TY - JOUR A1 - Freni, Angelo A1 - Frazzica, Andrea A1 - Dawoud, Belal A1 - Chmielewski, Stefanie A1 - Calabrese, Luigi A1 - Bonaccorsi, Lucio Maria T1 - Adsorbent coatings for heat pumping applications: Verification of hydrothermal and mechanical stabilities JF - Applied Thermal Engineering N2 - This paper presents novel experimental methods for verification of both hydrothermal and mechanical stabilities of adsorbent coatings. Experiments have been carried out on zeolite-based coatings over aluminum substrates, prepared by a dip-coating technique developed at CNR-ITAE. Hydrothermal aging of several adsorbent coatings is ongoing. Adsorption and structural stability of some samples under test was successfully verified after 35000 aging cycles by isobars measurement and XRD analysis. Mechanical properties of coatings have been evaluated by applying different typologies of static and dynamic mechanical stresses. Results obtained have been compared with those achieved by subjecting adsorbent coatings prepared by Mitsubishi Plastic Incorporation (MPI) to the same characterization protocol. The comparison between the two types of coating returned that MPI coatings posses similar thermal stability and better mechanical strength than CNR-ITAE coatings. KW - Adsorbent coating KW - Adsorption heat pump KW - Hydrothermal stability KW - Mechanical stability Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2011.07.010 VL - 50 IS - 2 SP - 1658 EP - 1663 PB - Elsevier ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Frazzica, Andrea A1 - Palomba, Valeria A1 - Dawoud, Belal A1 - Gullì, Giuseppe A1 - Brancato, Vincenza A1 - Sapienza, Alessio A1 - Vasta, Salvatore A1 - Freni, Angelo A1 - Costa, Fabio A1 - Restuccia, Giovanni T1 - Design, realization and testing of an adsorption refrigerator based on activated carbon/ethanol working pair JF - Applied Energy N2 - In the present paper design, realization and testing of a novel small scale adsorption refrigerator prototype based on activated carbon/ethanol working pair is described. Firstly, experimental activity has been carried out for identification of the best performing activated carbon available on the market, through the evaluation of the achievable thermodynamic performance both under air conditioning and refrigeration conditions. Once identified the best performing activated carbon, the design of the adsorber was developed by experimental dynamic performance analysis, carried out by means of the Gravimetric-Large Temperature Jump (G-LTJ) apparatus available at CNR ITAE lab. Finally, the whole 0.5 kW refrigerator prototype was designed and built. First experimental results both under reference air conditioning and refrigeration cycles have been reported, to check the achievable performance. High Specific Cooling Powers (SCPs), 95 W/kg and 50 W/kg, for air conditioning and refrigeration respectively, were obtained, while the COP ranged between 0.09 and 0.11, thus showing an improvement of the current state of the art. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. KW - Activated carbon KW - ADSORBENTS KW - adsorption KW - Ammonia KW - CARBON KW - CHILLER KW - COOLING SYSTEMS KW - Corrosion KW - DRIVEN KW - Ethanol KW - ETHANOL ADSORPTION KW - PERFORMANCE KW - Refrigeration KW - waste heat Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.04.080 VL - 174 SP - 15 EP - 24 PB - Elsevier ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kalita, Viktor M. A1 - Snarskii, Andrei A. A1 - Shamonin (Chamonine), Mikhail A1 - Zorinets, Denis T1 - Effect of single-particle magnetostriction on the shear modulus of compliant magnetoactive elastomers JF - Physical review E N2 - The influence of an external magnetic field on the static shear strain and the effective shear modulus of a magnetoactive elastomer (MAE) is studied theoretically in the framework of a recently introduced approach to the single-particle magnetostriction mechanism [V. M. Kalita et al., Phys. Rev. E 93, 062503 (2016)]. The planar problem of magnetostriction in an MAE with magnetically soft inclusions in the form of a thin disk (platelet) having the magnetic anisotropy in the plane of this disk is solved analytically. An external magnetic field acts with torques on magnetic filler particles, creates mechanical stresses in the vicinity of inclusions, induces shear strain, and increases the effective shear modulus of these composite materials. It is shown that the largest effect of the magnetic field on the effective shear modulus should be expected in MAEs with soft elastomer matrices, where the shear modulus of the matrix is less than the magnetic anisotropy constant of inclusions. It is derived that the effective shear modulus is nonlinearly dependent on the external magnetic field and approaches the saturation value in magnetic fields exceeding the field of particle anisotropy. It is shown that model calculations of the effective shear modulus correspond to a phenomenological definition of effective elastic moduli and magnetoelastic coupling constants. The obtained theoretical results compare well with known experimental data. Determination of effective elastic coefficients in MAEs and their dependence on magnetic field is discussed. The concentration dependence of the effective shear modulus at higher filler concentrations has been estimated using the method of Pade approximants, which predicts that both the absolute and relative changes of the magnetic-field-dependent effective shear modulus will significantly increase with the growing concentration of filler particles. KW - BEHAVIOR KW - composites KW - DEPENDENCE KW - FERROGELS KW - MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES KW - MICROSTRUCTURE KW - Polymer KW - PURE SHEAR KW - RHEOLOGY KW - SENSITIVE ELASTOMERS Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.95.032503 VL - 95 IS - 3 PB - American Physical Society ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bruni, S. A1 - Meijaard, J. P. A1 - Rill, Georg A1 - Schwab, A. L. T1 - State-of-the-art and challenges of railway and road vehicle dynamics with multibody dynamics approaches JF - Multibody System Dynamics N2 - A review of the current use of multibody dynamics methods in the analysis of the dynamics of vehicles is given. Railway vehicle dynamics as well as road vehicle dynamics are considered, where for the latter the dynamics of cars and trucks and the dynamics of single-track vehicles, in particular motorcycles and bicycles, are reviewed. Commonalities and differences are shown, and open questions and challenges are given as directions for further research in this field. KW - AUTOMATIC-GENERATION KW - BICYCLE DYNAMICS KW - Bicycles KW - CREEP FORCES KW - FREIGHT WAGON KW - LATERAL DYNAMICS KW - LINEAR-MODEL KW - Motorcycles KW - NON-HERTZIAN KW - PASSIVE RIDER KW - Railway vehicles KW - Review KW - Road vehicles KW - ROLLING-CONTACT KW - vehicle dynamics KW - WHEELSET-TRACK INTERACTION Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11044-020-09735-z VL - 49 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 32 PB - Springer ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schwanzer, Peter A1 - Rabl, Hans-Peter A1 - Loders, S. A1 - Seifert, P. A1 - Himmelstoss, S. A1 - Gaderer, Matthias T1 - Difference in the Tailpipe Particle Number by Consideration of Sub-23-nm Particles for Different Injection Settings of a GDI Engine JF - Emission control science and technology N2 - The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristic of nanoparticles under consideration of sub-23-nm particles from a 1.8-l direct injection (DI) gasoline engine under stoichiometric air/fuel conditions in the exhaust gas system. For future CO2 challenges, the usage of DI-instead of port fuel injection (PFI)-gasoline engines is unavoidable. Therefore, a state of the art particle management program-particle number (PN) system, the Horiba SPCS (2100) with an integrated CPC (condensation particle counter), was recalibrated from a 50% cutoff (D-50%) at 23 nm down to a cutoff at 10 nm and the PCRF (particle concentration reduction factor) for sizes smaller than 23 nm was checked. Two different modal points, out of a representative Real Driving Emission (RDE) cycle, were investigated with both calibrations, D-50%=10 nm and D-50%=23 nm. For these different load points, the fuel pressure (FUP) and the start of injection (SOI) were varied, to represent the difference in the structure and the ratio conc((10 nm))/conc((23 nm)) of the nanoparticle emissions. The particle characterization includes the particle number (PN), the particle size distribution (PSD), and the particle mass (PM). The particle number was measured with Horiba SPCS (2100). The particle size distribution was analyzed with a Grimm differential mobility analyzer (DMA) in combination with a Faraday cup electrometer (FCE). Micro Soot and Pegasor were used to determine the PM, and an optical characterization was done with a 120-kV Phillips CM12 transmission electron microscope (TEM). The position of all particle measurement systems was downstream the three-way catalyst (TWC). The results of this investigation showed that a higher injection pressure decreases the PN (without consideration of sub-23-nm particles) in general. The ratio conc((10 nm))/conc((23 nm)) was therefore higher, because smaller particles, especially ash particles, were less reduced from the FUP. This means higher FUP tends to a higher ratio. For the SOI, the main reasons of the ratio differences were explained by an encroachment between the injection jet and the piston, the valve and the wall. KW - DoE KW - GDI KW - Particle number Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40825-019-0114-1 VL - 5 IS - 1 SP - 7 EP - 22 PB - Springer Nature ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schwanzer, Peter A1 - Schillinger, Maximilian A1 - Mieslinger, Johann A1 - Walter, Stefanie A1 - Hagen, Gunter A1 - Maerkl, Susanne A1 - Haft, Gerhard A1 - Dietrich, Markus A1 - Moos, Ralf A1 - Gaderer, Matthias A1 - Rabl, Hans-Peter T1 - A Synthetic Ash-Loading Method for Gasoline Particulate Filters with Active Oil Injection JF - SAR International Journal of Engines N2 - To reduce particulate emissions, the use of particulate filters in diesel engines is meanwhile state of the art, while the integration of such systems in gasoline engines is now also necessary in order to comply with today's regulations. Over its lifetime, a gasoline particulate filter (GPF) collects ash components of fuel, lubrication oil, and materials originating from the catalytic coating and from engine abrasion. In the development and application process, synthetic ashing from GPFs is challenging. The ash of the lubrication oil can be increased in various ways, like oil-doped fuel, a separate oil burner, or changes in the piston-cylinder system of the engine. However, these methods show major disadvantages. For this reason, an improved approach is presented in this study, which allows a quick response to changes in combustion (e.g., engine knocking) and producing ash, which is more realistic due to its primary particle size and the density of ash plugs, in a shorter time. Therefore, an approach to accelerate ash loading by active oil injection using a multi-point injection (MPI) system is introduced. With the help of this methodology, an ashing capacity of 1.21 g/h is implemented, which is a high rate compared to other investigations. The primary particle size (evaluated by means of a transmission electron microscope), is in the same size range as those detected at the full-load curve during regular operation. A computer tomographic (CT) analysis of the incinerated particulate filter also shows that a very high density of ash plugs can be realized, which has also been found in the literature for real applications. In addition, with the help of a mass spectrometer (MS) and an intermediate weighing of the particulate filter, the current ash loading of the GPF could be determined with an accuracy of 1%. KW - Ash KW - GDI KW - GPF KW - Particle Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.4271/03-14-04-0029 SN - 1946-3936 SN - 1946-3944 VL - 14 IS - 4 SP - 493 EP - 506 PB - SAE International ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schorr, Philipp A1 - Zentner, Lena A1 - Zimmermann, Klaus A1 - Böhm, Valter T1 - Jumping locomotion system based on a multistable tensegrity structure JF - Mechanical systems and signal processing N2 - All known locomotion principles are limited respective to environmental conditions. Often, the occurrence of obstacles or gaps means the break-off for the operating motion systems. For such circumstances, a controllable jumping locomotion is required to cross these barriers. However, this locomotion demands sophisticated requirements to the actuation. The abrupt actuation is commonly realized by high dynamic actuators or complex mechanisms. In this work, a simple solution utilizing the multistability of a compliant tensegrity structure is described. Therefore, a two-dimensional tensegrity structure featuring four stable equilibria is considered. Based on bifurcation analyses a feasible actuation to control the current equilibrium configuration is derived. Changing between selected equilibrium states enables a great difference in potential energy, which yields a jumping motion of the structure. Based on numerical simulations a suitable actuation strategy is chosen to overcome obstacle and steps by jumping forward or backward, respectively. The theoretical approach is examined experimentally with a prototype of the multistable tensegrity structure. (c) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. All known locomotion principles are limited respective to environmental conditions. Often, the occurrence of obstacles or gaps means the break-off for the operating motion systems. For such circumstances, a controllable jumping locomotion is required to cross these barriers. However, this locomotion demands sophisticated requirements to the actuation. The abrupt actuation is commonly realized by high dynamic actuators or complex mechanisms. In this work, a simple solution utilizing the multistability of a compliant tensegrity structure is described. Therefore, a two-dimensional tensegrity structure featuring four stable equilibria is considered. Based on bifurcation analyses a feasible actuation to control the current equilibrium configuration is derived. Changing between selected equilibrium states enables a great difference in potential energy, which yields a jumping motion of the structure. Based on numerical simulations a suitable actuation strategy is chosen to overcome obstacle and steps by jumping forward or backward, respectively. The theoretical approach is examined experimentally with a prototype of the multistable tensegrity structure. KW - Compliant tensegrity structure KW - Multibody dynamics KW - Multistability KW - Non-classical locomotion Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymssp.2020.107384 IS - 152 PB - Elsevier ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sindersberger, Dirk A1 - Prem, Nina A1 - Monkman, Gareth J. T1 - Self-assembling structure formation in low-density magnetoactive polymers JF - Journal of Applied Polymer Science N2 - The formation of microstructures in magnetoactive polymers (MAPs) is a recently discovered phenomenon found only with very low filler particle concentrations (less than 3 wt %). Due to the degassing process, filler particles collect around an ascending bubble, which dissolves at a certain point leaving particulate rings within the matrix. The formation of toroidal microstructures commences as filler concentration approaches 1 wt %. The development of coherent parallel aligned rings with a compact order continues as particle concentrations increase toward 2 wt %. Between 2 and 3 wt % capillary doublets develop, while mass percentages higher than 3% result in increasing entropy as the random order of particle agglomeration found in higher concentration MAP dominates. Self-structured samples of different filler material and concentrations between 1 and 3 wt % have been investigated using X-ray tomography, where the emerging structures can be observed and visualized. The ring structures resulting from this research represent microinductivities which can be fabricated in a targeted manner, thus enabling new applications in the high-frequency radio field. Furthermore, these anisotropic, but well-organized, structures have magnetic field-dependent implications for optical, thermal, acoustic, and medical applications. KW - composites KW - ELASTOMERS KW - magnetism and magnetic properties KW - Particle KW - PERMEABILITY KW - self-assembly KW - sensors and actuators KW - VISCOELASTIC PROPERTIES KW - X-ray Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/app.48291 VL - 137 IS - 3 PB - Wiley ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schulz, Carsten A1 - Schwarz, Colin T1 - Drivetrain fatigue strength characteristics of model-predictive control for wind turbines JF - Wind Energy N2 - Wind turbines play a crucial role in the revolution towards renewable resources. They need to be economically competitive to be sustainable. This still requires to lower the cost of energy (COE). To this end, nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC) is used within this paper. As known from literature, NMPC significantly improves the energy extracting performance as well as the mitigation of tower loads of wind turbines. As it is shown in this paper, the drivetrain fatigue strength drops disproportionally in parallel, which either increases the demands on the turbine design or decreases the lifetime of drivetrain components. Without additional boundary conditions to the underlying optimal control problems (OCPs), the application of energy-maximizing NMPC might so even raise the COE. Only penalizing axial torque oscillations by quadratic terms decreases energy-extracting performance below the level of classical wind turbine controllers. This makes more sophisticated conditions necessary. In this paper, the increase of the drivetrain damage by NMPC is analyzed, and appropriate boundary conditions are derived, to balance the two contradicting objectives of energy maximization and drivetrain load mitigation. An NMPC approach based on indirect methods is used, to obtain a solution of the OCPs very efficiently. It applies the Hamilton equations and Pontryagin's maximum principle. Its accuracy and efficiency to solve OCPs was presented over the last decades. Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/we.2520 VL - 23 IS - 12 SP - 2137 EP - 2149 PB - Wiley ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Bogomolov, Maxim A1 - Kral, Christian A1 - Haumer, Anton A1 - Lomonova, Elena T1 - Modeling of permanent magnet synchronous machine with fractional slot windings T2 - Proceedings IECON 2012 - 38th Annual Conference on IEEE Industrial Electronics Society ; Ecole de Technologie Superieure de Montreal, Universite du Quebec Montreal, Canada 25 - 28 October, 2012 N2 - This paper focuses on simulation of permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) with fractional-slot windings (FSW) in Modelica. Modeling of the electrical machines with object-oriented approach is shortly described, and a new Modelica library for simulation of electrical machines is introduced. The results of simulation of PMSMs with fractional slot windings are presented and explained. Special attention is paid to the higher harmonics and subharmonics produced by the winding and their influence on machine operation. KW - Concentrated KW - fractional slot KW - harmonics KW - Modelica KW - permanent magnet KW - subharmonics KW - synchronous machines KW - Torque KW - windings Y1 - 2012 SN - 978-1-4673-2421-2 SN - 978-1-4673-2419-9 SN - 978-1-4673-2420-5 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/IECON.2012.6388912 SN - 1553-572X SP - 1894 EP - 1899 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway, NJ ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Reindl, Andrea A1 - Singer, Thomas A1 - Meier, Hans A1 - Niemetz, Michael A1 - Park, Sangyoung T1 - Framework to Test DC-DC Converters Developed for a Decentralized Battery Management System T2 - 2021 International Conference on Applied Electronics (AE): 7-8 Sept. 2021, Pilsen, Czech Republic N2 - DC- DC converters control the power flow and thus the power distribution between the components on different voltage levels. They are essential for (dis)charging batteries and influence the safety and stability of the entire battery management system (BMS). Therefore, testing the functionality and the reliability of DC-DC converters is crucial. This is especially true for decentralized battery management systems (DBMS), where multiple nodes communicate to collectively control the system. The used DC-DC converters are modified to parameterize them during operation via microcontroller interfaces. Integrating the communication into the control loop requires an analysis of the control behavior due to additional delays. Therefore, this paper proposes a framework to test DC-DC converters considering the control and communication perspectives. The response time, the control accuracy and stability of these DC-DC converters, e.g., under continuous and abrupt load changes, are measured in automated tests. The dedicated software framework simulates the DBMS and stimulates the hardware components (e.g. electronic loads, data acquisition) via respective interfaces (CAN, RS232). This allows the test of various DC-DC converters with flexibly adaptable load and power generation profiles. An initial application validates the test framework by verifying the aforementioned aspects and thus the applicability of a DC-DC converter within the DBMS. KW - Batteries KW - Battery management system KW - Battery management systems KW - Control systems KW - DC-DC converter KW - DC-DC power converters KW - decentralized control KW - hardware in the loop testing KW - object oriented programming KW - Power system stability KW - Python KW - Stability analysis KW - system testing KW - Time measurement Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.23919/AE51540.2021.9542882 SP - 1 EP - 6 PB - IEEE ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Brkic, Jovan A1 - Ceran, Muaz A1 - Elmoghazy, Mohamed A1 - Kavlak, Ramazan A1 - Haumer, Anton A1 - Kral, Christian T1 - Open Source PhotoVoltaics Library for Systemic Investigations T2 - Proceedings of the 13th International Modelica Conference, March 4-6, 2019, Regensburg, Germany N2 - For the planning of photovoltaic power plants standard software tools are used. Most of these software tools use statistical solar data to determine the overall energy harvest of a photovoltaic plant over one year. The calculations rely on stationary location and ideal boundary conditions, e.g., constant ambient temperature. Even though, for example, shadowing may be considered by standard software, the investigation of untypical configurations and problems cannot be performed by such software, as most configurations cannot be changed by the user. The presented PhotoVoltaics library was developed with the intention to provide a flexible framework for standard and non-standard problems. Particularly, the PhotoVoltaics library can be coupled with other Modelica libraries to perform systemic investigations. An application library, PhotoVoltaics_TGM, is provided as add-on, where measured data of two photovoltaic pants of the TGM in Vienna can be compared with simulation results. This add-on library serves as validation of the PhotoVoltaics library. KW - CELL KW - converter KW - data sheet KW - irradiance KW - maximum power tracking KW - module KW - Photovoltaics KW - plant KW - terrestrial solar model Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3384/ecp1915741 SP - 41 EP - 50 PB - Linköing University Electronic Press ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Scharfenberg, Georg A1 - Elis, Ludek A1 - Hofmann, Gerhard T1 - New Design Methodology – Using VHDL-AMS Models to Consider Aging Effects in Automotive Mechatronic Circuits for Safety Relevant Functions T2 - 2019 International Conference on Applied Electronics (AE), 10-11 Sept. 2019, Pilsen, Czech Republic N2 - In this paper a design method for mechatronic functions in an early design phase under consideration of the requirements of functional safety is proposed [14]. The goal of the method is to discover threats for the safety goals and to prove or optimize the diagnostic mechanisms. At the current design process a lifetime endurance test is performed in a late project phase. In order to avoid unexpected late design changes the method should be applied in an early design phase. The method is an additional way to avoid design failures for E/E functions with special focus on aging in the field of functional safety applications. The method is developed out of three standards VDI 2221 methodology for development and construction of technical systems and products [1]), VDI 2206 design methodology for mechatronic systems [2] and the ISO 26262 road vehicles - Functional Safety [3] by using the V-Model. Furthermore, a core element of the design method is simulating aging effects by applying VHDL - AMS. To demonstrate the design methodology a sensor out of the EGAS function is chosen as a safety relevant automotive system. The limitation is the availability of aging data for electrical components. KW - Aging KW - Design methodology KW - Functional Safety KW - Integrated circuit modeling KW - Mechatronic design method KW - Mechatronics KW - Resistor aging KW - safety Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.23919/AE.2019.8867034 SP - 1 EP - 5 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Braun, Peter A1 - Durner, Bernhard A1 - Rabl, Hans-Peter A1 - Matysik, Frank-Michael T1 - Investigations on the decomposition of AdBlue urea in the liquid phase at low temperatures by an electrochemically induced pH shift JF - Monatshefte für Chemie N2 - Ammonia-based selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems are the most widely used technology for reduction of nitrogen oxide emissions from lean-burn engines such as diesel engines. However, at low exhaust temperatures, the SCR process is limited by difficulties in the decomposition of the ammonia precursor urea, which is carried on-board using an aqueous solution "AdBlue". In this study, the decomposition of AdBlue urea induced by electrical current and the resulting associated pH shifts were investigated in a divided cell configuration in the liquid phase. The decomposition was found to be favored in both electrochemical compartments, anodic and cathodic, at temperatures of 60-80 degrees C compared to a reference without electrochemical treatment. In addition to the determination of ammonia contents using an ammonia sensor, IC/HPLC analyses were carried out for each sample. Different side products such as biuret, nitrate, cyanuric acid, ammelide, and others were formed. In the anodic compartment, nitrate formation could be observed due to oxidation of ammonia at the electrode surface. [GRAPHICS] . KW - Ammonia KW - Catalysis KW - CONVERSION KW - Diesel Engine KW - DOPED MN/TIO2 KW - Electrochemistry KW - HYDROLYSIS KW - In situ pH shift KW - NOX KW - OXIDATION KW - PRODUCTS KW - REMOVAL KW - SCR KW - SELECTIVE CATALYTIC-REDUCTION KW - Thermochemistry Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00706-019-02406-6 VL - 150 IS - 9 SP - 1633 EP - 1641 PB - Springer ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Braun, Peter A1 - Rabl, Hans-Peter A1 - Matysik, Frank-Michael T1 - Investigations on the Liquid-Phase Decomposition of AdBlue Urea for the Selective Catalytic Reduction Process JF - Chemie Ingenieur Technik N2 - Difficulties in decomposing AdBlue to ammonia limit the applicability of selective catalytic reduction systems at low exhaust temperatures. Investigations on the decomposition of AdBlue in the liquid phase under elevated pressure at temperatures up to 165 degrees C were carried out. Besides effects of inorganic catalysts, the impact of pH on urea decomposition was examined. After dissolution in aqueous phase, the compounds ZnO, WO3, and MoO3 were found to be effective in liquid-phase AdBlue decomposition. However, the efficiency was dropping significantly over few hours. Decomposition of AdBlue urea was also found to be favored for alkaline and acidic conditions. KW - AdBlue urea KW - Ammonia KW - DeNO(x) KW - EMISSIONS KW - HYDROLYSIS KW - KINETICS KW - Liquid-phase decomposition KW - LOW-TEMPERATURE SCR KW - MODEL KW - NOX KW - Selective catalytic reduction Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/cite.201800055 VL - 91 IS - 7 SP - 961 EP - 968 PB - Wiley ER - TY - GEN A1 - Weiss, Nils T1 - Vulnerabilities of OBD2 Dongles T2 - RCAR Annual Conference, 2018, Munich, Germany Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Weiss, Nils T1 - Vulnerabilities of Connected Cars and beyond T2 - Applied Research Colloquium, 2019, Università Padua, Italy Y1 - 2019 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Palomba, Valeria A1 - Nowak, Sebastian A1 - Dawoud, Belal A1 - Frazzica, Andrea T1 - Dynamic modelling of Adsorption systems: a comprehensive calibrated dataset for heat pump and storage applications JF - Journal of energy storage N2 - The growing efforts for the development of clean and efficient energy systems require the use of a multi-disciplinary approach and the integration of multiple generation appliances. Among the fields that can be considered enabling technologies, adsorption systems for air conditioning and thermal energy storages, are constantly increasing their maturity. However, for a proper design and integration of such systems, there is the need for a simulation framework that is reliable and computationally convenient. In the present paper, the implementation of a dynamic model for adsorption systems is presented, which includes different components (adsorber, phase changer, sorption materials) and is structured as a library. Modelica language and the commercial software Dymola (R) are used for the analysis. Data for different heat exchangers and working pairs are calibrated using experimental results and the calibrated model is subsequently used for the design of an adsorber based on a plate heat exchanger for thermal energy storage applications. The results proved that the model is fast and can reproduce experimental results with good accuracy, thus being a useful tool for the design and optimization of the different components of sorption systems. KW - CHILLERS KW - DIFFUSION KW - ETHANOL ADSORPTION KW - Optimization KW - PERFORMANCE KW - SCALE KW - simulation KW - THERMAL-ENERGY STORAGE KW - TRANSFORMATION KW - WATER-ADSORPTION Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2020.102148 VL - 33 PB - Elsevier ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rill, Georg A1 - Bauer, Florian A1 - Kirchbeck, Mathias T1 - VTT - a virtual test truck for modern simulation tasks JF - Vehicle system dynamics N2 - The development of new technologies like advanced driver assistance systems or automated driving requires a flexible simulation environment of sufficient complexity. In general this flexibility is not provided by commercial software packages. This paper presents a three-dimensional and nonlinear hand-made model for heavy commercial vehicles including tractor and trailer as well as tractor and semitrailer combinations that can be used in different simulation environments, as well as in real-time applications. As typical for trucks, the torsional flexibility of the frame and a suspended driver's cabin are taken into account. The design kinematics makes it possible to handle different and quite complex axle suspensions very efficiently. Appropriate force elements are used to model various couplings between tractor and trailer or tractor and semitrailer, respectively. The virtual test truck environment (VTT) coded in ANSI C is extremely portable and can easily be embedded in commercial simulation packages like MATLAB/Simulink. It includes the TMeasy tyre model and offers flexible interfaces to third-party software tools. KW - coupled air springs KW - design Kinematics KW - heavy commercial vehicles KW - MATLAB KW - Simulink KW - TMeasy tyre model KW - vehicle coupling KW - Vehicle modelling Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/00423114.2019.1705356 VL - 59 IS - 4 SP - 635 EP - 656 PB - Taylor&Francis ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rill, Georg T1 - Sophisticated but quite simple contact calculation for handling tire models JF - Multibody system dynamics N2 - Handling tire models like Pacejka (Tire and Vehicle Dynamics, 3rd edn., Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2012) or TMeasy (Rill in Proc. of the XV Int. Symp. on Dynamic Problems of Mechanics, Buzios, RJ, Brazil, 2013) consider the contact patch as one coherent plane. As a consequence, the irregularities of a rough road profile must be approximated by an appropriate local road plane that serves as an effective road plane in order to calculate the geometric contact point and the corresponding contact velocities. The Pacejka/SWIFT tire model employs a road enveloping model that generates the effective height and slope by elliptical cams. TMeasy just uses four representative road points for that purpose. In addition, TMeasy replaces the geometric contact point by the static contact point and shifts it finally to the dynamic contact point that represents the point where the contact forces are applied. In doing so, a rather sophisticated but still simple contact calculation is possible. Simulations obtained with a virtual tire test rig and fully nonlinear three-dimensional multibody system models of a motor-scooter and a passenger car demonstrate the potential of this contact approach. KW - Dynamic contact point KW - Effective road plane KW - Geometric contact point KW - Static contact point KW - Tire road contact KW - TMeasy tire model KW - Vehicle modeling Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11044-018-9629-4 VL - 45 IS - 2 SP - 131 EP - 153 PB - Springer Nature ER -