TY - CHAP A1 - Briem, Ulrich T1 - Lebensdauerverhalten verdichteter Seildrähte T2 - Ilmenauer Drahttag 2019 Y1 - 2019 SN - 978-3- 938843-96-3 SP - 73 EP - 82 PB - ISLE Steuerungstechnik und Leistungselektronik CY - Ilmenau ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schwanzer, Peter A1 - Rabl, Hans-Peter A1 - Loders, S. A1 - Seifert, P. A1 - Himmelstoss, S. A1 - Gaderer, Matthias T1 - Difference in the Tailpipe Particle Number by Consideration of Sub-23-nm Particles for Different Injection Settings of a GDI Engine JF - Emission control science and technology N2 - The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristic of nanoparticles under consideration of sub-23-nm particles from a 1.8-l direct injection (DI) gasoline engine under stoichiometric air/fuel conditions in the exhaust gas system. For future CO2 challenges, the usage of DI-instead of port fuel injection (PFI)-gasoline engines is unavoidable. Therefore, a state of the art particle management program-particle number (PN) system, the Horiba SPCS (2100) with an integrated CPC (condensation particle counter), was recalibrated from a 50% cutoff (D-50%) at 23 nm down to a cutoff at 10 nm and the PCRF (particle concentration reduction factor) for sizes smaller than 23 nm was checked. Two different modal points, out of a representative Real Driving Emission (RDE) cycle, were investigated with both calibrations, D-50%=10 nm and D-50%=23 nm. For these different load points, the fuel pressure (FUP) and the start of injection (SOI) were varied, to represent the difference in the structure and the ratio conc((10 nm))/conc((23 nm)) of the nanoparticle emissions. The particle characterization includes the particle number (PN), the particle size distribution (PSD), and the particle mass (PM). The particle number was measured with Horiba SPCS (2100). The particle size distribution was analyzed with a Grimm differential mobility analyzer (DMA) in combination with a Faraday cup electrometer (FCE). Micro Soot and Pegasor were used to determine the PM, and an optical characterization was done with a 120-kV Phillips CM12 transmission electron microscope (TEM). The position of all particle measurement systems was downstream the three-way catalyst (TWC). The results of this investigation showed that a higher injection pressure decreases the PN (without consideration of sub-23-nm particles) in general. The ratio conc((10 nm))/conc((23 nm)) was therefore higher, because smaller particles, especially ash particles, were less reduced from the FUP. This means higher FUP tends to a higher ratio. For the SOI, the main reasons of the ratio differences were explained by an encroachment between the injection jet and the piston, the valve and the wall. KW - DoE KW - GDI KW - Particle number Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40825-019-0114-1 VL - 5 IS - 1 SP - 7 EP - 22 PB - Springer Nature ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sindersberger, Dirk A1 - Prem, Nina A1 - Monkman, Gareth J. T1 - Self-assembling structure formation in low-density magnetoactive polymers JF - Journal of Applied Polymer Science N2 - The formation of microstructures in magnetoactive polymers (MAPs) is a recently discovered phenomenon found only with very low filler particle concentrations (less than 3 wt %). Due to the degassing process, filler particles collect around an ascending bubble, which dissolves at a certain point leaving particulate rings within the matrix. The formation of toroidal microstructures commences as filler concentration approaches 1 wt %. The development of coherent parallel aligned rings with a compact order continues as particle concentrations increase toward 2 wt %. Between 2 and 3 wt % capillary doublets develop, while mass percentages higher than 3% result in increasing entropy as the random order of particle agglomeration found in higher concentration MAP dominates. Self-structured samples of different filler material and concentrations between 1 and 3 wt % have been investigated using X-ray tomography, where the emerging structures can be observed and visualized. The ring structures resulting from this research represent microinductivities which can be fabricated in a targeted manner, thus enabling new applications in the high-frequency radio field. Furthermore, these anisotropic, but well-organized, structures have magnetic field-dependent implications for optical, thermal, acoustic, and medical applications. KW - composites KW - ELASTOMERS KW - magnetism and magnetic properties KW - Particle KW - PERMEABILITY KW - self-assembly KW - sensors and actuators KW - VISCOELASTIC PROPERTIES KW - X-ray Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/app.48291 VL - 137 IS - 3 PB - Wiley ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Brkic, Jovan A1 - Ceran, Muaz A1 - Elmoghazy, Mohamed A1 - Kavlak, Ramazan A1 - Haumer, Anton A1 - Kral, Christian T1 - Open Source PhotoVoltaics Library for Systemic Investigations T2 - Proceedings of the 13th International Modelica Conference, March 4-6, 2019, Regensburg, Germany N2 - For the planning of photovoltaic power plants standard software tools are used. Most of these software tools use statistical solar data to determine the overall energy harvest of a photovoltaic plant over one year. The calculations rely on stationary location and ideal boundary conditions, e.g., constant ambient temperature. Even though, for example, shadowing may be considered by standard software, the investigation of untypical configurations and problems cannot be performed by such software, as most configurations cannot be changed by the user. The presented PhotoVoltaics library was developed with the intention to provide a flexible framework for standard and non-standard problems. Particularly, the PhotoVoltaics library can be coupled with other Modelica libraries to perform systemic investigations. An application library, PhotoVoltaics_TGM, is provided as add-on, where measured data of two photovoltaic pants of the TGM in Vienna can be compared with simulation results. This add-on library serves as validation of the PhotoVoltaics library. KW - CELL KW - converter KW - data sheet KW - irradiance KW - maximum power tracking KW - module KW - Photovoltaics KW - plant KW - terrestrial solar model Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3384/ecp1915741 SP - 41 EP - 50 PB - Linköing University Electronic Press ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Scharfenberg, Georg A1 - Elis, Ludek A1 - Hofmann, Gerhard T1 - New Design Methodology – Using VHDL-AMS Models to Consider Aging Effects in Automotive Mechatronic Circuits for Safety Relevant Functions T2 - 2019 International Conference on Applied Electronics (AE), 10-11 Sept. 2019, Pilsen, Czech Republic N2 - In this paper a design method for mechatronic functions in an early design phase under consideration of the requirements of functional safety is proposed [14]. The goal of the method is to discover threats for the safety goals and to prove or optimize the diagnostic mechanisms. At the current design process a lifetime endurance test is performed in a late project phase. In order to avoid unexpected late design changes the method should be applied in an early design phase. The method is an additional way to avoid design failures for E/E functions with special focus on aging in the field of functional safety applications. The method is developed out of three standards VDI 2221 methodology for development and construction of technical systems and products [1]), VDI 2206 design methodology for mechatronic systems [2] and the ISO 26262 road vehicles - Functional Safety [3] by using the V-Model. Furthermore, a core element of the design method is simulating aging effects by applying VHDL - AMS. To demonstrate the design methodology a sensor out of the EGAS function is chosen as a safety relevant automotive system. The limitation is the availability of aging data for electrical components. KW - Aging KW - Design methodology KW - Functional Safety KW - Integrated circuit modeling KW - Mechatronic design method KW - Mechatronics KW - Resistor aging KW - safety Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.23919/AE.2019.8867034 SP - 1 EP - 5 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Braun, Peter A1 - Durner, Bernhard A1 - Rabl, Hans-Peter A1 - Matysik, Frank-Michael T1 - Investigations on the decomposition of AdBlue urea in the liquid phase at low temperatures by an electrochemically induced pH shift JF - Monatshefte für Chemie N2 - Ammonia-based selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems are the most widely used technology for reduction of nitrogen oxide emissions from lean-burn engines such as diesel engines. However, at low exhaust temperatures, the SCR process is limited by difficulties in the decomposition of the ammonia precursor urea, which is carried on-board using an aqueous solution "AdBlue". In this study, the decomposition of AdBlue urea induced by electrical current and the resulting associated pH shifts were investigated in a divided cell configuration in the liquid phase. The decomposition was found to be favored in both electrochemical compartments, anodic and cathodic, at temperatures of 60-80 degrees C compared to a reference without electrochemical treatment. In addition to the determination of ammonia contents using an ammonia sensor, IC/HPLC analyses were carried out for each sample. Different side products such as biuret, nitrate, cyanuric acid, ammelide, and others were formed. In the anodic compartment, nitrate formation could be observed due to oxidation of ammonia at the electrode surface. [GRAPHICS] . KW - Ammonia KW - Catalysis KW - CONVERSION KW - Diesel Engine KW - DOPED MN/TIO2 KW - Electrochemistry KW - HYDROLYSIS KW - In situ pH shift KW - NOX KW - OXIDATION KW - PRODUCTS KW - REMOVAL KW - SCR KW - SELECTIVE CATALYTIC-REDUCTION KW - Thermochemistry Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00706-019-02406-6 VL - 150 IS - 9 SP - 1633 EP - 1641 PB - Springer ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Braun, Peter A1 - Rabl, Hans-Peter A1 - Matysik, Frank-Michael T1 - Investigations on the Liquid-Phase Decomposition of AdBlue Urea for the Selective Catalytic Reduction Process JF - Chemie Ingenieur Technik N2 - Difficulties in decomposing AdBlue to ammonia limit the applicability of selective catalytic reduction systems at low exhaust temperatures. Investigations on the decomposition of AdBlue in the liquid phase under elevated pressure at temperatures up to 165 degrees C were carried out. Besides effects of inorganic catalysts, the impact of pH on urea decomposition was examined. After dissolution in aqueous phase, the compounds ZnO, WO3, and MoO3 were found to be effective in liquid-phase AdBlue decomposition. However, the efficiency was dropping significantly over few hours. Decomposition of AdBlue urea was also found to be favored for alkaline and acidic conditions. KW - AdBlue urea KW - Ammonia KW - DeNO(x) KW - EMISSIONS KW - HYDROLYSIS KW - KINETICS KW - Liquid-phase decomposition KW - LOW-TEMPERATURE SCR KW - MODEL KW - NOX KW - Selective catalytic reduction Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/cite.201800055 VL - 91 IS - 7 SP - 961 EP - 968 PB - Wiley ER - TY - GEN A1 - Weiss, Nils T1 - Vulnerabilities of Connected Cars and beyond T2 - Applied Research Colloquium, 2019, Università Padua, Italy Y1 - 2019 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rill, Georg T1 - Sophisticated but quite simple contact calculation for handling tire models JF - Multibody system dynamics N2 - Handling tire models like Pacejka (Tire and Vehicle Dynamics, 3rd edn., Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2012) or TMeasy (Rill in Proc. of the XV Int. Symp. on Dynamic Problems of Mechanics, Buzios, RJ, Brazil, 2013) consider the contact patch as one coherent plane. As a consequence, the irregularities of a rough road profile must be approximated by an appropriate local road plane that serves as an effective road plane in order to calculate the geometric contact point and the corresponding contact velocities. The Pacejka/SWIFT tire model employs a road enveloping model that generates the effective height and slope by elliptical cams. TMeasy just uses four representative road points for that purpose. In addition, TMeasy replaces the geometric contact point by the static contact point and shifts it finally to the dynamic contact point that represents the point where the contact forces are applied. In doing so, a rather sophisticated but still simple contact calculation is possible. Simulations obtained with a virtual tire test rig and fully nonlinear three-dimensional multibody system models of a motor-scooter and a passenger car demonstrate the potential of this contact approach. KW - Dynamic contact point KW - Effective road plane KW - Geometric contact point KW - Static contact point KW - Tire road contact KW - TMeasy tire model KW - Vehicle modeling Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11044-018-9629-4 VL - 45 IS - 2 SP - 131 EP - 153 PB - Springer Nature ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Reindl, Andrea A1 - Meier, Hans A1 - Niemetz, Michael T1 - Software Framework for the Simulation of a Decentralized Battery Management System Consisting of Intelligent Battery Cells T2 - 2019 IEEE Student Conference on Research and Development (SCOReD), 15-17 Oct. 2019, Bandar Seri Iskandar, Malaysia N2 - Conventional battery management systems typically adopt hierarchical master-slave architectures. With regard to an uninterruptible power supply, the most significant disadvantage of central structures is the dependency of the errorfree function of the superior master board. The decentralized battery management system presented in this paper, consisting of consumers, generators and intelligent battery cells, is controlled without any central coordination authority. For this purpose, an intelligent control algorithm and a leader election algorithm are implemented on the microcontrollers of the battery cells. To test different control and election strategies, a software framework is presented for the complete simulation of the decentralized battery management system consisting of equal participants. KW - autonomous systems KW - Battery management system KW - decentralized control KW - distributed management KW - fault tolerant control KW - power system security KW - Renewable energy sources KW - uninterruptible power systems Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/SCORED.2019.8896284 SP - 75 EP - 80 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Alexander, Grimm A1 - Haumer, Anton T1 - Parametrization Of A Simplified Physical Battery Model T2 - Proceedings of the 13th International Modelica Conference, March 4-6, 2019, Regensburg, Germany N2 - The importance of batteries is increasing, especially in the field of the high power requirement systems like electric driven vehicles. Mobile energy storage makes it possible to accelerate with incredible torque, without any accruing air pollution. Due to the high costs of real components, it is of great use to simulate battery driven systems before building them. Transient processes within a cell are highly dependent on the operating point of the complete system, which makes it difficult to create equations and model arameterizations. This paper shows which data is important for cell modeling and how to parameterize simplified physical cell models. KW - battery parameterization KW - physical battery model KW - simplified battery model Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3384/ecp19157215 SP - 215 EP - 220 PB - Linköing University Electronic Press ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Briem, Ulrich ED - Dohm, Martin T1 - Fatigue Behaviour of Rope Wires T2 - Proceedings of the OIPEEC Conference, La Rochelle, France, 12th - 15th March 2019 N2 - The rope curve line of a tensioned rope can be described by means of the catenary curve. Opposed to that, the curved line of a free bent rope cannot be described by an analytical function. Practical applications of free bending are for example at tail ropes at the bottom of shaft in rope drives with traction sheaves. The question whether the maximum diameter of rope loop is small enough for the diameter of the shaft is highly interesting. In [1] a method was presented to calculate the curved line of free bent ropes numerically by help of energy methods. An analytical description of rope curve line would be very helpful. Beginning with the structure of a rope curve line of tensioned rope (catenary curve) and considering the influence of bending stiffness, the structure of an analytical equation for the curve line of a free bent rope will be developed. The main focus of this paper is to develop and to describe the structure of such an analytical equation. To get a first idea about the values of the constants in that analytical equation a few test results were evaluated. But these equations consider the static rope behavior only. Due to dynamic effects in the rope while running through the loop at the bottom of a shaft, pendulousness of the tail rope occurs. Y1 - 2019 UR - https://oipeec.org/products/mathematical-approach-to-curve-line-of-free-bent-ropes PB - OIPEEC ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Schneider, Sebastian A1 - Hots, Jan A1 - Luft, Tommy A1 - Rottengruber, Hermann A1 - Verhey, Jesko L. A1 - Rabl, Hans-Peter T1 - Entwicklung einer empirischen Formel zur Bewertung der Tickergeräuschanteile von Motorgeräuschen T2 - DAGA 2019 - 45. Jahrestagung für Akustik, 8.-21. März 2019, Rostock Y1 - 2019 UR - https://pub.dega-akustik.de/DAGA_2019/data/daga19_proceedings.pdf SN - 978-3-939296-14-0 VL - 45 SP - 643 EP - 646 PB - Deutsche Gesellschaft für Akustik e.V. ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Rieger, Anna A1 - Mühlbauer, Christian A1 - Weber, Rainer A1 - Rabl, Hans-Peter T1 - Measures to Address the Dissonance Perception of Multiple Tonal Components in Sounds T2 - DAGA 2019 - 45. Jahrestagung für Akustik, 18.-21. März 2019, Rostock Y1 - 2019 UR - https://pub.dega-akustik.de/DAGA_2019/data/articles/000499.pdf VL - 45 SP - 375 EP - 378 PB - Deutsche Gesellschaft für Akustik e.V. ER - TY - GEN A1 - Altmann, Robert A1 - Gebhard, Jürgen T1 - Phänomenologische Untersuchung des Einspritzprozesses eines Injektors aus dem Off-Highway-Segment mit Diesel- und Rapsölkraftstoff T2 - 16. Internationaler Fachkongress "Kraftstoffe der Zukunft 2019", Berlin Y1 - 2019 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Rill, Georg A1 - Arrieta Castro, Abel ED - Kecskeméthy, Andrés ED - Geu Flores, Francisco ED - Carrera, Eliodoro ED - Elias, Dante A. T1 - The Influence of Axle Kinematics on Vehicle Dynamics T2 - Interdisciplinary Applications of Kinematics. Proceedings of the Third International Conference (IAK) N2 - The automotive industry employs many different kinds of axle suspension systems at modern passenger cars. Important criteria are costs, space requirements, kinematic properties, and compliance attributes. This paper illustrates that in particular the kinematic properties of a suspension system have a significant influence on the dynamics of vehicles. As a consequence, the kinematics of a suspension system must be modeled very precisely and nonlinear. Typical kinematical features of a suspension system are discussed by analyzing the most common double wishbone axle suspension system. The influence of the axle kinematics on vehicle dynamics is finally demonstrated by simulation results generated with a fully nonlinear and three-dimensional multibody vehicle model. KW - Double wishbone suspension system KW - Multibody system KW - Suspension kinematics KW - vehicle dynamics Y1 - 2019 SN - 978-3-030-16422-5 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16423-2_2 VL - 71 SP - 23 EP - 31 PB - Springer International Publishing CY - Cham ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Rill, Georg ED - Lugner, Peter T1 - Multibody Systems and Simulation Techniques T2 - Vehicle Dynamics of Modern Passenger Cars N2 - This part begins with an introduction to Multibody Systems (MBS). It presents the elements of MBS and discusses different modeling aspects. Then, different methods to generate the equations of motion are presented. Solvers for ordinary differential equations (ODE) as well as differential algebraic equations (DAE) are discussed. Finally, techniques for “online” and “offline” simulations including real-time applications are presented like necessary for car development. Special examples show the connection between simulation and test results. KW - Differential equations KW - Equations of motion KW - Multibody systems KW - Numerical solution KW - Vehicle models Y1 - 2019 SN - 978-3-319-79007-7 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-79008-4_6 SP - 309 EP - 375 PB - Springer International Publishing CY - Cham ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Thomeczek, Ludwig A1 - Attenberger, Andreas A1 - Kolb, Johannes A1 - Matoušek, Václav A1 - Mottok, Jürgen ED - Unger, Herwig T1 - Betrachtungen zu Latenzquellen und deren Beobachtung in POSIX-Systemen am Beispiel von Container-Runtimes T2 - Echtzeit 2019 N2 - Die am weitesten verbreiteten autonomen Systeme der Zukunft sind aller Voraussicht nach intelligente Fahrzeuge, welche selbständig im Straßenverkehr navigieren und mit der Umgebung interagieren. Diese neuen Funktionen erfordern den Einsatz von performanten Mehrkernprozessoren sowie von komplexen (POSIX-kompatiblen) Betriebssystemen. Gleichzeitig erfordert der Einsatz im Automobil hohe funktionale Sicherheit (ASIL-Level), was unter anderem robuste Echtzeiteigenschaften der verwendeten Hard- und Software voraussetzt. Den Echtzeiteigenschaften steht die erhöhte Komplexität mit neuen Quellen für nichtdeterministische Latenzen gegenüber. In diesem Paper präsentieren wir eine Übersicht über diese neuen Einflussfaktoren, und vermessen anschließend Containerlaufzeitumgebungen und deren Latenzverhalten. Wir zeigen dabei, das Netzwerkbrücken unter Last erheblichen Einfluss (Faktor 4–5) auf die Netzwerklatenz ausüben können. Y1 - 2019 SN - 978-3-658-27807-6 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-27808-3_12 VL - 35 SP - 109 EP - 118 PB - Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden CY - Wiesbaden ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Mühlbauer, Christian A1 - Rabl, Hans-Peter A1 - Rottengruber, Hermann T1 - Akustische Analyse und Optimierung von mechatronischen Kraftstoffeinspritzsystemen T2 - Tagungsband DAGA 2019 - 45. Jahrestagung für Akustik, 18.-21. März 2019, Rostock Y1 - 2019 UR - https://pub.dega-akustik.de/DAGA_2019/data/articles/000004.pdf SN - 978-3-939296-14-0 SP - 647 EP - 650 PB - Deutsche Gesellschaft für Akustik CY - Berlin ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Arrieta Castro, Abel A1 - Chaves, Rafael B. A1 - Rill, Georg A1 - Weber, Hans I. ED - Fleury, Agenor de T. ED - Rade, Domingos A. ED - Kurka, R. G. T1 - Use of Integrated Control to Enhance the Safety of Vehicles in Run-Off-Road Scenarios T2 - Proceedings of DINAME 2017 : Selected Papers of the XVII International Symposium on Dynamic Problems of Mechanics N2 - In this work, an integrated vehicle control system (IC) is tested in run-off-road scenarios. The integrated approach was employed in order to coordinate vehicle control systems, i.e. the Anti-Lock Brake System (ABS), Four-wheel Steering (4WS) and the Electronic Stability Program (ESP). To perform a run-off-road maneuver, a fuzzy virtual test driver was designed. By receiving the lateral position of an obstacle and the vehicle’s relative yaw angle, the virtual test driver is capable of following a reference trajectory. Furthermore, to test the performance of the standalone controllers, i.e. ABS, ESP and 4WS, individual maneuvers are performed using a multibody vehicle model. The vehicle without any coordination between the control systems is used as reference. For the simulation results, it is concluded that the IC improves the vehicle stability and maneuverability in comparison with the non-integrated approach. Y1 - 2019 SN - 978-3-319-91217-2 SN - 978-3-319-91216-5 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91217-2_30 SN - 2195-4356 SP - 431 EP - 443 PB - Springer CY - Cham ET - 1. Auflage ER -