TY - CHAP A1 - Bresinsky, Markus A1 - Reusner, Florian von T1 - GLOBE – Learn and Innovate Digitization by a Virtual Collaboration Exercise and Living Lab T2 - Interactivity, Game Creation, Design, Learning, and Innovation. 6th International Conference, ArtsIT 2017, and Second International Conference, DLI 2017, Heraklion, Crete, Greece, October 30–31, 2017, Proceedings N2 - This paper presents an advanced interactive learning platform .dot that implements the GLOBE exercise, using innovative information and communication technologies to enhance learning and development of management and leadership skills in a complex organizational setting. GLOBE on the one hand focuses on competences around ICT and virtual collaboration, and on the other hand on digital transformation, technologies and tools at higher education institutions. By this applied science, learning and developing on the real-world platform, analysis and drive of digital innovation and transformation can be fostered. The main goal is to co-create knowledge and solutions in the following focused subjects: Management and leadership of multidisciplinary, multinational and multicultural virtual and real collaboration in a complex organizational environment. GLOBE uses real world scenarios (e.g. United Nations mission) and involves real world actors. This comprehensive educational approach should enhance learning techniques and leverage learning progress with hands-on experiences and applied science in the context of ICT and virtual collaboration, and the embodied dynamics of behavior to support innovation and development. KW - Digitization KW - Experiential learning KW - Human factors KW - ICT KW - Interactive and collaborative learning KW - Living Lab KW - Open innovation KW - Problem-based learning KW - Virtual collaboration Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76908-0_26 SP - 273 EP - 281 PB - Springer Nature ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Koder, Alexander A1 - Schwanzer, Peter A1 - Zacherl, Florian A1 - Rabl, Hans-Peter A1 - Mayer, Wolfgang A1 - Gruber, Georg A1 - Dotzer, Thomas T1 - Combustion and emission characteristics of a 2.2L common-rail diesel engine fueled with jatropha oil, soybean oil, and diesel fuel at various EGR-rates JF - Fuel N2 - To investigate the combustion and emission behavior of straight vegetable oils (SVO), jatropha oil, soybean oil, and diesel fuel were tested. For this research, a 2.2L common-rail engine with a two-stage turbocharging concept was equipped with a cylinder pressure indication system, an exhaust-gas analyzer, an AVL Micro Soot sensor and a Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer 3936 (SMPS) device to detect the particle-size-distribution (PSD). At a low and mid-load engine-operating point (EOP), the thermodynamic and emissions were investigated under various exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) rates with respect to the PSD. Moreover, the injection behavior of the three test fuels was analyzed separately using an injection rate analyzer. This procedure facilitates the thermodynamic investigations of the engine process and allows the calculation of the hydraulic delay (HD) as well as the ignition delay (ID). The ID of the SVO fuels compared to diesel fuel was found to be lower at all engine-operating modes, while jatropha oil always showed the shortest ID. In the particulate-nitrogen oxide (NOX) trade-off, the SVO fuels showed higher particulate matter (PM) emissions at the low-load EOP, whereas the PM emissions of diesel fuel overtop the SVO fuels at a higher engine load. With increased EGR-rates, a rise in the particle size was observed for all fuels. At the low-load EOP, the SVO fuels showed larger particles for high EGR-rates. This effect also changed by increasing the engine-load to the mid-load EOP, wherein the particle size of the diesel fuel emissions is higher by applying elevated EGR-rates. KW - BEHAVIOR KW - BLENDS KW - Exhaust gas recirculation KW - IGNITION KW - INJECTION KW - Jatropha oil KW - KARANJA KW - Particle-size-distribution KW - PERFORMANCE KW - RME KW - Soybean oil KW - Straight vegetable oil combustion KW - VEGETABLE-OILS Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2018.04.147 VL - 228 IS - September SP - 23 EP - 29 PB - Elsevier ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sýkora, Miroslav A1 - Markova, Jana A1 - Diamantidis, Dimitris T1 - Bayesian network application for the risk assessment of existing energy production units JF - Reliability Engineering & System Safety N2 - The assessment of existing infrastructures in the energy sector is of great economic significance worldwide. Fossil power stations are reaching their design service life and rational decisions concerning extensions of service life, maintenance and replacements of devices should be based on updated information of the actual conditions of the energy devices and their components, and on cost-benefit analysis using risk analysis and probabilistic optimisation procedures. The contribution provides an integrated framework for probabilistic reliability and risk assessment of existing energy production units considering availability and human safety criteria. An extensive case study focused on risks of an energy production unit in a fossil power station is provided to support practical applications. A Bayesian network is thereby implemented to assess the risks of the selected production unit. Special emphasis is given to the input data consisting of failure rates obtained from recorded data and expert judgements. The influence of uncertainties in the considered performance indicators on the availability of the unit is analysed. It is shown that a reasonably simplified framework can provide a valuable assessment of the influence of individual devices and their components on availability and societal risk, identifying thus the major risk contributors. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. KW - Availability KW - Bayesian networks KW - Decision-making KW - design KW - Failure probability KW - FRAMEWORK KW - Optimization KW - Production unit KW - Risk analysis KW - Societal risk KW - SYSTEMS KW - Uncertainties Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2017.09.006 VL - 169 IS - January SP - 312 EP - 320 PB - Elsevier ER - TY - JOUR A1 - da Silva Mota, Fabio Antonio A1 - Hinckel, Jose Nivaldo A1 - Rocco, Evandro Marconi A1 - Schlingloff, Hanfried T1 - Trajectory Optimization of Launch Vehicles Using Object-oriented Programming JF - Journal of aerospace technology and management N2 - The aim of this study is to model launch vehicles with focus on 3-DOF trajectory optimization using a modular approach. Despite the large number of operational launch vehicles, they usually consist of basic components and subsystems. In other words, a launch vehicle is an assembly of stages, which in turn is divided into propellant system and engine, and the engine is an assembly of basic components such as pumps, turbines, combustion chamber, and nozzle. To allow future extension and reuse of the codes, a modular structure using object-oriented programming is used. Two formulations of state equations of the trajectory and two optimization methods are described. The launch vehicle performance will be measured by payload mass for a given mission. The simulations of the VLS-1, Ariane 5 and VLS-Alfa were performed and showed good agreement with the literature. KW - Launch vehicle KW - Object-oriented programming KW - Optimization KW - Trajectory Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5028/jatm.v10.948 VL - 10 PB - Institute of Aeronautics and Space ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kurzweil, Peter A1 - Shamonin (Chamonine), Mikhail T1 - State-of-Charge Monitoring by Impedance Spectroscopy during Long-Term Self-Discharge of Supercapacitors and Lithium-Ion Batteries JF - Batteries N2 - Frequency-dependent capacitance C(ω) is a rapid and reliable method for the determination of the state-of-charge (SoC) of electrochemical storage devices. The state-of-the-art of SoC monitoring using impedance spectroscopy is reviewed, and complemented by original 1.5-year long-term electrical impedance measurements of several commercially available supercapacitors. It is found that the kinetics of the self-discharge of supercapacitors comprises at least two characteristic time constants in the range of days and months. The curvature of the Nyquist curve at frequencies above 10 Hz (charge transfer resistance) depends on the available electric charge as well, but it is of little use for applications. Lithium-ion batteries demonstrate a linear correlation between voltage and capacitance as long as overcharge and deep discharge are avoided. KW - aging KW - capacitance KW - self-discharge KW - state-of-charge monitoring KW - supercapacitor Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries4030035 VL - 4 IS - 3 SP - 1 EP - 13 PB - MPDI ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sýkora, Miroslav A1 - Diamantidis, Dimitris A1 - Holický, Milan A1 - Marková, Jana A1 - Rózsás, Árpád T1 - Assessment of compressive strength of historic masonry using non-destructive and destructive techniques JF - Construction and Building Materials N2 - Masonry structures were built by various techniques using different materials, the properties of which exhibit a considerable scatter dependent on periods of construction and region-specific conditions. For historic structures with a heritage value, various non- or minor-destructive tests (NDTs) are commonly applied, while the application of destructive tests (DTs) is minimized. The contribution is based on investigations of 15 historic stone and clay brick masonry structures, for which NDT strengths of masonry units are verified by DTs. The proposed operational approach makes it possible to account for statistical uncertainty due to a limited number of DTs used to calibrate NDTs. KW - Calibration KW - Clay bricks KW - Compressive strength KW - Mortar KW - Non-destructive test KW - Statistical analysis KW - Stone masonry KW - Uncertainty Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.10.180 VL - 193 IS - December SP - 196 EP - 210 PB - Elsevier ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lee, Wai-Kong A1 - Schubert, Martin J. W. A1 - Ooi, Boon Yaik A1 - Ho, Stanley Jian-Qin T1 - Multi-source energy harvesting and storage for floating wireless sensor network nodes with Long Range Communication Capability JF - IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications N2 - Wireless sensor networks are widely used for environmental monitoring in remote areas. They are mainly composed of wireless sensor nodes, usually powered by batteries with limited capacity, but are expected to communicate in long range and operate for extended time periods. To overcome these limitations, many energy harvesting techniques are proposed to power wireless nodes for prolonged operation, whereas multihop techniques are utilized to extend the communication range. In this paper, a novel floating device with multisource energy harvesting technology that can be used as a wireless sensor node is proposed. The long range communication between wireless sensor nodes and a gateway is established through LoRa technology. In addition to conventional solar panels, an energy harvesting technique based on thermoelectric generators exploiting thermal differences created between water surface and materials exposed to sunlight is proposed. Energy generated from photovoltaic and thermoelectric generators is combined to power the wireless sensor node. This floating device consumes 6.6216 Wh per day when used as a wireless sensor node for the collection and transmission of environmental data. The sensor node can operate on a water surface for at least 9.6 days when it is not exposed to sunlight. During a sunny day, the floating device can harvest 8.375 Wh from solar panels and 0.425 Wh from thermoelectric generation. In other words, the floating device harvests sufficient energy to be self-sustaining during sunny days. KW - Wireless sensor networks KW - Energy harvesting KW - floating device KW - LoRa KW - sensor node KW - solar energy KW - thermoelectric generation Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/TIA.2018.2799 VL - 54 IS - 3 SP - 2606 EP - 2615 PB - IEEE ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Kreuzer, Reinhard A1 - Haslbeck, Matthias A1 - Brückl, Oliver T1 - Modellierung von Mittelspannungsnetzen zur verbesserten Nachbildung von Wirk- und Blindleistungsflüssen T2 - Tagungsband der Fachtagung "Zukünftige Stromnetze für erneuerbare Energien" am 30./31. Januar 2018 in Berlin N2 - Das vom BMWi geförderte Forschungsprojekt SyNErgie (03/2015 bis 05/2018) beschäftigt sich mit der Weiterentwicklung von Netzplanungsprozessen [1]. Im Fokus steht dabei die Modellierung von Blindleistungsflüssen und die dezentrale Nutzung von Blindleistungsquellen (z. B. Wechselrichter, Ladedrosseln, Kondensatoren) in Mittelspannungsnetzen, über welche der Blindleistungshaushalt letztendlich beeinflusst werden soll. Im Rahmen dieses Beitrags wird anhand eines realen Mittelspannungsnetzes (MS-Netz) gezeigt, welche Modellierungsschritte zur Erstellung eines möglichst realitätsnahen Simulationsabbilds nötig sind. Dies ist notwendig, um der Verteilnetzplanung eine robuste Planungsgrundlage für die Ableitung von Entscheidungen im Rahmen eines Blindleistungsmanagements zur Verfügung zu stellen. Y1 - 2018 UR - https://www.fenes.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/SyNErgie_Paper_2018_Kreuzer_Modellierung_MSNetze.pdf ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Brückl, Oliver T1 - Plädoyer für die wettbewerbliche Bereitstellung von Blindleistung JF - ew - Magazin für die Energiewirtschaft - Spezial: Digitalisierung Y1 - 2018 UR - https://emagazin.ew-magazin.de/de/profiles/a21024e15cd4/editions/dd6db0d02570767aa71f VL - 117 IS - 1 SP - 46 EP - 48 PB - VDE Verlag ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Stadler, Ingo A1 - Sterner, Michael ED - Droege, Peter T1 - Urban Energy Storage and Sector Coupling T2 - Urban Energy Transition N2 - Global warming, greenhouse gas emissions, and the general transition toward renewable energy resources are mentioned many times within this book, and will not be repeated again here. Countries that are transitioning to use of more renewable energy sources are mainly using wind and solar power—except for a few countries that, due to their prerequisites, will mainly use hydro power and/or bioenergy. The transmission process in terms of energy generation so far is mainly happening in rural areas—not in urban centers. Most technologies do not really play an important role in urban areas, and are mainly focused on the application of solar energy. Solar energy is widely applied more in rural areas, although investigations show that its application in urban areas already fits well into the existing grid infrastructure. Whereas rural areas are more prone to grid integration problems, the energy infrastructure in urban centers is already well prepared for renewables integration. In fostering tight bundles of potentially linked energy generation, distribution, networking, and use across power and thermal systems in stationary and mobile modes, urban centers become particularly critical in the energy transition processes as energy systems are becoming completely based on renewable sources without a nuclear or fossil-based backbone. This chapter discusses the almost unlimited energy storage possibilities. It will show their enormous capabilities, but also their significant differences in many physical and economical parameters. Next, the authors discuss the necessity of combining and coupling the different energy sectors for electricity, heat, cold, gas, and transport. Finally, the authors present the conclusion that only when coupling the energy sectors and using cheap and efficient energy storage options from one energy sector to solve challenges within another energy sector will the energy transition process be managed in an efficient way. KW - Energy storage KW - energy transition KW - Greenhouse gas emissions KW - RENEWABLE ENERGY KW - Renewable sources KW - sector coupling Y1 - 2018 SN - 978-0-08-102074-6 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-102074-6.00026-7 SP - 225 EP - 244 PB - Elsevier ET - 2. ed. ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Haslbeck, Matthias A1 - Brückl, Oliver T1 - Netzplanungsprozess zur dezentralen Nutzung von Blindleistungsquellen in Verteilungsnetzen T2 - Tagungsband der Fachtagung "Zukünftige Stromnetze für erneuerbare Energien" am 30./31. Januar 2018 in Berlin N2 - Das vom BMWi geförderte Forschungsprojekt SyNErgie (03/2015 bis 05/2018) beschäftigt sich mit der Weiterentwicklung von Netzplanungsprozessen [1]. Im Fokus steht dabei die Modellierung von Blindleistungsflüssen und die dezentrale Nutzung von Blindleistungsquellen (z. B. Wechselrichter, Ladedrosseln, Kondensatoren) in Mittelspannungsnetzen, über welche der Blindleistungshaushalt letztendlich beeinflusst werden soll. Diese Veröffentlichung konzentriert sich auf die konzipierte Erweiterung des Netzplanungsprozesses zur Einbindung von Blindleistungsquellen im Verteilungsnetz in ein Blindleistungsmanagement. Deren einzelne Phasen werden erläutert und anschließend die Netz-Sensitivitäts- und -Restriktionsanalyse anhand eines realen Mittelspannungsnetzes demonstriert. Abschließend werden mögliche Abschwächungs- und Verstärkungseffekte im Hinblick auf einen Blindleistungsabruf über mehrere Spannungsebenen hinweg diskutiert. Y1 - 2018 UR - https://www.fenes.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/SyNErgie_Paper_2018_Haslbeck_Netzplanungsprozess.pdf ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Berling, Andreas A1 - Haslbeck, Matthias A1 - Brückl, Oliver T1 - Interpretation und Relevanz verschiedener Blindleistungsarten für die Modellierung von Niederspannungsnetzen in der Netzplanung T2 - Tagungsband der Fachtagung "Zukünftige Stromnetze für erneuerbare Energien" am 30./31. Januar 2018 in Berlin Y1 - 2018 UR - https://www.fenes.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/SyNErgie_Paper_2018_Berling_Blindleistungsarten.pdf ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Weber, Karsten A1 - Haug, Sonja T1 - Ist automatisiertes Fahren nachhaltig? BT - Entwicklungstendenzen und Forschungsüberlegungen angesichts geringer Akzeptanz JF - TATuP - Zeitschrift für Technikfolgenabschätzung in Theorie und Praxis N2 - Automatisiertes Fahren stößt derzeit noch auf große Skepsis. Eine disruptive Strategie bei der Einführung (voll-)automatisierten Fahrens könnte daher auf fehlende Akzeptanz treffen. Um dem zu entgehen, laufen evolutionäre Strategien darauf hinaus, durch die Entwicklung adaptiver Fahrassistenzsysteme Vertrautheit, Vertrauen und damit Akzeptanz bei den prospektiven NutzerInnen zu schaffen. Erste Ergebnisse einer Pilotstudie lassen jedoch Zweifel an der Nachhaltigkeit dieser Strategie aufkommen. KW - driver assistance systems KW - automated driving KW - acceptance KW - sustainability Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.14512/tatup.27.2.16 VL - 27 IS - 2 SP - 16 EP - 22 PB - Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Keim, Vincent A1 - Nonn, Aida A1 - Lenz, D. A1 - Brinnel, Viktoria A1 - Münstermann, Sebastian T1 - Simulation of the ductile fracture behaviour of high toughness pipeline steels using combined damage models T2 - Proceedings of the conference on Technology for future and ageing piplines, Ghent, Belgium Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Paredes, Marcelo A1 - Keim, Vincent A1 - Nonn, Aida A1 - Wierzbicki, Tomasz T1 - Effect of plasticity parameter on the crack propagation in steel pipelines T2 - Proceedings of the conference on Technology for future and ageing piplines, Ghent, Belgium Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Weber, Karsten A1 - Haug, Sonja T1 - Automatisiertes Fahren: Evolutionäre Weiterentwicklung statt Disruption T2 - Vierte Jahreskonferenz des Netzwerks INDIGO zum Thema "Mobilität", 23.11.2018, , TH Deggendorf Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Schorr, Philipp A1 - Böhm, Valter A1 - Zentner, Lena A1 - Zimmermann, Klaus T1 - Dynamical Investigation of Crawling Motion System based on a Multistable Tensegrity Structure T2 - Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Informatics in Control, Automation and Robotics : Porto, Portugal, 29.07.2018 - 31.07.2018 N2 - The basic idea of this article is the utilization of the multistable character of a compliant tensegrity structure to control the direction of motion of a crawling motion system. A crawling motion system basing on a two-dimensional tensegrity structure with multiple stable equilibrium states is considered. This system is in contact with a horizontal plane due to gravity. For a selected harmonic actuation of the system small oscillations around the given equilibrium state of the tensegrity structure occur and the corresponding uniaxial motion of the system is evaluated. A change of the equilibrium state of the tensegrity structure yields to novel configuration of the entire system. Moreover, the motion behavior of the novel configuration is totally different although the actuation strategy is not varied. In particular, the direction of motion changes. Therefore, this approach enables a uniaxial bidirectional crawling motion with a controllable direction of motion using only one actuat or with a selected excitation frequency. Y1 - 2018 SN - 978-989-758-321-6 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5220/0006852701220130 SP - 122 EP - 130 PB - SCITEPRESS ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schorr, Philipp A1 - Böhm, Valter A1 - Zentner, Lena A1 - Zimmermann, Klaus T1 - Motion characteristics of a vibration driven mobile tensegrity structure with multiple stable equilibrium states JF - Journal of Sound and Vibration N2 - A novel type of a vibration driven motion system based on a compliant tensegrity structure with multiple stable equilibrium states is considered. These equilibrium configurations correspond to different prestress states with different dynamical properties. Therefore, the motion characteristics can be varied by changing the equilibrium state. For the application in the fields of mobile robotics, these discrete adjustable dynamics are advantageous. The vibration modes of the structure as well as the corresponding motion characteristics of the system can be adapted to the given environmental conditions in order to ensure a reliable motion. In this paper, dynamical investigations of an exemplary two-dimensional multistable tensegrity structure are considered. For the chosen parameter values the structure features two relevant equilibrium configurations. The resulting motion system is in contact to a horizontal plane due to gravity and the actuation is realized by the harmonic variation of the length of a single tensioned member. The motion of the system is simulated for various actuation frequencies with the different equilibrium states as an initial configuration. A uniaxial or a planar movement occurs depending on the selection of the actuated member within the tensegrity structure. The steady state motion is evaluated regarding motion characteristics like the steady state velocity. Moreover, the influences on the motion behavior caused by the different equilibrium states as an initial condition are emphasized. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. KW - Compliant tensegrity structure KW - LOCOMOTION KW - Multistability KW - Vibration driven motion Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2018.09.019 VL - 437 IS - December SP - 198 EP - 208 PB - Elsevier ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Böhm, Valter A1 - Schorr, Philipp A1 - Zimmermann, Klaus A1 - Zentner, Lena T1 - An Approach to the Estimation of the Actuation Parameters for Mobile Tensegrity Robots with Tilting Movement Sequences T2 - 2018 International Conference on Reconfigurable Mechanisms and Robots (ReMAR); 20-22 June 2018; Delft, Netherlands N2 - This paper deals with the locomotion by tilting sequences of shape-variable compliant tensegrity structures. The shape of these structures is controlled by manipulating their prestress state. The tensegrity structure is tilting as consequence of a suitable variation of its shape. By multiple repetition of such tilting sequences a motion is generated. Quasi-static considerations for the considered structures are presented in order to estimate the actuation parameters. For a proper number of actuators this quasi-static approach enables an analytical calculation of the actuation parameters of the structure in order to control the geometrical configuration as required. As an example a two-dimensional tensegrity structure which is in contact with a horizontal plane due to gravity is considered. By successive tilting sequences a uniaxial motion results. The excitation of the structure is calculated for a given change of shape with the quasi-static analysis. The according results are compared with transient dynamic simulations. Qualitative conclusions about the motion behavior and the usability of the quasi-static approach are given. KW - mobile robots KW - motion control KW - robot dynamics KW - structural engineering Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/REMAR.2018.8449871 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - IEEE ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Nonn, Aida A1 - Paredes, Marcelo A1 - Keim, Vincent A1 - Wierzbicki, Tomasz T1 - Comparison of Fracture Models to Quantify the Effects of Material Plasticity on the Ductile Fracture Propagation in Pipelines T2 - Proceedings of the 2018 12th International Pipeline Conference, Volume 3: Operations, Monitoring, and Maintenance, Materials and Joining, September 24-28, 2018, Calgary, Alberta, Canada N2 - Various numerical approaches have been developed in the last years aimed to simulate the ductile fracture propagation in pipelines transporting CO2 or natural gas. However, a reliable quantification of the influence of material plasticity on the fracture resistance is still missing. Therefore, more accurate description of the material plasticity on the ductile fracture propagation is required based on a suitable numerical methodology. In this study, different plasticity and fracture models are compared regarding the ductile fracture propagation in X100 pipeline steel with the objective to quantify the influence of plasticity parameters on the fracture resistance. The plastic behavior of the investigated material is considered by the quadratic yield surface in conjunction with a non-associated quadratic plastic flow potential. The strain hardening can be appropriately described by the mixed Swift-Voce law. The simulations of ductile fracture are conducted by an uncoupled, modified Mohr-Coulomb (MMC) and the micromechanically based Gurson-Tvergaard-Needleman (GTN) models. In contract to the original GTN model, the MMC model is capable of describing ductile failure over wide range of stress states. Thus, ductile fracture resistance can be estimated for various load and fracture scenarios. Both models are used for the simulation of fracture propagation in DWTT and 3D pressurized pipe sections. The results from the present work can serve as a basis for establishing the correlation between plasticity parameters and ductile fracture propagation. Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1115/IPC2018-78366 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Arrieta Castro, Abel A1 - Rill, Georg A1 - Weber, Hans I. ED - Carvalho, João Carlos Mendes ED - Martins, Daniel ED - Simoni, Roberto ED - Simas, Henrique T1 - Development of a Robust Integrated Control System to Improve the Stability of Road Vehicles T2 - Multibody Mechatronic Systems N2 - Nowadays, new technologies are pushing the road vehicle limits further. Promising applications, e.g., self-driving cars, require a suitable control system that can maintain the vehicle’s stability in critical scenarios. In most of current cars, the control systems actuates independently, meaning there is not a coordination or data sharing between them. This approach can produce a conflict between these standalone controllers and thus, no improvements on the vehicle’s stability are achieved or even a worse scenario can be generated. In order to overcome these problems, an integrated approach is developed in this work. This integration, defined in this work as Integrated Control (IC), is done by an intelligence coordination of all standalone controllers inside the vehicle, i.e., Anti-Lock Braking System (ABS), Electronic Stability Program (ESP) and Four-Wheel Steering System (4WS). The ABS model was built using Fuzzy logic, for which only three rules were necessary to get a good performance. To design the ESP and the 4WS, the simple handling vehicle model was used as a reference behavior. The IC was designed using the hierarchical approach with two layers, i.e., the upper and lower layer. The upper one, observes the side slip angle and depends of its value the upper layer triggers the ESP or the 4WS. Finally, in order to prove the improvements of the IC system over the non-integrated approach, a full-size vehicle model was used to perform simulation in run-off-road and μ-split scenarios. KW - 4WS KW - ABS KW - ESP KW - Integrated control KW - Run-off-Road scenarios Y1 - 2018 SN - 978-3-319-67566-4 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67567-1_48 VL - 54 SP - 506 EP - 516 PB - Springer CY - Cham ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Hackl, Andreas A1 - Hirschberg, W. A1 - Lex, C. A1 - Rill, Georg ED - Spiryagin, Maksym ED - Gordon, Timothy ED - Cole, Colin ED - McSweeney, Tim T1 - Tyre type dependent transient force behaviour by means of a maxwell model T2 - The Dynamics of Vehicles on Roads and Tracks : Proceedings of the 25th Symposium of the International Association of Vehicle System Dynamics (IAVSD 2017), Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia, 14-18 August 2017 N2 - The present papers deals with the usability of an extended Maxwell model to describe the tyre dynamics during transient driving manoeuvres. In the present article, the para-metrisation process of a dynamic tyre model is investigated in a first step, using measurement data of tyre forces from a flat trac tyre test bench, (IABG 2016). Two tyre types of dimensions 255/50 R19 and 175/55 R15 are used. The practical applicability is discussed, considering the measurement procedure and the parameter optimisation process. In a second step, the performance of the dynamic tyre model is validated using measurements of manoeuvres under higher dynamic excitation. As a last step, an outlook is given on further research planned in which the presented model and parametrisation are adapted to a larger frequency range. Y1 - 2018 SN - 1351057170 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315265506 SP - 157 EP - 162 PB - CRC Press CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schümann, Malte A1 - Morich, J. A1 - Kaufhold, T. A1 - Böhm, Valter A1 - Zimmermann, Klaus A1 - Odenbach, Stefan T1 - A mechanical characterisation on multiple timescales of electroconductive magnetorheological elastomers JF - Magnetism and Magnetic Materials N2 - Magnetorheological elastomers are a type of smart hybrid material which combines elastic properties of a soft elastomer matrix with magnetic properties of magnetic micro particles. This leads to a material with magnetically controllable mechanical properties of which the magnetorheological effect is the best known. The addition of electroconductive particles to the polymer mix adds electrical properties to the material behaviour. The resulting electrical resistance of the sample can be manipulated by external magnetic fields and mechanical loads. This results in a distinct interplay of mechanical, electrical and magnetic effects with a highly complex time behaviour. In this paper a mechanical characterisation on multiple time scales was conducted to get an insight on the short and long-term electrical and mechanical behaviour of this novel material. The results show a complex resistivity behaviour on several timescales, sensitive to magnetic fields and strain velocity. The observed material exhibits fatigue and relaxation behaviour, whereas the magnetorheological effect appears not to interfere with the piezoresistive properties. Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2018.01.029 VL - 453 IS - May SP - 198 EP - 205 PB - Elsevier ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Diermeier, Andreas A1 - Sindersberger, Dirk A1 - Krenkel, Lars A1 - Rosell, X. C. A1 - Monkman, Gareth J. T1 - Controllable Magnetoactive Polymer Conduit JF - The Open Mechanical Engineering Journal N2 - Objective: Magneto-active Polymers (MAP) are smart materials whose mechanical characteristics, such as elastic and shear moduli, may be controllable by means of an externally applied magnetic field. Methods: Various additives may be used to influence the characteristics of the polymer matrix whilst a suspension of soft and/or hard magnetic particles determine the magnetic properties of the composite. Both pre-cure and post-cure magnetization is possible. Results: A range of control strategies have been investigated for evaluation of the system using fluids of differing kinematic viscosity. Conclusion: Depending on the degree of magnetic field homogeneity, magneto-deformation and magnetostriction contribute to MAP actuation. This paper presents a novel application in the form of a peristaltic MAP tube system, applicable to flow control and pumping of hemorheological fluids in blood circulatory systems for biomedical research purposes. Y1 - 2018 UR - https://www.benthamopen.com/ABSTRACT/TOMEJ-12-192 N1 - Corresponding authro: Gareth J. Monkman VL - 12 IS - 1 SP - 192 EP - 200 PB - Bentham ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Fuhrmann, Thomas A1 - Niemetz, Michael T1 - Transdisciplinary Bachelor Course Connecting Business and Electrical Engineering T2 - 4th International Conference on Higher Education Advances (HEAd'18), 2018, Universitat Politècnica de València, València N2 - The OTH Regensburg has a broad variety of study programs in technical, business, social and health sciences. Up to now there is no integral connection in the bachelor curricula between business and technical faculties except for some small subjects. The scope of this project is to develop a new course specialization which connects engineering and business thinking. Electrical engineering students should learn basics of business science and how managers think. Business students should vice versa learn fundamentals of engineering and how engineers solve problems. Students from both faculties work together in projects where they act like start-up companies developing a new product and bringing it into the market. It is seen a transdisciplinary effect: These projects gain innovative results between the disciplines compared to student projects of one isolated discipline. Evaluation results from the first two cohorts indicate high student satisfaction, high learning success as well as directions for further improvement. KW - Business Education KW - Engineering Education KW - Project Based Learning KW - Transdisciplinary Education Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.4995/HEAd18.2018.8056 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Grothmann, Benjamin A1 - Poelsterl, Thomas A1 - Gerling, Dieter T1 - Online compensation of current sensor gain-faults for safety-relevant IPM-drives T2 - 2017 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC), 22-24 June 2017, Chicago, IL, USA N2 - Detection and compensation of current sensor gain-faults regardless of the operating-point is a crucial aspect for safety-relevant servo-drives. This paper presents and investigates a new direct phase-gain re-balancing methodology, especially suited for interior permanent magnet machine (IPM) drives mostly operating at low speed-ranges including standstill. The proposed model-based approach utilizes high-frequency signal-injection (HFI) to facilitate fast and persistent sensor monitoring for any operating state of the drive. No additional sensing hardware is required. Extraction of the HFI-phase-current response enables detection and immediate compensation of sensor gain-faults. Implementation aspects of the proposed concept are discussed thoroughly. Experimental results are presented to prove and investigate robustness, reliability and fault-tolerant performance. KW - Acoustic noise KW - Current measurement KW - Frequency synchronization KW - Hardware KW - Phase measurement KW - Signal to noise ratio KW - Torque Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC.2017.7993355 SP - 701 EP - 706 PB - IEEE ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Hackl, Andreas A1 - Hirschberg, Wolfgang A1 - Lex, Cornelia A1 - Rill, Georg T1 - Parameterization Process of the Maxwell Model to Describe the Transient Force Behavior of a Tire T2 - WCX 17: SAE World Congress Experience 2017 N2 - The present technical article deals with the modeling of dynamic tire forces, which are relevant during interactions of safety relevant Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS). Special attention has been paid on simple but effective tire modeling of semi-physical type. In previous investigations, experimental validation showed that the well-known first-order Kelvin-Voigt model, described by a spring and damper element, describes good suitability around fixed operation points, but is limited for a wide working range. When aiming to run vehicle dynamics models within a frequency band of excitation up to 8 Hz, these models deliver remarkable deviations from measured tire characteristics. To overcome this limitation, a nonlinear Maxwell spring-damper element was introduced which is qualified to model the dynamic hardening of the elastomer materials of the tire. However, the advantage of a more realistic description of the transient behavior leads to a more complex parametrization process. Therefore, in the proposed article attention is paid to describe the identification process including defined maneuvers to parameterize the tire model, where the accuracy of the parameter strongly depends on the quality of the available input data from measurement. In order to study this important aspect of parameterization, the reference data from simulation of the full physical tire model FTire is applied like a “virtual measurement” of specified testing maneuvers. The procedure of simulation by means of the enhanced first order dynamics model is implemented by the semi-physical tire model TMeasy. Finally, the improvements of the extended model are discussed and an outlook for future work is given. Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.4271/2017-01-1505 PB - SAE ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Grimm, Alexander A1 - Haumer, Anton T1 - EMOTH The EMobility Library of OTH Regensburg T2 - Proceedings of the 12th International Modelica Conference, Prague, Czech Republic, May 15-17, 2017 N2 - The importance of E-Mobility is rapidly increasing, not only for private vehicle traffic but also for public transport. In and around Regensburg, Germany there are a lot of automotive companies. Therefore E-Mobility is an important topic in the curriculum of several courses of study at the East-Bavarian Technical University of Applied Sciences Regensburg (OTH). One Master of Applied Research student at OTH has chosen the topic to develop an open-source simulation tool for electric vehicles – the EMOTH Library – based on Modelica and to refine several aspects of the library during the one and a half year of the master course. After one semester, the basic version of the library is available and will be presented in this paper. Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3384/ecp17132285 SP - 285 EP - 290 PB - Linköping University Electronic Press ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Diamantidis, Dimitris A1 - Lenzi, Daniele A1 - Sýkora, Miroslav T1 - Optimal decisions based on monitoring – case study of steel roof T2 - Proceedings of the Joint COST TU1402-TU1406 - IABSE WC1 Workshop, Zagreb 2-3 March 2017 N2 - Monitoring of structures and related decisions based on cost optimization are discussed in this contribution. Many research publications and experimental data are currently available on inspection and on monitoring and they represent the outcome of the remarkable work done. Not all the topics of interest are widely debated and implemented in standards. The current state-of-practice in standards is summarized and aspects to be included in future recommendations are proposed. The implementation of risk-based decisions is illustrated in a case study dealing with a stadium roof in Northern Italy. Snow actions are important especially in northern and mountainous regions where heavy snowfalls and related accumulation result to considerable loads. As the roof structure fails to comply with the requirements of Eurocodes, a permanent monitoring system has been installed to allow for real time evaluation of the reliability level of the structure. The system supplies the necessary information supporting immediate decisions on closure of the stadium in case of an extraordinary snow load. Cost-optimal decisions regarding the closure of the stadium are analysed based on a limit state function, on probabilistic models for the influencing parameters including measurement uncertainty, economic losses related to closure and failure consequences. The results demonstrate the potential of the use of the monitoring systems and probabilistic reliability analysis in order to support decisions and highlight the need for their implementation in future standards. KW - probabilistic methods KW - reliability analysis KW - reliability level KW - risk analysis KW - SHM KW - snow load KW - monitoring Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5592/CO/BSHM2017.4.7 SP - 4.7-1 EP - 4.7-7 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Neidhart, Thomas ED - Wegener, Thomas T1 - Bodenphysikalische und bodenmechanische Anforderungen an ZFSV (Flüssigboden) als Bettungsmaterialien erdverlegter Hochspannungsleitungen T2 - Rohrleitungen in digitalen Arbeitswelten : Tagungsband zum 31. Oldenburger Rohrleitungsforum 2017 Y1 - 2017 SN - 978-3-8027-2865-5 SP - 337 PB - Vulkan Verlag CY - Essen ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Chatzitakis, Paris A1 - Dawoud, Belal T1 - An alternative approach towards absorption heat pump working pair screening JF - Renewable Energy N2 - The successful market penetration of modern absorption heat pumps (AHP) today is critically dependent on their thermodynamic performance as well as other key factors like cost, reliability and inherent safety. Conventional AHPs have a proven record in the first two aspects but crucial shortcomings in the last two. For this reason it has been imperative to search for alternative working pairs that could potentially provide comparable performance while also satisfying the rest of the conditions to the best extent possible. As part of a systematic approach towards this direction, a detailed cycle analysis was performed, utilizing an idealized AHP system containing a real working pair, which enabled the identification of five dimensionless parameters and key thermophysical properties that influence the system's thermodynamic efficiency and the circulation ratio. In order to validate those findings, these parameters were calculated and compared between conventional and alternative AHP refrigerants. It turned out that low molecular weight ratios between absorbent and refrigerant have a beneficial effect on both coefficient of performance and the circulation ratio. Furthermore, both the refrigerant acentric factor and the absorbent vaporization enthalpy shall be minimized to obtain better performance. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. KW - Absorption heat pump KW - Coefficient of performance KW - FLUIDS KW - Working pair Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2016.08.014 VL - 110 SP - 47 EP - 58 PB - Pergamon-Elsevier ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dechant, Eduard A1 - Fedulov, Feodor A1 - Chashin, Dmitri V. A1 - Fetisov, Leonid Y. A1 - Fetisov, Yuri K. A1 - Shamonin (Chamonine), Mikhail T1 - Low-frequency, broadband vibration energy harvester using coupled oscillators and frequency up-conversion by mechanical stoppers JF - Smart Materials and Structures N2 - The frequencies of ambient vibrations are often low (below 30 Hz). A broadband (3 dB bandwidth is larger than 10 Hz at an acceleration amplitude of 9.81 m s(-2)) vibration based energy harvester is proposed for transducing mechanical energy at such low frequencies into electrical energy. The mechanical setup converts low frequency mechanical vibrations into high frequency resonance oscillations of the transducer. This conversion is done by mechanical impacts on two mechanical stoppers. The originality of the presented design is that both low-frequency and high-frequency oscillators are permanently mechanically coupled. In the equivalent mechanical circuit, this coupling is achieved by connecting the ends of the stiff spring to both seismic masses, whereas one seismic mass (collison member) is also attached to the soft spring used as the constitutive element of a low-frequency oscillator. Further, both mechanical oscillators are not realized as conventional cantilever beams. In particular, the high frequency oscillator with the natural frequency of 340 Hz is a disc-shaped diaphragm with attached piezoelectric elements and a seismic mass. It is shown that it is possible to convert mechanical vibrations with acceleration amplitude of 9.81 m s(-2) in the region between approximately 7 and 25 Hz into electrical power larger than 0.1 mW with the maximum value of 0.8 mW. A simplified mathematical model based on piecewise linear coupled oscillators shows good agreement with experimental results. The ways to enhance the performance of the harvester and improve agreement with experiments are discussed. KW - broadband KW - efficiency KW - frequency up-conversion KW - low frequency KW - mechanical stoppers KW - Modeling KW - OUTPUT KW - Piezoelectric transducer KW - vibration energy harvesting Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-665X/aa6e92 VL - 26 IS - 6 PB - IOP Publishing ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Palomba, Valeria A1 - Dawoud, Belal A1 - Sapienza, Alessio A1 - Vasta, Salvatore A1 - Frazzica, Andrea T1 - On the impact of different management strategies on the performance of a two-bed activated carbon/ethanol refrigerator: An experimental study JF - Energy conversion and management N2 - In the present work, an experimental study on a lab-scale adsorption refrigerator, based on activated carbon/ethanol working pair is reported. An extensive testing campaign has been carried out at the CNR ITAE laboratory, with multiple aims. First, the performance has been evaluated in terms of both COP and Specific Cooling Power (SCP), under different boundary conditions, including both air conditioning and refrigeration applications. Attractive SCPs, up to 180 W/kg and 70 W/kg for air conditioning and refrigeration, respectively, were measured. Under the same conditions, COP between 0.17 and 0.08 were obtained. In addition, different management strategies, namely, heat recovery between adsorbers and re-allocation of phase durations, were evaluated to identify their influence on the system. Both strategies confirmed the possibility of increasing COP and SCP up to 40% and 25%, respectively. Moreover, a design analysis based on the experimental results has been carried out, to suggest possible improvements of the system. The obtained results demonstrated the possibility of employing a non-toxic refrigerant like ethanol reaching performance comparable with other harmful refrigerants like ammonia and methanol. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. KW - Activated carbon KW - Adsorption refrigeration KW - ADSORPTION REFRIGERATOR KW - CARBON KW - Corrosion KW - DRIVEN KW - DYNAMICS KW - Ethanol KW - ETHANOL ADSORPTION KW - experimental testing KW - HEAT-RECOVERY KW - IMPROVEMENT KW - Management strategy KW - MASS KW - waste heat Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2017.03.055 VL - 142 SP - 322 EP - 333 PB - Elsevier ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Niemetz, Michael A1 - Hänninen, Risto A1 - Schoepe, Wilfried T1 - On the Transition from Potential Flow to Turbulence Around a Microsphere Oscillating in Superfluid 4He JF - Journal of low temperature physics N2 - The flow of superfluid around a translationally oscillating sphere, levitating without mechanical support, can either be laminar or turbulent, depending on the velocity amplitude. Below a critical velocity that scales as and is temperature independent below 1 K, the flow is laminar (potential flow). Below 0.5 K, the linear drag force is caused by ballistic phonon scattering that vanishes as until background damping, measured in the empty cell, becomes dominant for K. Increasing the velocity amplitude above leads to a transition from potential flow to turbulence, where the large turbulent drag force varies as . In a small velocity interval % above , the flow is unstable below 0.5 K, switching intermittently between both patterns. From time series recorded at constant temperature and driving force, the lifetimes of both phases are analyzed statistically. We observe metastable states of potential flow which, after a mean lifetime of 25 min, ultimately break down due to vorticity created by natural background radioactivity. The lifetimes of the turbulent phases have an exponential distribution, and the mean increases exponentially with . We investigate the frequency at which the vortex rings are shed from the sphere. Our results are compared with recent data of other authors on vortex shedding by moving a laser beam through a Bose-Einstein condensate. Finally, we show that our observed transition to turbulence belongs to the class of "supertransient chaos" where lifetimes of the turbulent states increase faster than exponentially. KW - Bose-Einstein condensates KW - Critical velocity KW - DYNAMICS KW - EINSTEIN CONDENSED GAS KW - HE-4 KW - HELIUM KW - LAMINAR KW - MK TEMPERATURES KW - ONSET KW - Oscillatory flow KW - Quantum turbulence KW - Superfluid helium KW - Vortex shedding Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10909-017-1745-7 VL - 187 IS - 3-4 SP - 195 EP - 220 PB - Springer Nature ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Brunner, Stefan A1 - Röder, Jürgen A1 - Kucera, Markus A1 - Waas, Thomas T1 - Automotive E/E-architecture enhancements by usage of ethernet TSN T2 - 13th Workshop on Intelligent Solutions in Embedded Systems (WISES), 12-13 June 2017, Hamburg, Germany N2 - A huge upheaval emerges from the transition to autonomous vehicles in the domain of road vehicles, ongoing with a change in the vehicle architecture. Many sensors and Electronic Control Units are added to the current vehicle architecture and further safety requirements like reliability become even more necessary. In this paper we present a potential evolution of the Electrical/Electronic-Architecture, including a Zone Architecture, to enable future functionality. We reveal the impact on the communication network concerning these architectures and present a potential communication technology to facilitate such architectures. KW - Logic gates KW - Computer architecture KW - Standards KW - Quality of service KW - Complexit KW - Kraftfahrzeug KW - Softwarearchitektur KW - TSN-Netz Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/WISES.2017.7986925 SP - 9 EP - 13 PB - IEEE ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Belyaeva, Inna A. A1 - Kramarenko, Elena Yu A1 - Shamonin (Chamonine), Mikhail T1 - Magnetodielectric effect in magnetoactive elastomers: Transient response and hysteresis JF - POLYMER N2 - Magnetodielectric properties of magnetoactive elastomers comprising micrometer-sized iron particles dispersed in compliant elastomer matrices are experimentally studied in stepwise time-varying dc magnetic fields. It is found that imposition of magnetic field significantly increases both the effective lossless permittivity of these composite materials as well as their effective conductivity. These magnetodielectric effects are more pronounced for larger concentrations of soft-magnetic filler particles and softer elastomer matrices. The largest observed relative change of the effective dielectric constant in the maximum magnetic field of 0.57 T is of the order of 1000%. The largest observed absolute change of the loss tangent is approximately 0.8. The transient response of the magnetodielectric effect to a step magnetic-field excitation can be rather complex. It changes from a simple monotonic growth with time for small magnetic-field steps (<0.1 T) to a non-monotonic behavior with a significant rapidly appearing overshoot for large magnetic-field steps (>0.3 T). The settling time to the magnetic-field step excitation can reach roughly 1000 s and it depends on the applied magnetic field and sample composition. There is also significant hysteresis of the magnetodielectric effect on the externally applied magnetic field. These findings are attributed to the rearrangement of ferromagnetic filler particles in external magnetic fields. The results will be useful for understanding and predicting the transient behavior of magnetoactive elastomers in applications where the control magnetic field is time dependent. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. KW - BEHAVIOR KW - composites KW - DIELECTRIC-PROPERTIES KW - hysteresis KW - MAGNETIC-FIELD KW - magnetoactive elastomer KW - magnetodielectric effect KW - Magnetorhelogical elastomer KW - MELT STATE KW - MICROSTRUCTURE KW - POLYMER DEGRADATION KW - PROGRESS KW - Smart material KW - THERMOOXIDATIVE DEGRADATION KW - TIME-RESOLVED RHEOLOGY KW - Transient response Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2017.08.056 VL - 127 SP - 119 EP - 128 PB - ELSEVIER ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sorokin, Vladislav V. A1 - Belyaeva, Inna A. A1 - Shamonin (Chamonine), Mikhail A1 - Kramarenko, Elena Yu T1 - Magnetorheological response of highly filled magnetoactive elastomers from perspective of mechanical energy density: Fractal aggregates above the nanometer scale? JF - Physical Review E N2 - The dynamic shear modulus of magnetoactive elastomers containing 70 and 80 mass % of carbonyl iron microparticles is measured as a function of strain amplitude via dynamic torsion oscillations in various magnetic fields. The results are presented in terms of the mechanical energy density and considered in the framework of the conventional Kraus model. The form exponent of the Kraus model is further related to a physical model of Huber et al. [Huber et al., J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 8, 409 (1996)] that uses a realistic representation for the cluster network possessing fractal structure. Two mechanical loading regimes are identified. At small strain amplitudes the exponent beta of the Kraus model changes in an externally applied magnetic field due to rearrangement of ferromagnetic-filler particles, while at large strain amplitudes, the exponent beta seems to be independent of the magnetic field. The critical mechanical energy characterizing the transition between these two regimes grows with the increasing magnetic field. Similarities between agglomeration and deagglomeration of magnetic filler under simultaneously applied magnetic field and mechanical shear and the concept of jamming transition are discussed. It is proposed that the magnetic field should be considered as an additional parameter to the jamming phase diagram of rubbers filled with magnetic particles. KW - BEHAVIOR KW - composites KW - hysteresis KW - MAGNETIC-FIELD KW - MODEL KW - RHEOLOGY KW - RUBBER KW - SENSITIVE ELASTOMERS KW - VISCOELASTIC PROPERTIES Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.95.062501 VL - 95 IS - 6 PB - Amer Physical Soc ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dechant, Eduard A1 - Fedulov, Feodor A1 - Fetisov, Leonid Y. A1 - Shamonin (Chamonine), Mikhail T1 - Bandwidth Widening of Piezoelectric Cantilever Beam Arrays by Mass-Tip Tuning for Low-Frequency Vibration Energy Harvesting JF - Applied Science N2 - Wireless sensor networks usually rely on internal permanent or rechargeable batteries as a power supply, causing high maintenance efforts. An alternative solution is to supply the entire system by harvesting the ambient energy, for example, by transducing ambient vibrations into electric energy by virtue of the piezoelectric effect. The purpose of this paper is to present a simple engineering approach for the bandwidth optimization of vibration energy harvesting systems comprising multiple piezoelectric cantilevers (PECs). The frequency tuning of a particular cantilever is achieved by changing the tip mass. It is shown that the bandwidth enhancement by mass tuning is limited and requires several PECs with close resonance frequencies. At a fixed frequency detuning between subsequent PECs, the achievable bandwidth shows a saturation behavior as a function of the number of cantilevers used. Since the resonance frequency of each PEC is different, the output voltages at a particular excitation frequency have different amplitudes and phases. A simple power-transfer circuit where several PECs with an individual full wave bridge rectifier are connected in parallel allows one to extract the electrical power close to the theoretical maximum excluding the diode losses. The experiments performed on two- and three-PEC arrays show reasonable agreement with simulations and demonstrate that this power-transfer circuit additionally influences the frequency dependence of the harvested electrical power. KW - array KW - BAND-PASS FILTERS KW - bandwidth KW - BIMORPH KW - Optimization KW - OUTPUT KW - PERFORMANCE KW - piezoelectric cantilever KW - POWER KW - vibration energy harvesting Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/app7121324 N1 - Corresponding Author: Mikhail Shamonin VL - 7 IS - 12 PB - MDPI ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kalita, Viktor M. A1 - Snarskii, Andrei A. A1 - Shamonin (Chamonine), Mikhail A1 - Zorinets, Denis T1 - Effect of single-particle magnetostriction on the shear modulus of compliant magnetoactive elastomers JF - Physical review E N2 - The influence of an external magnetic field on the static shear strain and the effective shear modulus of a magnetoactive elastomer (MAE) is studied theoretically in the framework of a recently introduced approach to the single-particle magnetostriction mechanism [V. M. Kalita et al., Phys. Rev. E 93, 062503 (2016)]. The planar problem of magnetostriction in an MAE with magnetically soft inclusions in the form of a thin disk (platelet) having the magnetic anisotropy in the plane of this disk is solved analytically. An external magnetic field acts with torques on magnetic filler particles, creates mechanical stresses in the vicinity of inclusions, induces shear strain, and increases the effective shear modulus of these composite materials. It is shown that the largest effect of the magnetic field on the effective shear modulus should be expected in MAEs with soft elastomer matrices, where the shear modulus of the matrix is less than the magnetic anisotropy constant of inclusions. It is derived that the effective shear modulus is nonlinearly dependent on the external magnetic field and approaches the saturation value in magnetic fields exceeding the field of particle anisotropy. It is shown that model calculations of the effective shear modulus correspond to a phenomenological definition of effective elastic moduli and magnetoelastic coupling constants. The obtained theoretical results compare well with known experimental data. Determination of effective elastic coefficients in MAEs and their dependence on magnetic field is discussed. The concentration dependence of the effective shear modulus at higher filler concentrations has been estimated using the method of Pade approximants, which predicts that both the absolute and relative changes of the magnetic-field-dependent effective shear modulus will significantly increase with the growing concentration of filler particles. KW - BEHAVIOR KW - composites KW - DEPENDENCE KW - FERROGELS KW - MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES KW - MICROSTRUCTURE KW - Polymer KW - PURE SHEAR KW - RHEOLOGY KW - SENSITIVE ELASTOMERS Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.95.032503 VL - 95 IS - 3 PB - American Physical Society ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Koder, Alexander A1 - Zacherl, Florian A1 - Rabl, Hans-Peter A1 - Mayer, Wolfgang A1 - Gruber, Georg A1 - Dotzer, Thomas T1 - Jatropha Oil as an Alternative Fuel for Modern Diesel Engines - Injection Characteristics and EGR-Compatibility T2 - WCX 17: SAE World Congress 2017 N2 - An effective way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) is to use rurally produced straight jatropha oil as a substitute for diesel fuel. However, the different physical and chemical properties of straight vegetable oils (SVOs) require a customized setup of the combustion engine, particularly of the injection timing and quantity. Therefore, this study demonstrates the differences in the injection and combustion processes of jatropha oil compared to diesel fuel, particularly in terms of its compatibility with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). A 2.2 l common-rail diesel engine with a two-stage turbocharging concept was used for testing. To examine the differences in injection rate shaping of diesel fuel and jatropha oil, the injector was tested with an injection rate analyzer using both the fuels. To investigate the combustion process, the engine was mounted at an engine test bench and equipped with a cylinder pressure indication system. All limited emissions, as well as fuel consumption, were measured. Various injection strategies, boost and rail pressure levels were tested at different EGR rates in terms of their impact on the combustion process. EGR in particular offers a great potential in the case of jatropha oil combustion due to its oxygen content. In addition, the investigation of injection rate shaping in combination with cylinder pressure analysis allowed a detailed thermodynamic evaluation of the combustion process. Ignition delay (ID) was also analyzed using a new method to calculate the start of combustion (SOC) Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.4271/2017-01-5000 PB - SAE International ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Trost, Tobias A1 - Sterner, Michael A1 - Bruckner, Thomas T1 - Impact of electric vehicles and synthetic gaseous fuels on final energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions in Germany based on long-term vehicle fleet modelling JF - Energy N2 - Based on a prospective scenario analysis, possible vehicle fleet developments for the individual motor car traffic (vehicle categories N1 and M1) are investigated for Germany in order to determine the long-term vehicle fleet structure, final energy demand, and related carbon dioxide emissions until the year 2050. In this framework, a vehicle fleet model was developed which combines a bottom-up consumer demand model with a dynamic stock-flow approach. Special emphasis is thereby given to different electric power-trains and synthetic gaseous fuels based on the power-to-gas technology. In detail, two different main scenarios are developed and, in addition, the impact of different carbon dioxide taxation levels of fossil fuels on the vehicle fleet structure are analysed. The scenario results reveal a broad range of possible future vehicle fleet structures. In the short to medium timeframe, the internal combustion engine dominates the fleet as a result of efficiency improvements and an increased use of natural gas as automotive fuel. The development of electric power-trains is initially marked by hybrid vehicles, whereas battery electric vehicles dominate the fleet structure in the long-term. Under favourable conditions, also synthetic gaseous fuels are competitive which can reduce carbon dioxide emissions even further. KW - Carbon dioxide emissions KW - Electric vehicles KW - Final energy consumption KW - Power-to-gas KW - Total cost of ownership KW - Vehicle fleet modelling Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.10.006 SN - 0360-5442 VL - 141 SP - 1215 EP - 1225 PB - Elsevier ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Stadler, Ingo A1 - Eckert, Fabian ED - Sterner, Michael ED - Stadler, Ingo T1 - Lastmanagement als Energiespeicher T2 - Energiespeicher - Bedarf, Technologien, Integration KW - Lastverteilung KW - Energiespeicher Y1 - 2017 SN - 978-3-662-48893-5 SN - 978-3-662-48892-8 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-48893-5_11 SP - 619 EP - 644 PB - Springer Vieweg CY - Berlin ; Heidelberg ET - 2. Auflage ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Sörgel, Matthias A1 - Riederer, Michael A1 - Held, Andreas A1 - Plake, Daniel A1 - Zhu, Zhilin A1 - Foken, Thomas A1 - Meixner, Franz X. ED - Foken, Thomas T1 - Trace Gas Exchange at the Forest Floor T2 - Energy and Matter Fluxes of a Spruce Forest Ecosystem N2 - Exchange conditions at the forest floor are complex due to the heterogeneity of sources and sinks and the inhomogeneous radiation but are important for linking soil respiration to measurements in the trunk space or above canopy. Far more attention has therefore been paid to above and within canopy flows, but even studies that addressed forest floor exchange do not present measurements below 1 m or 2 m. We used a multilayer model that explicitly resolves the laminar layer, the buffer layer, and the turbulent layer to calculate fluxes from the measured profiles in the lowest meter above ground and to calculate effective surface concentrations from given fluxes. The calculated fluxes were compared to measured eddy covariance fluxes of sensible heat and O3 and to chamber derived soil fluxes of CO2 and 222Rn. Sensible heat fluxes agreed surprisingly well given the heterogeneity of radiative heating and the generally low fluxes (max. 25 W m−2). The chamber fluxes turned out to be not comparable as the chamber fluxes were too low, probably due to one of the well-known problems of enclosures such as pressure differences, disturbed gradients and exclusion of naturally occurring turbulence events and surface cooling. The O3 fluxes agreed well for high O3 values reaching down to the forest floor during full coupling of the canopy by coherent structures. During most of the time, the model overestimated the fluxes as chemical reactions were dominating within the profile. One new approach was to calculate the effective surface concentration from a given flux and compare this to measured surface concentrations. This allowed the identification of situations with a coupled and decoupled forest floor layer, which has important consequences for respiration measurements in the trunk space or above canopy and should be considered in upcoming studies. KW - Chamber Flux KW - Eddy Covariance KW - Forest Floor KW - Multilayer Model KW - Nitrogen Oxide Y1 - 2017 SN - 978-3-319-49387-9 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49389-3_8 VL - 229 SP - 157 EP - 179 PB - Springer CY - Cham ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Sterner, Michael ED - Chen, Wei-Yin ED - Suzuki, Toshio ED - Lackner, Maximilian T1 - Power-to-Gas T2 - Handbook of Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation N2 - This chapter provides an overview on the storage technology power-to-gas for the decarbonization of all energy sectors. Other than “negative emissions” with CCS or biomass, which have clear limits in potentials, costs and environmental benefits, storage and energy conversion technologies like power-to-gas and power-to-x enable the decarbonization by neutralizing the CO2 footprint of all energy services. Via the conversion of renewable electricity into chemical energy carriers like renewable hydrogen or renewable hydrocarbons, the existing fossil infrastructure with vast and sufficient storage and transport capacities can be used with carbon neutral renewable energy. After showing the demand for storage technologies, the technology components of power-to-gas are described, building the basis for the storage system power-to-gas itself that is described in detail, including efficiency, potential, CO2 emissions, and costs. In conclusion, a technical pathway of decarbonization including costs is described for the industrial nation of Germany and necessary policy frameworks are derived. Y1 - 2017 SN - 978-3-319-14408-5 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14409-2_89 SP - 2775 EP - 2825 PB - Springer VS CY - Cham ET - 2 ER - TY - BOOK ED - Sterner, Michael ED - Stadler, Ingo T1 - Energiespeicher - Bedarf, Technologien, Integration N2 - Die Autoren dieses Werkes geben einen umfassenden Überblick über die verschiedenen Aspekte der Energiespeicherung. Sie beschreiben zunächst die Bedeutung von Energiespeichern in der Energieversorgung und definieren ihre Rolle darin. Dann gehen sie auf den Speicherbedarf in der Strom-, Wärme- und Kraftstoffversorgung im Kontext der Energiewende ein. Im Hauptteil werden die verschiedenen Speichertechnologien ausführlich vorgestellt sowie ihre Vor- und Nachteile diskutiert. Praktische Anwendungsbeispiele und die Integration von Speichern über alle Energiesektoren hinweg runden das Buch ab. Zahlreiche Grafiken und Beispiele veranschaulichen das gesamte Feld der Energiespeicher und sind als Ergänzung mehrsprachig online in Farbe verfügbar. Die 2. Auflage enthält ein neues Kapitel zu den rechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen, neue Studien zum Speicherbedarf, Power-to-X für die chemische Industrie, neue LOHC- und Lageenergiespeicher sowie neueste Trends zu Kostenentwicklung und Batterieanwendungen. „Endlich ein umfassendes Buch zur Energiewende, das auch für technische Laien verständlich und inspirierend geschrieben ist." Franz Alt, Journalist und Buchautor „Das großartige Werk sei allen empfohlen, die sich wirklich für die Zukunft unseres Landes interessieren. Es zeigt auf eindrucksvolle Weise: Es wird nicht einfach, aber wir schaffen das.“ Prof. Dr. Harald Lesch, Physiker und Fernsehmoderator Y1 - 2017 SN - 978-3-662-48892-8 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-48893-5 PB - Springer CY - Berlin, Heidelberg ET - 2. korrigierte und ergänzte Auflage ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Stadler, Ingo A1 - Bauer, Franz A1 - Budt, Marcus A1 - Heindl, Eduard A1 - Wolf, Daniel T1 - Mechanische Energiespeicher T2 - Energiespeicher - Bedarf, Technologien, Integration Y1 - 2017 SN - 978-3-662-48893-5 SN - 978-3-662-48892-8 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-48893-5_9 SP - 495 EP - 577 PB - Springer Vieweg CY - Berlin ; Heidelberg ET - 2. Auflage ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Rauch, Johannes A1 - Brückl, Oliver T1 - Analysis of the correlation behavior between local available information to the overall reactive power of a medium-voltage grid group T2 - Applied Research Conference - ARC 2017, 7 July 2017 München N2 - The initiated energy transition leads to extensive changes in the supply of energy. The increasing use of renewable energy causes a shift of the produced power from centralized conventional power plants to decentralized energy plants. Because of this redistribution and the related change of load-flows, new challenges and problems for distribution system operators appear. This includes the integration of new loads and plants into the existing power grid and the guarantee of a high supply security and quality. It also includes strengthened requirements for the use and provision of reactive power. The project “SyNErgie” (“Systemoptimierendes Netz- und Energiemanagement für Verteilungsnetze der Zukunft“) deals with the development of a new reactive power management, which gets embedded in grid planning and controlling processes. One focus of the project is on the integration of decentralized energy plants (DEPs) to the reactive power management. The aim is to develop a decentralized and self-sufficient reactive power control system, which only works with local available information (measures). Therefore is no necessity of a complex communication system to the grid control center. Self-controlled Q-controller in the DEPs get characteristic curves and control the reactive power sources with local measurements (e.g. current, voltage, effective power). This new reactive power control management aims for the reactive power compensation in order to increase the integration capacity of loads and plants in a grid [2]. In order to generate characteristic curves for DEPs, it is necessary to analyze the correlation behavior between the local available measurements at the DEPs and the overall-Q-behavior of the grid group at the transformer. In that regard, influencing quantities should be considered. The aim is to involve und evaluate all relevant influencing quantities in order to determine energy plants and certain operating points, in which the correlation behavior and the prediction for the overall-Q-behavior are sufficient. The next step is to develop a model that fits these correlation behaviors and generate characteristic curves. One method to generate characteristic curves for the Q-controllers is regression analysis. The developed Q-control-system with the characteristic curves will be tested, evaluated and optimized in a following field test in cooperation with distribution system operators. KW - Mittelspannungsnetz KW - Blindleistungsmanagement KW - Blindleistung KW - Integration Erneuerbare Energien KW - Potentialerschließung Y1 - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:898-opus4-58712 SP - 224 EP - 230 CY - München ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Sterner, Michael A1 - Breuer, Christopher A1 - Drees, Tim A1 - Eckert, Fabian A1 - Maaz, Andreas A1 - Pape, Carsten A1 - Rotering, Niklas A1 - Thema, Martin T1 - Speicherbedarf in der Stromversorgung T2 - Energiespeicher - Bedarf, Technologien, Integration KW - Speicherbedarf KW - Stromversorgung Y1 - 2017 SN - 978-3-662-48893-5 SN - 978-3-662-48892-8 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-48893-5_3 SP - 53 EP - 140 PB - Springer Vieweg CY - Berlin ; Heidelberg ET - 2. Auflage ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Sterner, Michael A1 - Thema, Martin T1 - Vergleich der Speichersysteme T2 - Energiespeicher - Bedarf, Technologien, Integration KW - Energiespeicher Y1 - 2017 SN - 978-3-662-48893-5 SN - 978-3-662-48892-8 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-48893-5_12 SP - 645 EP - 682 PB - Springer Vieweg CY - Berlin ; Heidelberg ET - 2. Auflage ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Sterner, Michael A1 - Stadler, Ingo A1 - Eckert, Fabian A1 - Gerhardt, Norman A1 - von Olshausen, Christian A1 - Thema, Martin A1 - Trost, Tobias T1 - Speicherintegration zur Kopplung unterschiedlicher Energiesektoren T2 - Energiespeicher - Bedarf, Technologien, Integration KW - Energieversorgung KW - Energiespeicher KW - Sektorkopplung KW - Systemintegration Y1 - 2017 SN - 978-3-662-48893-5 SN - 978-3-662-48892-8 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-48893-5_14 SP - 769 EP - 818 PB - Springer Vieweg CY - Berlin ; Heidelberg ET - 2. Auflage ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Sterner, Michael A1 - Bauer, Franz A1 - Crotogino, Fritz A1 - Eckert, Fabian A1 - von Olshausen, Christian A1 - Teichmann, Daniel A1 - Thema, Martin T1 - Chemische Energiespeicher T2 - Energiespeicher - Bedarf, Technologien, Integration KW - Energiespeicher KW - Elektrochemisches Verfahren KW - Elektrochemische Energieumwandlung Y1 - 2017 SN - 978-3-662-48893-5 SN - 978-3-662-48892-8 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-48893-5_8 SP - 327 EP - 493 PB - Springer Vieweg CY - Berlin ; Heidelberg ET - 2. Auflage ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Sterner, Michael A1 - Eckert, Fabian A1 - Gerhardt, Norman A1 - Henning, Hans-Martin A1 - Palzer, Andreas T1 - Speicherbedarf in der Wärmeversorgung T2 - Energiespeicher - Bedarf, Technologien, Integration KW - Energiespeicher KW - Wärmeversorgung Y1 - 2017 SN - 978-3-662-48893-5 SN - 978-3-662-48892-8 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-48893-5_4 SP - 141 EP - 168 PB - Springer Vieweg CY - Berlin ; Heidelberg ET - 2. Auflage ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Nonn, Aida A1 - Paredes, Marcelo A1 - Nordhagen, H. O. A1 - Munkejord, S. T. A1 - Wierzbicki, Tomasz T1 - Challenges in fluid-structure modeling of crack propagation and arrest in modern steel pipelines T2 - 14th International Congress on Fracture (ICF14), 18-23 June 2017, Rhodes, Greece Y1 - 2017 SP - 1351 EP - 1352 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Sterner, Michael A1 - Stadler, Ingo T1 - Energiespeicher im Wandel der Zeit T2 - Energiespeicher - Bedarf, Technologien, Integration KW - Energiespeicher Y1 - 2017 SN - 978-3-662-48893-5 SN - 978-3-662-48892-8 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-48893-5_1 SP - 3 EP - 24 PB - Springer Vieweg CY - Berlin ; Heidelberg ET - 2. Auflage ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Sterner, Michael A1 - Stadler, Ingo A1 - Eckert, Fabian A1 - Thema, Martin T1 - Speicherintegration in einzelnen Energiesektoren T2 - Energiespeicher - Bedarf, Technologien, Integration KW - Energiespeicher KW - Systemintegration Y1 - 2017 SN - 978-3-662-48893-5 SN - 978-3-662-48892-8 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-48893-5_13 SP - 685 EP - 767 PB - Springer Vieweg CY - Berlin ; Heidelberg ET - 2. Auflage ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Sterner, Michael A1 - Bauer, Franz T1 - Definition und Klassifizierung von Energiespeichern T2 - Energiespeicher - Bedarf, Technologien, Integration KW - Energiespeicher Y1 - 2017 SN - 978-3-662-48892-8 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-48893-5_2 SP - 25 EP - 49 PB - Springer Vieweg CY - Berlin ; Heidelberg ET - 2. Auflage ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sorokin, Vladislav V. A1 - Stepanov, Gennady V. A1 - Shamonin (Chamonine), Mikhail A1 - Monkman, Gareth J. A1 - Kramarenko, Elena Yu T1 - Magnetorheological behavior of magnetoactive elastomers filled with bimodal iron and magnetite particles JF - Smart materials and structures N2 - Magnetoactive elastomers (MAE) based on soft silicone matrices, filled with various proportions of large diameter ( approximately 50 mu m) iron and small diameter ( approximately 0.5 mu m) magnetite particles are synthesized. Their rheological behavior in homogeneous magnetic fields up to 600 mT is studied in detail. The addition of small magnetite particles facilitates fabrication of uniformly distributed magnetic elastomer composites by preventing aggregation and sedimentation of large particles during curing. It is shown that using the proposed bimodal filler particles it is possible to tailor various magnetorheological (MR) properties which can be useful for different target applications. In particular, either absolute or relative magnetorheological effects can be tuned. The value of the damping factor as well as the range of deformation amplitudes for the linear viscoelastic regime can be chosen. The interdependencies between different MR properties of bimodal MAEs are considered. The results are discussed in the model framework of particle network formation under the simultaneous influence of external magnetic fields and mechanical deformation. KW - damping factor KW - DAMPING PROPERTIES KW - FIELD KW - HYDROGELS KW - MAGNETOELASTIC BEHAVIOR KW - Magnetorheological effect KW - magnetorheological elastomer KW - mechanical hysteresis KW - Payne effect Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-665X/26/3/035019 VL - 26 IS - 3 PB - IOP Publishing ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Mucha, Matthias A1 - Mottok, Jürgen A1 - Krämer, Stefan T1 - Estimation of Worst Case Response Time Boundaries in Multi-Core Real-Time Systems T2 - 2017 International Conference on Applied Electronics (AE), 5-6 Sept. 2017, Pilsen N2 - We address a novel probabilistic approach to estimate the Worst Case Response Time boundaries of tasks. Multi-core real-time systems process tasks in parallel on two or more cores. Tasks in our contribution may preempt other tasks, block tasks with semaphores to access global shared resources, or migrate to another core. The depicted task behavior is random. The shape of collected response times of a task within a processing time is multimodal. Extreme Value approaches need unimodal response time distributions to estimate the Worst Case Response Time of tasks. The new proposed method derives a set of three task set shapes from the source task set. It is used to minimize the uncertainty of random task behavior by maximizing the coverage of possible Worst Case Response Times. The case study evaluates the new proposed estimation method by the use of dynamically generated random tasks with varying task properties. Y1 - 2017 SN - 978-80-261-0641-8 U6 - https://doi.org/10.23919/ae.2017.8053598 SN - 1803-7232 SP - 1 EP - 6 PB - IEEE ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fuhrmann, Thomas A1 - Mottok, Jürgen T1 - Ethical, intercultural and professional impulses integrated into a transmission systems lecture JF - 2017 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON), 25-28 April 2017, Athens, Greece N2 - In the sixth semester of the bachelor study course “Electrical Engineering and Information Technology”, a lecture “Transmission Systems” is given. It explains basic principles, circuits and systems of electrical and optical transmission systems. Short intellectual impulses, which address professional, intercultural and ethical issues of engineers' working life are integrated into this regular lecture. In each lecture unit, an impulse with one specific topic is given approximately in the middle of the lecture hour. An evaluation was done at the end of the semester, which shows that most of the students remember the discussed topics and state high interest due to high importance for their professional life. Due to these encouraging results, this concept will be developed further. KW - Engineering Education KW - Ethics Education KW - Electrical Engineering Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/EDUCON.2017.7942829 SP - 92 EP - 95 PB - IEEE ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Sailer, Andreas A1 - Deubzer, Michael A1 - Lüttgen, Gerald A1 - Mottok, Jürgen T1 - Comparing Trace Recordings of Automotive Realtime Software T2 - RTNS '17: Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Real-Time Networks and Systems, Grenoble, France, IEEE N2 - The process of engineering models of existing real-time system components is often difficult and time consuming, especially when legacy code has to be re-used or information about the exact timing behaviour is needed. In order to tackle this reverse engineering problem, we have developed the tool CoreTAna. CoreTAna derives an AUTOSAR compliant model of a real-time system by conducting dynamic analysis using trace recordings. Motivated by the challenge of assessing the quality of reverse engineered models of real-time software, we present a novel mathematical measure for comparing trace recordings from embedded real-time systems regarding their temporal behaviour. We also introduce a benchmark framework based on this measure, for evaluating reverse engineering tools such as CoreTAna. This considers common system architectures and also includes randomly generated systems and three systems of industrial automotive projects. Finally, an industrial case study demonstrates other use cases of our measure, such as impact analysis. Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1145/3139258.3139265 SP - 118 EP - 127 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Steinkirchner, Alfons A1 - Fuhrmann, Thomas A1 - Niemetz, Michael T1 - Channel Coded Processor for Enhanced Safety JF - International Journal of Future Computer and Communication (IJFCC) N2 - Several concepts are known for improving processor safety, all of them having their pros and cons. Some are very resource intensive, others have limited capabilities regarding the provided error safety. In this paper we use research on channel coding of noisy communication channels known from communication theory as an analogy to random bit errors in processors. We incorporate this knowledge into processor design to suggest a new error correction concept by using channel coding in processors. The new concept of a Channel Coded Processor could provide effective implementation of redundancy by the channel coding that enables error correction. The concept could also create a complete chain of redundancy in all areas and components of the processor ranging from the code compiler through the processing hardware to the output of the information. KW - Channel coded processor concept KW - communication theory KW - safety KW - soft error Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.18178/ijfcc.2017.6.2.489 SN - 2010-3751 VL - 6 IS - 2 SP - 58 EP - 62 PB - International Association of Computer Science and Information CY - Singapore ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Rill, Georg A1 - Schaeffer, Thomas T1 - Grundlagen und Methodik der Mehrkörpersimulation N2 - Dieses Lehrbuch stellt die Methoden der Mehrkörpersimulation anschaulich dar und erläutert an einfachen Beispielen die Vor- und Nachteile bei der praktischen Anwendung. In den Text integrierte Matlab-Skripte und -Funktionen verdeutlichen die einzelnen Methoden. Die Modellbildung, die mathematische Beschreibung und die numerische Simulation von Systemen starrer Körper bilden dabei die Schwerpunkte. Konkrete Beispiele beinhalten die Eigendynamik eines Traktors mit Vorderachsfederung, das Hubschrauberrotorblatt sowie eine Pkw- Vorderachse. Die entsprechenden Matlab-Skripte und Lösungen zu den Übungsaufgaben können auf der Springer-Homepage beim Buch heruntergeladen werden. Neu aufgenommen wurden SparseMatrix Operationen sowie ein Beispiel zu einfach geschlossenen kinematischen Schleifen. Y1 - 2017 SN - 978-3-658-16008-1 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-16009-8 PB - Springer CY - Wiesbaden ET - 3. Aufl. ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Hackl, Andreas A1 - Hirschberg, W. A1 - Lex, C. A1 - Rill, Georg ED - Bargende, Michael ED - Reuss, Hans-Christian ED - Wiedemann, Jochen T1 - Experimental validation of the Maxwell model for description of transient tyre forces T2 - 16. Internationales Stuttgarter Symposium, Automobil- und Motorentechnik N2 - Modelling and simulation of safety relevant Driver Assistance Systems (DAS) and Vehicle Dynamics Controllers (VDC) which act in standard and limit situations lead to increasing accuracy demands in the description of dynamic reactions of tyre contact forces, e.g. For that purpose, first-order approaches are widely applied in this field of vehicle dynamics and handling, which originate from Schlippe & Dietrich, were modified by Pacejka and later on refined by Rill. Y1 - 2016 SN - 978-3-658-13254-5 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-13255-2_29 SP - 401 EP - 418 PB - Springer CY - Wiesbaden ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Hackl, Andreas A1 - Hirschberg, Wolfgang A1 - Lex, Cornelia A1 - Rill, Georg ED - Andreescu, Cristian ED - Clenci, Adrian T1 - Tyre Dynamics: Model Validation and Parameter Identification T2 - Proceedings of the European Automotive Congress EAEC-ESFA 2015 N2 - The present paper deals with the experimental validation of tyre dynamics approaches as it is widely applied in tyre models for vehicle dynamics and handling. Firstly it gives a brief derivation of two modelling principles regarding the deflection velocity in the considered direction of the tyre’s deformation. This is than followed by a brief description of the performed measurement procedure. From the measurements, a set of model parameters of the considered tyre, depending on different manoeuvre speeds and frequencies, is identified, where no particular fitting parameters for the tyre dynamics are needed. Based on these model parameters, the related dynamic simulations are carried out. The comparisons show that the applied first-order model describes the behaviour quite well within a certain operation range, whereas the second-order approach cannot deliver better results in spite of the longer computational time. However, for investigations within an enlarged frequency range of the steer input and at high slip angles, a more detailed model is recommended. KW - Semi-physical model KW - Tyre dynamics modelling KW - Tyre testing KW - vehicle dynamics Y1 - 2016 SN - 978-3-319-27275-7 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27276-4_20 VL - 45 SP - 219 EP - 232 PB - Springer CY - Cham ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Frazzica, Andrea A1 - Palomba, Valeria A1 - Dawoud, Belal A1 - Gullì, Giuseppe A1 - Brancato, Vincenza A1 - Sapienza, Alessio A1 - Vasta, Salvatore A1 - Freni, Angelo A1 - Costa, Fabio A1 - Restuccia, Giovanni T1 - Design, realization and testing of an adsorption refrigerator based on activated carbon/ethanol working pair JF - Applied Energy N2 - In the present paper design, realization and testing of a novel small scale adsorption refrigerator prototype based on activated carbon/ethanol working pair is described. Firstly, experimental activity has been carried out for identification of the best performing activated carbon available on the market, through the evaluation of the achievable thermodynamic performance both under air conditioning and refrigeration conditions. Once identified the best performing activated carbon, the design of the adsorber was developed by experimental dynamic performance analysis, carried out by means of the Gravimetric-Large Temperature Jump (G-LTJ) apparatus available at CNR ITAE lab. Finally, the whole 0.5 kW refrigerator prototype was designed and built. First experimental results both under reference air conditioning and refrigeration cycles have been reported, to check the achievable performance. High Specific Cooling Powers (SCPs), 95 W/kg and 50 W/kg, for air conditioning and refrigeration respectively, were obtained, while the COP ranged between 0.09 and 0.11, thus showing an improvement of the current state of the art. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. KW - Activated carbon KW - ADSORBENTS KW - adsorption KW - Ammonia KW - CARBON KW - CHILLER KW - COOLING SYSTEMS KW - Corrosion KW - DRIVEN KW - Ethanol KW - ETHANOL ADSORPTION KW - PERFORMANCE KW - Refrigeration KW - waste heat Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.04.080 VL - 174 SP - 15 EP - 24 PB - Elsevier ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Holický, Milan A1 - Diamantidis, Dimitris A1 - Sýkora, Miroslav T1 - Effects of Quality Control on Reliability of Reinforced Concrete Structures according to Eurocodes T2 - fib Symposium 2016 : Performance-Based Approaches for Concrete Structures, 14, 2016, Cape town N2 - The effect of quality control on structural reliability represents an increasingly important concern of designers and thus is investigated in this contribution, focusing on reinforced concrete structures. Recent European documents for structural design – Eurocodes, fib Model Code 2010 and ISO 2394:2015 for general principles on structural reliability indicate that the partial factors may be adjusted to available information on the quality control of structures. In particular, the partial factors for concrete and steel strength may be significantly reduced taking into account actual execution quality and related available data. Using probabilistic methods of structural reliability, effects for execution quality are investigated in this contribution considering two fundamental reinforced concrete members: a beam (or slab) exposed to bending and a short column exposed to compression. It is shown that the reliability of reinforced concrete members may vary with the load ratio of variable and permanent actions. It appears also that the structural members of a basic quality, designed using unreduced partial factors, have a greater reliability level than the members of an increased quality, designed using the partial factors reduced according to EN 1992 1 1. This provides the basis for recommendations for further code developments. KW - Eurocodes KW - partial factors KW - quality control KW - reliability Y1 - 2016 UR - https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310616676_Effects_of_quality_control_on_reliability_of_reinforced_concrete_structures_according_to_Eurocodes ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Dessort, Ronnie A1 - Chucholowski, Cornelius A1 - Rill, Georg ED - Bargende, Michael ED - Reuss, Hans-Christian ED - Wiedemann, Jochen T1 - Parametrical approach for modeling of tire forces and torques in TMeasy 5 T2 - Proceedings of the 16. Internationales Stuttgarter Symposium Automobil- und Motorentechnik N2 - For the dynamic simulation of on-road vehicles, the model-element "tire/road" is of special importance, according to its influence on the achievable results. Sufficient description of the interaction between tire and road is one of the most challenging tasks of vehicle modeling. Two groups of tire models can be classified: handling models and structural or high-frequency models. Usually, various assumptions are made in modeling vehicles as multibody systems. Therefore, in the interest of balanced modeling, the precision of the complete vehicle model should stand in reasonable relation to the performance of the applied tire model. Handling tire models are characterized by a useful compromise between user friendliness, model complexity, and efficiency in computation time on the one hand, and precision in representation on the other hand. The present paper describes the general approach of the semi-physical tire model TMeasy for vehicle dynamics and handling simulation and its enhancement for bore torque simulation in Version TMeasy 5. A parameter fitting process realized by TESIS DYNAware and the validation of real tire behavior by simulation with DYNA4 is presented. Even with first guess parameters, the TMeasy tire model behaves in a realistic and plausible manner. Parameter estimation is intuitive and datasets from previous model versions can be easily migrated. After parameter fitting, the simulation results correlate well with both the tire test rig and full vehicle measurements. The enhancement of a three-dimensional slip calculation in the latest version does not modify the model behavior for high slip conditions, but improves the results not only for highly dynamic situations but also for low speed maneuvers such as parking. KW - Drehmoment KW - dynamische Simulation KW - Einparken KW - Fahrzeugdynamik KW - Mehrkörpersystem KW - Parameterabschätzung KW - Rechenzeit KW - REIFENKRAFT KW - Reifentest KW - simuliertes Ergebnis Y1 - 2016 UR - https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317037138_Parametrical_Approach_for_Modeling_of_Tire_Forces_and_Torques_in_TMeasy_5 SN - 978-3-658-13254-5 SP - 435 EP - 449 PB - Springer CY - Wiesbaden ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Swidergal, Krzysztof A1 - Wagner, Marcus A1 - Lubseder, C. A1 - von Wurmb, I. A1 - Meinhardt, J. A1 - Marburg, S. T1 - Investigation of the forming tool dynamics by means of numerical simulation T2 - Advanced Metal Forming Processes in Automotive Industry, AutoMetForm 2016 N2 - In the forming tools for pressing car body parts, heavy blankholders are used to prevent buckling and wrinkling of the blank. During each press cycle, those large masses need to be lifted, raising thereby the structural dynamic load on the forming tool and on the press. Therefore a detailed knowledge about the forming tool dynamics is essential for an accurate and robust design of forming tools. In this paper, a dynamic finite element method (FEM) simulation of selected automotive forming tool is presented enabling identification of regions of critical stresses. For validation of the simulation results, the kinematic responses of the tool's components are compared with the measurements obtained in an experiment. KW - Finite-Elemente-Methode KW - Formgebungswerkzeug KW - Karosserieanbauteil KW - numerische Simulation KW - robuste Bauweise KW - simuliertes Ergebnis KW - Strukturdynamik Y1 - 2016 SP - 335 EP - 340 PB - Fraunhofer ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Estermann, Thomas A1 - Newborough, Marcus N. A1 - Sterner, Michael T1 - Power-to-gas systems for absorbing excess solar power in electricity distribution networks JF - International Journal of Hydrogen Energy N2 - The feasibility of implementing power-to-gas systems, to absorb surplus solar power from electricity distribution networks and carbon dioxide from biomass anaerobic digestion (AD) plant, in order to produce synthetic methane was investigated for a region of Southern Germany that has a high solar power penetration. The analysis was based on time series electricity data for 2012 from which future load profiles were computed in accordance with the expected installed capacities of solar power across the period 2015–2025. The electrolyser capacity required to absorb 20% of excess solar energy occurring within the region's low voltage network in 2025 was estimated to be 370 MWe. First order considerations of the region's gas grid, electricity network and existing AD sites suggest that such a deployment could be achieved by installing sub-MW (and some multi-MW) power-to-gas plant at several hundred AD sites. KW - Energy storage KW - Power-to-gas KW - Solar power KW - Synthetic methane Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.05.278 VL - 41 IS - 32 SP - 13950 EP - 13959 PB - Elsevier ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Thema, Martin A1 - Sterner, Michael A1 - Lenck, Thorsten A1 - Götz, Philipp T1 - Necessity and Impact of Power-to-gas on Energy Transition in Germany JF - Energy Procedia N2 - The present paper gives an outlook on a bandwidth of required installed power-to-gas capacity in the German power sector fed by 100% renewable generation until 2050. Two scenarios were simulated to quantify cost effects of power-to-gas on the electricity system: once with, once without additional short-term flexibility options to a system using fossil natural gas as sole flexibility option instead. As a result, at latest in 2035, power-to-gas capacity expansion has to take place to reach required installed capacities of up to 89-134 GW in 2050. Application of power-to-gas as long-term flexibility leads to cost savings of up to 11,7-19 bn Euro enabling a fully renewable system in 2050. KW - decarbonization KW - energy storage KW - energy transition KW - Power-to-Gas KW - renewable energy KW - supply security KW - surplus energy KW - system costs Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2016.10.129 VL - 99 SP - 392 EP - 400 PB - Elsevier ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Sterner, Michael ED - Chen, Wei-Yin ED - Suzuki, Toshio ED - Lackner, Maximilian T1 - Power-to-Gas T2 - Handbook of Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation N2 - This chapter provides an overview on the storage technology power-to-gas for the decarbonization of all energy sectors. Other than “negative emissions” with CCS or biomass, which have clear limits in potentials, costs and environmental benefits, storage and energy conversion technologies like power-to-gas and power-to-x enable the decarbonization by neutralizing the CO2 footprint of all energy services. Via the conversion of renewable electricity into chemical energy carriers like renewable hydrogen or renewable hydrocarbons, the existing fossil infrastructure with vast and sufficient storage and transport capacities can be used with carbon neutral renewable energy. After showing the demand for storage technologies, the technology components of power-to-gas are described, building the basis for the storage system power-to-gas itself that is described in detail, including efficiency, potential, CO2 emissions, and costs. In conclusion, a technical pathway of decarbonization including costs is described for the industrial nation of Germany and necessary policy frameworks are derived. Y1 - 2016 SN - 978-1-4614-6431-0 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6431-0_89-1 VL - 36 SP - 1 EP - 51 PB - Springer CY - New York, NY ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Strohmayer, Bernhard A1 - Brückl, Oliver T1 - Systemvergleich von Netzausbauoptionen in Niederspannungsnetzen T2 - 3. OTTI-Konferenz : zukünftige Stromnetze für Erneuerbare Energien, Berlin, 26./27. Januar 2016 N2 - Die Einhaltung der Spannungsbandgrenzen im Niederspannungsnetz durch die dezentrale Emspeisung von Erzeugungsanlagen ist oft der Grund für Netzausbaumaßnahmen. Dem Netzbetreiber stehen mittlerweile viele Losungsmaßnahmen zur Behebung des Spannungsbandproblems zur Verfügung Innovative Konzepte wie der regelbare Ortsnetztransformator (RONT) oder Blindleistungsregelung sind bereits serienreif und werden eingesetzt. Unklarheit herrscht oft noch darüber, welche Maßnahmen bzw Kombinationen langfristig wirtschaftlich günstig sind und sich hinsichtlich der Netzplanung als vorteilhaft erweisen. Ein Forschungsprojekt an der Ostbayerischen Technischen Hochschule Regensburg untersucht verschiedene Lösungsmaßnahmen systematisch, um sie wirtschaftlich, technisch und energetisch bewerten zu können. In 20 Netzen wird in diskreten Schritten die Integration von Erzeugungskapazität am Beispiel der PV simuliert. Der Zubau umfasst den Bereich von 0-100% des möglichen Dachflächenpotenzials. Nach jedem Zubauschritt wird die maximale Spannungsanhebung berechnet. Bei Überschreiten einer Spannungsanhebung in Höhe der in [VDE, FNN Erzeugungsanlagen am Niederspannungsnetz, VDE-AR-N 4105:2011-08] verankerten drei Prozentpunkte, oder der Stromtragfähigkeitsgrenze eines Betriebsmittels erfolgt ein Netzausbau. Dabei werden die Optionen RONT, die Parallelverkabelung, drei Stufen des Einspeisemanagements (Spitzenkappung auf 85%, 70% und 55%), die Blindleistungsregelung (cosφ(P)), der Zubau von zusätzlichen Ortsnetzstationen und die Verwendung von Strangreglern untersucht. Je kleiner das Ortsnetz, desto stärker bedingt sich die Kostenentwicklung durch die gewählte Primärmaßnahme. Klassischer Netzausbau ist in kleinen Netzen meist teurer als der Einsatz von RONT oder Strangreglern. In größeren Netzen können Parallelverkabelung oder zusätzliche ONS zu günstigen Ausbaupfaden führen. Maßnahmen die anfangs nahezu keine Investition in Netzbetriebsmittel benötigen (Einspeisemanagement, Blindleistungsregelung) sind initial mit Abstand am günstigsten. Im Mittel günstiger als RONT sind anfangs auch Verkabelung und Strangregler, jedoch bei höherer Ergebnisstreuung. Bereits nach fünf Perioden liegen die mittleren Gegenwartswerte für starke Spitzenkappung, Blindleistungsregelung und zusätzliche ONS häufig über der Maßnahme RONT. Die geringste Kostenstreuung tritt beim Einsatz von RONT auf. Mittel- und langfristig liegen die Mediane fast aller Primärmaßnahmen über den wahrscheinlich auftretenden Kosten für Strangregler und RONT. Bei Erschließung von zusätzlichen 25% des theoretisch maximalen Potenzials nach Erreichen der NAK betragen die Kosten bei RONT-Einsatz ca. 125/kWp. Parallelverkabelung verursacht rd. 45, Blindleistungsregelung rd. 55 €/kWp Mehrkosten. Bei 50% des Ausbaupotenzials führen Parallelverkabelung und Blindleistungsregelung mit im Mittel 50 bzw. 75 €/kWp sogar zu noch höheren Mehrkosten. Für 20 GW PV-Leistung in der Niederspannung bedeutet dies über 1 Mrd. Zusatzkosten. RONT und Strangregler erweisen sich zudem kostenrobust gegenüber unerwartet ausbleibendem Kapazitätszubau. Analysen dazu und Ergebnisse für andere Zinssätze und Zeitskalen befinden sich in [INA, Informationsportal: Regelbare Ortsnetztransformatoren, 2015. http://ront.info]. KW - Blindleistungsregelung KW - Netzausbau KW - Netzbetreiber KW - Netzmittel KW - Netzplanung KW - Netztransformator KW - Niederspannung KW - Niederspannungsnetz KW - Spannungsanhebung KW - Stromtragfähigkeit KW - Systemvergleich KW - Verkabelung Y1 - 2016 SN - 978-3-943891-63-8 SP - 256 EP - 261 CY - Regensburg ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Dessort, Ronnie A1 - Chucholowski, Cornelius A1 - Rill, Georg ED - Bargende, Michael ED - Reuss, Hans-Christian ED - Wiedemann, Jochen T1 - Parametrical approach for modeling of tire forces and torques in TMeasy 5 T2 - 16. Internationales Stuttgarter Symposium, Automobil- und Motorentechnik, Bd. 1 N2 - For the dynamic simulation of on-road vehicles, the model-element “tire/road” is of special importance, according to its influence on the achievable results. Sufficient description of the interaction between tire and road is one of the most challenging tasks of vehicle modeling. Two groups of tire models can be classified: handling models and structural or high-frequency models. Usually, various assumptions are made in modeling vehicles as multibody systems. Therefore, in the interest of balanced modeling, the precision of the complete vehicle model should stand in reasonable relation to the performance of the applied tire model. Handling tire models are characterized by a useful compromise between user friendliness, model complexity, and efficiency in computation time on the one hand, and precision in representation on the other hand. Y1 - 2016 SN - 978-3-658-13254-5 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-13255-2_31 SP - 435 EP - 449 PB - Springer CY - Wiesbaden ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Energieforschung BT - geförderte Projekte 2013 bis 2016; Netzwerke und Tendenzen: Ziele und Ausrichtung des RCER; Energie und Ressourcen: Projekte stellen sich vor; Wissenstransfer: Energiekongress und Infotage N2 - Das Regensburg Center of Energy and Resources (RCER) bündelt seit 2012 die Aktivitäten der Ostbayerischen Technischen Hochschule Regensburg (OTH Regensburg) und der regionalen Wirtschaftsunternehmen auf dem Strategiefeld „Energie und Ressourcen“. Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:898-opus4-66948 PB - OTH Regensburg ET - Ausgabe 2016 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Becke, Mark A1 - Schlegl, Thomas T1 - Least squares pose estimation of cylinder axes from multiple views using contour line features T2 - IECON 2015 - 41st Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, 9-12 Nov. 2015, Yokohama, Japan N2 - In this paper, a new method for a minimum-error pose estimation of cylinder axes based on apparent contour line features from multiple views is presented. Novel model equations for both single and particularly multiple views are derived, and based upon these, an iterative algorithm for least squares fitting the model to imaged cylinder contour line features is introduced. The good performance and fast convergence of the proposed algorithm is shown by solving exemplary fitting problems. KW - Cameras KW - Feature extraction KW - GEOMETRY KW - Image reconstruction KW - Mathematical model Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/IECON.2015.7392371 SP - 1855 EP - 1861 PB - IEEE ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Hofmeister, Justus A1 - Krebs, Stefan A1 - Schickhuber, Gerald A1 - Scharfenberg, Georg T1 - Design and development of a Pico Hydro turbine system for the use in developing countries T2 - 2015 5th International Youth Conference on Energy (IYCE), 27-30 May 2015, Pisa, Italy N2 - In Sub-Saharan Africa less than 10% of the rural population has access to electricity [1]. Stand-alone power systems (SPS) can be a solution to the problem of the lack of electricity, which highlights challenges such as modules installation costs as well as the sufficient knowledge required for installing, maintaining and operating such systems. With this fact in mind, a 250 W Low Head turbine system was developed and optimized to have the advantage of the simplicity of installation and a construction from readily available materials. This design scores the electrical efficiency of 60%, reduces manufacturing unit coast to 130 € and takes into account the necessity of providing a clear and simple manual describing the manufacturing and installation. A better version of the load controller, using a microcomputer is under current development. Mounting of the system have been simplified to reduce the amount of construction material required to provide uninterrupted 230 V at 50 Hz AC or optional 12 V DC power supply. Current efforts aim on transferring the required mechanical and electrical knowledge for building, programming, installing and maintaining such system to schools in targeted countries. This project doesn’t only provide people in rural developing countries a gleam of hope to catch up with the developed countries, but also helps students to use their theoretical knowledge to realize practical applications. KW - Coils KW - Development Cooperation KW - Generators KW - Hydraulic turbines KW - Low Head KW - Pico Hydro KW - Propellers KW - Shafts KW - Synchronous Generator KW - Water Turbine KW - Windings Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/IYCE.2015.7180767 SP - 1 EP - 7 PB - IEEE ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Haumer, Anton A1 - Kral, Christian T1 - Enhancements of Electric Machine Models: The EMachines Library T2 - Proceedings of the 11th International Modelica Conference, Versailles, France, September 21-23, 2015 N2 - Transient models of multi phase electric machines are already implemented in the Modelica Standard Library (MSL). However, advanced effects like saturation and skin effect are not taken into account. As an extension to the MSL models, the new EMachines library is presented. This package will be released as a supplemental library to the commercial EDrives library. The particular focus of this paper is on the deep bar effect of induction machines. A comparison of simulation results demonstrates the influence of the skin effect on the operational behavior of the machines. At the end of this publication further developments of the EMachines library will be outlined. KW - multi phase electric machines KW - induction machines KW - squirrel cage KW - deep bar effect KW - skin effect Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3384/ecp15118509 VL - 118 SP - 509 EP - 515 PB - Linköping University Electronic Press ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Becke, Mark ED - Liu, Honghai ED - Kubota, Naoyuki ED - Zhu, Xiangyang ED - Dillmann, Rüdiger T1 - On Modeling and Least Squares Fitting of Cylinders from Single and Multiple Views Using Contour Line Features T2 - Intelligent Robotics and Applications N2 - In this paper, a new method for a minimum-error pose estimation of cylinder axes based on apparent contour line features from multiple views is presented. Novel model equations for both single and particularly multiple views are derived, and based upon these, an algorithm for least squares fitting the model to imaged cylinder contour line features is introduced. The good performance of the proposed algorithm is shown by solving an exemplary fitting problem. KW - Apparent contour KW - Computer vision KW - Least squares fitting KW - Multiple view geometry KW - Straight Homogeneous Circular Cylinder Y1 - 2015 SN - 978-3-319-22872-3 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22873-0_33 VL - 9246 SP - 372 EP - 385 PB - Springer CY - Cham ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Eberhart, Philip A1 - Chung, Tek Shan A1 - Haumer, Anton A1 - Kral, Christian T1 - Open Source Library for the Simulation of Wind Power Plants T2 - Proceedings of the 11th International Modelica Conference, Versailles, France, September 21-23, 2015 N2 - This paper presents the new open source Modelica libraryWindPowerPlants. For the economic assessment of either a wind power plant or an entire wind park, the accurate prediction of the energy output is essential. Such prediction is usually performed by means of calculations based on statistical wind data. The proposed WindPowerPlants library is capable of assessing the energy output both for statistical and real wind data based on time domain simulations. In the presented version of the library wind turbine models are modeled with pitch control. The generator models have variable speed and an optional connector to the mains. The entire library is based on power balance conditions and losses are fully neglected. Yet, the library can be extended towards more detailed models considering different types of losses. The structure and components of the library are presented. Simulations examples are shown and compared with reference data. The applicability of the proposed WindPowerPlants library is demonstrated and possible enhancements are discussed. KW - variable speed KW - pitch control KW - Wind power pants KW - energy KW - statistical wind data KW - power Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3384/ecp15118929 SP - 929 EP - 936 CY - Linköping ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Freni, Angelo A1 - Dawoud, Belal A1 - Bonaccorsi, Lucio Maria A1 - Chmielewski, Stefanie A1 - Frazzica, Andrea A1 - Calabrese, Luigi A1 - Restuccia, Giovanni T1 - Characterization of Zeolite-Based Coatings for Adsorption Heat Pumps N2 - This book proposes a radically new approach for characterizing thermophysical and mechanical properties of zeolite-based adsorbent coatings for Adsorptive Heat Transformers (AHT). It presents a developed standard protocol for the complete characterization of advanced coated adsorbers. Providing an in-depth analysis of the different procedures necessary for evaluating the performance of adsorbers, it also presents an analysis of their stability under the hydrothermal and mechanical stresses during their entire life cycle. Adsorptive Heat Transformers (AHT), especially adsorption chillers and heat pumps, are considered to be promising technologies to increase thermal energy efficiency. Nevertheless, an overall increase in performance of this apparatus is necessary for them to be considered a mature technology to be used commercially. Development of innovative coated adsorbers can be perceived as a key issue for the enhancement of AHT technology. This procedure relies on the deposition, either by means of a binder or by direct crystallization, of the adsorbent material over a metallic heat exchanger, aiming at the improvement of the heat transfer between the external heat source and the adsorbent itself. This book offers a valuable resource to those working on the development of novel adsorbent materials and advanced adsorbent beds for heating and cooling applications. It is also intended for researchers interested in renewable energy and energy efficiency. KW - AHT KW - Adsorbent Coatings KW - Adsorption KW - Adsorptive Heat Transformers KW - Stability Verification KW - Zeolite-based Adsorbent Coatings KW - Zeolite-coated Heat Pumps Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-09327-7 PB - Springer CY - Berlin ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Hofmann, Gerhard A1 - Scharfenberg, Georg T1 - Überlegungen zur normativen Anpassung der ISO 26262 aufgrund des autonomen Fahrens T2 - Automotive Software Kongress, 2015 N2 - In der Automobilindustrie ist neben der Elektromobilität und dem Leichtbau auch das Gebiet der Fahrerassistenz ein Zukunftsfeld. Speziell Fahrerassistenzsysteme, wie z.B. der Stauassistent, sind in Hinblick auf das autonome Fahren als dessen Vorstufe zu sehen. Aktuelle Assistenzfunktionen basieren auf der Präsenz des Fahrers. Die Fahrerassistenzsysteme sind nur durch Funktionen der Elektrik/Elektronik ermöglicht worden. Durch Maßnahmen der "Funktionalen Sicherheit" müssen Risiken, die durch Fehler der Elektrik/Elektronik zu Gefahren führen könnten, unter eine akzeptierte Grenze gesenkt werden. Die Diskussion über die gesetzlichen Grundlagen für das autonome Fahren ist erst am Anfang des öffentlichen Interesses. In diesem Zusammenhang ist es sinnvoll, die Notwendigkeit der Anpassung der bestehenden normativen Anforderungen zur funktionalen Sicherheit in die Diskussion mit einzubeziehen. Im ersten Ansatz wird in diesem Paper untersucht, ob von anderen Anwendungen mit automatisiertem Fahrbetrieb, wie er bei Schienenfahrzeugen realisiert ist, Ableitungen möglich sind. Im zweiten Ansatzpunkt wird konkret unter dem Gesichtspunkt des autonomen Fahrens zum Automobil auf die Gefahren-und Risikoanalyse, gemäß ISO 26262 Teil 3 eingegangen. Im Rahmen dieser Diskussion werden die drei Bewertungskriterien der Gefahren- und Risikoanalyse (severity, probability of exposure and controllability) im Paper beleuchtet. Es wird gezeigt, dass für autonomes Fahren ein zusätzliches Bewertungskriterium der Situationskomplexität sinnvoll ist, das das Umfeld einbezieht. Denn die Kontrollierbarkeit ist auf den Fahrer bezogen. Bei dem neuen Kriterium werden unter anderem der Einfluss durch die Verkehrsdichte sowie die Car-2-Car Kommunikation oder auch Fehler bzw. Ausfälle in der Car-2-X Kommunikation (zur Infrastruktur) berücksichtigt. KW - Automobilindustrie KW - autonomes Fahren KW - Elektrik KW - Elektromobilität KW - Fahrerassistenzsystem KW - funktionale Sicherheit KW - Infrastruktur KW - Leichtbau KW - Risikoanalyse KW - Schienenfahrzeug KW - Schienenverkehr KW - Verkehrsdichte Y1 - 2015 SP - 1 EP - 6 PB - WEKA Fachmedien CY - Haar ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lermer, Josef T1 - Optimierter Antriebsstrang und neuartiges Differenzial für einen Formula-Student-Rennwagen JF - ATZ-Extra Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s35778-015-0071-4 VL - 20 IS - Suppl 5 SP - 34 EP - 39 PB - Springer Fachmedien GmbH ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Haslbeck, Matthias T1 - Innovative Aspekte der Netzplanung im Verteilungsnetz T2 - 2. OTTI-Konferenz Zukünftige Stromnetze für Erneuerbare Energien, Hilton-Hotel Berlin, 27./28. Januar 2015 N2 - In den Verteilungsnetzen (VN) besteht erheblicher Optimierungsbedarf, um die geplanten Leistungen an dezentralen Erzeugungsanlagen (EZA) aufnehmen und um die erzeugte Energie an das Übertragungsnetz abgeben zu können. Bislang konnte der Aufwand für die Netzplanung im VN mittels standardisierter Abläufe und großzügigen Reserven im Spannungsband und der Stromtragfähigkeit begrenzt werden. Im Zuge des Zubaus an EZA schwinden diese Reserven und Netzplanungsaufgaben müssen individueller für einzelne Netzabschnitte gelöst werden. Die Forschungsstelle für Energienetze und Energiespeicher (FENES) der OTH Regensburg beschäftigt sich u. a. mit der Fragestellung wie die Netzplanung im Verteilungsnetz hinsichtlich der neu entstandenen Herausforderungen optimiert werden kann und gleichzeitig praktikabel bleibt. Kernthemen sind dabei das Spannungs- und das Blindleistungsmanagement im Verteilungsnetz. Im Zuge der Energiewende gilt es die vorhandene Netzinfrastruktur noch effizienter auszunutzen und den Ausbau noch stärker bedarfsorientiert zu gestalten. Infolgedessen bewegt sich der Netzbetrieb näher an den Grenzen der Netzparameter (z. B. Spannungshaltung und Auslastung). Von daher müssen bislang praktizierte Verfahren weiter entwickelt werden, , um weiterhin einen sicheren und stabilen Netzbetrieb zu gewährleisten. KW - Energienetz KW - Energiespeicher KW - Energiewende KW - Leistungsmanagement KW - Netzbetrieb KW - Netzplanung KW - Spannband KW - Stromtragfähigkeit Y1 - 2015 SN - 978-3-943891-46-1 SP - 110 EP - 115 CY - Regensburg ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Arrieta Castro, Abel A1 - Weber, Hans Ingo A1 - Rill, Georg T1 - Design an integrate vehicle control based-on hierarchical architecture for improve the performance of ground vehicles T2 - COBEM2015 : 23rd ABCM International Congress of Mechanical Engineering, December 6-11, 2015, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazi Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.20906/cps/cob-2015-1970 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Kenner, Susanne A1 - Thaler, Raphael A1 - Kucera, Markus A1 - Volbert, Klaus A1 - Waas, Thomas T1 - Smart Grid architecture for monitoring and analyzing, including modbus and REST performance comparison T2 - International Workshop on Intelligent Solutions in Embedded Systems (WISES), 12th, 29.-30. Oct. 2015, Ancona, Italy N2 - Smart Grid, Smart Metering, Electromobility and the regulation of the power network are keywords of the transition in energy policies. In the future, the power grid will be smart. Due to this the OTH Regensburg does research in this area based on different projects. This paper presents a data collection, analyzing and monitoring software for a reference Smart Grid. We discuss two possible architectures for collecting data from energy analyzers. The performance is analyzed with respect to real-time monitoring, analyzing load peaks and automated regulation of the power grid. KW - Software KW - Computer architecture KW - Smart grids KW - Protocols KW - Databases KW - Servers KW - TCPIP Y1 - 2015 UR - https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7356988 SN - 978-8-8875-4808-2 SP - 96 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Hofmann, Gerhard A1 - Scharfenberg, Georg T1 - Applicability of the ISO 26262 for functional safety for motorbikes T2 - 2014 International Conference on Applied Electronics, 9-10 Sept. 2014, Pilsen, Czech Republic N2 - This article deals with the question to what extent the automotive standard for functional safety ISO 26262 is also applicable to motorbikes. It examines thereby, on the one hand where to find comparable criteria between cars and motorbikes from the standpoint of functional safety, and, on the other hand, where differences between the automobile and the motorbike must be considered. It shows the extent to which the safety-related automotive standard is applicable to motorbikes. Furthermore, the differences are determined, which must lead to the consequence of a new “state of the art” and to a new standard for motorbikes. On the example of a light function the new MSIL classification gets applied. In this article, the motorbike is viewed as a whole. For the most parts the standard is also valid for scooters. KW - Automobiles KW - Automotive engineering KW - Functional Safety KW - ISO 26262 KW - ISO Standards KW - motorbike KW - Motorcycles KW - MSIL KW - safety Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/AE.2014.7011679 SP - 107 EP - 112 PB - IEEE ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Schiek, Roland T1 - Self-phase modulation in lithium niobate waveguides T2 - 2014 International Conference Laser Optics, title=Self-phase modulation in lithium niobate waveguides, 30 June-4 July 2014, St. Petersburg, Russia N2 - Self-phase modulation in lithium niobate wave-guides with cascaded quadratic and cubic nonlinearities is characterized by comparison of amplitude and phase of input and output pulse envelopes and spectra. Cubic nonlinear susceptibility coefficients of lithium niobate were determined from the measured nonlinear phase shifts. KW - Frequency measurement KW - Frequency modulation KW - lithium niobate KW - nonlinear susceptibility KW - self-phase modulation KW - Wavelength measurement Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/LO.2014.6886403 PB - IEEE ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Schmidt, Hans-Peter A1 - Fuchs, Andreas A1 - Fuchs, Stefan T1 - Simultaneous contact less charging of multiple electric vehicles: Contact less power and data transfer for multiple distributed loads T2 - 2014 4th International Electric Drives Production Conference ( 30 Sept.-1 Oct. 2014, Nuremberg, Germany N2 - A design of a 3-phase inductive power and data transfer for multiple stationary loads is proposed. It focuses on stable load voltages while minimizing electromagnetic interference. Loads are contactless charging units of electric vehicles at car parks. Physical properties of the inductive couplers are modelled via 3-D FEM and lumped parameters are used for system studies. Design principles are verified at laboratory scale with a purpose built test stand. KW - charging infrastructure KW - Coils KW - contact less charging KW - Couplers KW - Couplings KW - Data transfer KW - Electric vehicles KW - electro mobility KW - Feeds KW - multiple stationary loads KW - Windings Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/EDPC.2014.6984435 SP - 1 EP - 3 PB - IEEE ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dawoud, Belal T1 - On the development of an innovative gas-fired heating appliance based on a zeolite-water adsorption heat pump; system description and seasonal gas utilization efficiency JF - Applied Thermal Engineering N2 - The main objective of this work is to introduce an innovative hybrid heating appliance incorporating a gas condensing boiler and a zeolite-water adsorption heat pump. The condensing boiler is applied to drive the zeolite-water heat pump for the heating base-load and to assist the heat pump in the so called “mixed operation” mode, in which both the heat pump and the condensing boiler are working in series to cover medium heating demands. Peak heating demands are covered by the condensing boiler in the so called “direct heating” mode. The three operation modes of the hybrid heating appliance have been technically described. In addition, the laboratory test conditions for estimating the seasonal heating performance according to the German Guideline VDI 4650-2 have been introduced. For both heating systems 35/28 °C and 55/45 °C, which represent the typical operating conditions of floor and high temperature radiating heating systems in Europe, seasonal heating gas utilization efficiencies of 1.34 and 1.26 have been measured, respectively with a ground heat source. In two field test installations in one-family houses in Germany, the introduced heating appliance showed 27% more seasonal gas utilization efficiency for heating and domestic hot water production, which is equivalent to a CO2-emission reduction of 20% compared to the gas condensing boiler technology. KW - Adsorption heat pump KW - Falling film evaporator KW - Gas utilization efficiency KW - Seasonal performance KW - Zeolite-water Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2014.09.008 VL - 72 IS - 2 SP - 323 EP - 330 PB - Elsevier ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ebner, Lena A1 - Elsner, Michael T1 - Thermische Energiespeicher: Wärmespeicherung in Kugelschüttungen. Numerische Simulation der Stromungs-, Warmetransport- und Entstaubungsvorgänge JF - BWK. Das Energie-Fachmagazin N2 - Festbettspeicher bieten die Möglichkeit, thermische Energie auf einem hohen Temperaturniveau zu speichern. Die oft kugelförmigen Schüttgüter bestehen aus Materialien hoher Dichte und Wärmekapazität. Neben der Wärmespeicherung können mithilfe dieser Schüttungen partikelbeladene Abgase entstaubt werden. Die Strömungs-, Wärmetransport- und Entstaubungsvorgänge bei der Speicherung von Wärme in einem Schüttschichtwärmeübertrager werden in Zusammenarbeit mit Fraunhofer Umsicht, Institutsteil Sulzbach-Rosenberg, untersucht. Einen entscheidenden Aspekt der Arbeiten stellt die numerische Simulation der im Wärmeübertrager ablaufenden Vorgänge dar. Die transiente Simulation von Schüttschichtwärmeübertragern ist nur mit Vereinfachungen möglich, da aufgrund der komplexen Geometrie und der daraus folgenden feinen Vernetzung eine enorme Rechenleistung benötigt wird. Bei den in diesem Beitrag vorgestellten Ergebnissen werden die physikalischen Vorgange in einem Ausschnitt der Schüttschicht simuliert, in dem die Kugelgeometrie detailliert modelliert ist. Die Ergebnisse der numerischen Simulation werden durch analytische Berechnungen aus der Literatur bestätigt. Eine Reihe von Parametervariationen zeigen die Einflüsse verschiedener Größen beispielsweise auf den Druckverlust sowie den Unterschied zwischen radialer und axialer Durchströmung einer Schüttschicht. Die Entstaubung partikelbeladener Gase innerhalb einer Schüttschicht wird zunächst anhand einer Einzelkugel untersucht; die Erweiterung auf die Entstaubung in einer Kugelpackung ist vorgesehen. Die Ergebnisse der numerischen Simulationen sollen mit den an einem Versuchsstand experimentell bestimmten Daten verglichen werden. KW - Abgas KW - Druckverlust KW - Durchströmung KW - Entstaubung KW - Festbett KW - hohe Dichte KW - Kugelschüttung KW - numerische Simulation KW - Rechenleistung KW - Schüttgut KW - thermische Energie KW - Wärmekapazität KW - Wärmespeicherung KW - Wärmetransport KW - Wärmeübertrager Y1 - 2014 VL - 66 IS - 9 SP - 40 EP - 43 PB - VDI-Verlag ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Kaspar, Marcel A1 - Rabl, Hans-Peter T1 - Differenzierte Kohlenwasserstoffanalytik im Dieselabgas bei verschiedenen Motorbetriebszuständen T2 - 12. FAD-Konferenz „Herausforderung – Agbasnachbehandlung für Dieselmotoren“, 12, 2014, Dresden N2 - Die für Dieselfahrzeuge gesetzlich vorgeschriebenen Grenzwerte bezüglich der Schadstoffkomponenten Kohlenwasserstoffe und Kohlenmonoxid können nur durch den Einsatz eines Diesel-Oxidationskatalysators erfüllt werden. Um erhöhte Emissionen infolge eines geschädigten Katalysators zu vermeiden, gilt es, dieses abgasrelevante Bauteil auch während des Betriebes zu überwachen. Die zukünftigen gesetzlichen Anforderungen an die Überwachung erfordern ein Verfahren das eine zuverlässige und hochgenaue Diagnose zulässt. Deshalb entwickelt eine Forschungsgemeinschaft aus Industrieunternehmen und Hochschulen einen neuartigen Kohlenwasserstoffsensor zur hochgenauen Analyse von unverbrannten Kohlenwasserstoffen im Abgasstrang. Hierfür ist die Kohlenwasserstoffzusammensetzung des Dieselabgases bei verschiedenen Motorbetriebszuständen zu ermitteln. Zur differenzierten Untersuchung der Kohlenwasserstoffkomponenten wurde in der Arbeit ein Massenspektrometer eingesetzt, das mit chemischer Ionisation arbeitet. Anhand eines Abgasscreenings konnte eine Reihe von Kohlenwasserstoffen (Alkane, Alkene, Alkine, Alkadiene und aromatische Kohlenwasserstoffe) identifiziert werden, die typisch für das Dieselabgas stehen. Die Moleküle Ethin, Ethen und Propen wurden gezielt betrachtet. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass bei kalten Betriebsbedingungen diese drei Komponenten etwa die Hälfte der Gesamtkohlenwasserstoffkonzentration ergeben. Ein weiterer Punkt der Untersuchungen war die Diesel-Partikelfilter-Regeneration. Wie erwartet, lassen sich Kohlenwasserstoffmoleküle mit höheren Massen feststellen, die auf unverbrannten Dieselkraftstoff zurückzuführen sind. Anhand der Ergebnisse zeigte sich.dass sich das mit chemischer Ionisation arbeitende Massenspektrometer hervorragend für ein Abgasscreening eignet. Zahlreiche Kohlenwasserstoffe konnten identifiziert werden, die repräsentativ für das Dieselabgas stehen. Es sollten Moleküle bei verschiedenen Motorbetriebsbedingungen untersucht werden, die einen möglichst großen Anteil an der Gesamtkohlenwasserstoffkonzentration besitzen. Die Auswahl fiel aufgrund der gemessenen Massenspektren, vor und nach dem Diesel-Oxidationskatalysator, auf die Komponenten Ethin, Ethen und Propen. Zudem kann bei diesen Molekülen eine Masseninterferenz mit anderen Abgaskomponenten ausgeschlossen werden. Im unteren Teillastbereich und kaltem Motor machen diese Kohlenwasserstoffe bis zu 50%, gemittelt über alle Messstellen vor, im und nach dem Diesel-Oxidationskatalysator, der Gesamtkohlenwasserstoffkonzentration aus. Bei betriebswarmem Motor reduziert sich ihr Anteil auf ein Drittel Die höchste Konzentration unter den drei Komponenten besitzt dabei Propen. Mit steigendem Drehmoment nimmt der Anteil dieser drei Komponenten fortlaufend ab,was dafür spricht, dass Moleküle mit höheren Massen einen höheren Anteil einnehmen. Die Kohlenwasserstoff-Emissionen bewegen sich bei diesen Motorbetriebspunkten mit betriebswarmem Katalysator jedoch bereits bei sehr niedrigen Werten. Während der untersuchten Diesel-Partikelfilter-Regeneration mit späten Nacheinspritzungen zur Abgastemperaturerhöhung lassen sich Moleküle mit höheren Massen nachweisen. Diese sind typisch für die Reinkomponente Dieselkraftstoff. Der Anteil von Ethin, Ethen und Propen an der THC-Konzentration beträgt dann ca. 40%. KW - Alkadiene KW - Alkane KW - aromatische Kohlenwasserstoffe KW - Betriebsbedingung KW - Dieselabgas KW - Dieselkraftstoff KW - DIESELMOTOR KW - Ethen KW - Ethin KW - Ionisation KW - Kohlenmonoxid KW - Kohlenwasserstoffe KW - Massenspektrometer KW - Oxidationskatalysator KW - Propen KW - Schadstoff KW - Überwachung Y1 - 2014 SP - 45 EP - 59 PB - Förderkreis Abgasnachbehandlungstechnologien für Verbrennungskraftmaschinen (FAD) e.V. ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Boccara, R. A1 - Diamantidis, Dimitris A1 - Sýkora, Miroslav T1 - Optimal design of ground-mounted solar systems T2 - Safety and reliability : methodology and applications : proceedings of the European Safety and Reliability Conference, ESREL 2014, Wrocław, Poland, 14-18 September 2014 N2 - Solar energy represents a clean, natural and sustainable source of energy. Solar photovoltaic panels can be installed on roofs of structures or in the ground. This contribution focusses on ground-mounted systems, which are presently widely implemented. At present limited guidelines on the design of solar ground-mounted structures are available. Usually standards for the design of normal buildings are applied. However, the design of ground-mounted structures significantly differs from common structural design by: (1) a lower design lifetime (20-25 years) is accepted; (2) failure is not associated with the loss of human life; (3) resistance uncertainties need due attention; (4) uplift wind forces dominating structural reliability are associated with a large scatter. That is why the reliability analysis and optimal design of ground-mounted solar systems is investigated herein. The failure costs and especially their ratio to the initial costs are analyzed considering the data provided from the industry. Probabilistic reliability analyses are carried out and optimum design levels are computed for representative cost ratios. The optimal target reliability depends on the ratio between failure and initial costs; reliability index of 3.5 corresponds to a reasonable cost ratio of 10. KW - Dach KW - Montagesystem KW - Montiergerät KW - nachhaltiges Sourcing KW - Solarenergie KW - Solarmodul KW - Windkraft (Energiequelle) Y1 - 2014 SN - 978-1-138-02681-0 SP - 2175 EP - 2181 PB - CRC Press CY - Boca Raton ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Kaspar, M. A1 - Rabl, Hans-Peter A1 - Mayer, W. T1 - Differenzierte Kohlenwasserstoffanalytik im Dieselabgas bei verschiedenen Motorbetriebszustaenden : Detailed hydrocarbon analysis of diesel exhaust gas at different engine operating conditions T2 - 12. FAD-Konferenz „Herausforderung – Agbasnachbehandlung für Dieselmotoren“, 12, 2014, Dresden N2 - Beitrag und Praesentationsmaterial eines Vortrags ueber differenzierende Kohlenwasserstoffanalytik im Dieselabgas bei verschiedenen Motorbetriebszustaenden. Mit einem neu entwickelten, hochgenauen HC-Sensor werden unverbrannte HC im Abgas untersucht. Die differenzierende Untersuchung erfolgt an einem Massenspektrometer, das mit chemischer Ionisation arbeitet. Die Molekuele Ethin, Ethen und Propen wurden gezielt betrachtet. Es zeigt sich, dass bei kalten Betriebsbedingungen diese drei Komponenten etwa die Haelfte der gesamten HC Konzentration ergeben. Ein weiterer Punkt ist die Regeneration des Dieselpartikelfilters. KW - ABGASKONZENTRATION KW - ABGASTRENNUNG KW - ABGASZUSAMMENSETZUNG KW - DIESELMOTOR KW - EINSTUFENFILTER KW - GASFILTER KW - HAUPTSTROMFILTER KW - KATALYTISCHE ABGASNACHVERBRENNUNG KW - KATALYTISCHER REAKTOR KW - KOHLENWASSERSTOFF (ABGAS) KW - OXIDATIONSKATALYSATORANLAGE KW - Partikelfilter KW - PERIODISCH ZU REINIGENDER FILTER KW - R4-MOTOR KW - UEBERDRUCKFILTER Y1 - 2014 SP - 1 EP - 35 PB - Förderkreis Abgasnachbehandlungstechnologien für Verbrennungskraftmaschinen (FAD) e.V. CY - Dresden ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Kaspar, Marcel A1 - Kleiner, Florian A1 - Rabl, Hans-Peter T1 - Online-Analyse und Optimierung der Schmierölverdünnung bei direkteinspritzenden Ottomotoren T2 - 7. VDI-Fachtagung mit Fachausstellung Zylinderlaufbahn, Kolben, Pleuel : Baden-Baden, 03. und 04. Juni 2014 N2 - Bei Ottomotoren mit Direkteinspritzung besteht beim Kaltstart, den Warmlaufphasen und auch durch den Einfluss anderer Parameter wie z. B. des Einspritzzeitpunkts oder des Einspritzdrucks die Problematik, dass Kraftstoff an die Zylinderlaufbahn aufgetragen wird und sich mit dem Motoröl vermischen kann. Eine Verstärkung dieses Kraftstoffauftrags ist unter anderem der Verschiebung der Motorbetriebspunkte zu höheren Mitteldrücken und damit einem Wirkungsgrad optimaleren Betrieb geschuldet. Eine Veränderung der physikalischen und chemischen Eigenschaften des Motoröls durch die Verdünnung mit Kraftstoff ist die Folge. Durch die Verringerung der Viskosität des Motoröls kann es zu einer verminderten Schmierwirkung des Öls kommen, die im schlimmsten Fall zur Schädigung des Motors führt. Existierende Offline-Analysemethoden die zeitintensive Laboranalysen nach sich ziehen, als auch Online-Messverfahren die nicht den technischen Anforderungen hinsichtlich Genauigkeit und einer kurzen Messdauer entsprechen, stellen aktuell die einzigen Messmethoden zur Bestimmung der Schmierölverdünnung dar. Durch neue Entwicklungstrends bei Ottomotoren ist es jedoch unbedingt notwendig, die Mechanismen des Kraftstoffein- und -austrags in das und aus dem Motoröl genauer zu untersuchen. Mit der an der OTH Regensburg neu entwickelten Messtechnik wurde eine Vorgehensweise erarbeitet, mit der die zeitlichen Verläufe des Kraftstoffein- und -austragsverhaltens bei Ottomotoren quantitativ in kurzer Zeit bestimmt und optimiert werden können. Especially at cold start and the warm-up operation GDI engines have an issue with oil dilution. Parameters such as injection timing and injection pressure impact the entry of fuel in the engine oil as well. With the adjustment of engine operating points to higher mean effective pressures resulting in downsizing concepts also an additional increase of fuel entry occurs. Fuel gets into the oil pan and is mixed with the engine oil so that the physical and chemical properties of the engine oil are changed. With the reduction of engine oil viscosity due to fuel entry a reduced lubricating effect can be caused. In the worst case damage to the engine occurs, To determine oil dilution online and offline measurement methods exist. A rather long analysis time in the laboratory is a disadvantage of the offline methods. Online methods are not correlating with technical requirements in terms of accuracy and a short measurement time. New trends in the development of gasoline engines require investigations of fuel in oil sorption and desorption processes. A new measurement technique which is developed at the OTH Regensburg enables to determine quantitative fuel in oil sorption and desorption processes. With this technique a procedure was generated to measure the oil dilution at gasoline engines and optimize them in a short time. KW - Direkteinspritzerottomotor KW - Direkteinspritzung KW - Kaltstart KW - Kraftstoff KW - Motoröl KW - Online-Analyse KW - Online-Messverfahren KW - Ottomotor KW - Viskositätsverringerung Y1 - 2014 SN - 978-3-18-092230-0 SP - 65 EP - 77 PB - VDI-Verlag CY - Düsseldorf ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Küpper, Carsten A1 - Artmann, Christina A1 - Pischinger, Stefan A1 - Rabl, Hans-Peter T1 - Lube-Oil Dilution of GDI Engines with Ethanol Fuels JF - Auto Tech Review KW - Cold Start KW - Injection Strategy KW - Fuel Mass KW - Mixture Formation KW - Fuel Blend Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1365/s40112-014-0570-5 VL - 3 IS - 3 SP - 30 EP - 35 PB - Springer India CY - New Delhi ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Milaev, Johannes A1 - Ruider, Martin A1 - Schlegl, Thomas T1 - Entwicklung eines Experimentalsystems zur Validierung adaptiver Regelungen mit einem OEM-Steuergerät T2 - Tagungsband AALE 2014 : das Forum für Fachleute der Automatisierungstechnik aus Hochschulen und Wirtschaft ; 11. Fachkonferenz, Regensburg N2 - Im Rahmen des Kooperationsprojektes "ACES" (Integrated Adaption of Linear Controllers for Embedded Systems) ist ein Prüfstand zur Validierung adaptiver Regelungen entwickelt und aufgebaut worden, der das dynamische Verhalten eines Kfz-Antriebstrangs aufweist. Ziel ist es, verschiedene Adaptionsverfahren auf ihre Einsetzbarkeit in OEM-Steuergeräten, die im Automotive-Bereich auf breiter Basis verwendet werden, kostengünstig testen zu können. Das Problem der aktiven Schwingungsdämpfung in Kfz-Antriebssträngen mit unbekannten und veränderlichen mechanischen Parametern stellt eine Pilotanwendung dar. Ein leicht anpassbarer mechanischer Prüfstand dient hierbei als vereinfachtes Modell eines Antriebstrangs. Dieser ist Bestandteil eitles Experimentalsystems mit einer informationstechnischen Architektur, die einen Betrieb engebetteter Regelungssysteme auf verschiedenen Plattformen gestattet. Das flexible mechanische und informationstechnische Design des Experimentalsystems gestattet die Variation von Parametern der zu regelnden Applikation durch leicht austauschbare mechanische Komponenten und gezielte Einbringung von Störgrößen. Zudem kann die Berechnung der Regelungsarchitektur auf einem Industrie-PC oder einem Steuergerät erfolgen. Weitere Vorteile des entwickelten Experimentalsystems sind die Berücksichtigung von Effekten, die aus dem Verhalten realer Sensoren und der CAN-basierten Signalübertragung entstehen. Insbesondere der Einfluss von Wortbreite und Latenz übertragener Signale auf die Adaption von Regelungen kann mit Hilfe des vorgestellten Experimentalsystems eingehend untersucht werden. KW - Adaptivregelung KW - aktive Schwingungsdämpfung KW - Algorithmus KW - Antriebsstrang KW - Drehschwingung KW - Kraftfahrzeug KW - Lageregelung KW - Prüfstand KW - robuste Regelung KW - Schwingungsdämpfung KW - Validierung Y1 - 2014 UR - https://www.oth-regensburg.de/fakultaeten/maschinenbau/aale-2014.html SN - 978-3-8356-7142-3 SP - 241 EP - 250 PB - Deutscher Industrieverlag CY - München ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kral, Christian A1 - Haumer, Anton A1 - Lee, Sang Bin T1 - A Practical Thermal Model for the Estimation of Permanent Magnet and Stator Winding Temperatures JF - IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics N2 - A thermal model for the determination of the temperatures of interior permanent magnets and stator windings is presented in this paper. The innovation of the model relies on one temperature sensor being located in the stator core of the machine. Such sensor is simple to implement in many applications such as traction or EV, where reliability is critical. The estimated stator winding and permanent magnet temperatures are determined by a simplified thermal lumped element network model with only two time constants. It is shown that the proposed thermal model is very robust due to the structure of the model and the measured stator core temperature. The distortion of the temperature estimates caused by the cooling circuit is inherently accounted for such that the model can be used for robust online prediction of temperatures. Experimental results based on a forced water-cooled interior permanent magnet synchronous machine setup are presented to validate the effectiveness of the presented model. KW - cooling KW - lumped element thermal equivalent circuit model KW - magnetic cores KW - permanent magnet machines KW - permanent magnet synchronous machine KW - stators KW - synchronous machines KW - temperature estimation KW - variable speed KW - dynamic load Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2013.2253128 SN - 1941-0107 SN - 0885-8993 VL - 29 IS - 1 SP - 455 EP - 464 PB - IEEE ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Kral, Christian A1 - Haumer, Anton A1 - Wöhrnschimmel, Reinhard T1 - Extension of the FundamentalWave Library towards Multi Phase Electric Machine Models T2 - Proceedings of the 10th International Modelica Conference, March 10-12, 2014, Lund, Sweden N2 - Abstract Electric machine theory and electric machine simulations models are often limited to three phases. Up to the Modelica Standard Libray (MSL) version 3.2 the provided machine models were limited to three phases. Particularly for large industrial drives and for redundancy reasons in electric vehicles and aircrafts multi phase electric machines are demanded. In the MSL 3.2.1 an extension of the existing FundamentalWave library has been performed to cope with phase numbers greater than or equal to three. The developed machine models are fully incorporating the multi phase electric; magnetic; rotational and thermal domain. In this publication the theoretical background of the machines models; Modelica implementation details; the parametrization of the models and simulation examples are presented. KW - electric Machine models KW - induction machine KW - Modelica Standard Library KW - multi phase KW - synchronous machine KW - synchronous reluctance machine Y1 - 2014 SN - 978-91-7519-380-9 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3384/ecp14096135 SN - 1650-3686 SN - 1650-3740 SP - 135 EP - 143 PB - Linköping University Electronic Press ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Sterner, Michael A1 - Thema, Martin A1 - Eckert, Fabian A1 - Moser, Albert A1 - Schäfer, Andreas A1 - Drees, Tim A1 - Christian Rehtanz, A1 - Ulf Häger, A1 - Kays, Jan A1 - Seack, André A1 - Dirk Uwe Sauer, A1 - Matthias Leuthold, A1 - Philipp Stöcker, T1 - Stromspeicher in der Energiewende - Untersuchung zum Bedarf an neuen Stromspeichern in Deutschland für den Erzeugungsausgleich, Systemdienstleistungen und im Verteilnetz BT - Studie N2 - Wie groß ist der Speicherbedarf in Deutschland in der weiteren Umsetzung der Energiewende? Welche Rolle spielen Batteriespeicher, Pumpspeicher, Power-to-Gas etc. im Kontext anderer Flexibilitätsoptionen auf den verschiedenen Netzebenen? Wie entwickelt sich der Markt für Batterien und Wasserstoff? In unserer Agora-Speicherstudie haben wir auch erstmalig den Begriff Power-to-X definiert und damit die bis dato entstandenen Begriffe Power-to-Gas, Power-to-Liquids, Power-to-Products, Power-to-Chemicals etc. zusammengefasst. Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.31804.56964 PB - Agora Energiewende CY - Berlin ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Schneider, Ingo A1 - Nonn, Aida A1 - Völling, Alexander A1 - Mondry, A. A1 - Kalwa, Christoph T1 - A damage mechanics based evaluation of dynamic fracture resistance in gas pipelines T2 - Procedia Materials Science, Volume 3 N2 - Investigation of running ductile fracture in gas transmission pipelines and the derivation of reliable crack arrest prediction methods belong to major topics in pipeline research. The yet available crack arrest criterion, known as the Battelle Two-Curve Method (BTCM), leads to reliable predictions up to grade X70 line pipe steels for which it has been validated. This includes specific limits in terms of mechanical properties, pressure and geometry. The application of this criterion to modern pipeline steels, i.e. especially grades X80 and beyond in combination with larger diameters and high pressure, has led to mispredictions of the BTCM. Hence, in order to ensure safe design of pipelines, new methods are required based on in depth knowledge and appropriate characterization of material resistance. This paper presents a procedure for the assessment of dynamic ductile fracture resistance based on combined experimental and numerical investigations. The procedure involves quasi-static and dynamic drop- weight tear testing (DWTT) on modified specimens with pre-fatigued crack for grades X65, X80 and X100 materials, and the application of cohesive zone (CZ) and Gurson-Tveergard-Needleman (GTN) models to describe ductile material damage. The damage model parameters are calibrated on basis of DWTT results and subsequently used to simulate dynamic crack propagation in a pipeline. The influence of material properties (strain hardening, toughness), pipe geometry, usage factor and decompression behaviour on ductile fracture propagation behaviour is studied and evaluated. The results will contribute to an enhanced understanding of major parameters controlling ductile fracture propagation and will help to establish a reliable procedure for safe design of new high-capacity pipelines with regard to crack arrest. KW - Pipeline KW - Dynamic ductile fracture KW - Crack arrest KW - Cohesive zone model KW - DWT testing Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mspro.2014.06.315 VL - 3 SP - 1956 EP - 1964 ER -