TY - CHAP A1 - Schiedermeier, Maximilian A1 - Rettner, Cornelius A1 - Steiner, Marcel A1 - März, Martin T1 - Dual-inverter control synchronization strategy to minimize the DC-link capacitor current T2 - 2020 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC), 18 November 2020 - 16 December 2020, Gijon, Spain N2 - This paper proposes the possible switching synchronization strategies of an automotive dual-inverter against the background of minimizing the RMS DC-link capacitor current. The publication mainly focuses on the straight-ahead motion of a rear axle with one electric drive per wheel. In addition to it, a dual-inverter consisting of two subinverters with a common DC-link capacitor is taken into consideration. These sub-inverters each have three phases and are based on a 2-level voltage-source-topology. To control the electrical machines, the continuous Space-Vector-Modulation strategy is used. For this application, different control signal synchronization strategies of the two sub-inverters of the dualinverter are presented. Apart from the existing strategies, this paper proposes a new method, which inherits a compromise between low complexity and high effectiveness. In contrast to previous publications, the resulting capacitor currents are quantified and subsequentlyevaluated. This novel quantification, which is dependent on the dual-inverter’s operating point, provides a base for targeted dimensioning of the capacitor. Moreover, this forms the foundation for further investigations of vehicle’s cornering, as well as for the possible synchronization of stand-alone inverters. In the context of this publication, the presented results are verified by experimentally determined data of a motor-inverter system. KW - Axles KW - Capacitors KW - Complexity theory KW - DC-link capacitor KW - Dual-inverter KW - interleaved inverters KW - Inverters KW - space vector modulation (SVM) KW - Switches KW - Synchronization KW - Voltage source inverter (VSI) KW - Wheels Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC49601.2020.9330921 SP - 1 EP - 6 PB - IEEE ER - TY - CHAP A1 - De, Sangita A1 - Niklas, Michael A1 - Mottok, Jürgen A1 - Brada, Přemek T1 - A Semantic Analysis of Interface Description Models of Heterogeneous Vehicle Application Frameworks: An Approach Towards Synergy Exploration T2 - MODELSWARD 2019: Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Model-Driven Engineering and Software Development, 20.02.2019 - 22.02.2019, Prague, Czech Republic N2 - As the world is getting more connected, the demands of services in automotive industry are increasing with the requirements such as IoT (Internet of Things) in cars, automated driving, etc. Eventually, the automotive industry has evolved to a complex network of servi ces, where each organization depends on the other organizations, to satisfy its service requirements in different phases of the vehicle life cycle. Because of these heterogeneous and complex development environments, most of the vehicle component interface models need to be specified in various manifest ations to satisfy the semantic and syntactic requirements, specific to different application development environments or frameworks. This paperdescribes an approach to semantic analysis of components interfaces description models of heterogeneous frameworks, that are used for vehicle applications. The proposed approach intends to ensure that interface description models of different service-based vehicle frameworks can be compared, correlated and re-used based on semantic synergies, across different vehicle platforms, development environments and organizations. The approach to semantic synergy exploration could further provide the knowledge base for the increase in interoperability, overall efficiency and development of an automotive domain specific general software solutions, by facilitating coexistence of components of heterogeneous frameworks in the same high-performance ECU for future vehicle software. KW - Application: Framework KW - IDL KW - Semantic: Mapping Y1 - 2019 SN - 978-989-758-358-2 SP - 394 EP - 401 PB - SCITEPRESS ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Reindl, Andrea A1 - Meier, Hans A1 - Niemetz, Michael A1 - Park, Sangyoung T1 - Decentralized Battery Management System with Customized Hardware Components T2 - IEEE 19th Student Conference on Research and Development (SCOReD), Sustainable Engineering and Technology towards Industry Revolution: 23-25 Nov. 2021, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia N2 - With an increasing number of sold electric vehicles (EVs), a large number of used batteries will be at disposal. How to deal with these resources is one of the major challenges in reducing the environmental impact of batteries throughout their entire life cycle. Heterogeneous cell parameters due to the different usage histories are a challenge for second-life use. The effort and cost of remanufacturing required to test and assemble a new battery pack is a further concern. Systems that combine battery packs/modules without full reassembly offer advantages such as cost and reusability. A decentralized battery management system (DBMS) provides a suitable architecture for such systems involving different types of batteries. In this paper, an architecture for a decentralized, battery state-dependent control is shown. The proposed DBMS supports various types of batteries, is scalable and flexibly adaptable for a wide range of applications. Despite the significant advantages, there are increased requirements to meet for the hardware implementation and the applied control strategies. Therefore, the necessary hardware components and their requirements are described and the hardware implementations are provided. KW - battery fitness KW - Battery management system KW - Battery management systems KW - bidirectional power flow KW - Computer architecture KW - Costs KW - DC-DC power converters KW - decentralized control KW - Electric vehicles KW - Hardware KW - load sharing KW - Microprocessors KW - Renewable energy sources KW - second life battery Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/SCOReD53546.2021.9652737 SP - 350 EP - 355 PB - IEEE ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Hopkins, Andrew A1 - Hopfensperger, Bernhard A1 - Mellor, Phil T1 - DC-link Capacitor Reduction in Low Voltage and High Power Integrated Modular Motor Drives T2 - 2019 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), 29 Sept.-3 Oct. 2019, Baltimore, MD, USA N2 - The development of 48V high power (>15 kW) automotive propulsion drives demands close integration of the power electronics and the electrical machine. Due to the large operating currents distributed multi-phase topologies are needed and physically separating the power converter from the e-machine would involve heavy cabling and costly connections. The volume and cost of the filter capacitor represents a major challenge in closely integrated high power integrated modular motor drives and techniques are needed to minimize this. The DC-link capacitor requires a large ripple current handling capability and cost, size and reliability limitations result in suitable candidate technologies being those with low volumetric energy densities. Use of interleaved multi three-phase machines are attractive due to the associated capacitor ripple current reduction. Discontinuous modulation schemes may also be employed as a technique for reducing the current ripple. In this paper techniques for capacitor ripple reduction are assessed through simulation and compared. KW - Capacitors KW - carrier phase shift KW - DC-link capacitor KW - dual 3-phase inverter KW - integrated modular motor drive KW - Interleaving KW - Inverters KW - Low voltage KW - Motor drives KW - Pulse width modulation KW - ripple current reduction KW - winding displacement KW - Windings Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/ECCE.2019.8913213 SP - 3208 EP - 3214 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sýkora, Miroslav A1 - Holicky, Milan A1 - Jung, Karel A1 - Diamantidis, Dimitris T1 - Human safety criteria for risk-based structural design JF - International Journal of Safety and Security Engineering N2 - Risk and reliability criteria are well established in many industrial sectors such as the offshore, chemi- cal or nuclear industries. Comparative risk thresholds have been specified to allow a responsible organization or regulator to identify activities, which impose an acceptable level of risk concerning the participating individuals, or society as a whole. The scope of this contribution is to present target reliability criteria based on acceptable human safety levels. Application of theoretical principles is illustrated by examples of railway engineering structures. Initially it is shown how civil engineering structures for which human safety criteria play a role are classified according to Eurocodes. Examples include bridges, tunnels or station buildings. The general concepts for risk acceptance are then briefly reviewed, particularly in their relation to the target reliability criteria. The distinction between the two types of criteria is made: group risk and the acceptance criterion based on the Life Quality Index LQI approach introduced by ISO 2394:2015. The differences between the criteria for new and existing structures are discussed. The application is illustrated by an example of a bridge crossing an important railway line. It appears that while benefits and costs of a private stakeholder or public authority are reflected by economic optimisation, the society should define the limits for human safety to achieve uniform risks for various daily-life activities and across different industrial sectors. Keywords: group risk, human safety, individual risk, Life Quality Index, railway, risk acceptance, structure, target reliability KW - individual risk KW - group risk KW - human safety KW - Life Quality Index KW - railway KW - risk acceptance KW - structure KW - target reliability Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.2495/SAFE-V8-N2-287-298 VL - 8 IS - 2 SP - 287 EP - 298 PB - WIT Press ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Diamantidis, Dimitris A1 - Sýkora, Miroslav A1 - Bertacca, Elena T1 - Obsolescence Rate: Framework, Analysis and Influence on Risk Acceptance Criteria T2 - 6th International Symposium on Life-Cycle Civil Engineering (IALCCE), Ghent, Belgium N2 - Buildings are major long lasting assets of the society and business enterprises and form a significant part of infrastructure management. They require continual maintenance and in many cases they can become inap-propriate for their original purpose due to obsolescence and are demolished. The present contribution ex-plores the obsolescence of buildings and in particular the definitions of obsolescence, the related influenc-ing factors and the associated uncertainties. Thereby definitions of the obsolescence rate based on the physi-cal and useful (service) life are clarified. The experienced useful life of buildings in Finland, Germany and North America is statistically analysed, utilizing available databases, and comparisons with the design (minimum) working life specified in standards are made. The probability of not exceeding the required min-imum service life is evaluated and discussed. Whereas many factors affecting the obsolescence rate are be-yond the control of civil engineers, particular attention needs to be paid to cases where the service life of the structure is determined by physical aspects related to deterioration. These cases are identified and recom-mendations to improve structural design are offered. The service life and the related renewal rate is influ-encing the risk acceptance criteria as given in ISO 2394. Such criteria are derived on the basis of economic optimization and the LQI marginal safety costs principle. A statistical model for the renewal rate is obtained and its influence on the target reliability is investigated for a representative failure limit state. The influence of the obsolescence rate is quantified and critically disputed. Y1 - 2018 UR - https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328578867_Obsolescence_Rate_Framework_Analysis_and_Influence_on_Risk_Acceptance_Criteria ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Briem, Ulrich ED - Scholten, Jan T1 - Neue Methode zur Bestimmung der Biegesteifigkeit von Drahtseilen T2 - Der Kran - Leistungssteigerung, Leichtbau und Automatisierung : 27. Internationale Kranfachtagung 2019 : Begleitband zur Kranfachtagung am 07. März 2019 in Bochum Y1 - 2019 SN - 3-89194-226-5 SP - 103 EP - 112 PB - Selbstverlag der Ruhr-Universität Bochum CY - Bochum ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Carrillo Li, Enrique Roberto A1 - Schorr, Philipp A1 - Kaufhold, Tobias A1 - Rodríguez Hernández, Jorge Antonio A1 - Zentner, Lena A1 - Zimmermann, Klaus A1 - Böhm, Valter ED - Awrejcewicz, Jan ED - Kaźmierczak, Markek ED - Olejnik, Paweł T1 - Kinematic analysis of the rolling locomotion of mobile robots based on tensegrity structures with spatially curved compressed components T2 - Applicable Solutions in Non-Linear Dynamical Systems; 15th International Conference "Dynamical Systems - Theory and Applications" (DSTA 2019, 2-5 December, 2019, Lodz, Poland N2 - In this work, a tensegrity structure with spatially curved members is applied as rolling locomotion system. The actuation of the structure allows a variation of the originally cylindrical shape to a conical shape. Moreover, the structure is equipped with internal movable masses to control the position of the center of mass of the structure. To control the locomotion system a reliable actuation strategy is required. Therefore, the kinematics of the system considering the nonholonomic constraints are derived in this paper. Based on the resulting insight in the locomotion behavior a feasible actuation strategy is designed to control the trajectory of the system. To verify this approach kinematic analyses are evaluated numerically. The simulation data confirm the path following due to an appropriate shape change of the tensegrity structure. Thus, this system enables a two-dimensional rolling locomotion. The use of mechanically compliant tensegrity structures in mobile robots is an attractive research topic, due to the possibility to adjust their mechanical properties reversibly during locomotion. In this paper rolling locomotion of mobile robots based on simple tensegrity structures, consisting of three compressed spatially curved members connected to a continuous net of prestressed tensional members, is discussed. Planar locomotion of these robots is induced by the movement of internal masses. The movement direction can be changed by changing the robot's shape between a cylinder and a truncated cone. The paper focuses on the description of the kinematics of these systems with respect to the shape change. KW - Inverse kinematics KW - Nonholonomic mechanics KW - Tensegrity structure Y1 - 2019 UR - http://212.191.87.54:1616/k16/awrejcewicz/publikacje/T2.pdf SN - 978-83-66287-30-3 SP - 335 EP - 344 PB - Wydawnictwo Politechniki Łódzkiej CY - Łódź, Polen ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Briem, Ulrich T1 - Lebensdauerverhalten verdichteter Seildrähte T2 - Ilmenauer Drahttag 2019 Y1 - 2019 SN - 978-3- 938843-96-3 SP - 73 EP - 82 PB - ISLE Steuerungstechnik und Leistungselektronik CY - Ilmenau ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kurzweil, Peter A1 - Shamonin (Chamonine), Mikhail T1 - State-of-Charge Monitoring by Impedance Spectroscopy during Long-Term Self-Discharge of Supercapacitors and Lithium-Ion Batteries JF - Batteries N2 - Frequency-dependent capacitance C(ω) is a rapid and reliable method for the determination of the state-of-charge (SoC) of electrochemical storage devices. The state-of-the-art of SoC monitoring using impedance spectroscopy is reviewed, and complemented by original 1.5-year long-term electrical impedance measurements of several commercially available supercapacitors. It is found that the kinetics of the self-discharge of supercapacitors comprises at least two characteristic time constants in the range of days and months. The curvature of the Nyquist curve at frequencies above 10 Hz (charge transfer resistance) depends on the available electric charge as well, but it is of little use for applications. Lithium-ion batteries demonstrate a linear correlation between voltage and capacitance as long as overcharge and deep discharge are avoided. KW - aging KW - capacitance KW - self-discharge KW - state-of-charge monitoring KW - supercapacitor Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries4030035 VL - 4 IS - 3 SP - 1 EP - 13 PB - MPDI ER -