TY - JOUR A1 - Trost, Tobias A1 - Sterner, Michael A1 - Bruckner, Thomas T1 - Impact of electric vehicles and synthetic gaseous fuels on final energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions in Germany based on long-term vehicle fleet modelling JF - Energy N2 - Based on a prospective scenario analysis, possible vehicle fleet developments for the individual motor car traffic (vehicle categories N1 and M1) are investigated for Germany in order to determine the long-term vehicle fleet structure, final energy demand, and related carbon dioxide emissions until the year 2050. In this framework, a vehicle fleet model was developed which combines a bottom-up consumer demand model with a dynamic stock-flow approach. Special emphasis is thereby given to different electric power-trains and synthetic gaseous fuels based on the power-to-gas technology. In detail, two different main scenarios are developed and, in addition, the impact of different carbon dioxide taxation levels of fossil fuels on the vehicle fleet structure are analysed. The scenario results reveal a broad range of possible future vehicle fleet structures. In the short to medium timeframe, the internal combustion engine dominates the fleet as a result of efficiency improvements and an increased use of natural gas as automotive fuel. The development of electric power-trains is initially marked by hybrid vehicles, whereas battery electric vehicles dominate the fleet structure in the long-term. Under favourable conditions, also synthetic gaseous fuels are competitive which can reduce carbon dioxide emissions even further. KW - Carbon dioxide emissions KW - Electric vehicles KW - Final energy consumption KW - Power-to-gas KW - Total cost of ownership KW - Vehicle fleet modelling Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.10.006 SN - 0360-5442 VL - 141 SP - 1215 EP - 1225 PB - Elsevier ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Stadler, Ingo A1 - Eckert, Fabian ED - Sterner, Michael ED - Stadler, Ingo T1 - Lastmanagement als Energiespeicher T2 - Energiespeicher - Bedarf, Technologien, Integration KW - Lastverteilung KW - Energiespeicher Y1 - 2017 SN - 978-3-662-48893-5 SN - 978-3-662-48892-8 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-48893-5_11 SP - 619 EP - 644 PB - Springer Vieweg CY - Berlin ; Heidelberg ET - 2. Auflage ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Sörgel, Matthias A1 - Riederer, Michael A1 - Held, Andreas A1 - Plake, Daniel A1 - Zhu, Zhilin A1 - Foken, Thomas A1 - Meixner, Franz X. ED - Foken, Thomas T1 - Trace Gas Exchange at the Forest Floor T2 - Energy and Matter Fluxes of a Spruce Forest Ecosystem N2 - Exchange conditions at the forest floor are complex due to the heterogeneity of sources and sinks and the inhomogeneous radiation but are important for linking soil respiration to measurements in the trunk space or above canopy. Far more attention has therefore been paid to above and within canopy flows, but even studies that addressed forest floor exchange do not present measurements below 1 m or 2 m. We used a multilayer model that explicitly resolves the laminar layer, the buffer layer, and the turbulent layer to calculate fluxes from the measured profiles in the lowest meter above ground and to calculate effective surface concentrations from given fluxes. The calculated fluxes were compared to measured eddy covariance fluxes of sensible heat and O3 and to chamber derived soil fluxes of CO2 and 222Rn. Sensible heat fluxes agreed surprisingly well given the heterogeneity of radiative heating and the generally low fluxes (max. 25 W m−2). The chamber fluxes turned out to be not comparable as the chamber fluxes were too low, probably due to one of the well-known problems of enclosures such as pressure differences, disturbed gradients and exclusion of naturally occurring turbulence events and surface cooling. The O3 fluxes agreed well for high O3 values reaching down to the forest floor during full coupling of the canopy by coherent structures. During most of the time, the model overestimated the fluxes as chemical reactions were dominating within the profile. One new approach was to calculate the effective surface concentration from a given flux and compare this to measured surface concentrations. This allowed the identification of situations with a coupled and decoupled forest floor layer, which has important consequences for respiration measurements in the trunk space or above canopy and should be considered in upcoming studies. KW - Chamber Flux KW - Eddy Covariance KW - Forest Floor KW - Multilayer Model KW - Nitrogen Oxide Y1 - 2017 SN - 978-3-319-49387-9 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49389-3_8 VL - 229 SP - 157 EP - 179 PB - Springer CY - Cham ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Sterner, Michael ED - Chen, Wei-Yin ED - Suzuki, Toshio ED - Lackner, Maximilian T1 - Power-to-Gas T2 - Handbook of Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation N2 - This chapter provides an overview on the storage technology power-to-gas for the decarbonization of all energy sectors. Other than “negative emissions” with CCS or biomass, which have clear limits in potentials, costs and environmental benefits, storage and energy conversion technologies like power-to-gas and power-to-x enable the decarbonization by neutralizing the CO2 footprint of all energy services. Via the conversion of renewable electricity into chemical energy carriers like renewable hydrogen or renewable hydrocarbons, the existing fossil infrastructure with vast and sufficient storage and transport capacities can be used with carbon neutral renewable energy. After showing the demand for storage technologies, the technology components of power-to-gas are described, building the basis for the storage system power-to-gas itself that is described in detail, including efficiency, potential, CO2 emissions, and costs. In conclusion, a technical pathway of decarbonization including costs is described for the industrial nation of Germany and necessary policy frameworks are derived. Y1 - 2017 SN - 978-3-319-14408-5 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14409-2_89 SP - 2775 EP - 2825 PB - Springer VS CY - Cham ET - 2 ER - TY - BOOK ED - Sterner, Michael ED - Stadler, Ingo T1 - Energiespeicher - Bedarf, Technologien, Integration N2 - Die Autoren dieses Werkes geben einen umfassenden Überblick über die verschiedenen Aspekte der Energiespeicherung. Sie beschreiben zunächst die Bedeutung von Energiespeichern in der Energieversorgung und definieren ihre Rolle darin. Dann gehen sie auf den Speicherbedarf in der Strom-, Wärme- und Kraftstoffversorgung im Kontext der Energiewende ein. Im Hauptteil werden die verschiedenen Speichertechnologien ausführlich vorgestellt sowie ihre Vor- und Nachteile diskutiert. Praktische Anwendungsbeispiele und die Integration von Speichern über alle Energiesektoren hinweg runden das Buch ab. Zahlreiche Grafiken und Beispiele veranschaulichen das gesamte Feld der Energiespeicher und sind als Ergänzung mehrsprachig online in Farbe verfügbar. Die 2. Auflage enthält ein neues Kapitel zu den rechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen, neue Studien zum Speicherbedarf, Power-to-X für die chemische Industrie, neue LOHC- und Lageenergiespeicher sowie neueste Trends zu Kostenentwicklung und Batterieanwendungen. „Endlich ein umfassendes Buch zur Energiewende, das auch für technische Laien verständlich und inspirierend geschrieben ist." Franz Alt, Journalist und Buchautor „Das großartige Werk sei allen empfohlen, die sich wirklich für die Zukunft unseres Landes interessieren. Es zeigt auf eindrucksvolle Weise: Es wird nicht einfach, aber wir schaffen das.“ Prof. Dr. Harald Lesch, Physiker und Fernsehmoderator Y1 - 2017 SN - 978-3-662-48892-8 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-48893-5 PB - Springer CY - Berlin, Heidelberg ET - 2. korrigierte und ergänzte Auflage ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Stadler, Ingo A1 - Bauer, Franz A1 - Budt, Marcus A1 - Heindl, Eduard A1 - Wolf, Daniel T1 - Mechanische Energiespeicher T2 - Energiespeicher - Bedarf, Technologien, Integration Y1 - 2017 SN - 978-3-662-48893-5 SN - 978-3-662-48892-8 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-48893-5_9 SP - 495 EP - 577 PB - Springer Vieweg CY - Berlin ; Heidelberg ET - 2. Auflage ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Rauch, Johannes A1 - Brückl, Oliver T1 - Analysis of the correlation behavior between local available information to the overall reactive power of a medium-voltage grid group T2 - Applied Research Conference - ARC 2017, 7 July 2017 München N2 - The initiated energy transition leads to extensive changes in the supply of energy. The increasing use of renewable energy causes a shift of the produced power from centralized conventional power plants to decentralized energy plants. Because of this redistribution and the related change of load-flows, new challenges and problems for distribution system operators appear. This includes the integration of new loads and plants into the existing power grid and the guarantee of a high supply security and quality. It also includes strengthened requirements for the use and provision of reactive power. The project “SyNErgie” (“Systemoptimierendes Netz- und Energiemanagement für Verteilungsnetze der Zukunft“) deals with the development of a new reactive power management, which gets embedded in grid planning and controlling processes. One focus of the project is on the integration of decentralized energy plants (DEPs) to the reactive power management. The aim is to develop a decentralized and self-sufficient reactive power control system, which only works with local available information (measures). Therefore is no necessity of a complex communication system to the grid control center. Self-controlled Q-controller in the DEPs get characteristic curves and control the reactive power sources with local measurements (e.g. current, voltage, effective power). This new reactive power control management aims for the reactive power compensation in order to increase the integration capacity of loads and plants in a grid [2]. In order to generate characteristic curves for DEPs, it is necessary to analyze the correlation behavior between the local available measurements at the DEPs and the overall-Q-behavior of the grid group at the transformer. In that regard, influencing quantities should be considered. The aim is to involve und evaluate all relevant influencing quantities in order to determine energy plants and certain operating points, in which the correlation behavior and the prediction for the overall-Q-behavior are sufficient. The next step is to develop a model that fits these correlation behaviors and generate characteristic curves. One method to generate characteristic curves for the Q-controllers is regression analysis. The developed Q-control-system with the characteristic curves will be tested, evaluated and optimized in a following field test in cooperation with distribution system operators. KW - Mittelspannungsnetz KW - Blindleistungsmanagement KW - Blindleistung KW - Integration Erneuerbare Energien KW - Potentialerschließung Y1 - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:898-opus4-58712 SP - 224 EP - 230 CY - München ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Sterner, Michael A1 - Breuer, Christopher A1 - Drees, Tim A1 - Eckert, Fabian A1 - Maaz, Andreas A1 - Pape, Carsten A1 - Rotering, Niklas A1 - Thema, Martin T1 - Speicherbedarf in der Stromversorgung T2 - Energiespeicher - Bedarf, Technologien, Integration KW - Speicherbedarf KW - Stromversorgung Y1 - 2017 SN - 978-3-662-48893-5 SN - 978-3-662-48892-8 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-48893-5_3 SP - 53 EP - 140 PB - Springer Vieweg CY - Berlin ; Heidelberg ET - 2. Auflage ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Sterner, Michael A1 - Thema, Martin T1 - Vergleich der Speichersysteme T2 - Energiespeicher - Bedarf, Technologien, Integration KW - Energiespeicher Y1 - 2017 SN - 978-3-662-48893-5 SN - 978-3-662-48892-8 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-48893-5_12 SP - 645 EP - 682 PB - Springer Vieweg CY - Berlin ; Heidelberg ET - 2. Auflage ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Sterner, Michael A1 - Stadler, Ingo A1 - Eckert, Fabian A1 - Gerhardt, Norman A1 - von Olshausen, Christian A1 - Thema, Martin A1 - Trost, Tobias T1 - Speicherintegration zur Kopplung unterschiedlicher Energiesektoren T2 - Energiespeicher - Bedarf, Technologien, Integration KW - Energieversorgung KW - Energiespeicher KW - Sektorkopplung KW - Systemintegration Y1 - 2017 SN - 978-3-662-48893-5 SN - 978-3-662-48892-8 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-48893-5_14 SP - 769 EP - 818 PB - Springer Vieweg CY - Berlin ; Heidelberg ET - 2. Auflage ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Sterner, Michael A1 - Bauer, Franz A1 - Crotogino, Fritz A1 - Eckert, Fabian A1 - von Olshausen, Christian A1 - Teichmann, Daniel A1 - Thema, Martin T1 - Chemische Energiespeicher T2 - Energiespeicher - Bedarf, Technologien, Integration KW - Energiespeicher KW - Elektrochemisches Verfahren KW - Elektrochemische Energieumwandlung Y1 - 2017 SN - 978-3-662-48893-5 SN - 978-3-662-48892-8 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-48893-5_8 SP - 327 EP - 493 PB - Springer Vieweg CY - Berlin ; Heidelberg ET - 2. Auflage ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Sterner, Michael A1 - Eckert, Fabian A1 - Gerhardt, Norman A1 - Henning, Hans-Martin A1 - Palzer, Andreas T1 - Speicherbedarf in der Wärmeversorgung T2 - Energiespeicher - Bedarf, Technologien, Integration KW - Energiespeicher KW - Wärmeversorgung Y1 - 2017 SN - 978-3-662-48893-5 SN - 978-3-662-48892-8 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-48893-5_4 SP - 141 EP - 168 PB - Springer Vieweg CY - Berlin ; Heidelberg ET - 2. Auflage ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Nonn, Aida A1 - Paredes, Marcelo A1 - Nordhagen, H. O. A1 - Munkejord, S. T. A1 - Wierzbicki, Tomasz T1 - Challenges in fluid-structure modeling of crack propagation and arrest in modern steel pipelines T2 - 14th International Congress on Fracture (ICF14), 18-23 June 2017, Rhodes, Greece Y1 - 2017 SP - 1351 EP - 1352 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Sterner, Michael A1 - Stadler, Ingo T1 - Energiespeicher im Wandel der Zeit T2 - Energiespeicher - Bedarf, Technologien, Integration KW - Energiespeicher Y1 - 2017 SN - 978-3-662-48893-5 SN - 978-3-662-48892-8 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-48893-5_1 SP - 3 EP - 24 PB - Springer Vieweg CY - Berlin ; Heidelberg ET - 2. Auflage ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Sterner, Michael A1 - Stadler, Ingo A1 - Eckert, Fabian A1 - Thema, Martin T1 - Speicherintegration in einzelnen Energiesektoren T2 - Energiespeicher - Bedarf, Technologien, Integration KW - Energiespeicher KW - Systemintegration Y1 - 2017 SN - 978-3-662-48893-5 SN - 978-3-662-48892-8 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-48893-5_13 SP - 685 EP - 767 PB - Springer Vieweg CY - Berlin ; Heidelberg ET - 2. Auflage ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Sterner, Michael A1 - Bauer, Franz T1 - Definition und Klassifizierung von Energiespeichern T2 - Energiespeicher - Bedarf, Technologien, Integration KW - Energiespeicher Y1 - 2017 SN - 978-3-662-48892-8 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-48893-5_2 SP - 25 EP - 49 PB - Springer Vieweg CY - Berlin ; Heidelberg ET - 2. Auflage ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sorokin, Vladislav V. A1 - Stepanov, Gennady V. A1 - Shamonin (Chamonine), Mikhail A1 - Monkman, Gareth J. A1 - Kramarenko, Elena Yu T1 - Magnetorheological behavior of magnetoactive elastomers filled with bimodal iron and magnetite particles JF - Smart materials and structures N2 - Magnetoactive elastomers (MAE) based on soft silicone matrices, filled with various proportions of large diameter ( approximately 50 mu m) iron and small diameter ( approximately 0.5 mu m) magnetite particles are synthesized. Their rheological behavior in homogeneous magnetic fields up to 600 mT is studied in detail. The addition of small magnetite particles facilitates fabrication of uniformly distributed magnetic elastomer composites by preventing aggregation and sedimentation of large particles during curing. It is shown that using the proposed bimodal filler particles it is possible to tailor various magnetorheological (MR) properties which can be useful for different target applications. In particular, either absolute or relative magnetorheological effects can be tuned. The value of the damping factor as well as the range of deformation amplitudes for the linear viscoelastic regime can be chosen. The interdependencies between different MR properties of bimodal MAEs are considered. The results are discussed in the model framework of particle network formation under the simultaneous influence of external magnetic fields and mechanical deformation. KW - damping factor KW - DAMPING PROPERTIES KW - FIELD KW - HYDROGELS KW - MAGNETOELASTIC BEHAVIOR KW - Magnetorheological effect KW - magnetorheological elastomer KW - mechanical hysteresis KW - Payne effect Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-665X/26/3/035019 VL - 26 IS - 3 PB - IOP Publishing ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Mucha, Matthias A1 - Mottok, Jürgen A1 - Krämer, Stefan T1 - Estimation of Worst Case Response Time Boundaries in Multi-Core Real-Time Systems T2 - 2017 International Conference on Applied Electronics (AE), 5-6 Sept. 2017, Pilsen N2 - We address a novel probabilistic approach to estimate the Worst Case Response Time boundaries of tasks. Multi-core real-time systems process tasks in parallel on two or more cores. Tasks in our contribution may preempt other tasks, block tasks with semaphores to access global shared resources, or migrate to another core. The depicted task behavior is random. The shape of collected response times of a task within a processing time is multimodal. Extreme Value approaches need unimodal response time distributions to estimate the Worst Case Response Time of tasks. The new proposed method derives a set of three task set shapes from the source task set. It is used to minimize the uncertainty of random task behavior by maximizing the coverage of possible Worst Case Response Times. The case study evaluates the new proposed estimation method by the use of dynamically generated random tasks with varying task properties. Y1 - 2017 SN - 978-80-261-0641-8 U6 - https://doi.org/10.23919/ae.2017.8053598 SN - 1803-7232 SP - 1 EP - 6 PB - IEEE ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fuhrmann, Thomas A1 - Mottok, Jürgen T1 - Ethical, intercultural and professional impulses integrated into a transmission systems lecture JF - 2017 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON), 25-28 April 2017, Athens, Greece N2 - In the sixth semester of the bachelor study course “Electrical Engineering and Information Technology”, a lecture “Transmission Systems” is given. It explains basic principles, circuits and systems of electrical and optical transmission systems. Short intellectual impulses, which address professional, intercultural and ethical issues of engineers' working life are integrated into this regular lecture. In each lecture unit, an impulse with one specific topic is given approximately in the middle of the lecture hour. An evaluation was done at the end of the semester, which shows that most of the students remember the discussed topics and state high interest due to high importance for their professional life. Due to these encouraging results, this concept will be developed further. KW - Engineering Education KW - Ethics Education KW - Electrical Engineering Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/EDUCON.2017.7942829 SP - 92 EP - 95 PB - IEEE ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Sailer, Andreas A1 - Deubzer, Michael A1 - Lüttgen, Gerald A1 - Mottok, Jürgen T1 - Comparing Trace Recordings of Automotive Realtime Software T2 - RTNS '17: Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Real-Time Networks and Systems, Grenoble, France, IEEE N2 - The process of engineering models of existing real-time system components is often difficult and time consuming, especially when legacy code has to be re-used or information about the exact timing behaviour is needed. In order to tackle this reverse engineering problem, we have developed the tool CoreTAna. CoreTAna derives an AUTOSAR compliant model of a real-time system by conducting dynamic analysis using trace recordings. Motivated by the challenge of assessing the quality of reverse engineered models of real-time software, we present a novel mathematical measure for comparing trace recordings from embedded real-time systems regarding their temporal behaviour. We also introduce a benchmark framework based on this measure, for evaluating reverse engineering tools such as CoreTAna. This considers common system architectures and also includes randomly generated systems and three systems of industrial automotive projects. Finally, an industrial case study demonstrates other use cases of our measure, such as impact analysis. Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1145/3139258.3139265 SP - 118 EP - 127 ER -