TY - JOUR A1 - Saveliev, Dmitry V. A1 - Belyaeva, Inna A. A1 - Chashin, Dmitri V. A1 - Fetisov, Leonid Y. A1 - Shamonin (Chamonine), Mikhail T1 - Large Wiedemann effect in a magnetoactive elastomer JF - Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials N2 - Large twists of a soft tube (hollow cylinder) in helical magnetic fields are presented for the first time. Such a phenomenon is usually denoted as the Wiedemann effect. The tube is fabricated from a soft magnetoactive elastomer material with the shear modulus of about 56 kPa. The composite material comprises 80 mass% of micrometer-sized iron particles embedded into a polydimethylsiloxane matrix. The circular magnetic field is generated by an electric current in a straight wire passing through the inner hole of the tube. The maximum value of approximately 350″/cm is observed in a longitudinal magnetic field of a few kA/m overlapped with a circumferential magnetic field of about 1.4 kA/m on the surface of the inner hole. A pronounced hysteresis in the dependence of the Wiedemann effect on the circular magnetic field is found. The ways to enhance the Wiedemann twist in magnetoactive elastomers are discussed. The observed large effect is promising for application in magnetic-field controlled torsional actuators, in particular for soft robotics. Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2020.166969 VL - 511 IS - October PB - Elsevier ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Anders, M. A1 - Briem, Ulrich A1 - Novak, G. A1 - Steinbach, G. T1 - Inspektionsintervalle im Blick JF - Technische Logistik Y1 - 2020 SP - 14 EP - 17 PB - Huss-Medien CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Brock, Damian A1 - Koder, Alexander A1 - Rabl, Hans-Peter A1 - Touraud, Didier A1 - Kunz, Werner T1 - Optimising the biodiesel production process: Implementation of glycerol derivatives into biofuel formulations and their potential to form hydrofuels JF - Fuel N2 - A new biofuel concept is developed, enabling the usage of vegetable oils and glycerol derivatives in mixtures with biodiesel. This concept significantly enhances the biodiesel production's profitability and thus strongly contributes to the sustainability of future biofuels. After simple addition reactions with building block chemicals, less hydrophilic glycerol derivatives are obtained, which are compatible with biofuels. Even more, the products of the reactions of glycerol with acetone or butyric acid, referred to as solketal and tributyrin, respectively, lead to promising biofuels in mixtures with rapeseed oil and its biodiesel. Due to their low freezing points, they act as cloud and freezing point depressants, when added to vegetable oil/biodiesel blends. Further, since their viscosity is close to common biodiesel, biofuels containing high amounts of vegetable oil and even more glycerol derivatives than they arise during the biodiesel production can be obtained. Thus, this new class of biofuels enables adaptable compositions depending on the application and also the usage as drop-in fuel without any or just few percent of further additives. After optimising the formulations, ignition delay, exhaust gas recirculation, fuel consumption and combustion process measurements were performed in an unmodified upto-date diesel engine. The experiments showed that the properties of the formulated biofuels are either similar to or even better than diesel. The hydrotropy of the glycerol derivatives in these mixtures enables the potential to implement water into biofuels, so-called hydrofuels, reducing nitrogen oxide emissions and leading to further optimised dropin fuels. Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2019.116695 VL - 264 IS - March PB - Elsevier ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Frazzica, Andrea A1 - Brancato, Vincenza A1 - Dawoud, Belal T1 - Unified Methodology to Identify the Potential Application of Seasonal Sorption Storage Technology JF - Energies N2 - In this study, the definition of a new methodology for a preliminary evaluation of the working boundary conditions under which a seasonal thermal energy storage (STES) system operates is described. The approach starts by considering the building features as well as the reference heating system in terms of solar thermal collectors’ technology, ambient heat sinks/source, and space heating distribution systems employed. Furthermore, it is based on a deep climatic analysis of the place where the STES needs to be installed, to identify both winter and summer operating conditions. In particular, the STES energy density is evaluated considering different space heating demands covered by the STES (ranging from 10% up to 60%). The obtained results demonstrate that this approach allows for the careful estimation of the achievable STES density, which is varies significantly both with the space heating coverage guaranteed by the STES as well as with the ambient heat source/sink that is employed in the system. This confirms the need for careful preliminary analysis to avoid the overestimation of the STES material volume. The proposed approach was then applied for different climatic conditions (e.g., Germany and Sweden) and the volume of one of the most attractive composite sorbent materials reported in the literature, i.e., multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT)-LiCl, using water as the working fluid, needed for covering the variable space heating demand in a Nearly Zero Energy Building (NZEB) was calculated. In the case of Swedish buildings, it ranges from about 3.5 m3 when 10% of the space heating demand is provided by the STES, up to 11.1 m3 when 30% of the space heating demand is provided by the STES. KW - seasonal thermal storage KW - composite sorbents KW - operating conditions Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/en13051037 VL - 13 IS - 5 SP - 1 EP - 17 PB - MPDI CY - Basel ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Freni, Angelo A1 - Dawoud, Belal A1 - Bonaccorsi, Lucio Maria A1 - Chmielewski, Stefanie A1 - Frazzica, Andrea A1 - Calabrese, Luigi A1 - Restuccia, Giovanni T1 - Characterization of Zeolite-Based Coatings for Adsorption Heat Pumps N2 - This book proposes a radically new approach for characterizing thermophysical and mechanical properties of zeolite-based adsorbent coatings for Adsorptive Heat Transformers (AHT). It presents a developed standard protocol for the complete characterization of advanced coated adsorbers. Providing an in-depth analysis of the different procedures necessary for evaluating the performance of adsorbers, it also presents an analysis of their stability under the hydrothermal and mechanical stresses during their entire life cycle. Adsorptive Heat Transformers (AHT), especially adsorption chillers and heat pumps, are considered to be promising technologies to increase thermal energy efficiency. Nevertheless, an overall increase in performance of this apparatus is necessary for them to be considered a mature technology to be used commercially. Development of innovative coated adsorbers can be perceived as a key issue for the enhancement of AHT technology. This procedure relies on the deposition, either by means of a binder or by direct crystallization, of the adsorbent material over a metallic heat exchanger, aiming at the improvement of the heat transfer between the external heat source and the adsorbent itself. This book offers a valuable resource to those working on the development of novel adsorbent materials and advanced adsorbent beds for heating and cooling applications. It is also intended for researchers interested in renewable energy and energy efficiency. KW - AHT KW - Adsorbent Coatings KW - Adsorption KW - Adsorptive Heat Transformers KW - Stability Verification KW - Zeolite-based Adsorbent Coatings KW - Zeolite-coated Heat Pumps Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-09327-7 PB - Springer CY - Berlin ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Schiedermeier, Maximilian A1 - Rettner, Cornelius A1 - Steiner, Marcel A1 - März, Martin T1 - Dual-inverter control synchronization strategy to minimize the DC-link capacitor current T2 - 2020 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC), 18 November 2020 - 16 December 2020, Gijon, Spain N2 - This paper proposes the possible switching synchronization strategies of an automotive dual-inverter against the background of minimizing the RMS DC-link capacitor current. The publication mainly focuses on the straight-ahead motion of a rear axle with one electric drive per wheel. In addition to it, a dual-inverter consisting of two subinverters with a common DC-link capacitor is taken into consideration. These sub-inverters each have three phases and are based on a 2-level voltage-source-topology. To control the electrical machines, the continuous Space-Vector-Modulation strategy is used. For this application, different control signal synchronization strategies of the two sub-inverters of the dualinverter are presented. Apart from the existing strategies, this paper proposes a new method, which inherits a compromise between low complexity and high effectiveness. In contrast to previous publications, the resulting capacitor currents are quantified and subsequentlyevaluated. This novel quantification, which is dependent on the dual-inverter’s operating point, provides a base for targeted dimensioning of the capacitor. Moreover, this forms the foundation for further investigations of vehicle’s cornering, as well as for the possible synchronization of stand-alone inverters. In the context of this publication, the presented results are verified by experimentally determined data of a motor-inverter system. KW - Axles KW - Capacitors KW - Complexity theory KW - DC-link capacitor KW - Dual-inverter KW - interleaved inverters KW - Inverters KW - space vector modulation (SVM) KW - Switches KW - Synchronization KW - Voltage source inverter (VSI) KW - Wheels Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC49601.2020.9330921 SP - 1 EP - 6 PB - IEEE ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Koder, Alexander A1 - Zacherl, Florian A1 - Rabl, Hans-Peter A1 - Mayer, Wolfgang A1 - Gruber, Georg A1 - Dotzer, Thomas T1 - Jatropha Oil as an Alternative Fuel for Modern Diesel Engines - Injection Characteristics and EGR-Compatibility T2 - WCX 17: SAE World Congress 2017 N2 - An effective way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) is to use rurally produced straight jatropha oil as a substitute for diesel fuel. However, the different physical and chemical properties of straight vegetable oils (SVOs) require a customized setup of the combustion engine, particularly of the injection timing and quantity. Therefore, this study demonstrates the differences in the injection and combustion processes of jatropha oil compared to diesel fuel, particularly in terms of its compatibility with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). A 2.2 l common-rail diesel engine with a two-stage turbocharging concept was used for testing. To examine the differences in injection rate shaping of diesel fuel and jatropha oil, the injector was tested with an injection rate analyzer using both the fuels. To investigate the combustion process, the engine was mounted at an engine test bench and equipped with a cylinder pressure indication system. All limited emissions, as well as fuel consumption, were measured. Various injection strategies, boost and rail pressure levels were tested at different EGR rates in terms of their impact on the combustion process. EGR in particular offers a great potential in the case of jatropha oil combustion due to its oxygen content. In addition, the investigation of injection rate shaping in combination with cylinder pressure analysis allowed a detailed thermodynamic evaluation of the combustion process. Ignition delay (ID) was also analyzed using a new method to calculate the start of combustion (SOC) Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.4271/2017-01-5000 PB - SAE International ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Chatzitakis, Paris A1 - Safarov, Javid A1 - Opferkuch, Frank A1 - Dawoud, Belal A1 - Hassel, Egon T1 - Vapor pressures and activity coefficients of 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol in binary mixtures with 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone and 2-pyrrolidone JF - Journal of Molecular Liquids N2 - The vapor pressures of two binary mixtures containing 2-trifluoroethanol (TFE) + 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone (DMI) and TFE + 2-pyrrolidone (PYR), were investigated at temperatures T = (274.15 to 423.15) K using two different static method installations. Both combinations were modelled using an extended Clausius-Clapeyron equation with concentration dependent parameters and the NRTL equation with temperature dependent parameters. The best fit was obtained using the NRTL equation. KW - 2-Trifluoroethanol KW - 1,3-Dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone KW - 2-Pyrrolidone KW - Vapor pressure KW - NRTL KW - Clausius-Clapeyron Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2020.112828 SN - 0167-7322 VL - 305 IS - May PB - Elsevier ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hansen, B. A1 - Hoebler, Michael A1 - Purr, S. A1 - Meinhardt, J. A1 - Merklein, M. T1 - Basics for inline measurement of tribological conditions in series production of car body parts JF - IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering N2 - The quality of car body parts in series production is strongly dependent on the tribological behavior. Fluctuating material properties such as the sheet roughness and the amount of lubricant have an influence on the forming process. On the basis of large amounts of data it is possible to investigate the friction behavior in series production and to make process adjustments if required. Therefore, inline measurement systems have a great potential to detect the sheet roughness during the cutting process of blanks in the coil line. Furthermore, contactless systems are advantageous as they do not damage the surface. Nevertheless, the optical measuring is influenced by the lubricant layer on top of the surface. Therefore, the previously unknown impact of the lubricant on the measuring result is investigated. Within this study, stationary optical roughness measurements have been conducted using different amounts of lubricant on hot-dip galvanized EDT steel. The results demonstrate the influence of different amounts of lubricant on the sheet roughness measurement. Hence, it is possible to correct the inline measuring results and gain knowledge of fluctuating surface roughness. In addition, strip drawing test has been carried out to investigate the effect of fluctuating tribological conditions. Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/651/1/012050 VL - 651 PB - IOP Publishing ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Briem, Ulrich T1 - Biegesteifigkeit von Drahtseilen JF - Technische Logistik Y1 - 2019 IS - 11-12 SP - 24 EP - 25 PB - Huss-Medien CY - Berlin ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Bresinsky, Markus A1 - Reusner, Florian von T1 - GLOBE – Learn and Innovate Digitization by a Virtual Collaboration Exercise and Living Lab T2 - Interactivity, Game Creation, Design, Learning, and Innovation. 6th International Conference, ArtsIT 2017, and Second International Conference, DLI 2017, Heraklion, Crete, Greece, October 30–31, 2017, Proceedings N2 - This paper presents an advanced interactive learning platform .dot that implements the GLOBE exercise, using innovative information and communication technologies to enhance learning and development of management and leadership skills in a complex organizational setting. GLOBE on the one hand focuses on competences around ICT and virtual collaboration, and on the other hand on digital transformation, technologies and tools at higher education institutions. By this applied science, learning and developing on the real-world platform, analysis and drive of digital innovation and transformation can be fostered. The main goal is to co-create knowledge and solutions in the following focused subjects: Management and leadership of multidisciplinary, multinational and multicultural virtual and real collaboration in a complex organizational environment. GLOBE uses real world scenarios (e.g. United Nations mission) and involves real world actors. This comprehensive educational approach should enhance learning techniques and leverage learning progress with hands-on experiences and applied science in the context of ICT and virtual collaboration, and the embodied dynamics of behavior to support innovation and development. KW - Digitization KW - Experiential learning KW - Human factors KW - ICT KW - Interactive and collaborative learning KW - Living Lab KW - Open innovation KW - Problem-based learning KW - Virtual collaboration Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76908-0_26 SP - 273 EP - 281 PB - Springer Nature ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Koder, Alexander A1 - Schwanzer, Peter A1 - Zacherl, Florian A1 - Rabl, Hans-Peter A1 - Mayer, Wolfgang A1 - Gruber, Georg A1 - Dotzer, Thomas T1 - Combustion and emission characteristics of a 2.2L common-rail diesel engine fueled with jatropha oil, soybean oil, and diesel fuel at various EGR-rates JF - Fuel N2 - To investigate the combustion and emission behavior of straight vegetable oils (SVO), jatropha oil, soybean oil, and diesel fuel were tested. For this research, a 2.2L common-rail engine with a two-stage turbocharging concept was equipped with a cylinder pressure indication system, an exhaust-gas analyzer, an AVL Micro Soot sensor and a Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer 3936 (SMPS) device to detect the particle-size-distribution (PSD). At a low and mid-load engine-operating point (EOP), the thermodynamic and emissions were investigated under various exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) rates with respect to the PSD. Moreover, the injection behavior of the three test fuels was analyzed separately using an injection rate analyzer. This procedure facilitates the thermodynamic investigations of the engine process and allows the calculation of the hydraulic delay (HD) as well as the ignition delay (ID). The ID of the SVO fuels compared to diesel fuel was found to be lower at all engine-operating modes, while jatropha oil always showed the shortest ID. In the particulate-nitrogen oxide (NOX) trade-off, the SVO fuels showed higher particulate matter (PM) emissions at the low-load EOP, whereas the PM emissions of diesel fuel overtop the SVO fuels at a higher engine load. With increased EGR-rates, a rise in the particle size was observed for all fuels. At the low-load EOP, the SVO fuels showed larger particles for high EGR-rates. This effect also changed by increasing the engine-load to the mid-load EOP, wherein the particle size of the diesel fuel emissions is higher by applying elevated EGR-rates. KW - BEHAVIOR KW - BLENDS KW - Exhaust gas recirculation KW - IGNITION KW - INJECTION KW - Jatropha oil KW - KARANJA KW - Particle-size-distribution KW - PERFORMANCE KW - RME KW - Soybean oil KW - Straight vegetable oil combustion KW - VEGETABLE-OILS Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2018.04.147 VL - 228 IS - September SP - 23 EP - 29 PB - Elsevier ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sýkora, Miroslav A1 - Markova, Jana A1 - Diamantidis, Dimitris T1 - Bayesian network application for the risk assessment of existing energy production units JF - Reliability Engineering & System Safety N2 - The assessment of existing infrastructures in the energy sector is of great economic significance worldwide. Fossil power stations are reaching their design service life and rational decisions concerning extensions of service life, maintenance and replacements of devices should be based on updated information of the actual conditions of the energy devices and their components, and on cost-benefit analysis using risk analysis and probabilistic optimisation procedures. The contribution provides an integrated framework for probabilistic reliability and risk assessment of existing energy production units considering availability and human safety criteria. An extensive case study focused on risks of an energy production unit in a fossil power station is provided to support practical applications. A Bayesian network is thereby implemented to assess the risks of the selected production unit. Special emphasis is given to the input data consisting of failure rates obtained from recorded data and expert judgements. The influence of uncertainties in the considered performance indicators on the availability of the unit is analysed. It is shown that a reasonably simplified framework can provide a valuable assessment of the influence of individual devices and their components on availability and societal risk, identifying thus the major risk contributors. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. KW - Availability KW - Bayesian networks KW - Decision-making KW - design KW - Failure probability KW - FRAMEWORK KW - Optimization KW - Production unit KW - Risk analysis KW - Societal risk KW - SYSTEMS KW - Uncertainties Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2017.09.006 VL - 169 IS - January SP - 312 EP - 320 PB - Elsevier ER - TY - JOUR A1 - da Silva Mota, Fabio Antonio A1 - Hinckel, Jose Nivaldo A1 - Rocco, Evandro Marconi A1 - Schlingloff, Hanfried T1 - Trajectory Optimization of Launch Vehicles Using Object-oriented Programming JF - Journal of aerospace technology and management N2 - The aim of this study is to model launch vehicles with focus on 3-DOF trajectory optimization using a modular approach. Despite the large number of operational launch vehicles, they usually consist of basic components and subsystems. In other words, a launch vehicle is an assembly of stages, which in turn is divided into propellant system and engine, and the engine is an assembly of basic components such as pumps, turbines, combustion chamber, and nozzle. To allow future extension and reuse of the codes, a modular structure using object-oriented programming is used. Two formulations of state equations of the trajectory and two optimization methods are described. The launch vehicle performance will be measured by payload mass for a given mission. The simulations of the VLS-1, Ariane 5 and VLS-Alfa were performed and showed good agreement with the literature. KW - Launch vehicle KW - Object-oriented programming KW - Optimization KW - Trajectory Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5028/jatm.v10.948 VL - 10 PB - Institute of Aeronautics and Space ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kurzweil, Peter A1 - Shamonin (Chamonine), Mikhail T1 - State-of-Charge Monitoring by Impedance Spectroscopy during Long-Term Self-Discharge of Supercapacitors and Lithium-Ion Batteries JF - Batteries N2 - Frequency-dependent capacitance C(ω) is a rapid and reliable method for the determination of the state-of-charge (SoC) of electrochemical storage devices. The state-of-the-art of SoC monitoring using impedance spectroscopy is reviewed, and complemented by original 1.5-year long-term electrical impedance measurements of several commercially available supercapacitors. It is found that the kinetics of the self-discharge of supercapacitors comprises at least two characteristic time constants in the range of days and months. The curvature of the Nyquist curve at frequencies above 10 Hz (charge transfer resistance) depends on the available electric charge as well, but it is of little use for applications. Lithium-ion batteries demonstrate a linear correlation between voltage and capacitance as long as overcharge and deep discharge are avoided. KW - aging KW - capacitance KW - self-discharge KW - state-of-charge monitoring KW - supercapacitor Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries4030035 VL - 4 IS - 3 SP - 1 EP - 13 PB - MPDI ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sýkora, Miroslav A1 - Diamantidis, Dimitris A1 - Holický, Milan A1 - Marková, Jana A1 - Rózsás, Árpád T1 - Assessment of compressive strength of historic masonry using non-destructive and destructive techniques JF - Construction and Building Materials N2 - Masonry structures were built by various techniques using different materials, the properties of which exhibit a considerable scatter dependent on periods of construction and region-specific conditions. For historic structures with a heritage value, various non- or minor-destructive tests (NDTs) are commonly applied, while the application of destructive tests (DTs) is minimized. The contribution is based on investigations of 15 historic stone and clay brick masonry structures, for which NDT strengths of masonry units are verified by DTs. The proposed operational approach makes it possible to account for statistical uncertainty due to a limited number of DTs used to calibrate NDTs. KW - Calibration KW - Clay bricks KW - Compressive strength KW - Mortar KW - Non-destructive test KW - Statistical analysis KW - Stone masonry KW - Uncertainty Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.10.180 VL - 193 IS - December SP - 196 EP - 210 PB - Elsevier ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lee, Wai-Kong A1 - Schubert, Martin J. W. A1 - Ooi, Boon Yaik A1 - Ho, Stanley Jian-Qin T1 - Multi-source energy harvesting and storage for floating wireless sensor network nodes with Long Range Communication Capability JF - IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications N2 - Wireless sensor networks are widely used for environmental monitoring in remote areas. They are mainly composed of wireless sensor nodes, usually powered by batteries with limited capacity, but are expected to communicate in long range and operate for extended time periods. To overcome these limitations, many energy harvesting techniques are proposed to power wireless nodes for prolonged operation, whereas multihop techniques are utilized to extend the communication range. In this paper, a novel floating device with multisource energy harvesting technology that can be used as a wireless sensor node is proposed. The long range communication between wireless sensor nodes and a gateway is established through LoRa technology. In addition to conventional solar panels, an energy harvesting technique based on thermoelectric generators exploiting thermal differences created between water surface and materials exposed to sunlight is proposed. Energy generated from photovoltaic and thermoelectric generators is combined to power the wireless sensor node. This floating device consumes 6.6216 Wh per day when used as a wireless sensor node for the collection and transmission of environmental data. The sensor node can operate on a water surface for at least 9.6 days when it is not exposed to sunlight. During a sunny day, the floating device can harvest 8.375 Wh from solar panels and 0.425 Wh from thermoelectric generation. In other words, the floating device harvests sufficient energy to be self-sustaining during sunny days. KW - Wireless sensor networks KW - Energy harvesting KW - floating device KW - LoRa KW - sensor node KW - solar energy KW - thermoelectric generation Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/TIA.2018.2799 VL - 54 IS - 3 SP - 2606 EP - 2615 PB - IEEE ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Holický, Milan A1 - Diamantidis, Dimitris A1 - Sýkora, Miroslav T1 - Effects of Quality Control on Reliability of Reinforced Concrete Structures according to Eurocodes T2 - fib Symposium 2016 : Performance-Based Approaches for Concrete Structures, 14, 2016, Cape town N2 - The effect of quality control on structural reliability represents an increasingly important concern of designers and thus is investigated in this contribution, focusing on reinforced concrete structures. Recent European documents for structural design – Eurocodes, fib Model Code 2010 and ISO 2394:2015 for general principles on structural reliability indicate that the partial factors may be adjusted to available information on the quality control of structures. In particular, the partial factors for concrete and steel strength may be significantly reduced taking into account actual execution quality and related available data. Using probabilistic methods of structural reliability, effects for execution quality are investigated in this contribution considering two fundamental reinforced concrete members: a beam (or slab) exposed to bending and a short column exposed to compression. It is shown that the reliability of reinforced concrete members may vary with the load ratio of variable and permanent actions. It appears also that the structural members of a basic quality, designed using unreduced partial factors, have a greater reliability level than the members of an increased quality, designed using the partial factors reduced according to EN 1992 1 1. This provides the basis for recommendations for further code developments. KW - Eurocodes KW - partial factors KW - quality control KW - reliability Y1 - 2016 UR - https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310616676_Effects_of_quality_control_on_reliability_of_reinforced_concrete_structures_according_to_Eurocodes ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Dessort, Ronnie A1 - Chucholowski, Cornelius A1 - Rill, Georg ED - Bargende, Michael ED - Reuss, Hans-Christian ED - Wiedemann, Jochen T1 - Parametrical approach for modeling of tire forces and torques in TMeasy 5 T2 - Proceedings of the 16. Internationales Stuttgarter Symposium Automobil- und Motorentechnik N2 - For the dynamic simulation of on-road vehicles, the model-element "tire/road" is of special importance, according to its influence on the achievable results. Sufficient description of the interaction between tire and road is one of the most challenging tasks of vehicle modeling. Two groups of tire models can be classified: handling models and structural or high-frequency models. Usually, various assumptions are made in modeling vehicles as multibody systems. Therefore, in the interest of balanced modeling, the precision of the complete vehicle model should stand in reasonable relation to the performance of the applied tire model. Handling tire models are characterized by a useful compromise between user friendliness, model complexity, and efficiency in computation time on the one hand, and precision in representation on the other hand. The present paper describes the general approach of the semi-physical tire model TMeasy for vehicle dynamics and handling simulation and its enhancement for bore torque simulation in Version TMeasy 5. A parameter fitting process realized by TESIS DYNAware and the validation of real tire behavior by simulation with DYNA4 is presented. Even with first guess parameters, the TMeasy tire model behaves in a realistic and plausible manner. Parameter estimation is intuitive and datasets from previous model versions can be easily migrated. After parameter fitting, the simulation results correlate well with both the tire test rig and full vehicle measurements. The enhancement of a three-dimensional slip calculation in the latest version does not modify the model behavior for high slip conditions, but improves the results not only for highly dynamic situations but also for low speed maneuvers such as parking. KW - Drehmoment KW - dynamische Simulation KW - Einparken KW - Fahrzeugdynamik KW - Mehrkörpersystem KW - Parameterabschätzung KW - Rechenzeit KW - REIFENKRAFT KW - Reifentest KW - simuliertes Ergebnis Y1 - 2016 UR - https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317037138_Parametrical_Approach_for_Modeling_of_Tire_Forces_and_Torques_in_TMeasy_5 SN - 978-3-658-13254-5 SP - 435 EP - 449 PB - Springer CY - Wiesbaden ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ebner, Lena A1 - Elsner, Michael T1 - Thermische Energiespeicher: Wärmespeicherung in Kugelschüttungen. Numerische Simulation der Stromungs-, Warmetransport- und Entstaubungsvorgänge JF - BWK. Das Energie-Fachmagazin N2 - Festbettspeicher bieten die Möglichkeit, thermische Energie auf einem hohen Temperaturniveau zu speichern. Die oft kugelförmigen Schüttgüter bestehen aus Materialien hoher Dichte und Wärmekapazität. Neben der Wärmespeicherung können mithilfe dieser Schüttungen partikelbeladene Abgase entstaubt werden. Die Strömungs-, Wärmetransport- und Entstaubungsvorgänge bei der Speicherung von Wärme in einem Schüttschichtwärmeübertrager werden in Zusammenarbeit mit Fraunhofer Umsicht, Institutsteil Sulzbach-Rosenberg, untersucht. Einen entscheidenden Aspekt der Arbeiten stellt die numerische Simulation der im Wärmeübertrager ablaufenden Vorgänge dar. Die transiente Simulation von Schüttschichtwärmeübertragern ist nur mit Vereinfachungen möglich, da aufgrund der komplexen Geometrie und der daraus folgenden feinen Vernetzung eine enorme Rechenleistung benötigt wird. Bei den in diesem Beitrag vorgestellten Ergebnissen werden die physikalischen Vorgange in einem Ausschnitt der Schüttschicht simuliert, in dem die Kugelgeometrie detailliert modelliert ist. Die Ergebnisse der numerischen Simulation werden durch analytische Berechnungen aus der Literatur bestätigt. Eine Reihe von Parametervariationen zeigen die Einflüsse verschiedener Größen beispielsweise auf den Druckverlust sowie den Unterschied zwischen radialer und axialer Durchströmung einer Schüttschicht. Die Entstaubung partikelbeladener Gase innerhalb einer Schüttschicht wird zunächst anhand einer Einzelkugel untersucht; die Erweiterung auf die Entstaubung in einer Kugelpackung ist vorgesehen. Die Ergebnisse der numerischen Simulationen sollen mit den an einem Versuchsstand experimentell bestimmten Daten verglichen werden. KW - Abgas KW - Druckverlust KW - Durchströmung KW - Entstaubung KW - Festbett KW - hohe Dichte KW - Kugelschüttung KW - numerische Simulation KW - Rechenleistung KW - Schüttgut KW - thermische Energie KW - Wärmekapazität KW - Wärmespeicherung KW - Wärmetransport KW - Wärmeübertrager Y1 - 2014 VL - 66 IS - 9 SP - 40 EP - 43 PB - VDI-Verlag ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Hofmann, Gerhard A1 - Scharfenberg, Georg T1 - Überlegungen zur normativen Anpassung der ISO 26262 aufgrund des autonomen Fahrens T2 - Automotive Software Kongress, 2015 N2 - In der Automobilindustrie ist neben der Elektromobilität und dem Leichtbau auch das Gebiet der Fahrerassistenz ein Zukunftsfeld. Speziell Fahrerassistenzsysteme, wie z.B. der Stauassistent, sind in Hinblick auf das autonome Fahren als dessen Vorstufe zu sehen. Aktuelle Assistenzfunktionen basieren auf der Präsenz des Fahrers. Die Fahrerassistenzsysteme sind nur durch Funktionen der Elektrik/Elektronik ermöglicht worden. Durch Maßnahmen der "Funktionalen Sicherheit" müssen Risiken, die durch Fehler der Elektrik/Elektronik zu Gefahren führen könnten, unter eine akzeptierte Grenze gesenkt werden. Die Diskussion über die gesetzlichen Grundlagen für das autonome Fahren ist erst am Anfang des öffentlichen Interesses. In diesem Zusammenhang ist es sinnvoll, die Notwendigkeit der Anpassung der bestehenden normativen Anforderungen zur funktionalen Sicherheit in die Diskussion mit einzubeziehen. Im ersten Ansatz wird in diesem Paper untersucht, ob von anderen Anwendungen mit automatisiertem Fahrbetrieb, wie er bei Schienenfahrzeugen realisiert ist, Ableitungen möglich sind. Im zweiten Ansatzpunkt wird konkret unter dem Gesichtspunkt des autonomen Fahrens zum Automobil auf die Gefahren-und Risikoanalyse, gemäß ISO 26262 Teil 3 eingegangen. Im Rahmen dieser Diskussion werden die drei Bewertungskriterien der Gefahren- und Risikoanalyse (severity, probability of exposure and controllability) im Paper beleuchtet. Es wird gezeigt, dass für autonomes Fahren ein zusätzliches Bewertungskriterium der Situationskomplexität sinnvoll ist, das das Umfeld einbezieht. Denn die Kontrollierbarkeit ist auf den Fahrer bezogen. Bei dem neuen Kriterium werden unter anderem der Einfluss durch die Verkehrsdichte sowie die Car-2-Car Kommunikation oder auch Fehler bzw. Ausfälle in der Car-2-X Kommunikation (zur Infrastruktur) berücksichtigt. KW - Automobilindustrie KW - autonomes Fahren KW - Elektrik KW - Elektromobilität KW - Fahrerassistenzsystem KW - funktionale Sicherheit KW - Infrastruktur KW - Leichtbau KW - Risikoanalyse KW - Schienenfahrzeug KW - Schienenverkehr KW - Verkehrsdichte Y1 - 2015 SP - 1 EP - 6 PB - WEKA Fachmedien CY - Haar ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hirschberg, W. A1 - Rill, Georg A1 - Weinfurter, H. T1 - Tire model TMeasy JF - Vehicle System Dynamics N2 - This paper describes the semi-physical tire model TMeasy for vehicle dynamics and handling analyses, as it was applied in the ‘low frequency tire models’ section of the research programme tire model performance test (TMPT). Despite more or less weak testing input data, the effort for the application of TMeasy remains limited due to its consequent ‘easy to use’ orientation. One particular feature of TMeasy is the wide physical meaning of its smart parameter set, which allows to sustain the identification process even under uncertain conditions. After a general introduction, the modelling concept of TMeasy is compactly described in this paper. Taking the standard tire interface (STI) to multibody simulation system (MBS) software into account, the way to apply TMeasy is briefly shown. This includes three selected examples of application. The final comments of the authors on TMPT describe the experiences and earnings received during the participation in that programme. Y1 - 2007 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/00423110701776284 VL - 45 IS - sup1 SP - 101 EP - 119 PB - Taylor&Francis ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Chatzitakis, Paris A1 - Safarov, Javid A1 - Opferkuch, F. A1 - Dawoud, Belal T1 - Experimental investigation of an absorption heat pump with organic working pairs JF - Applied Thermal Engineering N2 - As part of a systematic approach towards the search for alternative absorption heat pump (AHP) working pairs that could potentially provide comparable performance to conventional ones, a previous work performed a detailed theoretical cycle analysis and simulation that revealed concrete correlations between key working fluid thermophysical properties and AHP performance indicators. Following this work, targeted combinations of two organic refrigerants, 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (TFE) and 2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropanol (5FP) and two organic absorbents, 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone (DMI) and 2-pyrrolidone (PYR) were tested in a prototype 5 kW AHP, based on a highly compact plate heat exchanger design, which has been previously introduced. The purpose of this effort was to test the findings of the previous work with experimental measurements. The working pair combinations were also subjected to vapor liquid equilibrium (VLE) and viscosity measurements, in order to determine reliable activity coefficient and improve the accuracy of the simulations. The experimental performance data agree well with the COP simulations and show to be consistent with the conclusions derived from the previous theoretical work. KW - Absorption heat pump KW - Coefficient of performance KW - FLUID KW - MIXTURES KW - Organic working pairs KW - Specific solution circulation Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2019.114311 VL - 163 IS - December PB - Elsevier ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Kaspar, Marcel A1 - Rabl, Hans-Peter T1 - Differenzierte Kohlenwasserstoffanalytik im Dieselabgas bei verschiedenen Motorbetriebszuständen T2 - 12. FAD-Konferenz „Herausforderung – Agbasnachbehandlung für Dieselmotoren“, 12, 2014, Dresden N2 - Die für Dieselfahrzeuge gesetzlich vorgeschriebenen Grenzwerte bezüglich der Schadstoffkomponenten Kohlenwasserstoffe und Kohlenmonoxid können nur durch den Einsatz eines Diesel-Oxidationskatalysators erfüllt werden. Um erhöhte Emissionen infolge eines geschädigten Katalysators zu vermeiden, gilt es, dieses abgasrelevante Bauteil auch während des Betriebes zu überwachen. Die zukünftigen gesetzlichen Anforderungen an die Überwachung erfordern ein Verfahren das eine zuverlässige und hochgenaue Diagnose zulässt. Deshalb entwickelt eine Forschungsgemeinschaft aus Industrieunternehmen und Hochschulen einen neuartigen Kohlenwasserstoffsensor zur hochgenauen Analyse von unverbrannten Kohlenwasserstoffen im Abgasstrang. Hierfür ist die Kohlenwasserstoffzusammensetzung des Dieselabgases bei verschiedenen Motorbetriebszuständen zu ermitteln. Zur differenzierten Untersuchung der Kohlenwasserstoffkomponenten wurde in der Arbeit ein Massenspektrometer eingesetzt, das mit chemischer Ionisation arbeitet. Anhand eines Abgasscreenings konnte eine Reihe von Kohlenwasserstoffen (Alkane, Alkene, Alkine, Alkadiene und aromatische Kohlenwasserstoffe) identifiziert werden, die typisch für das Dieselabgas stehen. Die Moleküle Ethin, Ethen und Propen wurden gezielt betrachtet. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass bei kalten Betriebsbedingungen diese drei Komponenten etwa die Hälfte der Gesamtkohlenwasserstoffkonzentration ergeben. Ein weiterer Punkt der Untersuchungen war die Diesel-Partikelfilter-Regeneration. Wie erwartet, lassen sich Kohlenwasserstoffmoleküle mit höheren Massen feststellen, die auf unverbrannten Dieselkraftstoff zurückzuführen sind. Anhand der Ergebnisse zeigte sich.dass sich das mit chemischer Ionisation arbeitende Massenspektrometer hervorragend für ein Abgasscreening eignet. Zahlreiche Kohlenwasserstoffe konnten identifiziert werden, die repräsentativ für das Dieselabgas stehen. Es sollten Moleküle bei verschiedenen Motorbetriebsbedingungen untersucht werden, die einen möglichst großen Anteil an der Gesamtkohlenwasserstoffkonzentration besitzen. Die Auswahl fiel aufgrund der gemessenen Massenspektren, vor und nach dem Diesel-Oxidationskatalysator, auf die Komponenten Ethin, Ethen und Propen. Zudem kann bei diesen Molekülen eine Masseninterferenz mit anderen Abgaskomponenten ausgeschlossen werden. Im unteren Teillastbereich und kaltem Motor machen diese Kohlenwasserstoffe bis zu 50%, gemittelt über alle Messstellen vor, im und nach dem Diesel-Oxidationskatalysator, der Gesamtkohlenwasserstoffkonzentration aus. Bei betriebswarmem Motor reduziert sich ihr Anteil auf ein Drittel Die höchste Konzentration unter den drei Komponenten besitzt dabei Propen. Mit steigendem Drehmoment nimmt der Anteil dieser drei Komponenten fortlaufend ab,was dafür spricht, dass Moleküle mit höheren Massen einen höheren Anteil einnehmen. Die Kohlenwasserstoff-Emissionen bewegen sich bei diesen Motorbetriebspunkten mit betriebswarmem Katalysator jedoch bereits bei sehr niedrigen Werten. Während der untersuchten Diesel-Partikelfilter-Regeneration mit späten Nacheinspritzungen zur Abgastemperaturerhöhung lassen sich Moleküle mit höheren Massen nachweisen. Diese sind typisch für die Reinkomponente Dieselkraftstoff. Der Anteil von Ethin, Ethen und Propen an der THC-Konzentration beträgt dann ca. 40%. KW - Alkadiene KW - Alkane KW - aromatische Kohlenwasserstoffe KW - Betriebsbedingung KW - Dieselabgas KW - Dieselkraftstoff KW - DIESELMOTOR KW - Ethen KW - Ethin KW - Ionisation KW - Kohlenmonoxid KW - Kohlenwasserstoffe KW - Massenspektrometer KW - Oxidationskatalysator KW - Propen KW - Schadstoff KW - Überwachung Y1 - 2014 SP - 45 EP - 59 PB - Förderkreis Abgasnachbehandlungstechnologien für Verbrennungskraftmaschinen (FAD) e.V. ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Boccara, R. A1 - Diamantidis, Dimitris A1 - Sýkora, Miroslav T1 - Optimal design of ground-mounted solar systems T2 - Safety and reliability : methodology and applications : proceedings of the European Safety and Reliability Conference, ESREL 2014, Wrocław, Poland, 14-18 September 2014 N2 - Solar energy represents a clean, natural and sustainable source of energy. Solar photovoltaic panels can be installed on roofs of structures or in the ground. This contribution focusses on ground-mounted systems, which are presently widely implemented. At present limited guidelines on the design of solar ground-mounted structures are available. Usually standards for the design of normal buildings are applied. However, the design of ground-mounted structures significantly differs from common structural design by: (1) a lower design lifetime (20-25 years) is accepted; (2) failure is not associated with the loss of human life; (3) resistance uncertainties need due attention; (4) uplift wind forces dominating structural reliability are associated with a large scatter. That is why the reliability analysis and optimal design of ground-mounted solar systems is investigated herein. The failure costs and especially their ratio to the initial costs are analyzed considering the data provided from the industry. Probabilistic reliability analyses are carried out and optimum design levels are computed for representative cost ratios. The optimal target reliability depends on the ratio between failure and initial costs; reliability index of 3.5 corresponds to a reasonable cost ratio of 10. KW - Dach KW - Montagesystem KW - Montiergerät KW - nachhaltiges Sourcing KW - Solarenergie KW - Solarmodul KW - Windkraft (Energiequelle) Y1 - 2014 SN - 978-1-138-02681-0 SP - 2175 EP - 2181 PB - CRC Press CY - Boca Raton ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Kaspar, M. A1 - Rabl, Hans-Peter A1 - Mayer, W. T1 - Differenzierte Kohlenwasserstoffanalytik im Dieselabgas bei verschiedenen Motorbetriebszustaenden : Detailed hydrocarbon analysis of diesel exhaust gas at different engine operating conditions T2 - 12. FAD-Konferenz „Herausforderung – Agbasnachbehandlung für Dieselmotoren“, 12, 2014, Dresden N2 - Beitrag und Praesentationsmaterial eines Vortrags ueber differenzierende Kohlenwasserstoffanalytik im Dieselabgas bei verschiedenen Motorbetriebszustaenden. Mit einem neu entwickelten, hochgenauen HC-Sensor werden unverbrannte HC im Abgas untersucht. Die differenzierende Untersuchung erfolgt an einem Massenspektrometer, das mit chemischer Ionisation arbeitet. Die Molekuele Ethin, Ethen und Propen wurden gezielt betrachtet. Es zeigt sich, dass bei kalten Betriebsbedingungen diese drei Komponenten etwa die Haelfte der gesamten HC Konzentration ergeben. Ein weiterer Punkt ist die Regeneration des Dieselpartikelfilters. KW - ABGASKONZENTRATION KW - ABGASTRENNUNG KW - ABGASZUSAMMENSETZUNG KW - DIESELMOTOR KW - EINSTUFENFILTER KW - GASFILTER KW - HAUPTSTROMFILTER KW - KATALYTISCHE ABGASNACHVERBRENNUNG KW - KATALYTISCHER REAKTOR KW - KOHLENWASSERSTOFF (ABGAS) KW - OXIDATIONSKATALYSATORANLAGE KW - Partikelfilter KW - PERIODISCH ZU REINIGENDER FILTER KW - R4-MOTOR KW - UEBERDRUCKFILTER Y1 - 2014 SP - 1 EP - 35 PB - Förderkreis Abgasnachbehandlungstechnologien für Verbrennungskraftmaschinen (FAD) e.V. CY - Dresden ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Kaspar, Marcel A1 - Kleiner, Florian A1 - Rabl, Hans-Peter T1 - Online-Analyse und Optimierung der Schmierölverdünnung bei direkteinspritzenden Ottomotoren T2 - 7. VDI-Fachtagung mit Fachausstellung Zylinderlaufbahn, Kolben, Pleuel : Baden-Baden, 03. und 04. Juni 2014 N2 - Bei Ottomotoren mit Direkteinspritzung besteht beim Kaltstart, den Warmlaufphasen und auch durch den Einfluss anderer Parameter wie z. B. des Einspritzzeitpunkts oder des Einspritzdrucks die Problematik, dass Kraftstoff an die Zylinderlaufbahn aufgetragen wird und sich mit dem Motoröl vermischen kann. Eine Verstärkung dieses Kraftstoffauftrags ist unter anderem der Verschiebung der Motorbetriebspunkte zu höheren Mitteldrücken und damit einem Wirkungsgrad optimaleren Betrieb geschuldet. Eine Veränderung der physikalischen und chemischen Eigenschaften des Motoröls durch die Verdünnung mit Kraftstoff ist die Folge. Durch die Verringerung der Viskosität des Motoröls kann es zu einer verminderten Schmierwirkung des Öls kommen, die im schlimmsten Fall zur Schädigung des Motors führt. Existierende Offline-Analysemethoden die zeitintensive Laboranalysen nach sich ziehen, als auch Online-Messverfahren die nicht den technischen Anforderungen hinsichtlich Genauigkeit und einer kurzen Messdauer entsprechen, stellen aktuell die einzigen Messmethoden zur Bestimmung der Schmierölverdünnung dar. Durch neue Entwicklungstrends bei Ottomotoren ist es jedoch unbedingt notwendig, die Mechanismen des Kraftstoffein- und -austrags in das und aus dem Motoröl genauer zu untersuchen. Mit der an der OTH Regensburg neu entwickelten Messtechnik wurde eine Vorgehensweise erarbeitet, mit der die zeitlichen Verläufe des Kraftstoffein- und -austragsverhaltens bei Ottomotoren quantitativ in kurzer Zeit bestimmt und optimiert werden können. Especially at cold start and the warm-up operation GDI engines have an issue with oil dilution. Parameters such as injection timing and injection pressure impact the entry of fuel in the engine oil as well. With the adjustment of engine operating points to higher mean effective pressures resulting in downsizing concepts also an additional increase of fuel entry occurs. Fuel gets into the oil pan and is mixed with the engine oil so that the physical and chemical properties of the engine oil are changed. With the reduction of engine oil viscosity due to fuel entry a reduced lubricating effect can be caused. In the worst case damage to the engine occurs, To determine oil dilution online and offline measurement methods exist. A rather long analysis time in the laboratory is a disadvantage of the offline methods. Online methods are not correlating with technical requirements in terms of accuracy and a short measurement time. New trends in the development of gasoline engines require investigations of fuel in oil sorption and desorption processes. A new measurement technique which is developed at the OTH Regensburg enables to determine quantitative fuel in oil sorption and desorption processes. With this technique a procedure was generated to measure the oil dilution at gasoline engines and optimize them in a short time. KW - Direkteinspritzerottomotor KW - Direkteinspritzung KW - Kaltstart KW - Kraftstoff KW - Motoröl KW - Online-Analyse KW - Online-Messverfahren KW - Ottomotor KW - Viskositätsverringerung Y1 - 2014 SN - 978-3-18-092230-0 SP - 65 EP - 77 PB - VDI-Verlag CY - Düsseldorf ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lermer, Josef T1 - Optimierter Antriebsstrang und neuartiges Differenzial für einen Formula-Student-Rennwagen JF - ATZ-Extra Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s35778-015-0071-4 VL - 20 IS - Suppl 5 SP - 34 EP - 39 PB - Springer Fachmedien GmbH ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Küpper, Carsten A1 - Artmann, Christina A1 - Pischinger, Stefan A1 - Rabl, Hans-Peter T1 - Schmierölverdünnung von direkteinspritzenden Ottomotoren unter Kaltstartrandbedingungen JF - MTZ - Motortechnische Zeitschrift Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s35146-013-0208-1 VL - 74 IS - 9 SP - 710 EP - 715 PB - Springer Vieweg CY - Wiesbaden ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Küpper, Carsten A1 - Artmann, Christina A1 - Pischinger, Stefan A1 - Rabl, Hans-Peter T1 - Lube-Oil Dilution of GDI Engines with Ethanol Fuels JF - Auto Tech Review KW - Cold Start KW - Injection Strategy KW - Fuel Mass KW - Mixture Formation KW - Fuel Blend Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1365/s40112-014-0570-5 VL - 3 IS - 3 SP - 30 EP - 35 PB - Springer India CY - New Delhi ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zacherl, Florian A1 - Wopper, Christoph A1 - Schwanzer, Peter A1 - Rabl, Hans-Peter T1 - Potential of the Synthetic Fuel Oxymethylene Ether (OME) for the Usage in a Single-Cylinder Non-Road Diesel Engine: Thermodynamics and Emissions JF - Energies N2 - Non-road sectors, such as agriculture and construction machinery, require high energy densities and flexibility in use, which is why diesel engines are mainly used. The use of climate-neutral fuels, produced from renewable energies, such as Oxymethylene Ether (OME) as a diesel substitute, can significantly reduce CO2 and pollutant emissions in these sectors. In addition to CO2 neutrality, OME also offers improved combustion characteristics compared to diesel fuel, eliminating the soot–NOx trade-off and thus enabling new opportunities in engine design and calibration. In this paper, the combustion of pure OME on a close-to-production, single-cylinder non-road diesel engine with a pump–line–nozzle injection system is analyzed. A variation of the center of combustion at constant power output was performed for diesel and OME at different operating points. Two injectors were investigated with OME. A study on ignition delay and a detailed thermodynamic analysis was carried out. In addition, the exhaust emissions CO, NOx, VOC, as well as particulate-matter, -number and -size distributions were measured. With OME, a significantly shorter ignition delay as well as a shortened combustion duration could be observed, despite a longer injection duration. In addition, the maximum injection pressure increases. VOC and CO emissions are reduced. Particulate matter was reduced by more than 99% and particle number (>10 nm) was reduced by multiple orders of magnitude. The median of the particle size distribution shifts from 60 to 85 nm (diesel) into a diameter range of sub 23 nm (OME). A significant reduction of NOx emissions with OME enables new degrees of freedom in engine calibration and an efficiency advantage without hardware adaption. Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:898-opus4-55350 N1 - Project: NAMOSYN: Nachhaltige Mobilität durch synthetische Kraftstoffe (Funding Nr. 03SF0566N0) N1 - Corresponding author: Florian Zacherl VL - 15 IS - 21 SP - 1 EP - 26 PB - MDPI ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Milaev, Johannes A1 - Ruider, Martin A1 - Schlegl, Thomas T1 - Entwicklung eines Experimentalsystems zur Validierung adaptiver Regelungen mit einem OEM-Steuergerät T2 - Tagungsband AALE 2014 : das Forum für Fachleute der Automatisierungstechnik aus Hochschulen und Wirtschaft ; 11. Fachkonferenz, Regensburg N2 - Im Rahmen des Kooperationsprojektes "ACES" (Integrated Adaption of Linear Controllers for Embedded Systems) ist ein Prüfstand zur Validierung adaptiver Regelungen entwickelt und aufgebaut worden, der das dynamische Verhalten eines Kfz-Antriebstrangs aufweist. Ziel ist es, verschiedene Adaptionsverfahren auf ihre Einsetzbarkeit in OEM-Steuergeräten, die im Automotive-Bereich auf breiter Basis verwendet werden, kostengünstig testen zu können. Das Problem der aktiven Schwingungsdämpfung in Kfz-Antriebssträngen mit unbekannten und veränderlichen mechanischen Parametern stellt eine Pilotanwendung dar. Ein leicht anpassbarer mechanischer Prüfstand dient hierbei als vereinfachtes Modell eines Antriebstrangs. Dieser ist Bestandteil eitles Experimentalsystems mit einer informationstechnischen Architektur, die einen Betrieb engebetteter Regelungssysteme auf verschiedenen Plattformen gestattet. Das flexible mechanische und informationstechnische Design des Experimentalsystems gestattet die Variation von Parametern der zu regelnden Applikation durch leicht austauschbare mechanische Komponenten und gezielte Einbringung von Störgrößen. Zudem kann die Berechnung der Regelungsarchitektur auf einem Industrie-PC oder einem Steuergerät erfolgen. Weitere Vorteile des entwickelten Experimentalsystems sind die Berücksichtigung von Effekten, die aus dem Verhalten realer Sensoren und der CAN-basierten Signalübertragung entstehen. Insbesondere der Einfluss von Wortbreite und Latenz übertragener Signale auf die Adaption von Regelungen kann mit Hilfe des vorgestellten Experimentalsystems eingehend untersucht werden. KW - Adaptivregelung KW - aktive Schwingungsdämpfung KW - Algorithmus KW - Antriebsstrang KW - Drehschwingung KW - Kraftfahrzeug KW - Lageregelung KW - Prüfstand KW - robuste Regelung KW - Schwingungsdämpfung KW - Validierung Y1 - 2014 UR - https://www.oth-regensburg.de/fakultaeten/maschinenbau/aale-2014.html SN - 978-3-8356-7142-3 SP - 241 EP - 250 PB - Deutscher Industrieverlag CY - München ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kral, Christian A1 - Haumer, Anton A1 - Lee, Sang Bin T1 - A Practical Thermal Model for the Estimation of Permanent Magnet and Stator Winding Temperatures JF - IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics N2 - A thermal model for the determination of the temperatures of interior permanent magnets and stator windings is presented in this paper. The innovation of the model relies on one temperature sensor being located in the stator core of the machine. Such sensor is simple to implement in many applications such as traction or EV, where reliability is critical. The estimated stator winding and permanent magnet temperatures are determined by a simplified thermal lumped element network model with only two time constants. It is shown that the proposed thermal model is very robust due to the structure of the model and the measured stator core temperature. The distortion of the temperature estimates caused by the cooling circuit is inherently accounted for such that the model can be used for robust online prediction of temperatures. Experimental results based on a forced water-cooled interior permanent magnet synchronous machine setup are presented to validate the effectiveness of the presented model. KW - cooling KW - lumped element thermal equivalent circuit model KW - magnetic cores KW - permanent magnet machines KW - permanent magnet synchronous machine KW - stators KW - synchronous machines KW - temperature estimation KW - variable speed KW - dynamic load Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2013.2253128 SN - 1941-0107 SN - 0885-8993 VL - 29 IS - 1 SP - 455 EP - 464 PB - IEEE ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Kral, Christian A1 - Haumer, Anton A1 - Wöhrnschimmel, Reinhard T1 - Extension of the FundamentalWave Library towards Multi Phase Electric Machine Models T2 - Proceedings of the 10th International Modelica Conference, March 10-12, 2014, Lund, Sweden N2 - Abstract Electric machine theory and electric machine simulations models are often limited to three phases. Up to the Modelica Standard Libray (MSL) version 3.2 the provided machine models were limited to three phases. Particularly for large industrial drives and for redundancy reasons in electric vehicles and aircrafts multi phase electric machines are demanded. In the MSL 3.2.1 an extension of the existing FundamentalWave library has been performed to cope with phase numbers greater than or equal to three. The developed machine models are fully incorporating the multi phase electric; magnetic; rotational and thermal domain. In this publication the theoretical background of the machines models; Modelica implementation details; the parametrization of the models and simulation examples are presented. KW - electric Machine models KW - induction machine KW - Modelica Standard Library KW - multi phase KW - synchronous machine KW - synchronous reluctance machine Y1 - 2014 SN - 978-91-7519-380-9 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3384/ecp14096135 SN - 1650-3686 SN - 1650-3740 SP - 135 EP - 143 PB - Linköping University Electronic Press ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Swidergal, Krzysztof A1 - Wagner, Marcus A1 - Lubseder, C. A1 - von Wurmb, I. A1 - Meinhardt, J. A1 - Marburg, S. T1 - Investigation of the forming tool dynamics by means of numerical simulation T2 - Advanced Metal Forming Processes in Automotive Industry, AutoMetForm 2016 N2 - In the forming tools for pressing car body parts, heavy blankholders are used to prevent buckling and wrinkling of the blank. During each press cycle, those large masses need to be lifted, raising thereby the structural dynamic load on the forming tool and on the press. Therefore a detailed knowledge about the forming tool dynamics is essential for an accurate and robust design of forming tools. In this paper, a dynamic finite element method (FEM) simulation of selected automotive forming tool is presented enabling identification of regions of critical stresses. For validation of the simulation results, the kinematic responses of the tool's components are compared with the measurements obtained in an experiment. KW - Finite-Elemente-Methode KW - Formgebungswerkzeug KW - Karosserieanbauteil KW - numerische Simulation KW - robuste Bauweise KW - simuliertes Ergebnis KW - Strukturdynamik Y1 - 2016 SP - 335 EP - 340 PB - Fraunhofer ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Trost, Tobias A1 - Sterner, Michael A1 - Bruckner, Thomas T1 - Impact of electric vehicles and synthetic gaseous fuels on final energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions in Germany based on long-term vehicle fleet modelling JF - Energy N2 - Based on a prospective scenario analysis, possible vehicle fleet developments for the individual motor car traffic (vehicle categories N1 and M1) are investigated for Germany in order to determine the long-term vehicle fleet structure, final energy demand, and related carbon dioxide emissions until the year 2050. In this framework, a vehicle fleet model was developed which combines a bottom-up consumer demand model with a dynamic stock-flow approach. Special emphasis is thereby given to different electric power-trains and synthetic gaseous fuels based on the power-to-gas technology. In detail, two different main scenarios are developed and, in addition, the impact of different carbon dioxide taxation levels of fossil fuels on the vehicle fleet structure are analysed. The scenario results reveal a broad range of possible future vehicle fleet structures. In the short to medium timeframe, the internal combustion engine dominates the fleet as a result of efficiency improvements and an increased use of natural gas as automotive fuel. The development of electric power-trains is initially marked by hybrid vehicles, whereas battery electric vehicles dominate the fleet structure in the long-term. Under favourable conditions, also synthetic gaseous fuels are competitive which can reduce carbon dioxide emissions even further. KW - Carbon dioxide emissions KW - Electric vehicles KW - Final energy consumption KW - Power-to-gas KW - Total cost of ownership KW - Vehicle fleet modelling Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.10.006 SN - 0360-5442 VL - 141 SP - 1215 EP - 1225 PB - Elsevier ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Sterner, Michael A1 - Thema, Martin ED - Sterner, Michael ED - Stadler, Ingo T1 - Comparison of Storage Systems T2 - Handbook of Energy Storage N2 - There are several approaches to classifying energy storage systems (see Chaps. 1 and 2). Storage systems are used in a large number of different technologies at various stages of development, and in a wide range of application areas (see Chaps. 3 to 5). This chapter compares the capabilities of the different storage systems using the following criteria:This comparison of storage systems also provides a convenient overview of the various storage systems and their capabilities. Y1 - 2019 SN - 978-3-662-55503-3 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-55504-0_12 VL - 6 SP - 637 EP - 672 PB - Springer CY - Berlin, Heidelberg ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sterner, Michael A1 - Specht, Michael T1 - Power-to-Gas and Power-to-X-The History and Results of Developing a New Storage Concept JF - Energies N2 - Germany's energy transition, known as 'Energiewende', was always very progressive. However, it came technically to a halt at the question of large-scale, seasonal energy storage for wind and solar, which was not available. At the end of the 2000s, we combined our knowledge of both electrical and process engineering, imitated nature by copying photosynthesis and developed Power-to-Gas by combining water electrolysis with CO2-methanation to convert water and CO2 together with wind and solar power to synthetic natural gas. Storing green energy by coupling the electricity with the gas sector using its vast TWh-scale storage facility was the solution for the biggest energy problem of our time. This was the first concept that created the term 'sector coupling' or 'sectoral integration'. We first implemented demo sites, presented our work in research, industry and ministries, and applied it in many macroeconomic studies. It was an initial idea that inspired others to rethink electricity as well as eFuels as an energy source and energy carrier. We developed the concept further to include Power-to-Liquid, Power-to-Chemicals and other ways to 'convert' electricity into molecules and climate-neutral feedstocks, and named it 'Power-to-X'at the beginning of the 2010s. KW - 100% renewable energy scenarios KW - CARBON RECYCLING SYSTEM KW - CO2 KW - eFuels KW - electric fuels KW - energy transition KW - hydrogen KW - methanation KW - METHANOL KW - Power-to-Gas KW - Power-to-Hydrogen KW - Power-to-Methane KW - Power-to-X KW - sector coupling KW - sectoral integration KW - TRANSPORTATION Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:898-opus4-26202 N1 - Corresponding author: Michael Sterner VL - 14 IS - 20 PB - MDPI ER - TY - GEN A1 - Sterner, Michael T1 - Gas aus einer Gesamtenergieversorgungsperspektive - Warum wir Power-to-X für die Klimaneutralität brauchen T2 - Kopernikus-Konferenz Projekt "Ensure" (Deutsche Umwelthilfe), 15. April 2021 KW - Erneuerbare Energien KW - Klimaneutralität KW - Energiewende KW - Sektorenkopplung KW - Power-to-Gas Y1 - 2021 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Keiner, Dominik A1 - Breyer, Christian A1 - Sterner, Michael T1 - Coupling heat and electricity storage technologies for cost and self-consumption optimised residential PV prosumer systems in Germany JF - International Journal of Sustainable Energy Planning and Management N2 - Coupling energy sectors within the emerging residential PV prosumer systems is necessary for an optimised use of the houseowners’ own produced electricity. But the pure availability of different energy technologies in the system is not enough. By optimising the electricity usage as well as the capacities of PV generators, storage technologies, heat pumps and battery electric vehicles, not only the best solution in a technical point of view can be achieved, the need of finding the most financially beneficial system composition for single-family houses and tenements is possible. The study provides a detailed model for average German single-family houses and tenements and results for the energy transition period until 2050 for the optimised energy systems regarding optimised PV and stationary battery capacities and different heat storage capacities. Most noticeable outcomes can be observed by using a vehicle-to-home car, where a car can mostly take over the tasks of a stationary battery and by introducing a solidarity model using this type of car in tenement systems. Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5278/ijsepm.2019.21.4 VL - 21 PB - OJS/PKP ER - TY - INPR A1 - Gärtner, Sebastian A1 - Marx-Schubach, Thomas A1 - Gaderer, Matthias A1 - Schmitz, Gerhard A1 - Sterner, Michael T1 - Introduction of an Innovative Energy Concept for low Emission Glass Melting based on Carbon Capture and Usage N2 - Due to the very high fossil energy demand, the glass industry is looking for innovative approaches for the reduction of CO2 emissions and the integration of renewable energy sources. In this paper, we present a novel power-to-gas concept, which has no impact on established melting processes and discuss it for this purpose. A special focus is set on the required CO2 capture from typical flue gases in the glass industry, as this process has not been investigated in detail yet. We used a process simulation approach to investigate post-combustion CO2 capture by absorption processes, followed by a techno-economic evaluation. Our investigations found the designed CO2 capture plant to be approx. 400 times smaller than absorption based CO2 separation processes for conventional power plants. Due to the many options for waste heat utilization, the waste heat required for CO2 desorption can be generated in a particularly efficient and cost-effective way. The resulting CO2 avoidance costs range between 41-42 €/t CO2, depending on waste heat utilization for desorption, and thus offer a cost effective way of CO2 removal from glass industry melting processes. These costs are well below the values of 50-65 €/t CO2 described so far for comparable industrial applications. In addition, we describe optimization options, like solvent and process improvements, to enable further cost reductions. These results motivate further research and development on the overall process presented in this work. KW - glass KW - Oxyfuel KW - Methanation KW - Power-to-Gas KW - CO2 capture KW - Economic Analysis Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.31224/2642 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kaul, Anja A1 - Boellmann, Andrea A1 - Thema, Martin A1 - Kalb, Larissa A1 - Stoeckl, Richard A1 - Huber, Harald A1 - Sterner, Michael A1 - Bellack, Annett T1 - Combining a robust thermophilic methanogen and packing material with high liquid hold-up to optimize biological methanation in trickle-bed reactors JF - Bioresource technology N2 - The hydrogen gas-to-liquid mass transfer is the limiting factor in biological methanation. In trickle-bed reactors, mass transfer can be increased by high flow velocities in the liquid phase, by adding a packing material with high liquid hold-up or by using methanogenic archaea with a high methane productivity. This study developed a polyphasic approach to address all methods at once. Various methanogenic strains and packings were investigated from a microbial and hydrodynamic perspective. Analyzing the ability to produce high-quality methane and to form biofilms, pure cultures of Methanothermobacter performed better than those of the genus Methanothermococcus. Liquid and static hold-up of a packing material and its capability to facilitate attachment was not attributable to a single property. Consequently, it is recommended to carefully match organism and packing for optimized performance of trickle-bed reactors. The ideal combination for the ORBIT system was identified as Methanothermobacter thermoautotrophicus IM5 and DuraTop (R). KW - BIOCATALYTIC METHANATION KW - CARBON-DIOXIDE KW - hydrogen KW - Liquid hold-up maximization KW - MASS-TRANSFER KW - Methane production KW - Methanothermobacter KW - Methanothermococcus KW - Optimized packing-organism combination KW - THERMOAUTOTROPHICUS Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126524 VL - 345 PB - Elsevier ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Kreuzer, Reinhard A1 - Haslbeck, Matthias A1 - Brückl, Oliver T1 - Modellierung von Mittelspannungsnetzen zur verbesserten Nachbildung von Wirk- und Blindleistungsflüssen T2 - Tagungsband der Fachtagung "Zukünftige Stromnetze für erneuerbare Energien" am 30./31. Januar 2018 in Berlin N2 - Das vom BMWi geförderte Forschungsprojekt SyNErgie (03/2015 bis 05/2018) beschäftigt sich mit der Weiterentwicklung von Netzplanungsprozessen [1]. Im Fokus steht dabei die Modellierung von Blindleistungsflüssen und die dezentrale Nutzung von Blindleistungsquellen (z. B. Wechselrichter, Ladedrosseln, Kondensatoren) in Mittelspannungsnetzen, über welche der Blindleistungshaushalt letztendlich beeinflusst werden soll. Im Rahmen dieses Beitrags wird anhand eines realen Mittelspannungsnetzes (MS-Netz) gezeigt, welche Modellierungsschritte zur Erstellung eines möglichst realitätsnahen Simulationsabbilds nötig sind. Dies ist notwendig, um der Verteilnetzplanung eine robuste Planungsgrundlage für die Ableitung von Entscheidungen im Rahmen eines Blindleistungsmanagements zur Verfügung zu stellen. Y1 - 2018 UR - https://www.fenes.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/SyNErgie_Paper_2018_Kreuzer_Modellierung_MSNetze.pdf ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Rauch, Johannes A1 - Brückl, Oliver T1 - Entwicklung eines Regelverfahrens für einen optimierten und zentralen Blindleistungsabruf zur Beeinflussung des Blindleistungshaushaltes von Mittelspannungsverteilungsnetzen unter Einhaltung von Netzrestriktionen T2 - Zukünftige Stromnetze, 30.-31.Jan.2019, Berlin Y1 - 2019 SP - 421 EP - 437 PB - Conexio CY - Pforzheim ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Brückl, Oliver T1 - Plädoyer für die wettbewerbliche Bereitstellung von Blindleistung JF - ew - Magazin für die Energiewirtschaft - Spezial: Digitalisierung Y1 - 2018 UR - https://emagazin.ew-magazin.de/de/profiles/a21024e15cd4/editions/dd6db0d02570767aa71f VL - 117 IS - 1 SP - 46 EP - 48 PB - VDE Verlag ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Haslbeck, Matthias T1 - Innovative Aspekte der Netzplanung im Verteilungsnetz T2 - 2. OTTI-Konferenz Zukünftige Stromnetze für Erneuerbare Energien, Hilton-Hotel Berlin, 27./28. Januar 2015 N2 - In den Verteilungsnetzen (VN) besteht erheblicher Optimierungsbedarf, um die geplanten Leistungen an dezentralen Erzeugungsanlagen (EZA) aufnehmen und um die erzeugte Energie an das Übertragungsnetz abgeben zu können. Bislang konnte der Aufwand für die Netzplanung im VN mittels standardisierter Abläufe und großzügigen Reserven im Spannungsband und der Stromtragfähigkeit begrenzt werden. Im Zuge des Zubaus an EZA schwinden diese Reserven und Netzplanungsaufgaben müssen individueller für einzelne Netzabschnitte gelöst werden. Die Forschungsstelle für Energienetze und Energiespeicher (FENES) der OTH Regensburg beschäftigt sich u. a. mit der Fragestellung wie die Netzplanung im Verteilungsnetz hinsichtlich der neu entstandenen Herausforderungen optimiert werden kann und gleichzeitig praktikabel bleibt. Kernthemen sind dabei das Spannungs- und das Blindleistungsmanagement im Verteilungsnetz. Im Zuge der Energiewende gilt es die vorhandene Netzinfrastruktur noch effizienter auszunutzen und den Ausbau noch stärker bedarfsorientiert zu gestalten. Infolgedessen bewegt sich der Netzbetrieb näher an den Grenzen der Netzparameter (z. B. Spannungshaltung und Auslastung). Von daher müssen bislang praktizierte Verfahren weiter entwickelt werden, , um weiterhin einen sicheren und stabilen Netzbetrieb zu gewährleisten. KW - Energienetz KW - Energiespeicher KW - Energiewende KW - Leistungsmanagement KW - Netzbetrieb KW - Netzplanung KW - Spannband KW - Stromtragfähigkeit Y1 - 2015 SN - 978-3-943891-46-1 SP - 110 EP - 115 CY - Regensburg ER - TY - GEN A1 - Sterner, Michael T1 - Insight into Power-to-Gas/Liquids: a solution for sustainable transport besides e-mobility T2 - Conference Low Carbon Transport - Engineering the Fuels of the Future (Institution of Mechanical Engineers), London 09.07.2019 KW - Erneuerbare Energien KW - Klimaneutralität KW - Energiewende KW - Sektorenkopplung KW - Power-to-Gas Y1 - 2019 PB - Institution of Mechanical Engineers CY - London ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Kraus, Hermann A1 - Gschoßmann, David A1 - Brückl, Oliver T1 - Automatisierung von Netzplanungsprozessen in der Verteilnetzebene – Q(U)- und cosj(P)-Blindleistungsregelung dezentraler Anlagen als spannungshaltende Netzausbaumaßnahmen T2 - Tagungsband Zukünftige Stromnetze 2019, 30.-31.Jan.2019, Berlin N2 - Diese Arbeit befasst sich mit automatisierten Netzplanungsprozessen und gibt einen kurzen Einblick in das Entscheidungsunterstützungssystem, welches im EU-Projekt CrossEnergy entwickelt wird. Detaillierter wird aber auf die Konzipierung und Umsetzung eines automatisierten Einsatzes der Blindleistungsregelung von dezentralen Erzeugungs­ analgen eingegangen, die als spannungshaltende Netzausbaumaßnahme zur Verfügung stehen. Die vorgestellten Methoden und Algorithmen fokussieren sich auf die Q(U)- und coscp(P)-Regelungsarten. Y1 - 2019 SP - 407 EP - 420 PB - Connexio CY - Pforzheim ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Sterner, Michael A1 - Thema, Martin A1 - Eckert, Fabian A1 - Moser, Albert A1 - Schäfer, Andreas A1 - Drees, Tim A1 - Christian Rehtanz, A1 - Ulf Häger, A1 - Kays, Jan A1 - Seack, André A1 - Dirk Uwe Sauer, A1 - Matthias Leuthold, A1 - Philipp Stöcker, T1 - Stromspeicher in der Energiewende - Untersuchung zum Bedarf an neuen Stromspeichern in Deutschland für den Erzeugungsausgleich, Systemdienstleistungen und im Verteilnetz BT - Studie N2 - Wie groß ist der Speicherbedarf in Deutschland in der weiteren Umsetzung der Energiewende? Welche Rolle spielen Batteriespeicher, Pumpspeicher, Power-to-Gas etc. im Kontext anderer Flexibilitätsoptionen auf den verschiedenen Netzebenen? Wie entwickelt sich der Markt für Batterien und Wasserstoff? In unserer Agora-Speicherstudie haben wir auch erstmalig den Begriff Power-to-X definiert und damit die bis dato entstandenen Begriffe Power-to-Gas, Power-to-Liquids, Power-to-Products, Power-to-Chemicals etc. zusammengefasst. Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.31804.56964 PB - Agora Energiewende CY - Berlin ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Stadler, Ingo A1 - Eckert, Fabian ED - Sterner, Michael ED - Stadler, Ingo T1 - Lastmanagement als Energiespeicher T2 - Energiespeicher - Bedarf, Technologien, Integration KW - Lastverteilung KW - Energiespeicher Y1 - 2017 SN - 978-3-662-48893-5 SN - 978-3-662-48892-8 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-48893-5_11 SP - 619 EP - 644 PB - Springer Vieweg CY - Berlin ; Heidelberg ET - 2. Auflage ER -