halt at the question of large-scale, seasonal energy storage for wind and solar, which was not available. At the end of the 2000s, we combined our knowledge of both electrical and process engineering, imitated nature by copying photosynthesis and developed Power-to-Gas by combining water electrolysis with CO2-methanation to convert water and CO2 together with wind and solar power to synthetic natural gas. Storing green energy by coupling the electricity with the gas sector using its vast TWh-scale storage facility was the solution for the biggest energy problem of our time. This was the first concept that created the term 'sector coupling' or 'sectoral integration'. We first implemented demo sites, presented our work in research, industry and ministries, and applied it in many macroeconomic studies. It was an initial idea that inspired others to rethink electricity as well as eFuels as an energy source and energy carrier. We developed the concept further to include Power-to-Liquid, Power-to-Chemicals and other ways to 'convert' electricity into molecules and climate-neutral feedstocks, and named it 'Power-to-X'at the beginning of the 2010s. KW - 100% renewable energy scenarios KW - CARBON RECYCLING SYSTEM KW - CO2 KW - eFuels KW - electric fuels KW - energy transition KW - hydrogen KW - methanation KW - METHANOL KW - Power-to-Gas KW - Power-to-Hydrogen KW - Power-to-Methane KW - Power-to-X KW - sector coupling KW - sectoral integration KW - TRANSPORTATION Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:898-opus4-26202 N1 - Corresponding author: Michael Sterner VL - 14 IS - 20 PB - MDPI ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gärtner, Sebastian A1 - Marx-Schubach, Thomas A1 - Gaderer, Matthias A1 - Schmitz, Gerhard A1 - Sterner, Michael T1 - Techno-Economic Analysis of Carbon Dioxide Separation for an Innovative Energy Concept towards Low-Emission Glass Melting JF - energies N2 - The currently still high fossil energy demand is forcing the glass industry to search for innovative approaches for the reduction in CO2 emissions and the integration of renewable energy sources. In this paper, a novel power-to-methane concept is presented and discussed for this purpose. A special focus is on methods for the required CO2 capture from typical flue gases in the glass industry, which have hardly been explored to date. To close this research gap, process simulation models are developed to investigate post-combustion CO2 capture by absorption processes, followed by a techno-economic evaluation. Due to reduced flue gas volume, the designed CO2 capture plant is found to be much smaller (40 m3 absorber column volume) than absorption-based CO2 separation processes for power plants (12,560 m3 absorber column volume). As there are many options for waste heat utilization in the glass industry, the waste heat required for CO2 desorption can be generated in a particularly efficient and cost-effective way. The resulting CO2 separation costs range between 41 and 42 EUR/t CO2, depending on waste heat utilization for desorption. These costs are below the values of 50–65 EUR/t CO2 for comparable industrial applications. Despite these promising economic results, there are still some technical restrictions in terms of solvent degradation due to the high oxygen content in flue gas compositions. The results of this study point towards parametric studies for approaching these issues, such as the use of secondary and tertiary amines as solvents, or the optimization of operating conditions such as stripper pressure for further cost reductions potential. KW - economic evaluation KW - CO2-separation KW - glass industry KW - oxyfuel KW - methanation KW - power-to-gas Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:898-opus4-53627 N1 - Corresponding author: Sebastian Gärtner VL - 16 IS - 5 SP - 1 EP - 25 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sterner, Michael A1 - Bauer, Franz T1 - Power-to-X im Kontext der Energiewende und des Klimaschutzes in Deutschland JF - Chemie-Ingenieur-Technik N2 - Um den Einfluss verschiedener Power-to-X-Verfahren auf die Transformation des deutschen Energiesystems und das Erreichen der Klimaschutzziele zu überprüfen, wurde ein sektorübergreifendes Energiesystemmodel entwickelt. Die daraus gewonnenen Ergebnisse zeigen: Für eine erfolgreiche Energiewende ist der Einsatz von Power-to-X in Zukunft unverzichtbar. Vor allem in Bereichen und Sektoren, in denen hohe Energiedichten erforderlich und nur wenig andere Optionen zur Defossilisierung vorhanden sind, werden Power-to-X-Technologien zwingend notwendig. T2 - Power-to-X in Context of Energy Transition and Climate Change Mitigation in Germany KW - Power-to-Gas KW - Climate mitigation KW - Energy system KW - Modeling KW - Power-to-X KW - Klimaschutz KW - Energiewende Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:898-opus4-11669 SN - 0009-286X N1 - Corresponding author: Franz Bauer VL - 92 IS - 1-2 SP - 85 EP - 90 PB - Wiley ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Thema, Martin A1 - Bauer, Franz A1 - Sterner, Michael T1 - Power-to-Gas: Electrolysis and methanation status review JF - Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews N2 - This review gives a worldwide overview on Power-to-Gas projects producing hydrogen or renewable substitute natural gas focusing projects in central Europe. It deepens and completes the content of previous reviews by including hitherto unreviewed projects and by combining project names with details such as plant location. It is based on data from 153 completed, recent and planned projects since 1988 which were evaluated with regards to plant allocation, installed power development, plant size, shares and amounts of hydrogen or substitute natural gas producing examinations and product utilization phases. Cost development for electrolysis and carbon dioxide methanation was analyzed and a projection until 2030 is given with an outlook to 2050. The results show substantial cost reductions for electrolysis as well as for methanation during the recent years and a further price decline to less than 500 euro per kilowatt electric power input for both technologies until 2050 is estimated if cost projection follows the current trend. Most of the projects examined are located in Germany, Denmark, the United States of America and Canada. Following an exponential global trend to increase installed power, today's Power-to-Gas applications are operated at about 39 megawatt. Hydrogen and substitute natural gas were investigated on equal terms concerning the number of projects. KW - Biological CO2-Methanation KW - Chemical CO2-Methanation KW - Cost-development KW - Electrolysis KW - Power-to-Gas Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:898-opus4-26238 N1 - Corresponding author: Martin Thema VL - 112 IS - 7 SP - 775 EP - 787 PB - Elsevier ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sterner, Michael A1 - Hofrichter, Andreas A1 - Meisinger, Alexander A1 - Bauer, Franz A1 - Pinkwart, Karsten A1 - Maletzko, Annabelle A1 - Dittmar, Felix A1 - Cremers, Carsten T1 - 19 Import options for green hydrogen and derivatives - An overview of efficiencies and technology readiness levels JF - International Journal of Hydrogen Energy N2 - The import of hydrogen and derivatives forms part of many national strategies and is fundamental to achieving climate protection targets. This paper provides an overview and technical comparison of import pathways for hydrogen and derivatives in terms of efficiency, technological maturity and development and construction times with a focus on the period up to 2030. The import of hydrogen via pipeline has the highest system efficiency at 57-67 % and the highest technological maturity with a technology readiness level (TRL) of 8-9. The import of ammonia and methanol via ship and of SNG via pipeline shows efficiencies in the range of 39-64 % and a technological maturity of TRL 7 to 9 when using point sources. Liquid hydrogen, LOHC and Fischer-Tropsch products have the lowest efficiency and TRL in comparison. The use of direct air capture (DAC) reduces efficiency and TRL considerably. Reconversion of the derivatives to hydrogen is also associated with high losses and is not achievable for all technologies on an industrial scale up to 2030. In the short to medium term, import routes for derivatives that can utilise existing infrastructures and mature technologies are the most promising for imports. In the long term, the most promising option is hydrogen via pipelines. KW - Hydrogen KW - Derivatives KW - Power-to-X KW - Efficiency KW - TRL KW - Construction time KW - Technical assessment KW - Import KW - Hydrogen strategy KW - Energy system modelling Y1 - 2024 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:898-opus4-77756 SN - 0360-3199 N1 - Corresponding author der OTH Regensburg: Michael Sterner VL - 90 SP - 1112 EP - 1127 PB - Elsevier ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gärtner, Sebastian A1 - Rank, Daniel A1 - Heberl, Michael A1 - Gaderer, Matthias A1 - Dawoud, Belal A1 - Haumer, Anton A1 - Sterner, Michael T1 - Simulation and Techno-Economic Analysis of a Power-to-Hydrogen Process for Oxyfuel Glass Melting JF - Energies N2 - As an energy-intensive industry sector, the glass industry is strongly affected by the increasingly stringent climate protection targets. As established combustion-based production systems ensure high process stability and glass quality, an immediate switch to low greenhouse gas emission processes is difficult. To approach these challenges, this work investigates a step-by-step integration of a Power-to-Hydrogen concept into established oxyfuel glass melting processes using a simulation approach. This is complemented by a case study for economic analysis on a selected German glass industry site by simulating the power production of a nearby renewable energy park and subsequent optimization of the power-to-hydrogen plant performance and capacities. The results of this study indicate, that the proposed system can reduce specific carbon dioxide emissions by up to 60%, while increasing specific energy demand by a maximum of 25%. Investigations of the impact of altered combustion and furnace properties like adiabatic flame temperature (+25 °C), temperature efficiency (∆ξ = −0.003) and heat capacity flow ratio (∆zHL = −0.009) indicate that pure hydrogen-oxygen combustion has less impact on melting properties than assumed so far. Within the case study, high CO2 abatement costs of 295 €/t CO2-eq. were determined. This is mainly due to the insufficient performance of renewable energy sources. The correlations between process scaling and economic parameters presented in this study show promising potential for further economic optimization of the proposed energy system in the future. KW - Power-to-Gas KW - Hydrogen KW - Electrolysis KW - Oxyfuel KW - Glass Industry Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:898-opus4-22713 N1 - Corresponding author: Sebastian Gärtner VL - 14 IS - 24 PB - MDPI ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schumm, Leon A1 - Brown, Tom A1 - Abdel-Khalek, Hazem A1 - Ueckerdt, Falko A1 - Sterner, Michael A1 - Fioriti, David A1 - Parzen, Max T1 - The impact of temporal hydrogen regulation on hydrogen exporters and their domestic energy transition JF - Nature Communications N2 - As global demand for green hydrogen rises, potential hydrogen exporters move into the spotlight. While exports can bring countries revenue, large-scale on-grid hydrogen electrolysis for export can profoundly impact domestic energy prices and energy-related emissions. Our investigation explores the interplay of hydrogen exports, domestic energy transition and temporal hydrogen regulation, employing a sector-coupled energy model in Morocco. We find substantial co-benefits of domestic carbon dioxide mitigation and hydrogen exports, whereby exports can reduce market-based costs for domestic electricity consumers while mitigation reduces costs for hydrogen exporters. However, increasing hydrogen exports in a fossil-dominated system can substantially raise market-based costs for domestic electricity consumers, but surprisingly, temporal matching of hydrogen production can lower these costs by up to 31% with minimal impact on exporters. Here, we show that this policy instrument can steer the welfare (re-)distribution between hydrogen exporting firms, hydrogen importers, and domestic electricity consumers and hereby increases acceptance among actors. KW - Energy Transition KW - Hydrogen regulation Y1 - 2025 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:898-opus4-84857 N1 - Die Preprint-Version ist ebenfalls in diesem Repositorium verzeichnet unter: https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-oth-regensburg/7272 VL - 16 PB - Nature CY - London ER -