TY - JOUR A1 - Retief, Johan Verster A1 - Diamantidis, Dimitris A1 - Barnardo-Viljoen, Celeste A1 - van der Klashorst, Etienne T1 - Extreme actions and climate change: experience gained in South Africa and Germany JF - Civil Engineering and Environmental Systems N2 - The results of a survey of climate change developments in South Africa and Germany from the perspective of its relevance to extreme actions on infrastructure are presented in this paper. It is concluded that the importance of climate change is broad and varied. However incorporation into practice is mostly nominal. Although general trends of climate change are confirmed, proper information on changes in extreme conditions is limited. Coastal engineering seems to be the field which is most active in providing for climate change. It is concluded that risk-based methodologies developed to treat the variability and uncertainties of extreme actions and consequences in present practice provide a sound basis for treating the effects of climate change in a rational and optimal manner. It is also clear that there is strong motivation for extensive research as the best action to be taken presently, anticipating appropriate adjustment of re-optimised design methodologies. KW - climate change KW - extreme actions KW - infrastructure KW - risk-based methodologies KW - optimised design Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/10286608.2014.912640 SN - 1029-0249 SN - 1028-6608 VL - 31 IS - 2 SP - 179 EP - 188 PB - Taylor & Francis CY - Abingdon ER -