TY - JOUR A1 - Braun, Peter A1 - Rabl, Hans-Peter A1 - Matysik, Frank-Michael T1 - Investigations on the Liquid-Phase Decomposition of AdBlue Urea for the Selective Catalytic Reduction Process JF - Chemie Ingenieur Technik N2 - Difficulties in decomposing AdBlue to ammonia limit the applicability of selective catalytic reduction systems at low exhaust temperatures. Investigations on the decomposition of AdBlue in the liquid phase under elevated pressure at temperatures up to 165 degrees C were carried out. Besides effects of inorganic catalysts, the impact of pH on urea decomposition was examined. After dissolution in aqueous phase, the compounds ZnO, WO3, and MoO3 were found to be effective in liquid-phase AdBlue decomposition. However, the efficiency was dropping significantly over few hours. Decomposition of AdBlue urea was also found to be favored for alkaline and acidic conditions. KW - AdBlue urea KW - Ammonia KW - DeNO(x) KW - EMISSIONS KW - HYDROLYSIS KW - KINETICS KW - Liquid-phase decomposition KW - LOW-TEMPERATURE SCR KW - MODEL KW - NOX KW - Selective catalytic reduction Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/cite.201800055 VL - 91 IS - 7 SP - 961 EP - 968 PB - Wiley ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Braun, Peter A1 - Durner, Bernhard A1 - Rabl, Hans-Peter A1 - Matysik, Frank-Michael T1 - Investigations on the decomposition of AdBlue urea in the liquid phase at low temperatures by an electrochemically induced pH shift JF - Monatshefte für Chemie N2 - Ammonia-based selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems are the most widely used technology for reduction of nitrogen oxide emissions from lean-burn engines such as diesel engines. However, at low exhaust temperatures, the SCR process is limited by difficulties in the decomposition of the ammonia precursor urea, which is carried on-board using an aqueous solution "AdBlue". In this study, the decomposition of AdBlue urea induced by electrical current and the resulting associated pH shifts were investigated in a divided cell configuration in the liquid phase. The decomposition was found to be favored in both electrochemical compartments, anodic and cathodic, at temperatures of 60-80 degrees C compared to a reference without electrochemical treatment. In addition to the determination of ammonia contents using an ammonia sensor, IC/HPLC analyses were carried out for each sample. Different side products such as biuret, nitrate, cyanuric acid, ammelide, and others were formed. In the anodic compartment, nitrate formation could be observed due to oxidation of ammonia at the electrode surface. [GRAPHICS] . KW - Ammonia KW - Catalysis KW - CONVERSION KW - Diesel Engine KW - DOPED MN/TIO2 KW - Electrochemistry KW - HYDROLYSIS KW - In situ pH shift KW - NOX KW - OXIDATION KW - PRODUCTS KW - REMOVAL KW - SCR KW - SELECTIVE CATALYTIC-REDUCTION KW - Thermochemistry Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00706-019-02406-6 VL - 150 IS - 9 SP - 1633 EP - 1641 PB - Springer ER - TY - GEN A1 - Weiss, Nils T1 - Vulnerabilities of OBD2 Dongles T2 - RCAR Annual Conference, 2018, Munich, Germany Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Weiss, Nils T1 - Vulnerabilities of Connected Cars and beyond T2 - Applied Research Colloquium, 2019, Università Padua, Italy Y1 - 2019 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Mäule, Paul A1 - Rabl, Hans-Peter T1 - Correlation of Oil Emissions with Particulate Emissions of Gasoline Engines T2 - Internationales AVL-Forum Abgas- und Partikelemissionen, 20. und 21. Februar 2018, Ludwigsburg N2 - Recent developments in exhaust gas legislation make it necessary to focus the research at the particulate emissions from gasoline engines and technologies for their reduction. In addition to the particulates resulting from the combustion of the fuel, the oil emissions represent another possible source for particulate emissions. This paper presents a measurement method which can be used to quantify stationary as well as dynamic oil emissions of gasoline engines. Furthermore, the correlation between the oil emissions and the particulate emissions is the focus of the investigations. Conventional methods for the determination of the oil emissions, such as the gravimetric and the volumetric measurement, are unsuitable since they require long engine operation times to provide useful results. These methods therefore do not allow a fast online measurements during the dynamic operation. For this reason, a new measuring method was used, which allows for a time-resolved online measurement of the oil emissions. This measurement method is based on the sulfur tracer method, which uses the sulfur that is naturally contained in the engine oil as a tracer. The sulfur concentration in the exhaust gas is determined by using an Ion-Molecule-Reaction mass spectrometer. The determination of the particulate emissions corresponds to the PMP regulation. The studies carried out under steady state and dynamic conditions show a clear correlation between the oil consumption and the number of particulates in the exhaust gas. In the case of the dynamic measurements it could also be shown that time-resolved measurements of the oil consumption are possible with the used measurement setup. In addition, it was shown that the number of particulates does not influence the measurement of the SO2-concentration. Furthermore, the different effects of burned and unburned oil emissions have been evaluated by the dosing of the oil into the exhaust gas. The overall conclusion of the measurements shows a strong influence of the oil emissions on the particulate emissions. Therefore, it is crucial to reduce the oil emissions. Possible approaches for this reduction can be improved turbocharger sealing concepts, new piston ring designs or more efficient oil separators for the crankcase ventilation system. KW - Auspuffgas KW - Benzinmotor KW - dynamisches Messen KW - Kraftstoff KW - Maschinenbetrieb KW - Massenspektrometer KW - Messmethode KW - Messtechnik KW - Motorenöl KW - Ölverbrauch KW - Online-Messung KW - Partikelemission KW - Schwefel KW - Tracer-Technik KW - Volumenmessung KW - Zeitmessung Y1 - 2018 SP - 1 EP - 9 PB - AVL Deutschland CY - Mainz ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Smolareck, Elisabeth A1 - Faisst, Holger A1 - Schneider, Ralph T1 - Modellbasierte Korrektur von Inertialsensor-Signalen – Ein Schritt auf dem Weg zum hochautomatisierten Fahren T2 - Konferenz: AALE 2018 - 15. Fachkonferenz, Das Forum für Fachleute der Automatisierungstechnik aus Hochschulen und Wirtschaft 01.03.2018 - 02.03.2018 in Köln, Deutschland N2 - Infolge neuer Zielsetzungen im Automobilbereich, wie z. B. der Weiterentwicklung von Fahrerassistenzsystemen hin zum hochautomatisierten Fahren (HAF), ergeben sich erhöhte Anforderungen an die Signalgüte der im Fahrzeug eingesetzten Inertialsensoren für Drehraten und Beschleunigungen. Da deren Erfüllung über einen hardwarebasierten Ansatz nicht immer möglich und sinnvoll ist, strebt die Firma Continental eine Software-Lösung zur modellbasierten Verbesserung dieser Sensorsignale an. KW - Automobilindustrie KW - Beschleunigung KW - Fahrerassistenzsystem KW - Inertialsensor KW - Software-Lösung Y1 - 2018 UR - http://www.vde-verlag.de/proceedings-de/564522017.html SN - 978-3-8007-4522-7 SP - 1 EP - 10 PB - VDE-Verlag CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gärtner, Uwe A1 - Rabl, Hans-Peter A1 - Zink, Uwe T1 - Exhaust Gas Aftertreatment of the Future JF - MTZ worldwide Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s38313-018-0060-2 VL - 79 IS - 7-8 SP - 70 EP - 75 PB - Springer ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Küpper, Carsten A1 - Artmann, Christina A1 - Pischinger, Stefan A1 - Rabl, Hans-Peter T1 - Lube-Oil Dilution of Gasoline Direct-Injection Engines with Ethanol Fuels JF - MTZ worldwide KW - Fuel Ethanol KW - Engine Cold Start KW - Cold Ambient Conditions KW - Fuel Vapor Mass KW - Test Bench Investigations Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s38313-013-0090-8 VL - 74 IS - 9 SP - 64 EP - 69 PB - Springer CY - Berlin ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Eberhart, Philip A1 - Chung, Tek Shan A1 - Haumer, Anton A1 - Kral, Christian T1 - Open Source Library for the Simulation of Wind Power Plants T2 - Proceedings of the 11th International Modelica Conference, Versailles, France, September 21-23, 2015 N2 - This paper presents the new open source Modelica libraryWindPowerPlants. For the economic assessment of either a wind power plant or an entire wind park, the accurate prediction of the energy output is essential. Such prediction is usually performed by means of calculations based on statistical wind data. The proposed WindPowerPlants library is capable of assessing the energy output both for statistical and real wind data based on time domain simulations. In the presented version of the library wind turbine models are modeled with pitch control. The generator models have variable speed and an optional connector to the mains. The entire library is based on power balance conditions and losses are fully neglected. Yet, the library can be extended towards more detailed models considering different types of losses. The structure and components of the library are presented. Simulations examples are shown and compared with reference data. The applicability of the proposed WindPowerPlants library is demonstrated and possible enhancements are discussed. KW - variable speed KW - pitch control KW - Wind power pants KW - energy KW - statistical wind data KW - power Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3384/ecp15118929 SP - 929 EP - 936 CY - Linköping ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kurzweil, Peter A1 - Scheuerpflug, Wolfgang T1 - State-of-charge monitoring and battery diagnosis of different lithium ion chemistries using impedance spectroscopy JF - Batteries N2 - For lithium iron phosphate batteries (LFP) in aerospace applications, impedance spectroscopy is applicable in the flat region of the voltage-charge curve. The frequency-dependent pseudocapacitance at 0.15 Hz is presented as useful state-of-charge (SOC) and state-of-health (SOH) indicator. For the same battery type, the prediction error of pseudocapacitance is better than 1% for a quadratic calibration curve, and less than 36% for a linear model. An approximately linear correlation between pseudocapacitance and Ah battery capacity is observed as long as overcharge and deep discharge are avoided. We verify the impedance method in comparison to the classical constant-current discharge measurements. In the case of five examined lithium-ion chemistries, the linear trend of impedance and SOC is lost if the slope of the discharge voltage curve versus SOC changes. With nickel manganese cobalt (NMC), high impedance modulus correlates with high SOC above 70%. KW - battery life testing KW - capacitance KW - lithium-ion battery KW - state-of-charge determination KW - state-of-health KW - pseudocharge KW - impedance spectroscopy KW - aging Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries7010017 VL - 7 IS - 1 ER -