TY - JOUR A1 - Uhlar, Stefan A1 - Heyder, Florian A1 - Koenig, Thomas T1 - Assessment of two physical tyre models in relation to their NVH performance up to 300 Hz JF - Vehicle system dynamics N2 - The prediction of structure-borne noise using numerical methods has a crucial influence during the development process of modern passenger cars. In order to minimise the dynamic forces from the chassis transferred to the body structure, multibody simulation (MBS) can be used. The link between the road surface and the chassis is established by the tyre and its own structural dynamic characteristics. Therefore, it is substantial and the main goal of the present paper to investigate the Noise, Vibration and Harshness (NVH) performance of two commercial physical tyre models available and commonly used in the market. The intention is to point out what kind of results (up-to-date) a user of these structural dynamic tyre models, namely FTire and CDtire/3D, will get with a focus on NVH. The authors strictly follow the established process of how to obtain the fitted tyre property files, as any other user of FTire and CDTire currently does. This process includes a measurement campaign of the real tyre and a subsequent fitting of the tyre property file. The fitting in this case is provided by the tyre model developers themselves, namely cosin and Fraunhofer ITWM. The tyre models are then integrated into the MBS software MSC.Adams where their performance will be assessed based on measured wheel-hub forces in the time and frequency domain up to 300 Hz. KW - CDTire KW - cleat KW - frequency analysis KW - FTire KW - Multibody-simulation KW - noise-vibration-harshness KW - rough road KW - tyre modelling Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/00423114.2019.1681475 VL - 59 IS - 3 SP - 331 EP - 351 PB - Taylor&Francis ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Mühlbauer, Christian A1 - Rabl, Hans-Peter A1 - Rottengruber, Hermann T1 - Acoustic Optimization of Mechatronic Direct Injection Systems and Analysis of the Effects on Robustness in System Operation T2 - SAE International Journal of Advances and Current Practices in Mobility N2 - The tightening of the emission legislation and political and social demands for sustainable mobility are forcing the automotive industry to develop complex, high precision mechatronic drive systems. The increasing precision of mechatronic components generally leads to an increase in structural excitation and thus to a rise in noise. The so-called ticking of the fuel injection system has a rather low sound pressure level compared to the residual engine noise. Nevertheless, the impulsive and high frequency noise character leads to a decline concerning the perception of comfort and sound quality. In order to identify the sound quality of fuel injection systems as a frontloading measure, a system test bench has been developed which represents the structure-borne and airborne sound radiation of the stand-alone injection system in a close to series configuration. In this paper, measures for the acoustic optimization of injection systems and their effects on the robustness of the system are discussed. The focus is on engine idling, since at this operating point the ticking of the injectors and high-pressure pump can be perceived most clearly due to the low masking effects of other noise sources. For this purpose, the injection parameters were measured during full engine operation and transferred to the system test bench. By using a special development control unit, it was possible to modify the parameters, quantify their influence on the acoustic behavior and, based on this, define NVH optimized control strategies. For the robustness evaluation of the NVH optimized control strategies, key functions of the injection system were analyzed under varying boundary conditions in system operation on an injection rate test bench. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.4271/2021-01-0671 SN - 2641-9645 VL - 4 IS - 1 SP - 68 EP - 77 PB - SAE International, Warrendale, PA, United States ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Emmert, Michael A1 - Glück, Sven A1 - Freilinger, Eva A1 - Brandl, Dominik A1 - Schindler, Sebastian A1 - Kaul, Nicolas A1 - Rasp, Franziska A1 - Akstaller, Monika A1 - Wetzel, Daniel A1 - Jupke, Michael A1 - Bodensteiner, Michael A1 - Hohlfeld, Philipp A1 - Böhm, Kevin A1 - Brem, Theresa A1 - Hammer, Pascal A1 - Singer, Thomas A1 - Karing, Maria A1 - Schneider, Viola A1 - Ostermeier, Tobias ED - Meier, Hans ED - Niemetz, Michael ED - Reindl, Andrea T1 - FMS-Berichte (Mai 2021) BT - Seminar zu aktuellen Themen der Elektro- und Informationstechnik N2 - Dieser Bericht entstand auf Initiative der Studierenden des 2020 neu gegründeten Masterstudiengangs „Elektro- und Informationstechnik (MEI)“, die an der Pflichtlehrveranstaltung „Forschungsmethoden und Seminar (FMS)“ im Wintersemester 2020/21 teilnahmen. Diese Lehrveranstaltung hat das Ziel, systematisch an das wissenschaftliche Arbeiten, speziell die Wissenschaftskommunikation, heranzuführen. Daher war geeignete Literatur zu einem individuellen Thema zu recherchieren, Veröffentlichungen auf ihre Relevanz hin zu beurteilen und letztendlich eine eigene Ausarbeitung basierend auf der Literaturrecherche zu erarbeiten und diese in einem Vortrag zu präsentieren. Parallel dazu erfolgte im Theorieteil die entsprechende Hinführung zu den verschiedenen Elementen der Wissenschaftskommunikation: • Bedeutung der Wissenschaftskommunikation für die Arbeit der Ingenieure in Forschung und Entwicklung • Literaturrecherche, Suchmaschinen, Sichtung und Analyse vorhandener Publikationen, Bewertung der Qualität aufgefundener Fachliteratur, Auswahl geeigneter Materialien für die eigene Arbeit • Aufbereitung und Darstellung der recherchierten technischer Inhalte in Form einer seitenanzahlbegrenzten wissenschaftlichen Ausarbeitung • Einhalten formaler Randbedingungen bzgl. Strukturierung, einschl. Bildnachweise und Zitationsstile • Peer-review-Prozess bei wertschätzender Beurteilung der Leistung anderer • Publikumsangepasstes Aufbereiten komplexer fachlicher Inhalte mit hochschulöffentlicher Präsentation der Ergebnisse • Führen mündlicher wissenschaftlicher Diskurse Nachdem die Masterstudierenden in der Regel über noch keine eigene wissenschaftliche Forschungserfahrung bzw. -inhalte verfügen, lag der wählbare Schwerpunkt der Literatursuche auf der Bearbeitung von vorgegeben aktuellen technischen oder gesellschaftspolitischen Forschungsthemen. Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:898-opus4-19155 CY - Regensburg ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kurzweil, Peter A1 - Scheuerpflug, Wolfgang T1 - State-of-charge monitoring and battery diagnosis of different lithium ion chemistries using impedance spectroscopy JF - Batteries N2 - For lithium iron phosphate batteries (LFP) in aerospace applications, impedance spectroscopy is applicable in the flat region of the voltage-charge curve. The frequency-dependent pseudocapacitance at 0.15 Hz is presented as useful state-of-charge (SOC) and state-of-health (SOH) indicator. For the same battery type, the prediction error of pseudocapacitance is better than 1% for a quadratic calibration curve, and less than 36% for a linear model. An approximately linear correlation between pseudocapacitance and Ah battery capacity is observed as long as overcharge and deep discharge are avoided. We verify the impedance method in comparison to the classical constant-current discharge measurements. In the case of five examined lithium-ion chemistries, the linear trend of impedance and SOC is lost if the slope of the discharge voltage curve versus SOC changes. With nickel manganese cobalt (NMC), high impedance modulus correlates with high SOC above 70%. KW - battery life testing KW - capacitance KW - lithium-ion battery KW - state-of-charge determination KW - state-of-health KW - pseudocharge KW - impedance spectroscopy KW - aging Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries7010017 VL - 7 IS - 1 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Altmann, Robert A1 - Gaderer, Matthias A1 - Rabl, Hans-Peter T1 - Prüfstandsuntersuchungen an einem DEUTZ NRMM Motor mit Rapsölkraftstoff und Optimierung des Betriebs- und Emissionsverhaltens durch statistische Versuchsplanung T2 - 18. Internationaler Fachkongress "Kraftstoffe der Zukunft 2021" - digital & international vernetzt!, online Y1 - 2021 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Steininger, Peter A1 - Gaderer, Matthias A1 - Dawoud, Belal T1 - Assessment of the Annual Transmission Heat Loss Reduction of a Refurbished Existing Building with an Advanced Solar Selective Thermal Insulation System JF - Sustainability N2 - A numerical parameter sensitivity analysis of the design parameters of the recently published solar selective thermal insulation system (SATIS) has been carried out to enhance its thermal and optical properties. It turned out that the insulation properties of SATIS can be effectively improved by reducing the length of the glass closure element. Increasing the area share of the light conducting elements (LCEs) and decreasing their length-to-diameter (L/D) ratio were identified as key parameters in order to increase the solar gain. Two SATIS variants were compared with the same wall insulation without SATIS in a yearly energetic performance assessment. The SATIS variant with 10 mm length of the closure element, 44.2% area share of LCE, as well as front and rear diameters of 12 mm/9 mm shows an 11.8% lower transmission heat loss over the heating period than the wall insulation without SATIS. A new methodology was developed to enable the implementation of the computed solar gains of SATIS in 1D simulation tools. The result is a radiant heat flow map for integration as a heat source in 1D simulation models. A comparison between the 1D and 3D models of the inside wall heat fluxes showed an integral yearly agreement of 98%. KW - effective thermal conductivity KW - parameter sensitivity analysis KW - radiant heat flow map KW - solar selective thermal insulation system (SATIS) KW - total solar energy transmittance KW - yearly energetic performance assessment Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137336 N1 - Corresponding author: Belal Dawoud VL - 13 IS - 13 SP - 1 EP - 19 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Saveliev, Dmitry A1 - Fetisov, Leonid Y. A1 - Chashin, Dmitri V. A1 - Fetisov, Yuri K. A1 - Khon, Anastasia A1 - Shamonin (Chamonine), Mikhail T1 - Effects of ferromagnetic-material thickness on magnetoelectric voltage transformation in a multiferroic heterostructure JF - Smart Materials and Structures N2 - A magnetoelectric (ME) voltage transformer is fabricated on the basis of a ferromagnetic (FM)-piezoelectric (PE) heterostructure comprising two equally thick laminated layers of an amorphous FM alloy and a piezoceramic lead zirconate-titanate layer sandwiched between them. The structure, placed inside an excitation coil, is electrically poled and magnetized in the direction of the long axis. The primary voltage is applied to the coil and the secondary voltage is measured between the electrodes of the PE material. It is shown for the first time that the change in the total thickness of magnetic layers significantly influences the transformer ' s characteristics. At the largest total thickness of FM layers of 138 mu m, the open-circuit voltage transformation ratio K has a maximum value of about 20, and the power transfer efficiency eta at a matched resistive load of about 20 k omega reaches 45%. The variation of the control magnetic field in the range of 0-21.6 kA m(-1) makes it possible to change the voltage transformation ratio K from zero to the maximum value. A simple model allows one to calculate the dependence of the characteristics of the ME transformer on the frequency of the primary voltage, thickness of the FM layers, control magnetic field, and the load. KW - magnetoelectric effect KW - magnetostriction KW - multiferroic heterostructure KW - piezoelectric effect KW - voltage transformer Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-665X/abf6c0 VL - 30 IS - 6 PB - IOP PUBLISHING ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vérez, David A1 - Borri, Emiliano A1 - Crespo, Alicia A1 - Zsembinszki, Gabriel A1 - Dawoud, Belal A1 - Cabeza, Luisa F. T1 - Experimental Study of a Small-Size Vacuum Insulated Water Tank for Building Applications JF - Sustainability N2 - Insulation of thermal energy storage tanks is fundamental to reduce heat losses and to achieve high energy storage efficiency. Although water tanks were extensively studied in the literature, the enhancement of the insulation quality is often overlooked. The use of vacuum insulation has the potential to significantly reduce heat losses without affecting the dimension of the storage system. This paper shows for the first time the results of the heat losses tests done for a 0.535 m3 water tank for residential building applications built with a double wall vacuum insulation. The different tests show that the rate of heat losses strictly depends on the temperature distribution inside the tank at the beginning of the experiment. Compared to a conventional water tank insulated with conventional materials, the U-value of the lateral surface was reduced by almost three times (from 1.05 W/K·m2 to 0.38 W/K·m2) using vacuum insulation. However, the bottom part, which is usually used to place the support parts and the piping, is the critical design part of those tanks acting as a thermal bridge with the ambient and enhancing heat losses. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/su13105329 VL - 13 IS - 10 SP - 1 EP - 11 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Belyaeva, Inna A. A1 - Klepp, Jürgen A1 - Lemmel, Hartmut A1 - Shamonin (Chamonine), Mikhail T1 - Feasibility of Probing the Filler Restructuring in Magnetoactive Elastomers by Ultra-Small-Angle Neutron Scattering JF - Applied Sciences N2 - Ultra-small-angle neutron scattering (USANS) experiments are reported on isotropic magnetoactive elastomer (MAE) samples with different concentrations of micrometer-sized iron particles in the presence of an in-plane magnetic field up to 350 mT. The effect of the magnetic field on the scattering curves is observed in the scattering vector range between 2.5 x 10(-5) and 1.85 x 10(-4) angstrom(-1). It is found that the neutron scattering depends on the magnetization history (hysteresis). The relation of the observed changes to the magnetic-field-induced restructuring of the filler particles is discussed. The perspectives of employing USANS for investigations of the internal microstructure and its changes in magnetic field are considered. KW - Anisotropy KW - Ferrofluids KW - hysteresis KW - magnetoactive elastomer KW - magnetorheological elastomer KW - Matrix KW - MIicrostructure KW - restructuring of the filler KW - ultra-small-angle neutron scattering Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/app11104470 VL - 11 IS - 10 SP - 1 EP - 9 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gamisch, Bernd A1 - Gaderer, Matthias A1 - Dawoud, Belal T1 - On the Development of Thermochemical Hydrogen Storage: An Experimental Study of the Kinetics of the Redox Reactions under Different Operating Conditions JF - Applied Sciences N2 - This work aims at investigating the reduction/oxidation (redox) reaction kinetics on iron oxide pellets under different operating conditions of thermochemical hydrogen storage. In order to reduce the iron oxide pellets (90% Fe2O3, 10% stabilizing cement), hydrogen (H2) is applied in different concentrations with nitrogen (N2), as a carrier gas, at temperatures between between 700 ∘C and 900 ∘C, thus simulating the charging phase. The discharge phase is triggered by the flow of a mixture out of steam (H2O) and N2 at different concentrations in the same temperature range, resulting in the oxidizing of the previously reduced pellets. All investigations were carried out in a thermo-gravimetric analyzer (TGA) with a flow rate of 250mL/min. To describe the obtained kinetic results, a simplified analytical model, based on the linear driving force model, was developed. The investigated iron oxide pellets showed a stable redox performance of 23.8% weight reduction/gain, which corresponds to a volumetric storage density of 2.8kWh/(L bulk), also after the 29 performed redox cycles. Recalling that there is no H2 stored during the storage phase but iron, the introduced hydrogen storage technology is deemed very promising for applications in urban areas as day-night or seasonal storage for green hydrogen. KW - hydrogen storage KW - iron/iron oxide KW - reaction kinetics KW - redox reactions Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/app11041623 N1 - Corresponding author: Belal Dawoud VL - 11 IS - 4 SP - 1 EP - 15 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sterner, Michael A1 - Specht, Michael T1 - Power-to-Gas and Power-to-X-The History and Results of Developing a New Storage Concept JF - Energies N2 - Germany's energy transition, known as 'Energiewende', was always very progressive. However, it came technically to a halt at the question of large-scale, seasonal energy storage for wind and solar, which was not available. At the end of the 2000s, we combined our knowledge of both electrical and process engineering, imitated nature by copying photosynthesis and developed Power-to-Gas by combining water electrolysis with CO2-methanation to convert water and CO2 together with wind and solar power to synthetic natural gas. Storing green energy by coupling the electricity with the gas sector using its vast TWh-scale storage facility was the solution for the biggest energy problem of our time. This was the first concept that created the term 'sector coupling' or 'sectoral integration'. We first implemented demo sites, presented our work in research, industry and ministries, and applied it in many macroeconomic studies. It was an initial idea that inspired others to rethink electricity as well as eFuels as an energy source and energy carrier. We developed the concept further to include Power-to-Liquid, Power-to-Chemicals and other ways to 'convert' electricity into molecules and climate-neutral feedstocks, and named it 'Power-to-X'at the beginning of the 2010s. KW - 100% renewable energy scenarios KW - CARBON RECYCLING SYSTEM KW - CO2 KW - eFuels KW - electric fuels KW - energy transition KW - hydrogen KW - methanation KW - METHANOL KW - Power-to-Gas KW - Power-to-Hydrogen KW - Power-to-Methane KW - Power-to-X KW - sector coupling KW - sectoral integration KW - TRANSPORTATION Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:898-opus4-26202 N1 - Corresponding author: Michael Sterner VL - 14 IS - 20 PB - MDPI ER - TY - GEN A1 - Sterner, Michael T1 - Gas aus einer Gesamtenergieversorgungsperspektive - Warum wir Power-to-X für die Klimaneutralität brauchen T2 - Kopernikus-Konferenz Projekt "Ensure" (Deutsche Umwelthilfe), 15. April 2021 KW - Erneuerbare Energien KW - Klimaneutralität KW - Energiewende KW - Sektorenkopplung KW - Power-to-Gas Y1 - 2021 ER - TY - INPR A1 - Kaul, Anja A1 - Böllmann, Andrea A1 - Thema, Martin A1 - Kalb, Larissa A1 - Stöckl, Richard A1 - Huber, Harald A1 - Sterner, Michael A1 - Bellack, Annett T1 - Identification of Robust Thermophilic Methanogenic Archaea and Packing Material for High Liquid Hold-Up at Low Volumetric Gas Flow Rates for Use in Trickle-Bed Reactors for Biological Methanation T2 - SSRN Electronic Journal N2 - he hydrogen gas-to-liquid mass transfer is the limiting factor in biological methanation. In a trickle-bed reactor, mass transfer can be increased by high flow velocities in the liquid phase, by adding a packing material with high liquid hold-up, or by choosing methanogenic archaea with a high methane productivity. This study analyzed various packings and methanogenic strains from a hydrodynamic and microbial perspective. By analyzing twelve pure cultures of thermophilic methanogens for their ability to produce high quality methane and to form biofilms on different packings, strains of Methanothermobacter were found to perform better than thus of the genus Methanothermococcus. Best methane production and adherence was observed on DuraTop®, Bioflow 9, and filter foam. DuraTop® and Bioflow 9 had also a high dynamic liquid hold-up, but the maximum hold-up was determined for expanded clay. The ideal combination for use in the ORBIT-trickle-bed reactor was identified as Methanothermobacter thermoautotrophicus IM5 and DuraTop®. KW - Liquid hold-up maximization KW - Methane production KW - Methanothermobacter KW - Methanothermococcus KW - Optimized packing-organism combination Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3940878 N1 - final peer reviewed article published under: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126524 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Sterner, Michael A1 - Schumm, Leon T1 - Netzpuffer – Speicher & Kraftwerke als virtuelle Leitungen für mehr Versorgungssicherheit und EE-Integration in Nord und Süd T2 - 7. Smart-Grid-Fachtagung WAGO, Hannover, 29. Sept. 2021 KW - Stromspeicher KW - Batterien KW - Netzpuffer KW - Stromnetz Y1 - 2021 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Sterner, Michael T1 - Grüner Wasserstoff - wo wir ihn brauchen für die Klimaneutralität T2 - Energiewendeforum Wasserstoff (Grüner Strom Label e. V.), Bonn, 21. September 2021 KW - Erneuerbare Energien KW - Klimaneutralität KW - Energiewende KW - Wasserstoff Y1 - 2021 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Sterner, Michael T1 - Wie wird Deutschland klimaneutral? Neue Lösungen für erneuerbare Energieerzeugung T2 - Jahreskonferenz der Stiftung Nagelschneider zur Erforschung, München, 19.11.2021 KW - Erneuerbare Energien KW - Klimaneutralität KW - Energiewende KW - Klimaschutz Y1 - 2021 CY - München ER - TY - GEN A1 - Sterner, Michael T1 - Power-to-X for Europes Energy Transformation – Booster H2Global T2 - Hydrogen Online Workshop Conference (Mission Hydrogen), 25.03.2021 KW - Erneuerbare Energien KW - Klimaneutralität KW - Energiewende KW - Sektorenkopplung KW - Power-to-X Y1 - 2021 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Sterner, Michael T1 - Technologieausblick Solarstromspeicher T2 - Innovationsforum Photovoltaik, 18. Oktober 2021, Linz KW - Erneuerbare Energien KW - Klimaneutralität KW - Energiewende KW - Solarstrom KW - Energiespeicher KW - Photovoltaik Y1 - 2021 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Sterner, Michael T1 - Die Grenzen des Wasserstoff-Hypes T2 - 1. Mitteldeutscher Wasserstoffkongress, 2. November 2021, Leuna CCE Kulturhaus KW - Erneuerbare Energien KW - Klimaneutralität KW - Energiewende KW - Wasserstoff Y1 - 2021 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Altmann, Robert A1 - Gebhard, Jürgen A1 - Troeger, Adrian A1 - Winkler, Markus A1 - Töpfer, Georg A1 - Remmele, Edgar A1 - Gaderer, Matthias A1 - Rabl, Hans-Peter ED - Berns, Karsten ED - Dressler, Klaus ED - Kalmar, Ralf ED - Stephan, Nicole ED - Teutsch, Roman ED - Thul, Martin T1 - Engine performance and emission analysis of a NRMM CI engine with common rail injection system operated with diesel fuel and rapeseed oil fuel T2 - Proceedings of the 6th Commercial Vehicle Technology Symposium 2020/2021 N2 - The use of alternative fuels in high-power non-road mobile machinery (NRMM) combustion engines is a possible way to substitute fossil fuel. By using pure vegetable oil fuels, like rapeseed oil fuel (DIN 51605), the greenhouse gases can be reduced effectively. Due to the differences in physical and chemical properties, a modification of the engine control unit calibration is necessary to adapt the working process on the fuel. Without modifications, the engine power output with rapeseed oil fuel is lower than with diesel fuel because of the smaller energy content. By adapting the engine settings, like the injection fuel mass, the power loss can be compensated but it accompanies with a higher fuel consumption. The engine emissions at part load conditions show, that there are benefits in particle emissions by using rapeseed oil at similar NOx emissions. Therefore, a design of experiment setup was initiated on a selected engine operation point to determine the effects of further parameters, like rail pressure, manifold pressure and injection pattern, on the process and to see the potential of an optimized calibration. KW - CI engine KW - common rail injection KW - Diesel Engine KW - DoE KW - rapeseed oil Y1 - 2021 SN - 978-3-658-29716-9 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-29717-6_16 SP - 231 EP - 242 PB - Springer Vieweg CY - Wiesbaden ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Buttner, Johannes A1 - Alonso-Villa, Cristina A1 - Bohigas Boladeras, Pere A1 - Kucera, Markus A1 - Waas, Thomas T1 - The Need for New Software Architectures for Next-generation Vehicle T2 - Proceedings of the 5th International E-Conference on Advances in Engineering, Technology and Management (ICETM 2021) N2 - Assuming that future connected cars with automated driving functions will require even more computing power and communication bandwidth, the current network infrastructure as well as the existing individualized control units are not a profitable option for such vehicles. In addition, changing user expectations demand flexible architectural patterns and upgradeability of software components without the need to visit the workshop. However, the current statically developed and configured ECU architecture does not offer any practicable possibilities for this. For these reasons, the research for a new dynamic and flexible architecture is necessary. This new type of system architecture is expected to meet future requirements in terms of space, cost, performance, energy efficiency and number of required computing units in the vehicle, which will arise as a result of the implementation/inclusion of new automated driving functionalities, and due to the changes in user expectations. Solutions to this issue can be found in the field of enterprise IT (cluster computing), in which technologies such as Ethernet, container-based virtualization and flexible software architectures have proven themselves to be very efficient for years. Relevant infrastructures, for example from cloud computing providers, have commonly been used in high-performance or high-availability applications. Thus, in the research project A 3F has been investigated which of these concepts and methods can be applied to modern vehicle system architectures. One of the main goals is to assess the synergy potential of the two sectors, information technology and automotive industry, which to date have very different orientations. However, this synergy is expected to grow strongly in the course of the developments mentioned above. In the following pages, the necessary changes related to hardware and software will be discussed briefly und will be compared to concepts and possible solutions from the IT world. Y1 - 2021 UR - https://www.seekdl.org/conferences/paper/details/10605.html SN - 978-1-63248-192-4 SP - 58 EP - 61 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Mühlbauer, Christian A1 - Rabl, Hans-Peter A1 - Rottengruber, Hermann T1 - Akustische Optimierung von mechatronischen Direkteinspritzsystemen und Analyse der Auswirkungen auf die Robustheit im Systembetrieb T2 - Motor- und Aggregate-Akustik: 11. Magdeburger Symposium, Tagungsband N2 - The tightening of the emission legislation and political and social demands for sustainable mobility are forcing the automotive industry to develop complex, high precision mechatronic drive systems. The increasing precision of mechatronic components generally leads to an increase in structural excitation and thus to a rise in noise. The socalled ticking of the fuel injection system has a rather low sound pressure level compared to the residual engine noise. Nevertheless, the impulsive and high frequency noise character leads to a decline concerning the perception of comfort and sound quality. In order to identify the sound quality of fuel injection systems as a frontloading measure, a system test bench has been developed which represents the structureborne and airborne sound radiation of the stand-alone injection system in a close to series configuration. In this paper, measures for the acoustic optimization of injection systems and their effects on the robustness of the system are discussed. The focus is on engine idling, since at this operating point the ticking of the injectors and the high-pressure pump can be perceived most clearly due to the low masking effects of other noise sources. For this purpose, the injection parameters were measured during full engine operation and transferred to the system test bench. By using a special development control unit, it was possible to modify the parameters, quantify their influence on the acoustic behavior and, based on this, define NVH optimized control strategies. For the robustness evaluation of the NVH optimized control strategies, key functions of the injection system were analyzed under varying boundary conditions in system operation on an injection rate test bench. N2 - Die Verschärfung der Abgasgesetzgebung sowie die politischen und gesellschaftlichen Forderungen an eine nachhaltige Mobilität zwingen die Automobilindustrie zur Entwicklung komplexer, hochpräziser mechatronischer Antriebssysteme. Die zunehmende Präzision der mechatronischen Komponenten führt dabei in der Regel zu einer Zunahme der Strukturanregung und damit zu einer Erhöhung der Störgeräusche. Das so genannte Tickern des Kraftstoffeinspritzsystems hat im Vergleich zum Restmotorgeräusch einen niedrigeren Schalldruckpegel. Dennoch führt der impulshaltige und hochfrequente Geräuschcharakter zu einem Mangel in der Komfort- und Qualitäts- 32 wahrnehmung. Um die Geräuschqualität von raftstoffeinspritzsystemen als Frontloading-Maßnahme zu identifizieren, wurde ein Systemprüfstand entwickelt, der die Körper- und Luftschallabstrahlung des Einspritzsystems in seriennaher Konfiguration abbildet. In diesem Beitrag werden Maßnahmen zur akustischen Optimierung von Einspritzsystemen und deren Auswirkungen auf die Robustheit im Systembetrieb diskutiert. Der Fokus liegt dabei auf dem Motorleerlauf, da an diesem Betriebspunkt das Tickern der Injektoren und der Hochdruckpumpe durch den geringen Maskierungseffekt anderer Geräusche am deutlichsten wahrzunehmen ist. Dazu wurden die Einspritzparameter im Vollmotorbetrieb erfasst und auf den Systemprüfstand transferiert. Durch ein spezielles Entwicklungssteuergerät war es möglich, die Parameter zu modifizieren, deren Einfluss auf das akustische Verhalten zu quantifizieren und darauf aufbauend NVHoptimierte Ansteuerstrategien zu definieren. Zur Robustheitsbewertung der NVHoptimierten Ansteuerstrategien wurden Schlüsselfunktionen des Einspritzsystems unter variierenden Randbedingungen im Systembetrieb analysiert. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.25673/36611 VL - 11 SP - 32 EP - 51 PB - Otto-von-Guericke-Universität CY - Magdeburg ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Schneider, Sebastian A1 - Mühlbauer, Christian A1 - Sittl, Christopher A1 - Rottengruber, Hermann A1 - Rabl, Hans-Peter A1 - Wagner, Marcus A1 - Verhey, Jesko L. ED - Rottengruber, Hermann ED - Luft, Tommy ED - Schneider, Sebastian T1 - Tickergeräuschanalyse an einem Otto-DI-Motor mittels empirischer Bewertungsformel T2 - Motor- und Aggregate-Akustik: 11. Magdeburger Symposium, Tagungsband N2 - Beim Kauf eines Pkw wird der akustische Qualitätseindruck eines Fahrzeugantriebstrangs stetig relevanter. Die wahrgenommene Geräuschqualität des Motoraggregates nimmt hierbei eine Schlüsselrolle ein. Aufgrund der Ausprägung einzelner Störgeräusche wird jene Geräuschqualität negativ beeinflusst. Diese als unangenehm empfundenen Geräuschkomponenten gilt es im Rahmen der Fahrzeugentwicklung weiter zu reduzieren, wobei die Identifikation und Bewertung störender Geräuschanteile am Motorgesamtgeräusch Voraussetzungen für eine effektive Akustikoptimierung sind. Vor allem das impulshafte Tickergeräusch wird bei Otto-DI-Motoren als besonders lästig eingestuft, weswegen dieser Beitrag darauf abzielt, die tickernden Geräuschanteile aus dem Gesamtgeräusch zu analysieren und zu bewerten. Hierzu wurde eine empirische Formel entwickelt, welche die tickernden Geräuschanteile in ihrer Intensität in Grenzen einstufen kann. Diese ist rein empfindungsbasiert und besteht aus der Impulshaftigkeit, der Lautheit sowie der Schärfe des Motorgesamtgeräusches. Wie auch bei anderen psychoakustischen Bewertungsskalen wurde die Benotung von 1 (sehr tickernd) bis 10 (nicht tickernd) vorgenommen. Anhand von Hörversuchen mithilfe einer Expertenjury konnte die Tickergeräuschbewertungsformel anschließend verifiziert werden. Hiernach kann präzise ausgesagt werden, in welchen Motorkennfeldbereichen das Tickergeräusch die Angenehmheit des Motorgesamtgeräusches untergräbt. KW - Messtechnik KW - Geräuschentwicklung KW - Psychoakustik KW - Schallentstehung Y1 - 2021 SN - 978-3-948749-02-6 U6 - https://doi.org/10.25673/36611 SP - 65 EP - 86 PB - Otto-von-Guericke-Universität CY - Magdeburg ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Brückl, Oliver A1 - Wildfeuer, M. A1 - Schächinger, J. T1 - Systemdienstleistungen durch Biogasanlagen T2 - Biogas in der Landwirtschaft - Stand und Perspektiven: 7. FNR/KTBL-Onlinetagung 29.-30.09.2021, Darmstadt KW - Biogasanlage Y1 - 2021 SN - 978-3-945088-83-8 SP - 92 EP - 101 CY - Darmstadt ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Jupke, Michael A1 - Reindl, Andrea A1 - Meier, Hans A1 - Niemetz, Michael ED - Pinker, Jiří T1 - Bidirectional DC-DC Converter with Digital Droop Parameterization T2 - 26th 2021 International Conference on Applied Electronics (AE): 7-8 Sept. 2021 Pilsen, Czech Republic N2 - The key for decentralized battery systems is a robust and communication-less control strategy for autonomous power sharing of parallel-connected DC-DC converters. Battery systems improve the reliability and quality of power supply in renewable energy systems and enable power supply for off-grid, mobile applications, including islanded grids, home storage, and electric vehicles. In many cases, components with different electrical properties require different voltage levels. An adaptation is consequently essential and is normally implemented in DC grids for the batteries via bidirectional DC-DC converters. The power flow in both directions can thus be ensured. To achieve a power distribution in parallel connected DC-DC converters, a droop control in the form of a virtual internal resistor can be used. This paper presents a novel approach of a DC-DC converter with a digitally parameterizable droop resistor, whose voltage regulation is based on an analog operational amplifier circuit to ensure low delays and robustness. The droop resistor is adjusted with a microcontroller, which offers the possibility to apply a higher-level control for load sharing via an interface. Mathematical correlations are used to clearly define the parameters of the control. Furthermore, the circuit was completely simulated and tested in the hardware setup. The shown results verify the functionality and indicate only minor deviations. Therefore, this circuit is important for future use in distributed battery systems. KW - battery storage plants KW - DC-DC power convertors KW - power convertors KW - distributed power generation KW - microcontrollers KW - voltage regulators KW - voltage control KW - power generation control KW - power grids Y1 - 2021 SN - 978-80-261-0972-3 U6 - https://doi.org/10.23919/AE51540.2021.9542920 SP - 1 EP - 6 PB - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Reindl, Andrea A1 - Singer, Thomas A1 - Meier, Hans A1 - Niemetz, Michael A1 - Park, Sangyoung T1 - Framework to Test DC-DC Converters Developed for a Decentralized Battery Management System T2 - 2021 International Conference on Applied Electronics (AE): 7-8 Sept. 2021, Pilsen, Czech Republic N2 - DC- DC converters control the power flow and thus the power distribution between the components on different voltage levels. They are essential for (dis)charging batteries and influence the safety and stability of the entire battery management system (BMS). Therefore, testing the functionality and the reliability of DC-DC converters is crucial. This is especially true for decentralized battery management systems (DBMS), where multiple nodes communicate to collectively control the system. The used DC-DC converters are modified to parameterize them during operation via microcontroller interfaces. Integrating the communication into the control loop requires an analysis of the control behavior due to additional delays. Therefore, this paper proposes a framework to test DC-DC converters considering the control and communication perspectives. The response time, the control accuracy and stability of these DC-DC converters, e.g., under continuous and abrupt load changes, are measured in automated tests. The dedicated software framework simulates the DBMS and stimulates the hardware components (e.g. electronic loads, data acquisition) via respective interfaces (CAN, RS232). This allows the test of various DC-DC converters with flexibly adaptable load and power generation profiles. An initial application validates the test framework by verifying the aforementioned aspects and thus the applicability of a DC-DC converter within the DBMS. KW - Batteries KW - Battery management system KW - Battery management systems KW - Control systems KW - DC-DC converter KW - DC-DC power converters KW - decentralized control KW - hardware in the loop testing KW - object oriented programming KW - Power system stability KW - Python KW - Stability analysis KW - system testing KW - Time measurement Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.23919/AE51540.2021.9542882 SP - 1 EP - 6 PB - IEEE ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Reindl, Andrea A1 - Meier, Hans A1 - Niemetz, Michael A1 - Park, Sangyoung T1 - Decentralized Battery Management System with Customized Hardware Components T2 - IEEE 19th Student Conference on Research and Development (SCOReD), Sustainable Engineering and Technology towards Industry Revolution: 23-25 Nov. 2021, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia N2 - With an increasing number of sold electric vehicles (EVs), a large number of used batteries will be at disposal. How to deal with these resources is one of the major challenges in reducing the environmental impact of batteries throughout their entire life cycle. Heterogeneous cell parameters due to the different usage histories are a challenge for second-life use. The effort and cost of remanufacturing required to test and assemble a new battery pack is a further concern. Systems that combine battery packs/modules without full reassembly offer advantages such as cost and reusability. A decentralized battery management system (DBMS) provides a suitable architecture for such systems involving different types of batteries. In this paper, an architecture for a decentralized, battery state-dependent control is shown. The proposed DBMS supports various types of batteries, is scalable and flexibly adaptable for a wide range of applications. Despite the significant advantages, there are increased requirements to meet for the hardware implementation and the applied control strategies. Therefore, the necessary hardware components and their requirements are described and the hardware implementations are provided. KW - battery fitness KW - Battery management system KW - Battery management systems KW - bidirectional power flow KW - Computer architecture KW - Costs KW - DC-DC power converters KW - decentralized control KW - Electric vehicles KW - Hardware KW - load sharing KW - Microprocessors KW - Renewable energy sources KW - second life battery Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/SCOReD53546.2021.9652737 SP - 350 EP - 355 PB - IEEE ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Schubert, Martin J. W. A1 - Lee, Wai-Kong A1 - Ooi, Boon Yaik T1 - Quantization and Sampling Effects in Fast Digitally Controlled Switch-Mode DC/DC Buck Converters T2 - 2021 IEEE Industrial Electronics and Applications Conference (IEACon): 22.11.2021 - 23.11.2021, Penang, Malaysia N2 - Software-defined control of DC/DC switch mode power converters features unequaled flexibility compared to analog control. For fast switching converters as recently used for low power applications, digital control may cause steady-state oscillations known as limit cycles. This effect based on a quantized duty cycle is compared to other aberrations such as output ripple voltage, which is inherent to any pulse-width modulator. A distinction is made between DC and AC errors. The latter are divided into synchronous and asynchronous output voltage disturbances. Synchronous AC errors are composed of the switching frequency and its harmonics. KW - aberrations due to digitization KW - digital pulse-width modulation (DPWM) KW - low power DC/DC buck conversion KW - output voltage sampling Y1 - 2021 SN - 978-1-7281-9253-6 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/IEACon51066.2021.9654272 SP - 56 EP - 61 PB - IEEE ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Croce, Valeria A1 - Diamantidis, Dimitris A1 - Sýkora, Miroslav ED - Bien, Jan T1 - Planning post earthquake surveys: assessments and reconstruction of small historical centres T2 - 1st IABSE Online Symposium 2020, Synergy of culture and civil engineering - history and challenges: Wrocław, Poland, 7-9 October 2020, Proceedings N2 - The contribution presents a methodological procedure for the management and planning of interventions after earthquake events in small historic centres. Reference is made to the case study of Castelluccio di Norcia, a village in the Apennine Mountains affected by the seismic sequence that hit Central Italy in 2016. The earthquake risk of the area and the damaging events of 2016 are critically reviewed. The implementation of cognitive analysis and the application of advanced survey techniques involving the use of nmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) for the purposes of emergency management and monitoring of damaged areas are analysed. The outcomes, combined with the direct involvement of the local population, represent a complete and integrated approach allowing the definition of a) possible intervention strategies, b) related decision criteria and c) practical recommendations for the reconstruction and regeneration of Castelluccio, and, in general, of small historic centres damaged by catastrophic events. Y1 - 2021 UR - http://toc.proceedings.com/57946webtoc.pdf SN - 978-1-7138-2387-2 SP - 332 EP - 339 PB - Curran Associates Inc CY - Red Hook, NY ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Grab, Robin A1 - Rauch, Johannes A1 - Götz, Rebekka A1 - Brückl, Oliver A1 - Eichner, Stefan A1 - Engel, Bernd T1 - Q-Dynamik: Blindleistungsstellgeschwindigkeiten im Verteilnetz T2 - Zukünftige Stromnetze: 27.-28. Januar 2021, 03.-04. Februar 2021, Tagungsunterlagen N2 - Mit der Energiewende geht eine starke Dezentralisierung der Energieeinspeisung einher. So sind im Deutschland des Jahres 2020 rund 31.000 Windenergieanlagen (WEA) in Betrieb, während bei der Solarenergie vor kurzem die zweimillionste Photovoltaik-Anlage (PVA) installiert wurde. Fast alle diese dezentralen Energieressourcen (DER) sind nach den Einspeiserichtlinien der Vergangenheit und der Gegenwart in der Lage, Blindleistung bereitzustellen, um die Spannung im Netz zu regeln und zum Blindleistungsausgleich beizutragen. Weitere potentielle dezentrale Blindleistungsquellen wie Blockheizkraftwerke, Kompensationsanlagen und perspektivisch sogar Verbraucher und Speicher sind im Verteilnetz zu finden. Durch den stetigen Rückbau konventioneller Großkraftwerke, welche dem Übertragungsnetz bisher als Blindleistungsquellen zur Verfügung standen, bedarf es einer Untersuchung mit der Fragestellung, in welchem Maß die neue Erzeugungslandschaft auch in diesem Feld als Ersatz dienen kann. Ein mögliches Hindernis für einen breitangelegten Einsatz von DER zu Zwecken des spannungsebenenübergreifenden Blindleistungsmanagements ist mangelndes Wissen über die Regeldynamik dieser verteilten Blindleistungsquellen. Übertragungs- und Verteilnetzbetreiber, die DER aktiv für Blindleistungsausgleich oder statische Spannungsregelung einsetzen, geben in der Regel ihre Blindleistungsanforderungen in kleineren Stufen mit erheblichen Latenzzeiten zwischen zwei Schritten weiter. Befürchtet wird, dass schnellere Sprünge in der Blindleistungsvorgabe zu instabilen Betriebszuständen oder anderweitigen Fehlfunktionen im Netz führen können. Eine genauere Kenntnis der dynamischen Fähigkeiten vorhandener Blindleistungsquellen sowie der Auswirkungen auf die Netzstabilität und den Netzschutz könnte dazu beitragen, die Geschwindigkeit der Blindleistungsbereitstellung zu optimieren und somit temporäre Spannungsschwankungen und -verluste zu minimieren und die Spannungsstabilität insgesamt zu verbessern. Durch eine entsprechende Regelungs- und Einsatzstrategie kann ein optimales Zusammenspiel der verschiedenen Technologien zur Deckung der Blindleistungsbedarfe für unterschiedliche Zeitbereiche erzielt werden. Hierfür ist eine genaue Kenntnis der Blindleistungsstellgeschwindigkeiten und des dynamischen Regelverhaltens erforderlich. Dieser Beitrag stellt dazu Ergebnisse aus dem Forschungsprojekt „Q-Integral“ vor. Um die relevanten Zeitkonstanten der Blindleistungsbereitstellung vollständig aufzuführen, werden zunächst typische Kommunikationszeiten für die Übermittlung von Sollwerten diskutiert. Anschließend werden Untersuchungen zu theoretischen und praktischen Reaktionszeiten verschiedener Blindleistungsquellen vorgestellt. Dafür werden verschiedene Technologien wie Umrichter für PVA, Batteriespeicher und WEA sowie Synchrongeneratoren, die bei thermischen Kraftwerken die dominierende Technologie sind, betrachtet. Abschließend werden diese Werte mit realen Blindleistungsstellgeschwindigkeiten von ausgedehnten Wind- und Solarkraftwerken verglichen. KW - Blindleistung KW - Blindleistungsmanagement KW - Q-Dynamik KW - Blindleistungsquellen KW - Verteilungsnetz Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:898-opus4-58762 SN - 978-3-948176-12-9 SP - 46 EP - 55 PB - Conexio-PSE GmbH CY - Pforzheim ER - TY - THES A1 - Hartweg, Johanna T1 - Analyse des Einflusses verschiedener Arbeitspunkte auf die wirkleistungsabhängige Spannungssensitivität an einem Mittelspannungsnetzknoten N2 - Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit erfolgt die Untersuchung der wirkleistungsabhängigen Spannungssensitivität an den Knoten eines Mittelspannungsnetzstranges. Hierfür wird eine Reihe von Arbeitspunkten durch die Variation der Wirkleistungsentnahmen bzw. Einspeisungen an den Netzknoten sowie des Verschiebungsfaktors und der Spannungssollwertvorgabe am Bilanzknoten erzeugt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen eine direkte Abhängigkeit von der Spannung des untersuchten Netzknotens. Hierbei steigt die Sensitivität bei fallenden Spannungswerten. Diese können sowohl durch Wirk- und Blindleistungsbelastungen als auch durch eine veränderte Referenzspannung am Umspannwerk bedingt werden. Darüber hinaus liegt eine Beeinflussung durch die Wirkleistungsbelastung und deren Verteilung über den Netzstrang hinweg vor. Je höher die Belastung der Leitung bis zum Knoten der Flexibilität ausfällt sowie je stärker sich die Last hin zu diesem Punkt verlagert, desto höher ist die Sensitivität. Dies gilt ebenfalls für Arbeitspunkte mit gleichbleibender Spannung in den betrachteten Knoten. Des Weiteren wird die Anpassung eines multiplen linearen Regressionsmodells vorgenommen. Dieses ermöglicht eine Abschätzung der Sensitivitätswerte durch die Kenntnis einiger, die Belastungssituation des Netzes bestimmender Parameter. KW - Netzmodell KW - Sensitivitätsanalyse KW - Arbeitspunktabhängigkeit Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:898-opus4-55648 CY - Regensburg ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Gerhards, Christoph A1 - Weber, Urban A1 - Klafka, Peter A1 - Golla, Stefan A1 - Hagedorn, Gregor A1 - Baumann, Franz A1 - Brendel, Heiko A1 - Breyer, Christian A1 - Clausen, Jens A1 - Creutzig, Felix A1 - Daub, Claus-Heinrich A1 - Helgenberger, Sebastian A1 - Hentschel, Karl-Martin A1 - von Hirschhausen, Christian A1 - Jordan, Ulrike A1 - Kemfert, Claudia A1 - Krause, Harald A1 - Linow, Sven A1 - Oei, Pao-Yu A1 - Pehnt, Martin A1 - Pfennig, Andreas A1 - Präger, Fabian A1 - Quaschning, Volker A1 - Schneider, Jens A1 - Spindler, Uli A1 - Stelzer, Volker A1 - Sterner, Michael A1 - Wagener-Lohse, Georg A1 - Weinsziehr, Theresa T1 - Klimaverträgliche Energieversorgung für Deutschland – 16 Orientierungspunkte T2 - Diskussionsbeiträge der Scinetists for Future ; 7 N2 - Als fairer Beitrag Deutschlands zur Einhaltung der globalen 1,5-Grad-Grenze werden 16 Orientierungspunkte für eine klimaverträgliche Energieversorgung vorgestellt. Es wird davon ausgegangen, dass hierfür die deutschen energiebedingten CO2-Emissio­nen in etwa 15 Jahren weitgehend auf Null sinken müssen. Energieeinsparung hilft, den notwendigen Ausbau von regenerativen Erzeugungskapazitäten zu verringern. Der Verkehrssektor kann ebenso wie die Bereiche Prozess- und Gebäudewärme hier­zu wesentlich beitragen. Die Kernenergie ist mit großen Risiken belastet und kann nicht hinreichend schnell aufgebaut werden. Biomasse in Form von Energie­pflan­zen zu nutzen, ist ineffizient und steht im Konflikt mit anderen Arten der Land­nut­zung. Importe klimaneutral erzeugter Energieträger in sehr großem Umfang er­for­dern extrem große Investitionen im Ausland. Sie sind eine ungesicherte Option auf die Zukunft. Entscheidend ist daher der ausreichend schnelle Ausbau von Photovoltaik (PV) und Wind­kraft in Deutschland. Schätzungsweise kann der Elektrizitätsbedarf im Jahr 2030 z.B. durch den Ausbau auf ca. 350 GW PV und ca. 150 GW Windkraft nahe­zu voll­ständig regenerativ gedeckt werden. Damit ließe sich eine zum großen Teil elek­tri­fizierte Mobilität und Wärmeversorgung betreiben und ein Teil des benö­tig­ten "grü­nen" Wasserstoffs in Deutschland bereitstellen. Hierfür ist ein jähr­licher Zu­bau von durchschnittlich ca. 30 GW PV und ca. 9 GW Windkraft nötig. Dies ist ca. sechs- (PV) bzw. dreimal (Wind) so hoch wie bisher vorgesehen und verlangt eine ge­sell­schaft­liche Kraftanstrengung. Ein weiter verzögerter Ausbau müsste mit noch deut­lich größeren gesellschaftlichen Anstrengungen für drastische Energieeinspa­run­gen oder Importe erneuerbarer Energie ausgeglichen werden. Insgesamt könnte dies noch deutlich schwieriger zu realisieren sein, als ein ambitionierter Ausbau. Da der Auf­bau der Kapazitäten mehrere Jahre erfordert, ist es möglich nachzusteuern, z. B. wenn erkennbar wird, dass sich ein ausreichend großer globaler Markt für Importe ent­wi­ckelt. Bis dahin ist es aus Verantwortung gegen­über der Zukunft und im Sinne des Pariser Vertrages empfehlenswert, die hier genannten Ausbauziele zu verfol­gen. Grüner, also aus erneuerbaren Energien hergestellter Wasserstoff und daraus abge­lei­tete Syntheseprodukte sind für die Dekarbonisierung von Industrieprozessen, den Flug- und Schiffsverkehr sowie für die Absicherung der Energieversorgung bei Dun­kel­flauten nötig. Ohne die genannten Ausbauziele für Wind und Solar noch drastisch weiter zu erhöhen, stehen diese Produkte für Straßenverkehr und Wärmeversor­gung jedoch nicht in ausreichenden Mengen zur Verfügung. Techniken zum Aus­gleich zwischen Elektrizitätsangebot und -nachfrage sind verfügbar und sollten recht­zeitig auf- bzw. ausgebaut werden. Hierzu gehören: Stromaustausch mit den Nach­barländern, Flexibilisierung des Verbrauchs und Energiespeicherung. Für deren Inte­gration sowie den Ausbau der Netze sollten zügig verbesserte rechtliche Rah­men­bedingungen geschaffen werden. Die Kosten eines klimaverträglichen Energiesystems sind mittel- bis langfristig nicht hö­her als im derzeitigen System. Gleichzeitig entstehen Arbeitsplätze und Export­chan­cen durch Aufbau, Betrieb und Wartung einer regenerativen Energieversorgung in Deutschland und die energetische Gebäudesanierung. Die politischen Rahmenbe­din­gungen entscheiden, ob eine klimaverträgliche Energieversorgung Deutschlands ge­lingt. T2 - Climate-friendly energy supply for Germany - 16 points of orientation KW - Climate KW - Energy System KW - Renewable Energies Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4409334 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Goetz, Rebecca A1 - Rauch, Johannes A1 - Brückl, Oliver ED - Schulz, Detlef T1 - Techno-economic analysis of reactive power sources T2 - NEIS 2021, Conference on Sustainable Energy Supply and Energy Storage Systems: Hamburg, 13.-14. September 2021 N2 - This paper presents different options to provide reactive power in electricity grid systems. Since conventional power plants are being phased out and the reactive power demand tends to increase, alternative technologies are needed to cover it. reactive power sources are being defined and specified in this submission. A technical evaluation and an economic analysis of selected reactive power sources are carried out, based on interviews with manufacturers and operators. As well a multifactorial techno-economic comparison of the evaluated reactive power sources is presented. The technical analysis addresses reactive power control-ranges, stochastic parameters, lifespans, electrical losses and dynamics of re-active power sources. It states that power electronics allow faster setpoint changes than mechanical technologies can achieve, but at the same time this is associated with the highest electrical losses of the reactive power sources considered here. Considering the economic analysis, relative investment costs per reactive power of conventional compensation systems turn out to be the most cost-efficient. With regard to the multifactorial techno-economic comparison, it is im-portant not only to standardize on reactive power that can be provided, but also to include the additional system-relevant properties of technologies in the evaluation as well as the costs in operation. Y1 - 2021 UR - https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9698281/ SN - 978-3-8007-5651-3 SP - 286 EP - 291 PB - VDE-Verlag ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Sterner, Michael A1 - Schumm, Leon A1 - Rank, Daniel A1 - Hofrichter, Andreas T1 - Intelligente Netzpuffer : Abschlussbericht (24.01.2021) KW - Stromspeicher KW - Batterien KW - Netzpuffer KW - Stromnetz Y1 - 2021 N1 - unveröffentlichter Abschlussbericht ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Sippenauer, Thomas A1 - Brückl, Oliver A1 - Henneke, Markus T1 - Verankerung von Flexibilität in der Netzplanung T2 - Zukünftige Stromnetze: 27.-28. Januar 2021, 03.-04. Februar 2021 N2 - Die Energiewende führt zu einem steigenden Zubau erneuerbarer Energieerzeugungsanlagen im Verteilungsnetz. Ebenso ist mit einem verstärkten Zuwachs der Elektromobilität zu rechnen, der zu einer weiteren Ausreizung der zulässigen Spannungsbereiche und Leitungsauslastungen beitragen kann. Um die Aufnahmefähigkeit des Verteilungsnetzes zu erhöhen, wurden in der Vergangenheit verschiedene Lösungen entwickelt und etabliert. Ein zusätzlicher Baustein zur Behebung von Netzengpässen und Spannungsproblemen sind zeitliche Verlagerungen von Einspeisungen und Verbrauchslasten in der Mittelspannungsebene. Diese sogenannten Flexibilitätsmaßnahmen sind derzeit noch nicht Stand der Technik. Um einen hohen Nutzen stiften zu können, indem sie zu einer effizienten Einsparung an Asset beitragen, müssen sie in der Netzplanung abbildbar gemacht werden. Dazu sind einerseits geeignete technische und zuverlässigkeitstheoretische Anforderungen an die Flexibilitätsmaßnahmen herauszuarbeiten, um eine möglichst hohe Gesamteffizienz bei Netz- und Anlagenbetreibern zu erzielen und andererseits ein Verfahren zu finden, mit dem Manipulationsmöglichkeiten (INC-DEC-Gaming) ausgeschlossen bzw. geringgehalten werden können. KW - Netzplanung KW - Flexibilität KW - Manipulationsrisiken KW - Feldversuch Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:898-opus4-55632 SN - 978-3-948176-12-9 SP - 79 EP - 92 PB - Conexio GmbH CY - Pforzheim ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Neidhart, Thomas A1 - Lerch, Maximilian A1 - Wiesinger, Doris A1 - Zrenner, Louis T1 - Kompakte Übertragungsleitungen für hohe Gleichspannungen: Langzeituntersuchungen an einer erdverlegten Versuchsanlage BT - Abschlussbericht zu AP 1.5 Mechanik und AP 1.7 Thermik; Forschungsprojekt-Akronym: DC CTL DBI; Förderkennzeichen: 03ET7546 N2 - Durch den Ausstieg aus der Verstromung fossiler Energieträger und der daraus resultierenden dezentralen Stromerzeugung ist ein Aus- bzw. Umbau des deutschen Übertragungsnetzes erforderlich. Weil aus der dezentralen Energieerzeugung große Trassenlängen resultieren, welche bei Wechselstrom zu Blindleistungsproblematiken führen, wird dort vermehrt auf Hochspannungs-Gleichstrom-Übertragung zurückgegriffen. Im Rahmen des Forschungsprojekts DC CTL DBI (direct current compact transmission line – directly buried investigastions) wurde ein gasisolierte HGÜ-Leiter (GIL) erdverlegt und bei ständigem Monitoring über umfangreiche Sensorik einem Langzeitversuch unterzogen. Anstelle einer klassischen Sandbettung kam ein zeitweise fließfähiger, selbstverdichtender Verfüllbaustoff (ZFSV) zum Einsatz. Somit können Schäden an der Übertragungsleitung infolge Verdichtungsaufwand vermieden und gleichzeitig bessere Bodeneigenschaften hinsichtlich der Wärme- und Wassertransportprozesse erreicht werden. KW - ZFSV KW - Erdverlegte Übertragungsleitungen KW - Erdkabel KW - Zeitweise fließfähiger selbstverdichtender Verfüllbaustoff KW - Wärmetransport Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:898-opus4-21730 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Grauvogl, Dominik A1 - Stauder, Peter A1 - Hopfensperger, Bernhard A1 - Gerling, Dieter T1 - Multiphysics Design of a Wound Field Synchronous Machine with Magnetic Asymmetry T2 - Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE International Electric Machines & Drives Conference (IEMDC): 17-20 May 2021, Hartford, CT, USA N2 - In this paper a multiphysics development method is used for designing a novel wound field synchronous machine of the future generation of high voltage traction drives. This method covers the domains of electromagnetics, the mechanical strength, thermal behavior and the magnetic noise. It is shown that the proposed novel asymmetric design with a circular flux barrier in combination with an asymmetric pole offset is fulfilling the requirements according to performance and torque ripple. A fatigue strength rotor mechanic concept is included. A hybrid cooling concept consisting of a water jacket cooled stator and air cooled rotor ensures the needed continuous power. Unacceptable noise levels are excluded by investigating the equivalent radiated power (ERP) level due to radial forces in the air gap. Finally, the multi-physical workflow resulted in a fully developed component with a high degree of maturity. KW - air cooling KW - wound field synchronous machine KW - cooling concept KW - fatigue limit KW - flux barrier Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/IEMDC47953.2021.9449564 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Grauvogl, Dominik A1 - Krabinski, Jeffrey A1 - Stauder, Peter A1 - Hopfensperger, Bernhard A1 - Gerling, Dieter T1 - NVH Comparison of a Novel Wound Field Synchronous Machine with Magnetic Asymmetry with a PSM for a HV Electric Drive T2 - 2021 JSAE Annual Congress (Spring) Proceedings; online meeting (No.76-21) N2 - This paper shows how magnetic noises can be reduced with a wound field synchronous machine (WFSM) with magnetic asymmetry compared to a permanent magnet synchronous machine (PSM), operating at base speed range and full load. In order to reproduce a real noise behavior, the two rotor types are operated in a complete electric drive unit (EDU) consisting of an electric motor, gearbox, inverter and overall housing. In the concept study, the noise characteristics of the two electric machines is evaluated and compared via mechanical finite element method (FEM) simulations using the equivalent radiated power (ERP) level and Campbell diagrams. Furthermore, it is shown that critical frequency orders can already be identified by the analysis of the magnetic force density from the electromagnetic design without computationally intensive ERP calculations. In this context, the ERP investigations have shown that the unique feature of the magnetically asymmetric WFSM is the reduction of the slot harmonics. At the current state of the art, the slot harmonics can only be reduced with a rotor skewing. The disadvantage of this is a reduction in performance and a more expensive production. It is also remarkable that the magnetic asymmetry reduces the slot harmonics more than the rotor skewing in the PSM. In addition, both machines are still considered with a short-pitched stator winding to optimize the overall noise level by reducing the 24th frequency order. KW - Elektroantrieb KW - Synchronmaschine KW - traction drive system KW - NVH KW - e-axle KW - magnetic asymmetry Y1 - 2021 UR - https://tech.jsae.or.jp/paperinfo/en/content/p202101.343/ PB - JSAE ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Steininger, Peter A1 - Gaderer, Matthias A1 - Dawoud, Belal T1 - Transient performance of a solar selective thermal insulation system T2 - 16th Advanced Building Skins Conference & Expo, 21 – 22/10/2021, Bern, Switzerland N2 - A prototype of a thermal insulation system to offer high selectivity of the solar gain regarding the solar incidence angle (SATIS) was applied to a typical solid brick masonry for existing buildings in Germany. Light conducting elements (LCEs) inclined at 19 ° were incorporated in SATIS, which equals the average solar noon angle in southern Germany during winter. The entire wall construction was experimentally investigated in a differential climatic chamber test bench at four different irradiation angles according to a dynamic test procedure. In addition, a conventional wall construction (CWC) has been measured. At SATIS’ design angle of 19 °, the SATIS wall construction shows a solar gain (SG) of 394.5 Wh/m², while the SG of the CWC amounts to only 25.4 Wh/m². The validated transient model of the SATIS wall construction showed that, at the end of the irradiation period of the dynamic test procedure (8 h), the solar heat penetrates to a depth of 253 mm and 111 mm inside the 385 mm thick brick wall masonry at the irradiation angles of 19 ° and 50 °, respectively. During the same time, the stored solar energy at 50 ° amounts to only 24.4 % of that stored at 19 °. Y1 - 2021 UR - https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355771950_Transient_performance_of_a_solar_selective_thermal_insulation_system PB - Advanced Buidling Skins GmbH ER - TY - THES A1 - Heberl, Michael T1 - Power-to-Ammoniak BT - Möglichkeiten zur erneuerbaren Elektrifizierung und Dekarbonisierung der Ammoniakindustrie N2 - Ammoniak ist Grundbaustein für die Herstellung von Düngemitteln und dementsprechend für die Nahrungsmittelindustrie unentbehrlich. Ca. 40-50 % der Weltbevölkerung sind von Nahrungsmitteln abhängig, die mit Hilfe von Ammoniakdüngern hergestellten wurden. Weltweit wurden alleine im Jahr 2015 181 Mt Ammoniak produziert, wodurch die Ammoniakherstellung mit 1,2 % am gesamten Energieverbrauch der Welt beteiligt ist und für 0,93 % der globalen Treibhausgasemissionen zuständig ist. Auch in Zeiten der Energiewende ist diese Grundstoffchemikalie unentbehrlich, ist aber auf einem anderen Wege herzustellen. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist die Darstellung verschiedener Möglichkeiten zur erneuerbaren Elektrifizierung und Dekarbonisierung der Ammoniakindustrie, wodurch der Einsatz von herkömmlichen Energieträgern wie Erdgas, Kohle und Öl negiert werden kann. Ammoniak wird aktuell über das Haber-Bosch-Verfahren aus den Rohstoffen Erdgas, Kohle und Öl gewonnen. Bei diesem Verfahren wird über einen Primär- und Sekundärreformer Wasserstoff und Stickstoff gewonnen. Andere Gasbestandteile werden gefiltert oder umgewandelt, um schädliche Katalysatorgifte (CO, H2S) zu entfernen. Im Reaktor wird an Eisenkatalysatoren aus Wasserstoff und Stickstoff letztendlich Ammoniak hergestellt. Der Energieverbrauch des Haber-Bosch Verfahrens schwankt zwischen 7,8 MWh/t NH3 für eine moderne und sehr effiziente Anlage mit Erdgas und 13,6 MWh/t NH3 für eine alte mit Kohle betriebene Anlage. An Emissionen treten pro hergestellter Tonne Ammoniak je nach Rohstoff 1,6-3,8 t CO2-eq auf. Neben der Biomassevergasung gibt es mehrere rein elektrische Ansätze zur Ammoniakherstellung. Die unterschiedlichen elektrochemischen Ansätze zur direkten Ammoniaksynthese, wie der Einsatz von Flüssigsalzelektrolyten oder Feststoffelektrolyten, wurden in Abschnitt 3.2 vorgestellt. Einige dieser Technologien zeigen vielversprechende Ansätze, sind jedoch zum aktuellen Zeitpunkt noch zu weit von einem industriellen Einsatz entfernt. Der Einsatz der Wasserelektrolyse in Kombination mit einer Luftzerlegungseinheit ist die derzeit vielversprechendste Methode Ammoniak auf einem strombasierten und dekarbonisierten Wege herzustellen. Bei diesem System wird Wasserstoff im Elektrolyseur und Stickstoff in der Luftzerlegungseinheit hergestellt. Die Ammoniaksynthese findet hierbei in einem Reaktor nach Vorbild des Haber-Bosch-Prozesses statt. Mit diesem System ist ein Energieverbrauch von ca. 10 MWh/t NH3 notwendig. Durch den Einsatz von rein erneuerbar hergestelltem Strom als Energieträger lässt sich mit diesem Technologiezusammenschluss die Ammoniakherstellung komplett Emissionsfrei gestalten. Dadurch können alleine in Deutschland jährlich bis zu 7,8 Mt CO2-eq eingespart werden. Eine zukünftige Umstrukturierung der Ammoniakherstellung und der gesamten chemischen Industrie ist unabdingbar. Diese kann aber nur parallel mit einem Ausbau erneuerbarer Energien umgesetzt werden. Mit der Wasserelektrolyse und der Luftzerlegungseinheit sind die technischen Möglichkeiten für diesen Umbau bereits heute gegeben und brauchen nur noch eingesetzt werden. N2 - Ammonia is a fundamental raw material for the production of fertilizer and essential for the food industry. About 40-50 % of the world population depends on food produced with the assistance of ammonia fertilizers. In 2015 181 Mt ammonia was produced worldwide. The ammonia production is responsible for 1,2 % of the global energy consumption and 0,93 % of the global greenhouse gas emissions. Even in times of the energy transition this base chemical is essential, although it should be produced on a different way. It is therefore the objective of this work to show different possibilities for an electrified and decarbonised ammonia industry powered by renewable energies. As a result the use of conventional energy carriers like gas, coal and oil will be negotiated. Ammonia is produced with the Haber-Bosch process from gas, coal and oil as feedstock. In this process a primary and a secondary reformer is used to produce hydrogen and nitrogen. Other gaseous components are filtered and converted to remove catalyst poisons (CO, H2S). In the reactor iron catalysts are used to produce ammonia out of hydrogen and nitrogen. The energy consumption of the Haber-Bosch process varies between 7,8 MWh/t NH3 for a modern and really efficient gas based plant and 13,6 MWh/t NH3 for an old coal based plant. The production of one ton ammonia causes emissions between 1,6-3,8 t CO2-eq based on the used feedstock. Beside biomass gassing there are several electric technologies to produce ammonia. The different electrochemical technologies to synthesize ammonia on a direct way, like solid state electrolysis or molten salt electrolytes, are shown in section 3.2. Some of these technologies show a good potential, but all of them are far off the use in the industry. The use of an electrolyser in combination with an air separation unit is the most promising way to produce ammonia on an electrified and decarbonised way. In this system hydrogen is produced in the electrolyser and nitrogen in the air separation unit. The ammonia synthesis works in a reactor based on the Haber-Bosch process. Using this system the production of one ton ammonia has an energy consumption of 10 MWh. With the use of renewable energies in this combination of technologies a greenhouse gas emissions free ammonia production is possible. In Germany alone 7,8 t CO2-eq can be saved. A future reorganization of the ammonia industry and the complete chemical industry is indispensable. A parallel expand of renewable energies is necessary to realize this approach. With electrolysers and air separation units the technical possibilities for this reconstruction are already given. All that remains is the implementation of them. KW - Ammoniaksynthese KW - Haber-Bosch KW - Emissionen KW - Erneuerbare Energien Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:898-opus4-22167 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Thema, Martin A1 - Kaul, Anja A1 - Sterner, Michael A1 - Heberl, Michael T1 - Optimierung eines Rieselbett-Bioreaktors für die dynamische mikrobielle Biosynthese von Methan mit Archaeen-Mikroorganismen in Power-to-Gas-Anlagen N2 - Das übergeordnete Ziel des Vorhabens war die Entwicklung neuer technologischer Möglichkeiten für den biologischen Methanisierungsprozess mit Archaeen1 in Power-to-Gas-Anwendungen. Im Gegensatz zur technisch ausgereiften chemisch-katalytischen Methanisierung sind hier noch Potenziale zur Optimierung verfahrenstechnischer und biologischer Prozesse für das Speicherkonzept Power-to-Gas [7] vorhanden. Dabei sollte zum einen ein Rieselbett-Bioreaktor optimiert, simuliert und für die Hochskalierung vorbereitet werden. Zum anderen sollte eine Kombination optimal geeigneter Mikroorganismen und Packungsmaterialien selektiert und deren Verhalten und Eignung im Reaktor analysiert werden. Das Verhalten des entwickelten Systems sollte zunächst im Labor- und Technikumsmaßstab und anschließend im Feldtest an einer bestehenden Power-to-Gas-Anlage untersucht werden. Hauptziel während des Feldtests war die Produktion von einspeisefähigem Methan sowie dessen Einspeisung ins Gasnetz. Ein Hauptziel des Projektes war es, die Normung und Standardisierung notwendiger Systemparameter und Semantik zur Beschreibung und Einbindung biologischer Methanisierungseinheiten in Power-to-Gas-Anlagen voranzutreiben. Dies sollte zum einen die Vergleichbarkeit der wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnisse verbessern und zum anderen unterstützend bei der Kommerzialisierung der Technologie wirken. Aus dem Projekt heraus wurde so die neue Normungsreihe VDI 4635 Power-to-X beim Verein Deutscher Ingenieure angestoßen. KW - Biologische Methanisierung KW - Power-to-Gas KW - Erneuerbare Energien KW - Rieselbett-Bioreaktor KW - Archaeen Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.2314/KXP:1815321555 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Klitsman, Maksym A1 - Brückl, Oliver A1 - Eller, Johannes ED - Schulz, Detlef T1 - Analysis and simulation of the population driving behaviour and charging processes at different charging station types with electric vehicles T2 - NEIS 2021, Conference on Sustainable Energy Supply and Energy Storage Systems: 13-14. September 2021, Hamburg N2 - Electric vehicles are one of the important components of the energy transition, which is necessary for the CO2 emission reduction. In order to estimate the influence of electromobility on electric grids at present day and in the future, the generation of realistic charge profiles is necessary. The main objective of this study is the development of an algorithm, which generates realistic charge time series of electric vehicles. The very huge and detailed input surveys enable to define different population groups, representing specific driving behaviour. These groups are then composed and scaled up, according to the statistical population structure of a chosen town or city in Germany, and show typical driving behaviour of all inhabitants. The charge profiles are calculated for several charge station types, based on daily electric vehicle user mobility, day type and household type. In addition, charge process occurrence is evaluated through a model, involving charge infrastructure presence, attractiveness of corresponding charge station type and charge process necessity. Y1 - 2021 SN - 978-3-8007-5651-3 SP - 254 EP - 260 PB - VDE-Verlag ER - TY - GEN A1 - Pershina, K. V. A1 - Saveliev, Dmitry V. A1 - Glavan, Gašper A1 - Chashin, Dmitri V. A1 - Belyaeva, Inna A. A1 - Fetisov, Leonid Y. A1 - Shamonin (Chamonine), Mikhail T1 - The voltage response of a structure comprising a magnetoactive-elastomer cylinder and a piezoelectric material to magnetic field step excitations T2 - The 4th International Baltic Conference on Magnetism (IBCM 2021) : Svetlogorsk, Russia August 29 - September 2, 2021 : Book of Abstracts Y1 - 2021 UR - http://smba.science/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/IBCM-2021-Book-of-Abstracts-5.pdf SP - 182 PB - Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad, Russia ER - TY - GEN A1 - Sterner, Michael A1 - Heberl, Michael T1 - The ORBIT-Project: Biological methanation in a trickle-bed reactor - key results and next steps T2 - 5th Nuremberg Workshop on Methanation and 2nd Generation, Nürnberg Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, 28.05.2021 KW - biologische Methanisierung KW - Archaeen KW - Power-to-Gas KW - Erneuerbare Energien KW - Rieselbett Bioreaktor Y1 - 2021 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rill, Georg A1 - Bauer, Florian A1 - Kirchbeck, Mathias T1 - VTT - a virtual test truck for modern simulation tasks JF - Vehicle system dynamics N2 - The development of new technologies like advanced driver assistance systems or automated driving requires a flexible simulation environment of sufficient complexity. In general this flexibility is not provided by commercial software packages. This paper presents a three-dimensional and nonlinear hand-made model for heavy commercial vehicles including tractor and trailer as well as tractor and semitrailer combinations that can be used in different simulation environments, as well as in real-time applications. As typical for trucks, the torsional flexibility of the frame and a suspended driver's cabin are taken into account. The design kinematics makes it possible to handle different and quite complex axle suspensions very efficiently. Appropriate force elements are used to model various couplings between tractor and trailer or tractor and semitrailer, respectively. The virtual test truck environment (VTT) coded in ANSI C is extremely portable and can easily be embedded in commercial simulation packages like MATLAB/Simulink. It includes the TMeasy tyre model and offers flexible interfaces to third-party software tools. KW - coupled air springs KW - design Kinematics KW - heavy commercial vehicles KW - MATLAB KW - Simulink KW - TMeasy tyre model KW - vehicle coupling KW - Vehicle modelling Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/00423114.2019.1705356 VL - 59 IS - 4 SP - 635 EP - 656 PB - Taylor&Francis ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rill, Georg A1 - Bauer, Florian A1 - Topcagic, Edin T1 - Performance of leaf spring suspended axles in model approaches of different complexities JF - Vehicle System Dynamics N2 - Axles with leaf spring suspension systems are still a popular choice in many commercial vehicles. However, leaf springs are not in perfect conformity to standard multibody vehicle models because they combine guidance and suspension in one single element. Combining standard multibody vehicle models with sophisticated finite element leaf spring models results in rather complex and computing time-consuming solutions. Purely kinematic models, defined by lookup tables or the design kinematics approach, cover only some but not all features of the leaf spring suspension. As shown here, the five-link model, which incorporates a quasi-static solution of the leaf spring compliance, provides a very practical model. It is comparatively lean and provides results of sufficient accuracy in the whole application range. KW - beam-model KW - commercial vehicles KW - design kinematics KW - five-Link model KW - Leaf spring suspension KW - vehicle dynamics Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/00423114.2021.1928249 VL - 60 IS - 8 SP - 2871 EP - 2889 PB - Taylor&Francis ER - TY - GEN A1 - Sterner, Michael T1 - Strom - Wärme - Verkehr - Industrie: das Zusammenspiel der Sektoren über Power-to-X T2 - Deutscher Ingenieurtag 2021, Düsseldorf 20. Mai 2021 KW - Erneuerbare Energien KW - Klimaneutralität KW - Energiewende KW - Sektorenkopplung Y1 - 2021 PB - VDI-Verlag ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Frazzica, Andrea A1 - Palomba, Valeria A1 - Dawoud, Belal T1 - Thermodynamic Performance of Adsorption Working Pairs for Low-Temperature Waste Heat Upgrading in Industrial Applications JF - Applied Sciences N2 - The present work aims at the thermodynamic analysis of different working pairs in adsorption heat transformers (AdHT) for low-temperature waste heat upgrade in industrial processes. Two different AdHT configurations have been simulated, namely with and without heat recovery between the adsorbent beds. Ten working pairs, employing different adsorbent materials and four different refrigerants, have been compared at varying working boundary conditions. The effects of heat recovery and the presence of a temperature gradient for heat transfer between sinks/sources and the AdHT components have been analyzed. The achieved results demonstrate the possibility of increasing the overall performance when internal heat recovery is implemented. They also highlight the relevant role played by the existing temperature gradient between heat transfer fluids and components, that strongly affect the real operating cycle of the AdHT and thus its expected performance. Both extremely low, i.e., 40-50 degrees C, and low (i.e., 80 degrees C) waste heat source temperatures were investigated at variable ambient temperatures, evaluating the achievable COP and specific energy. The main results demonstrate that optimal performance can be achieved when 40-50 K of temperature difference between waste heat source and ambient temperature are guaranteed. Furthermore, composite sorbents demonstrated to be the most promising adsorbent materials for this application, given their high sorption capacity compared to pure adsorbents, which is reflected in much higher achievable specific energy. KW - adsorption KW - efficiency KW - heat transformer KW - heat upgrading KW - waste heat KW - working pairs Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/app11083389 VL - 11 IS - 8 PB - MDPI ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Thema, Martin A1 - Weidlich, Tobias A1 - Kaul, Anja A1 - Böllmann, Andrea A1 - Huber, Harald A1 - Bellack, Annett A1 - Karl, Jürgen A1 - Sterner, Michael T1 - Optimized biological CO2-methanation with a pure culture of thermophilic methanogenic archaea in a trickle-bed reactor JF - Bioresource Technology N2 - In this study, a fully automated process converting hydrogen and carbon dioxide to methane in a high temperature trickle-bed reactor was developed from lab scale to field test level. The reactor design and system performance was optimized to yield high methane content in the product gas for direct feed-in to the gas grid. The reaction was catalyzed by a pure culture of Methanothermobacter thermoautotrophicus IM5, which formed a biofilm on ceramic packing elements. During 600 h in continuous and semi-continuous operation in countercurrent flow, the 0.05 m3 reactor produced up to 95.3 % of methane at a methane production rate of 0.35 mCH43mR-3h-1. Adding nitrogen as carrier gas during startup, foam control and dosing of ammonium and sodium sulfide as nitrogen and sulfur source were important factors for process automation. KW - Biological methanation KW - Power-to-Gas KW - Reactor concept KW - Thermophilic archaea KW - Trickle-bed reactor Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125135 IS - 333 PB - Elsevier ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gärtner, Sebastian A1 - Rank, Daniel A1 - Heberl, Michael A1 - Gaderer, Matthias A1 - Dawoud, Belal A1 - Haumer, Anton A1 - Sterner, Michael T1 - Simulation and Techno-Economic Analysis of a Power-to-Hydrogen Process for Oxyfuel Glass Melting JF - Energies N2 - As an energy-intensive industry sector, the glass industry is strongly affected by the increasingly stringent climate protection targets. As established combustion-based production systems ensure high process stability and glass quality, an immediate switch to low greenhouse gas emission processes is difficult. To approach these challenges, this work investigates a step-by-step integration of a Power-to-Hydrogen concept into established oxyfuel glass melting processes using a simulation approach. This is complemented by a case study for economic analysis on a selected German glass industry site by simulating the power production of a nearby renewable energy park and subsequent optimization of the power-to-hydrogen plant performance and capacities. The results of this study indicate, that the proposed system can reduce specific carbon dioxide emissions by up to 60%, while increasing specific energy demand by a maximum of 25%. Investigations of the impact of altered combustion and furnace properties like adiabatic flame temperature (+25 °C), temperature efficiency (∆ξ = −0.003) and heat capacity flow ratio (∆zHL = −0.009) indicate that pure hydrogen-oxygen combustion has less impact on melting properties than assumed so far. Within the case study, high CO2 abatement costs of 295 €/t CO2-eq. were determined. This is mainly due to the insufficient performance of renewable energy sources. The correlations between process scaling and economic parameters presented in this study show promising potential for further economic optimization of the proposed energy system in the future. KW - Power-to-Gas KW - Hydrogen KW - Electrolysis KW - Oxyfuel KW - Glass Industry Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:898-opus4-22713 N1 - Corresponding author: Sebastian Gärtner VL - 14 IS - 24 PB - MDPI ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schorr, Philipp A1 - Zentner, Lena A1 - Zimmermann, Klaus A1 - Böhm, Valter T1 - Jumping locomotion system based on a multistable tensegrity structure JF - Mechanical systems and signal processing N2 - All known locomotion principles are limited respective to environmental conditions. Often, the occurrence of obstacles or gaps means the break-off for the operating motion systems. For such circumstances, a controllable jumping locomotion is required to cross these barriers. However, this locomotion demands sophisticated requirements to the actuation. The abrupt actuation is commonly realized by high dynamic actuators or complex mechanisms. In this work, a simple solution utilizing the multistability of a compliant tensegrity structure is described. Therefore, a two-dimensional tensegrity structure featuring four stable equilibria is considered. Based on bifurcation analyses a feasible actuation to control the current equilibrium configuration is derived. Changing between selected equilibrium states enables a great difference in potential energy, which yields a jumping motion of the structure. Based on numerical simulations a suitable actuation strategy is chosen to overcome obstacle and steps by jumping forward or backward, respectively. The theoretical approach is examined experimentally with a prototype of the multistable tensegrity structure. (c) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. All known locomotion principles are limited respective to environmental conditions. Often, the occurrence of obstacles or gaps means the break-off for the operating motion systems. For such circumstances, a controllable jumping locomotion is required to cross these barriers. However, this locomotion demands sophisticated requirements to the actuation. The abrupt actuation is commonly realized by high dynamic actuators or complex mechanisms. In this work, a simple solution utilizing the multistability of a compliant tensegrity structure is described. Therefore, a two-dimensional tensegrity structure featuring four stable equilibria is considered. Based on bifurcation analyses a feasible actuation to control the current equilibrium configuration is derived. Changing between selected equilibrium states enables a great difference in potential energy, which yields a jumping motion of the structure. Based on numerical simulations a suitable actuation strategy is chosen to overcome obstacle and steps by jumping forward or backward, respectively. The theoretical approach is examined experimentally with a prototype of the multistable tensegrity structure. KW - Compliant tensegrity structure KW - Multibody dynamics KW - Multistability KW - Non-classical locomotion Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymssp.2020.107384 IS - 152 PB - Elsevier ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Haug, Sonja A1 - Vetter, Miriam T1 - Altersgerechtes Wohnen im Quartier JF - Standort - Zeitschrift für angewandte Geographie N2 - Im Alter nimmt das Quartier aufgrund geringerer Aktionsradien an Bedeutung zu. Der Beitrag befasst sich mit der Frage, welche Besonderheiten sich bei Senioren-Haushalten im Hinblick auf Wohnen und soziale Teilhabe zeigen. Aus dem Projekt MAGGIE werden Ergebnisse einer schriftlichen Haushaltsbefragung (N=195) in der Wohngenossenschaft Margaretenau Regensburg dargestellt. Hierbei wird auf die aktuelle und zukünftige Wohnsituation, den Veränderungsbedarf, den Wunsch nach Gemeinschaftsangeboten und die soziale Einbettung eingegangen. Es zeigt sich eine geringe Veränderungsbereitschaft und ein überdurchschnittlich hohes Maß an lokalem Sozialkapital. Am Ende werden Schlussfolgerungen für das Sanierungs- und Quartiersmanagement gezogen. T2 - Age-appropriate living in the neighborhood KW - Alter KW - Wohnen KW - Stadtviertel KW - Sozialraum KW - Senioren KW - Wohnsituation KW - Sozialraum KW - Lokales Sozialkapital KW - Quartiersgestaltung Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00548-020-00678-3 SN - 1432-220X N1 - Corresponding author: Sonja Haug VL - 45 SP - 11 EP - 17 PB - Springer Nature ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Palomba, Valeria A1 - Nowak, Sebastian A1 - Dawoud, Belal A1 - Frazzica, Andrea T1 - Dynamic modelling of Adsorption systems: a comprehensive calibrated dataset for heat pump and storage applications JF - Journal of energy storage N2 - The growing efforts for the development of clean and efficient energy systems require the use of a multi-disciplinary approach and the integration of multiple generation appliances. Among the fields that can be considered enabling technologies, adsorption systems for air conditioning and thermal energy storages, are constantly increasing their maturity. However, for a proper design and integration of such systems, there is the need for a simulation framework that is reliable and computationally convenient. In the present paper, the implementation of a dynamic model for adsorption systems is presented, which includes different components (adsorber, phase changer, sorption materials) and is structured as a library. Modelica language and the commercial software Dymola (R) are used for the analysis. Data for different heat exchangers and working pairs are calibrated using experimental results and the calibrated model is subsequently used for the design of an adsorber based on a plate heat exchanger for thermal energy storage applications. The results proved that the model is fast and can reproduce experimental results with good accuracy, thus being a useful tool for the design and optimization of the different components of sorption systems. KW - CHILLERS KW - DIFFUSION KW - ETHANOL ADSORPTION KW - Optimization KW - PERFORMANCE KW - SCALE KW - simulation KW - THERMAL-ENERGY STORAGE KW - TRANSFORMATION KW - WATER-ADSORPTION Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2020.102148 VL - 33 PB - Elsevier ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sovacool, Benjamin K. A1 - Cabeza, Luisa F. A1 - Pisello, Anna Laura A1 - Colladon, Andrea Fronzetti A1 - Larijani, Hatef Madani A1 - Dawoud, Belal A1 - Martiskainen, Mari T1 - Decarbonizing household heating: Reviewing demographics, geography and low-carbon practices and preferences in five European countries JF - Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews N2 - What commonalities are there in sustainable or unsustainable heating practices in five high-income, high-emitting western European countries? What preferences do a nationally representative sample of the public in these countries hold towards low-carbon options? It is imperative that climate policy researchers and practitioners grapple with the difficulty of decarbonizing heat, which remains the largest single end-use service worldwide and which accounts about half of total final energy consumption. Based on a comparative assessment of five representative national surveys in Germany (N = 2009), Italy (N = 2039), Spain (N = 2038), Sweden (N = 2023), and the United Kingdom (N = 2000), this study explores the demographics and geography of household heat decarbonisation in Europe. By analyzing our country level data as well as our combined sample of 10,109 respondents, it investigates how people conceive of the purposes of low-carbon heat, their preferences for particular forms of heat supply, and their (at times odd) practices of heat consumption and temperature settings. Grounded in its original data, the study organizes its findings inductively across the five themes of literacy (heating knowledge, awareness and control), sustainability (heating practices, dynamics and conflicts), temperature (heating satisfaction and preferences), desirability of change (low-carbon heating priorities, business models and trust), and culture (country and national variation). The study also explores intersections between these dimensions, using multivariate analysis, as well as how preferences differ according to varying types of actors as well as geography and space. KW - Climate policy KW - Cooling KW - Energy policy KW - Heat decarbonisation KW - Household heat KW - Low-carbon heating KW - Space heating Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.110703 IS - 139 SP - 1 EP - 28 PB - Elsevier ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Monkman, Gareth J. A1 - Sindersberger, Dirk A1 - Prem, Nina A1 - Diermeier, Andreas A1 - Szecsey, Tamara T1 - Dielectric behaviour of magnetic hybrid materials JF - Physical Sciences Reviews N2 - The objectives of this work include the analysis of electrical and magnetic properties of magneto-elastic hybrid materials with the intention of developing new techniques for sensor and actuator applications. This includes the investigation of dielectric properties at both low and high frequencies. The behaviour of capacitors whose dielectrics comprise magnetic hybrid materials is well known. Such interfacial magnetocapacitance can be varied according to magnetic content, magnetic flux density and the relative permittivity of the polymer matrix together with other dielectric content. The basic function of trapping electrical charges in polymers (electrets) is also established technology. However, the combination of magnetoactive polymers and electrets has led to the first electromagnetic device capable of adhering to almost any material, whether magnetically susceptible or not. During the course of this research, in addition to dielectrics, electrically conductive polymers based on (PDMS) matrices were developed in order to vary the electrical properties of the material in a targeted manner. In order to ensure repeatable results, this demanded new fabrication techniques hitherto unavailable. The 3D printing of silicones is far from being a mature technology and much pioneering work was necessary before extending the usual 3 d.o.f. to include orientation about and diffusion of particles in these three axes, thus leading to the concept of 6D printing. In 6D printing, the application of a magnetic field can be used during the curing process to control the particulate distribution and thus the spatial filler particle density as desired. Most of the devices (sensors and actuators) produced by such methods contain levels of carbonyl iron powder (CIP) embedded magnetic filler of up to 70 wt%. Contrary to this, a hitherto neglected research area, namely magnetoactive polymers (MAPs) having significantly lower magnetic particle concentrations (1 to 3 wt% CIP) were also investigated. With filler concentrations lower than 3 wt%, structures are formed which are completely absent at higher filler levels. CIP concentrations in the range of 1wt% demonstrate the formation of toroidal structures. Further development of coherent rings with a compact order results as filler concentrations increase towards 2 wt%. Above 3 wt% the structure eventually disintegrates to the usual random order found in traditional MAP with higher CIP content. Structured samples containing 1%–3 wt% CIP were investigated with the aid of X-ray tomography where solitary ring structures can be observed and eventually the formation of capillary doubles. Over wavelengths ranging from 1 to 25 µm, spectroscopic analysis of thin film MAP samples containing 2 wt% CIP revealed measurable magnetic-field-dependent changes in IR absorption at a wavenumber 2350 (λ = 4.255 µm). This was found to be due to the diamagnetic susceptibility of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). Consequently, the first potential application for sparse matrix MAPs was found. KW - cappillary doublet KW - diamagnetic KW - elastomer dielectric KW - FTIR KW - interfacial magnetocapacitance KW - magnetoactive polymer KW - PDMS KW - toroid Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1515/psr-2019-0121 N1 - Corresponding author: Gareth J. Monkman VL - 7 IS - 10 SP - 1169 EP - 1185 PB - de Gruyter ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schwanzer, Peter A1 - Schillinger, Maximilian A1 - Mieslinger, Johann A1 - Walter, Stefanie A1 - Hagen, Gunter A1 - Maerkl, Susanne A1 - Haft, Gerhard A1 - Dietrich, Markus A1 - Moos, Ralf A1 - Gaderer, Matthias A1 - Rabl, Hans-Peter T1 - A Synthetic Ash-Loading Method for Gasoline Particulate Filters with Active Oil Injection JF - SAR International Journal of Engines N2 - To reduce particulate emissions, the use of particulate filters in diesel engines is meanwhile state of the art, while the integration of such systems in gasoline engines is now also necessary in order to comply with today's regulations. Over its lifetime, a gasoline particulate filter (GPF) collects ash components of fuel, lubrication oil, and materials originating from the catalytic coating and from engine abrasion. In the development and application process, synthetic ashing from GPFs is challenging. The ash of the lubrication oil can be increased in various ways, like oil-doped fuel, a separate oil burner, or changes in the piston-cylinder system of the engine. However, these methods show major disadvantages. For this reason, an improved approach is presented in this study, which allows a quick response to changes in combustion (e.g., engine knocking) and producing ash, which is more realistic due to its primary particle size and the density of ash plugs, in a shorter time. Therefore, an approach to accelerate ash loading by active oil injection using a multi-point injection (MPI) system is introduced. With the help of this methodology, an ashing capacity of 1.21 g/h is implemented, which is a high rate compared to other investigations. The primary particle size (evaluated by means of a transmission electron microscope), is in the same size range as those detected at the full-load curve during regular operation. A computer tomographic (CT) analysis of the incinerated particulate filter also shows that a very high density of ash plugs can be realized, which has also been found in the literature for real applications. In addition, with the help of a mass spectrometer (MS) and an intermediate weighing of the particulate filter, the current ash loading of the GPF could be determined with an accuracy of 1%. KW - Ash KW - GDI KW - GPF KW - Particle Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.4271/03-14-04-0029 SN - 1946-3936 SN - 1946-3944 VL - 14 IS - 4 SP - 493 EP - 506 PB - SAE International ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schmidt, Henrik A1 - Straub, Benedikt B. A1 - Sindersberger, Dirk A1 - Bröckel, Ulrich A1 - Monkman, Gareth J. A1 - Auernhammer, Günter T1 - Collision and separation of nickel particles embedded in a Poly dimethylsiloxan matrix under a rotating magnetic field: A strong magneto active function JF - Colloid and Polymer Science N2 - In order to function as soft actuators, depending on their field of use, magnetorheological elastomers (MREs) must fulfill certain criteria. To name just a few, these can include rapid response to external magnetic fields, mechanical durability, mechanical strength, and/or large deformation. Of particular interest are MREs which produce macroscopic deformation for small external magnetic field variations. This work demonstrates how this can be achieved by just a small change in magnetic field orientation. To achieve this, (super)paramagnetic nickel particles of size ≈ 160 μm were embedded in a non-magnetic polydimethylsiloxan (PDMS) (661–1301 Pa) and their displacement in a stepwise rotated magnetic field (170 mT) recorded using a video microscope. Changes in particle aggregation resulting from very small variations in magnetic field orientation led to the observation of a new strongly magneto-active effect. This configuration is characterized by an interparticle distance in relation to the angle difference between magnetic field and particle axis. This causes a strong matrix deformation which in turn demonstrates hysteresis on relaxation. It is shown that the occurrence strongly depends on the particle size, particle distance, and stiffness of the matrix. Choosing the correct parameter combination, the state can be suppressed and the particle-matrix system demonstrates no displacement or hysteresis. In addition, evidences of non-negligible higher order magnetization effects are experimentally ascertained which is qualitatively in agreement with similar, already theoretically described, particle systems. Even at larger particle geometries, the new strongly magneto-active configuration is preserved and could create macroscopic deformation changes. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00396-020-04784-4 VL - 299 SP - 955 EP - 967 PB - Springer ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Rieger, Anna A1 - Oetjen, Arne A1 - van de Par, Steven A1 - Rabl, Hans-Peter T1 - Gehörbezogene Modellierung der Dissonanz T2 - Tagungsband DAGA 2021: 47. Jahrestagung für Akustik, 15.-18. August 2021, Wien und Online Y1 - 2021 UR - https://www.dega-akustik.de/publikationen/online-proceedings/ VL - 47 SP - 1034 EP - 1037 PB - Deutsche Gesellschaft für Akustik e.V. ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Bauer, Franz A1 - Gawlik, Julia A1 - Sterner, Michael A1 - Hamacher, Thomas ED - Ausfelder, Florian ED - Dura, Hanna T1 - Übergreifende Energiesystemmodellierung T2 - Optionen für ein nachhaltiges Energiesystem mit Power-to-X-Technologien: Transformation - Anwendungen – Potentiale. 3. Roadmap des Kopernikus-Projektes P2X, Phase II Y1 - 2021 UR - https://www.kopernikus-projekte.de/lw_resource/datapool/systemfiles/elements/files/CBE2878A53D522EEE0537E695E868061/live/document/DEC_P2X_II_V06_Online_small.pdf SN - 978-3-89746-236-6 SP - 19 EP - 33 PB - DECHEMA Gesellschaft für Chemische Technik und Biotechnologie e.V. CY - Frankfurt a.M. ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lindner, Matthias A1 - Pipa, Andrei V. A1 - Karpen, Norbert A1 - Hink, Ruediger A1 - Berndt, Dominik A1 - Foest, Rüdiger A1 - Bonaccurso, Elmar A1 - Weichwald, Robert A1 - Friedberger, Alois A1 - Caspari, Ralf A1 - Brandenburg, Ronny A1 - Schreiner, Rupert T1 - Icing Mitigation by MEMS-Fabricated Surface Dielectric Barrier Discharge JF - Applied Sciences N2 - Avoiding ice accumulation on aerodynamic components is of enormous importance to flight safety. Novel approaches utilizing surface dielectric barrier discharges (SDBDs) are expected to be more efficient and effective than conventional solutions for preventing ice accretion on aerodynamic components. In this work, the realization of SDBDs based on thin-film substrates by means of micro-electro-mechanical-systems (MEMS) technology is presented. The anti-icing performance of the MEMS SDBDs is presented and compared to SDBDs manufactured by printed circuit board (PCB) technology. It was observed that the 35 mu m thick electrodes of the PCB SDBDs favor surface icing with an initial accumulation of supercooled water droplets at the electrode impact edges. This effect was not observed for 0.3 mu m thick MEMS-fabricated electrodes indicating a clear advantage for MEMS-technology SDBDs for anti-icing applications. Titanium was identified as the most suitable material for MEMS electrodes. In addition, an optimization of the MEMS-SDBDs with respect to the dielectric materials as well as SDBD design is discussed. KW - aerospace engineering KW - anti-icing KW - DBD PLASMA ACTUATORS KW - EXCITATION KW - FLOW-CONTROL KW - low-temperature plasma KW - MEMS KW - SEPARATION CONTROL KW - SDBD Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/app112311106 N1 - Corresponding author: Matthias Lindner VL - 11 IS - 23 SP - 1 EP - 17 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER -