TY - JOUR A1 - Ruhl, Guenther A1 - Wittmann, Sebastian A1 - Koenig, Matthias A1 - Neumaier, Daniel T1 - The integration of graphene into microelectronic devices JF - Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology N2 - Since 2004 the field of graphene research has attracted increasing interest worldwide. Especially the integration of graphene into microelectronic devices has the potential for numerous applications. Therefore, we summarize the current knowledge on this aspect. Surveys show that considerable progress was made in the field of graphene synthesis. However, the central issue consists of the availability of techniques suitable for production for the deposition of graphene on dielectric substrates. Besides, the encapsulation of graphene for further processing while maintaining its properties poses a challenge. Regarding the graphene/metal contact intensive research was done and recently substantial advancements were made towards contact resistances applicable for electronic devices. Generally speaking the crucial issues for graphene integration are identified today and the corresponding research tasks can be clearly defined. KW - BORON-NITRIDE KW - CHEMICAL-VAPOR-DEPOSITION KW - CONTACT-RESISTANCE KW - contacts KW - COPPER FOILS KW - deposition KW - ELECTRODES KW - encapsulation KW - FILMS KW - graphene KW - GROWTH KW - LOW-TEMPERATURE KW - process integration KW - RAMAN-SPECTROSCOPY KW - SUBSTRATE Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.8.107 VL - 8 SP - 1056 EP - 1064 PB - Beilstein-Institut ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Zeitler, Berndt A1 - Hoeller, Christoph A1 - Reinhold, Steffi T1 - Maximum Fast time-weighted levels - When can a transient be seen as a Dirac impulse? T2 - Internoise 2023, 20–23 August 2023, Chiba, Greater Tokyo N2 - It is common practice to use maximum FAST time-weighted sound pressure levels to assess transient impact noise, as these levels correlate well with human perception of impact noise. Maximum FAST time-weighted levels are known to be dependent on the reverberation time of the receiving room. In previous studies, an analytical correction term was developed using a Dirac impulse. The correction term is used to calculate the maximum FAST time-weighted levels from peak sound pressure levels. Peak levels are independent of the reverberation time of the room. Applying the correction term makes it possible to compare measurement results from different rooms. The correction term has been validated in several studies for the standard rubber impact ball. In this paper, the influence of the source signal (Dirac impulse) on the correction term is studied. Analytical and numerical models are employed to investigate the consequences of stretching the impulse in time and of changing its shape. The results are compared with empirical solutions developed in other studies. Y1 - 2023 UR - https://www.researchgate.net/publication/373546707_Maximum_Fast_time-weighted_levels_-_When_can_a_transient_be_seen_as_a_Dirac_impulse ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Blödt, Adrian A1 - Höller, Christoph T1 - Akustische Verbesserungsmaßnahmen an Stoßstellen im Holzbau T2 - Fortschritte der Akustik DAGA 2022: 48. Jahrestagung für Akustik, 21. - 24. März 2022, Stuttgart und Online Y1 - 2022 PB - Deutsche Gesellschaft für Akustik e.V. CY - Berlin ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Höller, Christoph A1 - Zeitler, Berndt A1 - Sabourin, Ivan T1 - Airborne and impact sound insulation data for cold-formed steel-framed walls and floors N2 - This report presents the results of an extensive series of direct sound insulation tests of cold-formed steel-framed walls and floors. The direct airborne sound insulation of 30 walls with cold-formed steel framing was measured in accordance with ASTM E90-09. The walls had steel studs with a depth of 92 mm (3-5/8”) or 152 mm (6”), and with a steel thickness of 1.09 mm (0.043”) or 1.37 mm (0.054”). Other parameters that were investigated included the number of layers and thickness of gypsum board, the cavity insulation, the stud spacing, and the use of resilient channels. The test results for some non-standard wall configurations that were tested for research purposes (e.g. for walls with gypsum board on one side only) are also included in this report. The direct airborne and impact sound insulation of 17 floors with cold-formed steel framing was measured in accordance with ASTM E90-09 and ASTM E492-09, respectively. The floors had steel joists with a depth of 254 mm (10”) or 317 mm (12.5”), and with a steel thickness of 1.37 mm (0.054”). The top surface of the floor/ceiling assemblies was composed of a corrugated steel deck with poured gypsum concrete, while the bottom surface was composed of a gypsum board ceiling on resilient channels. The influence of the joist depth and the number of layers and thickness of the ceiling gypsum board was investigated, as well as the influence of several floor coverings (e.g. laminate or carpet). The report presents the detailed specimen descriptions and specimen properties and the results from the standardized tests according to ASTM E90-09 and ASTM E492-09. Brief analyses of the parameters affecting the sound insulation of the steel-framed assemblies are provided. The tests presented in this report were part of a large research study that also included an investigation into the flanking sound transmission in cold-formed steel-framed buildings. The results of that study are described in the NRC Research Report RR-337, “Apparent Sound Insulation in Cold-Formed Steel-Framed Buildings” [1]. The NRC Research Report RR-337 also includes some of the airborne sound insulation results presented here, albeit without listing the detailed specimen descriptions and specimen properties that are provided in this report. Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.4224/23002823 PB - National Research Council of Canada. Construction ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Höller, Christoph A1 - Gibbs, Barry M. T1 - Source substitution method for obtaining the power transmission from vibrating sources in buildings JF - Applied Acoustics N2 - This paper describes a method analogous to the airborne sound source substitution method, to estimate the vibrational power injected by a structure-borne sound source into the supporting building element. The injected vibrational power is required for prediction of the structure-borne sound pressure from vibrating equipment in buildings. The paper focuses on high-mobility sources connected to low-mobility receivers, a situation which is commonly encountered in heavyweight construction. The mobility mismatch simplifies the transformation of laboratory measurement data to prediction of transmitted power in-situ. Three case studies were performed. In the first study, the power injected by a simple test source into a resiliently supported aluminium plate was determined using direct and indirect methods. Source substitution was investigated with different calibration options: steady-state excitation, transient excitation, and spatial averaging. The source power could be determined within 4 dB, compared with direct measurements of the injected power. In the second study, the power injected by a second source into a concrete transmission suite floor was determined. The third study was of a combined heating and power unit on a masonry wall. In this study, a reference sound pressure level in a receiver room was calculated and compared with a criterion curve for the assessment of low-frequency noise complaints. The case studies demonstrate that structure-borne sound source substitution is a promising development of the reception plate method. While the latter can be used if a free reception plate is available, the former circumvents problems of determining the transmitted power into coupled plates and therefore has application to real building conditions. The use of the instrumented hammer for the calibration and the use of spatial averaging significantly simplify the method. Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2018.07.014 VL - 141 SP - 240 EP - 249 PB - Elsevier ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lievens, Matthias A1 - Höller, Christoph A1 - Dietrich, Pascal A1 - Vorländer, Michael T1 - Predicting the Interaction Between Structure-Borne Sound Sources and Receiver Structures from Independently Measured Quantities BT - Case Study of a Washing Machine on a Wooden Joist Floor JF - Acta Acustica united with Acustica N2 - Structure-borne sound sources are usually characterised by their source activity and source mobility. By combining this data with the mobility of receiver structures it is theoretically possible to predict the sound pressure level in a building. In a case study of a washing machine on a wooden joist floor this prediction process was investigated. The prediction was based on the normal force component only. The contact area at the feet of the washing machine was made as small as possible to avoid the influence of moments while the in-plane components were assumed negligible. These conditions proved to allow for accurate predictions in the coupled state in a previous publication [1]. The results show that the prediction from independently measured normal source and receiver quantities yields large errors below 125 Hz as a consequence of the above assumption. Between 125 and 900 Hz the error of the prediction is within ± 5 dB. The case study further investigated two assumptions frequently encountered in practice: low and high-mobility sources and no cross-coupling between the feet Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3813/AAA.918688 VL - 100 IS - 1 SP - 79 EP - 92 PB - European Acoustics Association (EAA) ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Höller, Christoph A1 - Mahn, Jeffrey A1 - Quirt, David A1 - Schoenwald, Stefan A1 - Zeitler, Berndt T1 - Apparent sound insulation in cross-laminated timber buildings N2 - This Report presents the results from experimental studies of airborne sound transmission, together with an explanation of calculation procedures to predict the apparent airborne sound transmission between adjacent spaces in a building whose construction is based on cross-laminated timber (CLT) panels. There are several types of CLT constructions which are commercially available in Canada, but this study only focused on CLT panels that have adhesive between the faces of the timber elements in adjacent layers, but no adhesive bonding the adjacent timber elements within a given layer. There were noticeable gaps (up to 3 mm wide) between some of the timber elements comprising each layer of the CLT assembly. These CLT panels could be called “Face-Laminated CLT Panels” but are simply referred to as CLT panels in this Report. Another form of CLT panels has adhesive between the faces of the timber elements in adjacent layers as well as adhesive to bond the adjacent timber elements within a given layer. These are referred to as “Fully-Bonded CLT Panels” in this Report. Because fully-bonded CLT panels have different properties than face-laminated CLT panels, the sound transmission data and predictions in this Report do not apply to fully-bonded CLT panels. Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.4224/23002009 PB - National Research Council of Canada. Construction ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Höller, Christoph A1 - Gibbs, Barry M. T1 - Indirect determination of the mobility of structure-borne sound sources JF - Journal of Sound and Vibration N2 - Methods are considered for the indirect determination of the mobility of structure-borne sound sources. Instead of performing measurements on the source in the free state, the source mobility is obtained from measurements made in-situ. This approach is beneficial if the source is difficult to suspend, or if it contains nonlinear structural elements. Two formulations for an indirect source mobility are derived theoretically. The first requires measurement of velocities at or near to the contact points. The second involves measurement of remote velocities only. Neither of the methods requires excitation at the contacts in the coupled state. Numerical simulations of coupled beams are used to validate the two methods and investigate their accuracy and reliability with respect to typical measurement errors, such as background noise and inaccuracies in sensor positioning. It is found that these can have a significant effect on the methods considered. Several experimental case studies with single-contact and multi-contact sources are performed. The results confirm the validity of the two methods in principle, but highlight their sensitivity to experimental errors. In a representative case study with a fan unit, average errors range between ±5 dB and ±10 dB, with occasional errors of up to 30 dB. Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2015.01.011 VL - 344 SP - 38 EP - 58 PB - Elsevier ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Höller, Christoph A1 - Gibbs, Barry M. T1 - Inverse Method to Obtain Blocked Forces of Vibrating Sound Sources in Buildings JF - Acta Acustica united with Acustica N2 - Vibrating sources, such as building service equipment, are major contributors to noise in buildings. In order to predict and subsequently reduce the sound pressure levels generated by these devices, it is necessary to first predict the total vibrational power injected by them into the supporting building structure. Whilst simplified methods are available for the calculation of the total power through all contacts, it would be beneficial to have more detailed knowledge of the dominant contact powers. For sources on low-mobility building elements, the contact powers are determined by the blocked force, along with the real part of the receiver mobility at each contact. This paper describes a novel inverse method to obtain the blocked forces at each contact. The method employs an instrumented reception plate, which is numerically modelled to allow optimum accelerometer positions to be selected, for any source and any location. The underlying theory and measurement procedure are described, and experimental validations are presented. Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3813/AAA.919092 VL - 103 IS - 4 SP - 639 EP - 649 PB - ingenta ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Mahn, Jeffrey A1 - Quirt, David A1 - Höller, Christoph A1 - Müller-Trapet, Markus T1 - Addendum to RR-335: sound transmission through Nail-Laminated Timber (NLT) assemblies N2 - This report is published as an addendum to NRC Research Report RR-335 “Apparent Sound Insulation in Cross-Laminated Timber Buildings." It is intended that this addendum will be merged with RR-335 in the future as a report for predicting the sound insulation in buildings using mass-timber constructions including NLT assemblies. This report presents the results from experimental studies of airborne sound transmission through assemblies of nail-laminated timber (NLT) with various linings. To put the data presented in this report in the proper context, this report begins with a brief explanation of calculation procedures to predict the apparent sound transmission class (ASTC) between adjacent spaces in a building whose structure is a combination of mass-timber assemblies such as nail-laminated timber (NLT) or cross-laminated timber (CLT) panels. Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.4224/40000417 PB - National Research Council of Canada. Construction ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Höller, Christoph A1 - Müller-Trapet, Markus A1 - King, Frances A1 - Bradley, John T1 - Evaluation of the communication performance of the C4 chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear mask N2 - The Canadian Armed Forces (CAF) are using chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear (CBRN) general service respirators (GSRs) to defend against CBRN threats and hazards to protect personnel and ensure that they can safely and successfully carry out missions. The CBRN GSR currently in use by the CAF is the C4 respirator. The National Research Council of Canada assessed the communication performance of the C4 respirator. This report presents the results of the performance test. The method for assessing the communication performance used in this study was the NIOSH standard test procedure TEB-CBRN-APR-STP-0313 [1]. Other methods exist to evaluate the communication performance of respirators, but historically the NIOSH standard test procedure has been used. This report details the implementation and results of the tests conducted at the National Research Council of Canada, following the NIOSH standard test procedure. Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.4224/23003981 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Höller, Christoph A1 - Quirt, David A1 - Zeitler, Berndt A1 - Sabourin, Ivan T1 - Apparent sound insulation in cold-formed steel-framed buildings N2 - This Report presents the results from substantial experimental studies of sound transmission, together with an explanation of calculation procedures to predict the sound transmission between adjacent spaces in a building whose walls and floors have cold-formed steel (CFS) framing. This first edition contains mainly data for loadbearing steel framing formed from sheet steel with thickness from 1.37 mm (16 gauge) to 0.94 mm (20 gauge). Non-loadbearing CFS studs formed from thinner steel (nominally 0.54 mm) are also commonly used but these are not included in the data tables for sound transmission through wall assemblies in this Report. KW - concrete block walls KW - floor KW - sound insulation KW - sound transmission Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.4224/23001843 PB - National Research Council of Canada. Construction ER -