TY - JOUR A1 - Zacherl, Florian A1 - Wopper, Christoph A1 - Schwanzer, Peter A1 - Rabl, Hans-Peter T1 - Potential of the Synthetic Fuel Oxymethylene Ether (OME) for the Usage in a Single-Cylinder Non-Road Diesel Engine: Thermodynamics and Emissions JF - Energies N2 - Non-road sectors, such as agriculture and construction machinery, require high energy densities and flexibility in use, which is why diesel engines are mainly used. The use of climate-neutral fuels, produced from renewable energies, such as Oxymethylene Ether (OME) as a diesel substitute, can significantly reduce CO2 and pollutant emissions in these sectors. In addition to CO2 neutrality, OME also offers improved combustion characteristics compared to diesel fuel, eliminating the soot–NOx trade-off and thus enabling new opportunities in engine design and calibration. In this paper, the combustion of pure OME on a close-to-production, single-cylinder non-road diesel engine with a pump–line–nozzle injection system is analyzed. A variation of the center of combustion at constant power output was performed for diesel and OME at different operating points. Two injectors were investigated with OME. A study on ignition delay and a detailed thermodynamic analysis was carried out. In addition, the exhaust emissions CO, NOx, VOC, as well as particulate-matter, -number and -size distributions were measured. With OME, a significantly shorter ignition delay as well as a shortened combustion duration could be observed, despite a longer injection duration. In addition, the maximum injection pressure increases. VOC and CO emissions are reduced. Particulate matter was reduced by more than 99% and particle number (>10 nm) was reduced by multiple orders of magnitude. The median of the particle size distribution shifts from 60 to 85 nm (diesel) into a diameter range of sub 23 nm (OME). A significant reduction of NOx emissions with OME enables new degrees of freedom in engine calibration and an efficiency advantage without hardware adaption. Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:898-opus4-55350 N1 - Project: NAMOSYN: Nachhaltige Mobilität durch synthetische Kraftstoffe (Funding Nr. 03SF0566N0) N1 - Corresponding author: Florian Zacherl VL - 15 IS - 21 SP - 1 EP - 26 PB - MDPI ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Milaev, Johannes A1 - Ruider, Martin A1 - Schlegl, Thomas T1 - Entwicklung eines Experimentalsystems zur Validierung adaptiver Regelungen mit einem OEM-Steuergerät T2 - Tagungsband AALE 2014 : das Forum für Fachleute der Automatisierungstechnik aus Hochschulen und Wirtschaft ; 11. Fachkonferenz, Regensburg N2 - Im Rahmen des Kooperationsprojektes "ACES" (Integrated Adaption of Linear Controllers for Embedded Systems) ist ein Prüfstand zur Validierung adaptiver Regelungen entwickelt und aufgebaut worden, der das dynamische Verhalten eines Kfz-Antriebstrangs aufweist. Ziel ist es, verschiedene Adaptionsverfahren auf ihre Einsetzbarkeit in OEM-Steuergeräten, die im Automotive-Bereich auf breiter Basis verwendet werden, kostengünstig testen zu können. Das Problem der aktiven Schwingungsdämpfung in Kfz-Antriebssträngen mit unbekannten und veränderlichen mechanischen Parametern stellt eine Pilotanwendung dar. Ein leicht anpassbarer mechanischer Prüfstand dient hierbei als vereinfachtes Modell eines Antriebstrangs. Dieser ist Bestandteil eitles Experimentalsystems mit einer informationstechnischen Architektur, die einen Betrieb engebetteter Regelungssysteme auf verschiedenen Plattformen gestattet. Das flexible mechanische und informationstechnische Design des Experimentalsystems gestattet die Variation von Parametern der zu regelnden Applikation durch leicht austauschbare mechanische Komponenten und gezielte Einbringung von Störgrößen. Zudem kann die Berechnung der Regelungsarchitektur auf einem Industrie-PC oder einem Steuergerät erfolgen. Weitere Vorteile des entwickelten Experimentalsystems sind die Berücksichtigung von Effekten, die aus dem Verhalten realer Sensoren und der CAN-basierten Signalübertragung entstehen. Insbesondere der Einfluss von Wortbreite und Latenz übertragener Signale auf die Adaption von Regelungen kann mit Hilfe des vorgestellten Experimentalsystems eingehend untersucht werden. KW - Adaptivregelung KW - aktive Schwingungsdämpfung KW - Algorithmus KW - Antriebsstrang KW - Drehschwingung KW - Kraftfahrzeug KW - Lageregelung KW - Prüfstand KW - robuste Regelung KW - Schwingungsdämpfung KW - Validierung Y1 - 2014 UR - https://www.oth-regensburg.de/fakultaeten/maschinenbau/aale-2014.html SN - 978-3-8356-7142-3 SP - 241 EP - 250 PB - Deutscher Industrieverlag CY - München ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kral, Christian A1 - Haumer, Anton A1 - Lee, Sang Bin T1 - A Practical Thermal Model for the Estimation of Permanent Magnet and Stator Winding Temperatures JF - IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics N2 - A thermal model for the determination of the temperatures of interior permanent magnets and stator windings is presented in this paper. The innovation of the model relies on one temperature sensor being located in the stator core of the machine. Such sensor is simple to implement in many applications such as traction or EV, where reliability is critical. The estimated stator winding and permanent magnet temperatures are determined by a simplified thermal lumped element network model with only two time constants. It is shown that the proposed thermal model is very robust due to the structure of the model and the measured stator core temperature. The distortion of the temperature estimates caused by the cooling circuit is inherently accounted for such that the model can be used for robust online prediction of temperatures. Experimental results based on a forced water-cooled interior permanent magnet synchronous machine setup are presented to validate the effectiveness of the presented model. KW - cooling KW - lumped element thermal equivalent circuit model KW - magnetic cores KW - permanent magnet machines KW - permanent magnet synchronous machine KW - stators KW - synchronous machines KW - temperature estimation KW - variable speed KW - dynamic load Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2013.2253128 SN - 1941-0107 SN - 0885-8993 VL - 29 IS - 1 SP - 455 EP - 464 PB - IEEE ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Kral, Christian A1 - Haumer, Anton A1 - Wöhrnschimmel, Reinhard T1 - Extension of the FundamentalWave Library towards Multi Phase Electric Machine Models T2 - Proceedings of the 10th International Modelica Conference, March 10-12, 2014, Lund, Sweden N2 - Abstract Electric machine theory and electric machine simulations models are often limited to three phases. Up to the Modelica Standard Libray (MSL) version 3.2 the provided machine models were limited to three phases. Particularly for large industrial drives and for redundancy reasons in electric vehicles and aircrafts multi phase electric machines are demanded. In the MSL 3.2.1 an extension of the existing FundamentalWave library has been performed to cope with phase numbers greater than or equal to three. The developed machine models are fully incorporating the multi phase electric; magnetic; rotational and thermal domain. In this publication the theoretical background of the machines models; Modelica implementation details; the parametrization of the models and simulation examples are presented. KW - electric Machine models KW - induction machine KW - Modelica Standard Library KW - multi phase KW - synchronous machine KW - synchronous reluctance machine Y1 - 2014 SN - 978-91-7519-380-9 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3384/ecp14096135 SN - 1650-3686 SN - 1650-3740 SP - 135 EP - 143 PB - Linköping University Electronic Press ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Swidergal, Krzysztof A1 - Wagner, Marcus A1 - Lubseder, C. A1 - von Wurmb, I. A1 - Meinhardt, J. A1 - Marburg, S. T1 - Investigation of the forming tool dynamics by means of numerical simulation T2 - Advanced Metal Forming Processes in Automotive Industry, AutoMetForm 2016 N2 - In the forming tools for pressing car body parts, heavy blankholders are used to prevent buckling and wrinkling of the blank. During each press cycle, those large masses need to be lifted, raising thereby the structural dynamic load on the forming tool and on the press. Therefore a detailed knowledge about the forming tool dynamics is essential for an accurate and robust design of forming tools. In this paper, a dynamic finite element method (FEM) simulation of selected automotive forming tool is presented enabling identification of regions of critical stresses. For validation of the simulation results, the kinematic responses of the tool's components are compared with the measurements obtained in an experiment. KW - Finite-Elemente-Methode KW - Formgebungswerkzeug KW - Karosserieanbauteil KW - numerische Simulation KW - robuste Bauweise KW - simuliertes Ergebnis KW - Strukturdynamik Y1 - 2016 SP - 335 EP - 340 PB - Fraunhofer ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Trost, Tobias A1 - Sterner, Michael A1 - Bruckner, Thomas T1 - Impact of electric vehicles and synthetic gaseous fuels on final energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions in Germany based on long-term vehicle fleet modelling JF - Energy N2 - Based on a prospective scenario analysis, possible vehicle fleet developments for the individual motor car traffic (vehicle categories N1 and M1) are investigated for Germany in order to determine the long-term vehicle fleet structure, final energy demand, and related carbon dioxide emissions until the year 2050. In this framework, a vehicle fleet model was developed which combines a bottom-up consumer demand model with a dynamic stock-flow approach. Special emphasis is thereby given to different electric power-trains and synthetic gaseous fuels based on the power-to-gas technology. In detail, two different main scenarios are developed and, in addition, the impact of different carbon dioxide taxation levels of fossil fuels on the vehicle fleet structure are analysed. The scenario results reveal a broad range of possible future vehicle fleet structures. In the short to medium timeframe, the internal combustion engine dominates the fleet as a result of efficiency improvements and an increased use of natural gas as automotive fuel. The development of electric power-trains is initially marked by hybrid vehicles, whereas battery electric vehicles dominate the fleet structure in the long-term. Under favourable conditions, also synthetic gaseous fuels are competitive which can reduce carbon dioxide emissions even further. KW - Carbon dioxide emissions KW - Electric vehicles KW - Final energy consumption KW - Power-to-gas KW - Total cost of ownership KW - Vehicle fleet modelling Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.10.006 SN - 0360-5442 VL - 141 SP - 1215 EP - 1225 PB - Elsevier ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Sterner, Michael A1 - Thema, Martin ED - Sterner, Michael ED - Stadler, Ingo T1 - Comparison of Storage Systems T2 - Handbook of Energy Storage N2 - There are several approaches to classifying energy storage systems (see Chaps. 1 and 2). Storage systems are used in a large number of different technologies at various stages of development, and in a wide range of application areas (see Chaps. 3 to 5). This chapter compares the capabilities of the different storage systems using the following criteria:This comparison of storage systems also provides a convenient overview of the various storage systems and their capabilities. Y1 - 2019 SN - 978-3-662-55503-3 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-55504-0_12 VL - 6 SP - 637 EP - 672 PB - Springer CY - Berlin, Heidelberg ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sterner, Michael A1 - Specht, Michael T1 - Power-to-Gas and Power-to-X-The History and Results of Developing a New Storage Concept JF - Energies N2 - Germany's energy transition, known as 'Energiewende', was always very progressive. However, it came technically to a halt at the question of large-scale, seasonal energy storage for wind and solar, which was not available. At the end of the 2000s, we combined our knowledge of both electrical and process engineering, imitated nature by copying photosynthesis and developed Power-to-Gas by combining water electrolysis with CO2-methanation to convert water and CO2 together with wind and solar power to synthetic natural gas. Storing green energy by coupling the electricity with the gas sector using its vast TWh-scale storage facility was the solution for the biggest energy problem of our time. This was the first concept that created the term 'sector coupling' or 'sectoral integration'. We first implemented demo sites, presented our work in research, industry and ministries, and applied it in many macroeconomic studies. It was an initial idea that inspired others to rethink electricity as well as eFuels as an energy source and energy carrier. We developed the concept further to include Power-to-Liquid, Power-to-Chemicals and other ways to 'convert' electricity into molecules and climate-neutral feedstocks, and named it 'Power-to-X'at the beginning of the 2010s. KW - 100% renewable energy scenarios KW - CARBON RECYCLING SYSTEM KW - CO2 KW - eFuels KW - electric fuels KW - energy transition KW - hydrogen KW - methanation KW - METHANOL KW - Power-to-Gas KW - Power-to-Hydrogen KW - Power-to-Methane KW - Power-to-X KW - sector coupling KW - sectoral integration KW - TRANSPORTATION Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:898-opus4-26202 N1 - Corresponding author: Michael Sterner VL - 14 IS - 20 PB - MDPI ER - TY - GEN A1 - Sterner, Michael T1 - Gas aus einer Gesamtenergieversorgungsperspektive - Warum wir Power-to-X für die Klimaneutralität brauchen T2 - Kopernikus-Konferenz Projekt "Ensure" (Deutsche Umwelthilfe), 15. April 2021 KW - Erneuerbare Energien KW - Klimaneutralität KW - Energiewende KW - Sektorenkopplung KW - Power-to-Gas Y1 - 2021 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Keiner, Dominik A1 - Breyer, Christian A1 - Sterner, Michael T1 - Coupling heat and electricity storage technologies for cost and self-consumption optimised residential PV prosumer systems in Germany JF - International Journal of Sustainable Energy Planning and Management N2 - Coupling energy sectors within the emerging residential PV prosumer systems is necessary for an optimised use of the houseowners’ own produced electricity. But the pure availability of different energy technologies in the system is not enough. By optimising the electricity usage as well as the capacities of PV generators, storage technologies, heat pumps and battery electric vehicles, not only the best solution in a technical point of view can be achieved, the need of finding the most financially beneficial system composition for single-family houses and tenements is possible. The study provides a detailed model for average German single-family houses and tenements and results for the energy transition period until 2050 for the optimised energy systems regarding optimised PV and stationary battery capacities and different heat storage capacities. Most noticeable outcomes can be observed by using a vehicle-to-home car, where a car can mostly take over the tasks of a stationary battery and by introducing a solidarity model using this type of car in tenement systems. Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5278/ijsepm.2019.21.4 VL - 21 PB - OJS/PKP ER -