TY - CHAP A1 - Hofmann, Gerhard A1 - Scharfenberg, Georg T1 - Überlegungen zur normativen Anpassung der ISO 26262 aufgrund des autonomen Fahrens T2 - Automotive Software Kongress, 2015 N2 - In der Automobilindustrie ist neben der Elektromobilität und dem Leichtbau auch das Gebiet der Fahrerassistenz ein Zukunftsfeld. Speziell Fahrerassistenzsysteme, wie z.B. der Stauassistent, sind in Hinblick auf das autonome Fahren als dessen Vorstufe zu sehen. Aktuelle Assistenzfunktionen basieren auf der Präsenz des Fahrers. Die Fahrerassistenzsysteme sind nur durch Funktionen der Elektrik/Elektronik ermöglicht worden. Durch Maßnahmen der "Funktionalen Sicherheit" müssen Risiken, die durch Fehler der Elektrik/Elektronik zu Gefahren führen könnten, unter eine akzeptierte Grenze gesenkt werden. Die Diskussion über die gesetzlichen Grundlagen für das autonome Fahren ist erst am Anfang des öffentlichen Interesses. In diesem Zusammenhang ist es sinnvoll, die Notwendigkeit der Anpassung der bestehenden normativen Anforderungen zur funktionalen Sicherheit in die Diskussion mit einzubeziehen. Im ersten Ansatz wird in diesem Paper untersucht, ob von anderen Anwendungen mit automatisiertem Fahrbetrieb, wie er bei Schienenfahrzeugen realisiert ist, Ableitungen möglich sind. Im zweiten Ansatzpunkt wird konkret unter dem Gesichtspunkt des autonomen Fahrens zum Automobil auf die Gefahren-und Risikoanalyse, gemäß ISO 26262 Teil 3 eingegangen. Im Rahmen dieser Diskussion werden die drei Bewertungskriterien der Gefahren- und Risikoanalyse (severity, probability of exposure and controllability) im Paper beleuchtet. Es wird gezeigt, dass für autonomes Fahren ein zusätzliches Bewertungskriterium der Situationskomplexität sinnvoll ist, das das Umfeld einbezieht. Denn die Kontrollierbarkeit ist auf den Fahrer bezogen. Bei dem neuen Kriterium werden unter anderem der Einfluss durch die Verkehrsdichte sowie die Car-2-Car Kommunikation oder auch Fehler bzw. Ausfälle in der Car-2-X Kommunikation (zur Infrastruktur) berücksichtigt. KW - Automobilindustrie KW - autonomes Fahren KW - Elektrik KW - Elektromobilität KW - Fahrerassistenzsystem KW - funktionale Sicherheit KW - Infrastruktur KW - Leichtbau KW - Risikoanalyse KW - Schienenfahrzeug KW - Schienenverkehr KW - Verkehrsdichte Y1 - 2015 SP - 1 EP - 6 PB - WEKA Fachmedien CY - Haar ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Kaspar, Marcel A1 - Rabl, Hans-Peter T1 - Differenzierte Kohlenwasserstoffanalytik im Dieselabgas bei verschiedenen Motorbetriebszuständen T2 - 12. FAD-Konferenz „Herausforderung – Agbasnachbehandlung für Dieselmotoren“, 12, 2014, Dresden N2 - Die für Dieselfahrzeuge gesetzlich vorgeschriebenen Grenzwerte bezüglich der Schadstoffkomponenten Kohlenwasserstoffe und Kohlenmonoxid können nur durch den Einsatz eines Diesel-Oxidationskatalysators erfüllt werden. Um erhöhte Emissionen infolge eines geschädigten Katalysators zu vermeiden, gilt es, dieses abgasrelevante Bauteil auch während des Betriebes zu überwachen. Die zukünftigen gesetzlichen Anforderungen an die Überwachung erfordern ein Verfahren das eine zuverlässige und hochgenaue Diagnose zulässt. Deshalb entwickelt eine Forschungsgemeinschaft aus Industrieunternehmen und Hochschulen einen neuartigen Kohlenwasserstoffsensor zur hochgenauen Analyse von unverbrannten Kohlenwasserstoffen im Abgasstrang. Hierfür ist die Kohlenwasserstoffzusammensetzung des Dieselabgases bei verschiedenen Motorbetriebszuständen zu ermitteln. Zur differenzierten Untersuchung der Kohlenwasserstoffkomponenten wurde in der Arbeit ein Massenspektrometer eingesetzt, das mit chemischer Ionisation arbeitet. Anhand eines Abgasscreenings konnte eine Reihe von Kohlenwasserstoffen (Alkane, Alkene, Alkine, Alkadiene und aromatische Kohlenwasserstoffe) identifiziert werden, die typisch für das Dieselabgas stehen. Die Moleküle Ethin, Ethen und Propen wurden gezielt betrachtet. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass bei kalten Betriebsbedingungen diese drei Komponenten etwa die Hälfte der Gesamtkohlenwasserstoffkonzentration ergeben. Ein weiterer Punkt der Untersuchungen war die Diesel-Partikelfilter-Regeneration. Wie erwartet, lassen sich Kohlenwasserstoffmoleküle mit höheren Massen feststellen, die auf unverbrannten Dieselkraftstoff zurückzuführen sind. Anhand der Ergebnisse zeigte sich.dass sich das mit chemischer Ionisation arbeitende Massenspektrometer hervorragend für ein Abgasscreening eignet. Zahlreiche Kohlenwasserstoffe konnten identifiziert werden, die repräsentativ für das Dieselabgas stehen. Es sollten Moleküle bei verschiedenen Motorbetriebsbedingungen untersucht werden, die einen möglichst großen Anteil an der Gesamtkohlenwasserstoffkonzentration besitzen. Die Auswahl fiel aufgrund der gemessenen Massenspektren, vor und nach dem Diesel-Oxidationskatalysator, auf die Komponenten Ethin, Ethen und Propen. Zudem kann bei diesen Molekülen eine Masseninterferenz mit anderen Abgaskomponenten ausgeschlossen werden. Im unteren Teillastbereich und kaltem Motor machen diese Kohlenwasserstoffe bis zu 50%, gemittelt über alle Messstellen vor, im und nach dem Diesel-Oxidationskatalysator, der Gesamtkohlenwasserstoffkonzentration aus. Bei betriebswarmem Motor reduziert sich ihr Anteil auf ein Drittel Die höchste Konzentration unter den drei Komponenten besitzt dabei Propen. Mit steigendem Drehmoment nimmt der Anteil dieser drei Komponenten fortlaufend ab,was dafür spricht, dass Moleküle mit höheren Massen einen höheren Anteil einnehmen. Die Kohlenwasserstoff-Emissionen bewegen sich bei diesen Motorbetriebspunkten mit betriebswarmem Katalysator jedoch bereits bei sehr niedrigen Werten. Während der untersuchten Diesel-Partikelfilter-Regeneration mit späten Nacheinspritzungen zur Abgastemperaturerhöhung lassen sich Moleküle mit höheren Massen nachweisen. Diese sind typisch für die Reinkomponente Dieselkraftstoff. Der Anteil von Ethin, Ethen und Propen an der THC-Konzentration beträgt dann ca. 40%. KW - Alkadiene KW - Alkane KW - aromatische Kohlenwasserstoffe KW - Betriebsbedingung KW - Dieselabgas KW - Dieselkraftstoff KW - DIESELMOTOR KW - Ethen KW - Ethin KW - Ionisation KW - Kohlenmonoxid KW - Kohlenwasserstoffe KW - Massenspektrometer KW - Oxidationskatalysator KW - Propen KW - Schadstoff KW - Überwachung Y1 - 2014 SP - 45 EP - 59 PB - Förderkreis Abgasnachbehandlungstechnologien für Verbrennungskraftmaschinen (FAD) e.V. ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Milaev, Johannes A1 - Ruider, Martin A1 - Schlegl, Thomas T1 - Entwicklung eines Experimentalsystems zur Validierung adaptiver Regelungen mit einem OEM-Steuergerät T2 - Tagungsband AALE 2014 : das Forum für Fachleute der Automatisierungstechnik aus Hochschulen und Wirtschaft ; 11. Fachkonferenz, Regensburg N2 - Im Rahmen des Kooperationsprojektes "ACES" (Integrated Adaption of Linear Controllers for Embedded Systems) ist ein Prüfstand zur Validierung adaptiver Regelungen entwickelt und aufgebaut worden, der das dynamische Verhalten eines Kfz-Antriebstrangs aufweist. Ziel ist es, verschiedene Adaptionsverfahren auf ihre Einsetzbarkeit in OEM-Steuergeräten, die im Automotive-Bereich auf breiter Basis verwendet werden, kostengünstig testen zu können. Das Problem der aktiven Schwingungsdämpfung in Kfz-Antriebssträngen mit unbekannten und veränderlichen mechanischen Parametern stellt eine Pilotanwendung dar. Ein leicht anpassbarer mechanischer Prüfstand dient hierbei als vereinfachtes Modell eines Antriebstrangs. Dieser ist Bestandteil eitles Experimentalsystems mit einer informationstechnischen Architektur, die einen Betrieb engebetteter Regelungssysteme auf verschiedenen Plattformen gestattet. Das flexible mechanische und informationstechnische Design des Experimentalsystems gestattet die Variation von Parametern der zu regelnden Applikation durch leicht austauschbare mechanische Komponenten und gezielte Einbringung von Störgrößen. Zudem kann die Berechnung der Regelungsarchitektur auf einem Industrie-PC oder einem Steuergerät erfolgen. Weitere Vorteile des entwickelten Experimentalsystems sind die Berücksichtigung von Effekten, die aus dem Verhalten realer Sensoren und der CAN-basierten Signalübertragung entstehen. Insbesondere der Einfluss von Wortbreite und Latenz übertragener Signale auf die Adaption von Regelungen kann mit Hilfe des vorgestellten Experimentalsystems eingehend untersucht werden. KW - Adaptivregelung KW - aktive Schwingungsdämpfung KW - Algorithmus KW - Antriebsstrang KW - Drehschwingung KW - Kraftfahrzeug KW - Lageregelung KW - Prüfstand KW - robuste Regelung KW - Schwingungsdämpfung KW - Validierung Y1 - 2014 UR - https://www.oth-regensburg.de/fakultaeten/maschinenbau/aale-2014.html SN - 978-3-8356-7142-3 SP - 241 EP - 250 PB - Deutscher Industrieverlag CY - München ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Ketterl, Hermann A1 - Heinrich, Tobias A1 - Reitmeier, Torsten A1 - Hoelscher, Clemens ED - Jäkel, Jens ED - Thiel, Robert T1 - Emissionsabhängige Leistungsregelung für BHKW’s T2 - Tagungsband AALE 2020: Automatisierung und Mensch-Technik-Interaktion, 17. Fachkonferenz, 4. bis 6. März 2020, Leipzig Y1 - 2020 SN - 978-3-8007-5180-8 VL - 2020 PB - VDE-Verlag ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rösel, Birgit T1 - Just-in-Time Teaching für einen Grundkurs Regelungstechnik – Ergebnisse und Auswirkungen der Profistufe des Zertifikats Hochschullehre JF - Didaktiknachrichten Y1 - 2018 UR - https://diz-bayern.de/DiNa/06_2018 IS - 06 SP - 66 EP - 71 PB - Zentrum für Hochschuldidaktik (DiZ) ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Emberger, Peter A1 - Altmann, Robert A1 - Gebhard, Jürgen A1 - Thuneke, Klaus A1 - Winkler, Markus A1 - Töpfer, Georg A1 - Rabl, Hans-Peter A1 - Remmele, Edgar T1 - Combustion characteristics of pure rapeseed oil fuel after injection in a constant volume combustion chamber with a non-road mobile machinery engine solenoid injector JF - Fuel N2 - Pure rapeseed oil fuel (R100) according to standard DIN 51605 is a greenhouse gas saving option for the mobility sector. With its high energy density close to diesel fuel, R100 is suitable to operate non-road mobile machinery with a high power demand and long operating time, where electric drives reach their limits. Advantages are indicated for its use in environmentally sensitive areas like agriculture since R100 is highly biodegradable and non-toxic. However, R100 is characterised by differing physical and chemical properties compared to diesel. The objective of the research is to investigate the differences in the ignition and combustion behaviour of R100 compared to diesel fuel (DF). For this purpose, a constant volume combustion chamber is used, which is equipped with a modern solenoid injector for engines of non-road mobile machinery. The researched injector shows a different hydraulic behaviour when using R100 compared to DF in that the injected fuel mass is lower with R100 than with DF. In combination with the 14 % by mass lower calorific value, less energy output is determined with R100. When varying the injection pressure, the impact on the ignition delay and combustion behaviour is much higher for R100 than for DF. Specifically, an increase of the injection pressure supports mixture preparation and thus partially compensates the differing physical properties of R100. The results of ignition delay measurements and net heat release analysis are as follows: At low load conditions with low injection pressure as well as a low combustion chamber temperature and pressure, R100 ignites later and shows a further delayed combustion compared to diesel. The opposite is observed for medium and high load conditions, where R100 ignites faster and without delayed combustion in comparison to DF. Thus, an adjustment of the heat release of R100 at the same level as for DF is possible by modifying the injection strategy. The research shows that for an optimised combustion of R100 the injection settings must be adjusted for every operation point separately. The results indicate how the injection parameters should be adjusted for different load conditions to realise a high-quality engine calibration for R100. KW - Constant volume combustion chamber KW - Ignition behaviour KW - Non-road mobile machinery KW - Rapeseed oil fuel KW - Solenoid injector KW - Straight vegetable oil fuel Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2022.123979 IS - 320 PB - Elsevier ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Mühlbauer, Christian A1 - Rabl, Hans-Peter A1 - Rottengruber, Hermann T1 - Acoustic Optimization of Mechatronic Direct Injection Systems and Analysis of the Effects on Robustness in System Operation T2 - SAE International Journal of Advances and Current Practices in Mobility N2 - The tightening of the emission legislation and political and social demands for sustainable mobility are forcing the automotive industry to develop complex, high precision mechatronic drive systems. The increasing precision of mechatronic components generally leads to an increase in structural excitation and thus to a rise in noise. The so-called ticking of the fuel injection system has a rather low sound pressure level compared to the residual engine noise. Nevertheless, the impulsive and high frequency noise character leads to a decline concerning the perception of comfort and sound quality. In order to identify the sound quality of fuel injection systems as a frontloading measure, a system test bench has been developed which represents the structure-borne and airborne sound radiation of the stand-alone injection system in a close to series configuration. In this paper, measures for the acoustic optimization of injection systems and their effects on the robustness of the system are discussed. The focus is on engine idling, since at this operating point the ticking of the injectors and high-pressure pump can be perceived most clearly due to the low masking effects of other noise sources. For this purpose, the injection parameters were measured during full engine operation and transferred to the system test bench. By using a special development control unit, it was possible to modify the parameters, quantify their influence on the acoustic behavior and, based on this, define NVH optimized control strategies. For the robustness evaluation of the NVH optimized control strategies, key functions of the injection system were analyzed under varying boundary conditions in system operation on an injection rate test bench. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.4271/2021-01-0671 SN - 2641-9645 VL - 4 IS - 1 SP - 68 EP - 77 PB - SAE International, Warrendale, PA, United States ER - TY - GEN A1 - Schwanzer, Peter A1 - Mieslinger, Johann A1 - Rabl, Hans-Peter A1 - Dietrich, Markus A1 - Haft, Gerhard A1 - Walter, Stefanie A1 - Hagen, Gunter A1 - Moos, Ralf A1 - Gaderer, Matthias T1 - Monitoring of a Particulate Filter for Gasoline Direct Injection Engines with a Radio-Frequency-Sensor T2 - 11th International Exhaust Gas and Particulate Emissions Forum, 3.-4.3.2020, Ludwigsburg, Germany N2 - In order to comply with future emission regulations, the use of particulate filters in vehicles with direct injection gasoline engines is essential. The current amount of soot and ash in the filter is calculated by a soot load model in the electronic control unit in combination with a differential pressure sensor determining the pressure drop over the particulate filter. Active regeneration is initiated if the calculated amount of soot or the measured differential pressure is too high. This is associated with additional fuel consumption. An on-board diagnosis for the particulate filter is currently not part of the Euro 6d emission standard. For future exhaust emission standards, on-board diagnosis or active monitoring of the particulate filter is conceivable. One of the benefits of monitoring is the fact that unnecessary active regenerations can be avoided. As a result, there is no additional fuel consumption due to misinterpretations of the amount of soot in the filter. For active monitoring of the particulate filter, a radiofrequency (RF-) sensor, that detects the soot loading of the filter with electromagnetic waves directly, can be used. Such a system has the advantage that by utilizing the filter as a sensor more precise information about the current state of the filter, e.g. a possible damage, can be provided. Worst-case considerations of filter damages, tested at an engine test bench show the advantages which are entailed by a system like that. By means of partial regeneration of the particulate filter it is demonstrated how the remaining amount of soot in the filter can be detected in a better way in comparison to the differential pressure sensor by using the RF-sensor. Y1 - 2020 UR - https://eref.uni-bayreuth.de/54655/ N1 - Projekttitel: Load Sensor for GPF; Projekt-ID: AZ-1288-17 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Brock, Damian A1 - Koder, Alexander A1 - Rabl, Hans-Peter A1 - Touraud, Didier A1 - Kunz, Werner T1 - Optimising the biodiesel production process: Implementation of glycerol derivatives into biofuel formulations and their potential to form hydrofuels JF - Fuel N2 - A new biofuel concept is developed, enabling the usage of vegetable oils and glycerol derivatives in mixtures with biodiesel. This concept significantly enhances the biodiesel production's profitability and thus strongly contributes to the sustainability of future biofuels. After simple addition reactions with building block chemicals, less hydrophilic glycerol derivatives are obtained, which are compatible with biofuels. Even more, the products of the reactions of glycerol with acetone or butyric acid, referred to as solketal and tributyrin, respectively, lead to promising biofuels in mixtures with rapeseed oil and its biodiesel. Due to their low freezing points, they act as cloud and freezing point depressants, when added to vegetable oil/biodiesel blends. Further, since their viscosity is close to common biodiesel, biofuels containing high amounts of vegetable oil and even more glycerol derivatives than they arise during the biodiesel production can be obtained. Thus, this new class of biofuels enables adaptable compositions depending on the application and also the usage as drop-in fuel without any or just few percent of further additives. After optimising the formulations, ignition delay, exhaust gas recirculation, fuel consumption and combustion process measurements were performed in an unmodified upto-date diesel engine. The experiments showed that the properties of the formulated biofuels are either similar to or even better than diesel. The hydrotropy of the glycerol derivatives in these mixtures enables the potential to implement water into biofuels, so-called hydrofuels, reducing nitrogen oxide emissions and leading to further optimised dropin fuels. Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2019.116695 VL - 264 IS - March PB - Elsevier ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Walter, Stefanie A1 - Schwanzer, Peter A1 - Hagen, Gunter A1 - Haft, Gerhard A1 - Dietrich, Markus A1 - Rabl, Hans-Peter A1 - Moos, Ralf ED - Tille, Thomas T1 - Hochfrequenzsensorik zur direkten Beladungserkennung von Benzinpartikelfiltern T2 - Automobil-Sensorik 3 N2 - In Folge der Verschärfung der gesetzlichen Abgasnormen wurden für direkt-einspritzende Benzinmotoren Partikelfilter notwendig. Zur Beladungsüberwachung können aufgrund stark unterschiedlicher Rahmenbedingungen die aus Dieselmotoren bekannten Systeme, wie dem Differenzdrucksensor, nur eingeschränkt übernommen werden. Ein hochfrequenzbasiertes Verfahren koppelt mittels Antennen elektromagnetische Wellen in das Filtergehäuse ein, deren Ausbreitungsverhalten durch die dielektrischen Eigenschaften des eingelagerten Rußes beeinflusst wird. Hierdurch kann bei Auswertung von Transmissionsdämpfung oder Resonanzfrequenzen die Rußbeladung direkt detektiert werden. Y1 - 2020 SN - 978-3-662-61259-0 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-61260-6_7 SP - 185 EP - 208 PB - Springer Vieweg CY - Berlin ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Grothmann, Benjamin A1 - Poelsterl, Thomas A1 - Gerling, Dieter T1 - Online compensation of current sensor gain-faults for safety-relevant IPM-drives T2 - 2017 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC), 22-24 June 2017, Chicago, IL, USA N2 - Detection and compensation of current sensor gain-faults regardless of the operating-point is a crucial aspect for safety-relevant servo-drives. This paper presents and investigates a new direct phase-gain re-balancing methodology, especially suited for interior permanent magnet machine (IPM) drives mostly operating at low speed-ranges including standstill. The proposed model-based approach utilizes high-frequency signal-injection (HFI) to facilitate fast and persistent sensor monitoring for any operating state of the drive. No additional sensing hardware is required. Extraction of the HFI-phase-current response enables detection and immediate compensation of sensor gain-faults. Implementation aspects of the proposed concept are discussed thoroughly. Experimental results are presented to prove and investigate robustness, reliability and fault-tolerant performance. KW - Acoustic noise KW - Current measurement KW - Frequency synchronization KW - Hardware KW - Phase measurement KW - Signal to noise ratio KW - Torque Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC.2017.7993355 SP - 701 EP - 706 PB - IEEE ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Schmidt, Hans-Peter A1 - Fuchs, Andreas A1 - Fuchs, Stefan T1 - Simultaneous contact less charging of multiple electric vehicles: Contact less power and data transfer for multiple distributed loads T2 - 2014 4th International Electric Drives Production Conference ( 30 Sept.-1 Oct. 2014, Nuremberg, Germany N2 - A design of a 3-phase inductive power and data transfer for multiple stationary loads is proposed. It focuses on stable load voltages while minimizing electromagnetic interference. Loads are contactless charging units of electric vehicles at car parks. Physical properties of the inductive couplers are modelled via 3-D FEM and lumped parameters are used for system studies. Design principles are verified at laboratory scale with a purpose built test stand. KW - charging infrastructure KW - Coils KW - contact less charging KW - Couplers KW - Couplings KW - Data transfer KW - Electric vehicles KW - electro mobility KW - Feeds KW - multiple stationary loads KW - Windings Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/EDPC.2014.6984435 SP - 1 EP - 3 PB - IEEE ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Schorr, Philipp A1 - Böhm, Valter A1 - Zentner, Lena A1 - Zimmermann, Klaus T1 - Dynamical Investigation of Crawling Motion System based on a Multistable Tensegrity Structure T2 - Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Informatics in Control, Automation and Robotics : Porto, Portugal, 29.07.2018 - 31.07.2018 N2 - The basic idea of this article is the utilization of the multistable character of a compliant tensegrity structure to control the direction of motion of a crawling motion system. A crawling motion system basing on a two-dimensional tensegrity structure with multiple stable equilibrium states is considered. This system is in contact with a horizontal plane due to gravity. For a selected harmonic actuation of the system small oscillations around the given equilibrium state of the tensegrity structure occur and the corresponding uniaxial motion of the system is evaluated. A change of the equilibrium state of the tensegrity structure yields to novel configuration of the entire system. Moreover, the motion behavior of the novel configuration is totally different although the actuation strategy is not varied. In particular, the direction of motion changes. Therefore, this approach enables a uniaxial bidirectional crawling motion with a controllable direction of motion using only one actuat or with a selected excitation frequency. Y1 - 2018 SN - 978-989-758-321-6 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5220/0006852701220130 SP - 122 EP - 130 PB - SCITEPRESS ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Hofmann, Gerhard A1 - Scharfenberg, Georg T1 - Applicability of the ISO 26262 for functional safety for motorbikes T2 - 2014 International Conference on Applied Electronics, 9-10 Sept. 2014, Pilsen, Czech Republic N2 - This article deals with the question to what extent the automotive standard for functional safety ISO 26262 is also applicable to motorbikes. It examines thereby, on the one hand where to find comparable criteria between cars and motorbikes from the standpoint of functional safety, and, on the other hand, where differences between the automobile and the motorbike must be considered. It shows the extent to which the safety-related automotive standard is applicable to motorbikes. Furthermore, the differences are determined, which must lead to the consequence of a new “state of the art” and to a new standard for motorbikes. On the example of a light function the new MSIL classification gets applied. In this article, the motorbike is viewed as a whole. For the most parts the standard is also valid for scooters. KW - Automobiles KW - Automotive engineering KW - Functional Safety KW - ISO 26262 KW - ISO Standards KW - motorbike KW - Motorcycles KW - MSIL KW - safety Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/AE.2014.7011679 SP - 107 EP - 112 PB - IEEE ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Haumer, Anton A1 - Kral, Christian T1 - Enhancements of Electric Machine Models: The EMachines Library T2 - Proceedings of the 11th International Modelica Conference, Versailles, France, September 21-23, 2015 N2 - Transient models of multi phase electric machines are already implemented in the Modelica Standard Library (MSL). However, advanced effects like saturation and skin effect are not taken into account. As an extension to the MSL models, the new EMachines library is presented. This package will be released as a supplemental library to the commercial EDrives library. The particular focus of this paper is on the deep bar effect of induction machines. A comparison of simulation results demonstrates the influence of the skin effect on the operational behavior of the machines. At the end of this publication further developments of the EMachines library will be outlined. KW - multi phase electric machines KW - induction machines KW - squirrel cage KW - deep bar effect KW - skin effect Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3384/ecp15118509 VL - 118 SP - 509 EP - 515 PB - Linköping University Electronic Press ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Becke, Mark A1 - Schlegl, Thomas T1 - Least squares pose estimation of cylinder axes from multiple views using contour line features T2 - IECON 2015 - 41st Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, 9-12 Nov. 2015, Yokohama, Japan N2 - In this paper, a new method for a minimum-error pose estimation of cylinder axes based on apparent contour line features from multiple views is presented. Novel model equations for both single and particularly multiple views are derived, and based upon these, an iterative algorithm for least squares fitting the model to imaged cylinder contour line features is introduced. The good performance and fast convergence of the proposed algorithm is shown by solving exemplary fitting problems. KW - Cameras KW - Feature extraction KW - GEOMETRY KW - Image reconstruction KW - Mathematical model Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/IECON.2015.7392371 SP - 1855 EP - 1861 PB - IEEE ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Rösel, Birgit A1 - Köhler, Thomas T1 - First results of a new digitalized concept for teaching control theory as minor subject at a university of applied science T2 - 2018 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON), 17-20 April 2018, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain N2 - This paper presents a digitalized concept for teaching control theory as minor subject with an integrated approach for lectures, exercises and practical sessions and first results of the implementation at the department of electrical engineering at the OTH Regensburg. The concept uses activating methods like blended learning and possibilities of digitalization of teaching implementing Just in Time Teaching and Peer Instruction. The base of the new concept is the idea of constructive alignment. Furthermore this paper presents the feedback of the students along with an accompanying scientific research over several semesters. The data obtained from the presented module are compared with the data from other blended learning approaches in Germany. KW - Blended Learning KW - constructive alignment KW - Control theory KW - Electrical engineering KW - Electronic learning KW - Just in Time Teaching KW - Task analysis KW - taxonomy KW - teaching text Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/EDUCON.2018.8363217 SP - 118 EP - 125 PB - IEEE ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Schiek, Roland T1 - Self-phase modulation in lithium niobate waveguides T2 - 2014 International Conference Laser Optics, title=Self-phase modulation in lithium niobate waveguides, 30 June-4 July 2014, St. Petersburg, Russia N2 - Self-phase modulation in lithium niobate wave-guides with cascaded quadratic and cubic nonlinearities is characterized by comparison of amplitude and phase of input and output pulse envelopes and spectra. Cubic nonlinear susceptibility coefficients of lithium niobate were determined from the measured nonlinear phase shifts. KW - Frequency measurement KW - Frequency modulation KW - lithium niobate KW - nonlinear susceptibility KW - self-phase modulation KW - Wavelength measurement Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/LO.2014.6886403 PB - IEEE ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Dessort, Ronnie A1 - Chucholowski, Cornelius A1 - Rill, Georg ED - Bargende, Michael ED - Reuss, Hans-Christian ED - Wiedemann, Jochen T1 - Parametrical approach for modeling of tire forces and torques in TMeasy 5 T2 - 16. Internationales Stuttgarter Symposium, Automobil- und Motorentechnik, Bd. 1 N2 - For the dynamic simulation of on-road vehicles, the model-element “tire/road” is of special importance, according to its influence on the achievable results. Sufficient description of the interaction between tire and road is one of the most challenging tasks of vehicle modeling. Two groups of tire models can be classified: handling models and structural or high-frequency models. Usually, various assumptions are made in modeling vehicles as multibody systems. Therefore, in the interest of balanced modeling, the precision of the complete vehicle model should stand in reasonable relation to the performance of the applied tire model. Handling tire models are characterized by a useful compromise between user friendliness, model complexity, and efficiency in computation time on the one hand, and precision in representation on the other hand. Y1 - 2016 SN - 978-3-658-13254-5 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-13255-2_31 SP - 435 EP - 449 PB - Springer CY - Wiesbaden ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Hackl, Andreas A1 - Hirschberg, Wolfgang A1 - Lex, Cornelia A1 - Rill, Georg T1 - Parameterization Process of the Maxwell Model to Describe the Transient Force Behavior of a Tire T2 - WCX 17: SAE World Congress Experience 2017 N2 - The present technical article deals with the modeling of dynamic tire forces, which are relevant during interactions of safety relevant Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS). Special attention has been paid on simple but effective tire modeling of semi-physical type. In previous investigations, experimental validation showed that the well-known first-order Kelvin-Voigt model, described by a spring and damper element, describes good suitability around fixed operation points, but is limited for a wide working range. When aiming to run vehicle dynamics models within a frequency band of excitation up to 8 Hz, these models deliver remarkable deviations from measured tire characteristics. To overcome this limitation, a nonlinear Maxwell spring-damper element was introduced which is qualified to model the dynamic hardening of the elastomer materials of the tire. However, the advantage of a more realistic description of the transient behavior leads to a more complex parametrization process. Therefore, in the proposed article attention is paid to describe the identification process including defined maneuvers to parameterize the tire model, where the accuracy of the parameter strongly depends on the quality of the available input data from measurement. In order to study this important aspect of parameterization, the reference data from simulation of the full physical tire model FTire is applied like a “virtual measurement” of specified testing maneuvers. The procedure of simulation by means of the enhanced first order dynamics model is implemented by the semi-physical tire model TMeasy. Finally, the improvements of the extended model are discussed and an outlook for future work is given. Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.4271/2017-01-1505 PB - SAE ER -