TY - CHAP A1 - Llano-Torre, Aitor A1 - Cavalaro, Sergio H. P. A1 - Kusterle, Wolfgang A1 - Moro, Sandro A1 - Zerbino, Raúl L. A1 - Gettu, Ravindra A1 - Pauwels, Hans A1 - Nishiwaki, Tomoya A1 - Parmentier, Benoît A1 - Buratti, Nicola A1 - Toledo Filho, Romildo D. A1 - Charron, Jean-Philippe A1 - Larive, Catherine A1 - Boshoff, William P. A1 - Bernard, E. Stefan A1 - Kompatscher, Michael T1 - Equipment and Procedure Description T2 - Round-Robin Test on Creep Behaviour in Cracked Sections of FRC: Experimental Program, Results and Database Analysis : State-of-the-Art Report of the RILEM TC 261-CCF N2 - This chapter collects the description of the main creep testing procedures in fibre-reinforced concrete (FRC) as well as the equipment used by each participant laboratory in the round-robin test (RRT). The description of each procedure was directly provided by the participants and follows the same structure for each participant where institution identification and contact information was included. Each participant summarised the most significant data such as specimen’s size, load configuration, parameters or environmental conditions in a quite useful table. Moreover, the participants included description and close-up pictures of the creep frames construction, the support boundary conditions, and the measurement devices used. Finally, the participants provided a complete description of the specific complete creep test procedure followed. Y1 - 2021 SN - 978-3-030-72736-9 SN - 978-3-030-72735-2 SN - 978-3-030-72738-3 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72736-9_5 SN - 2213-2031 SN - 2213-204X SP - 47 EP - 117 PB - Springer CY - Cham ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Llano-Torre, Aitor A1 - Serna, Pedro A1 - Cavalaro, Sergio H. P. A1 - Buratti, Nicola A1 - Stefan Bernard, E. A1 - Boshoff, William P. A1 - Zerbino, Raúl L. A1 - Pauwels, Hans A1 - Kusterle, Wolfgang A1 - Garcia-Taengua, Emilio A1 - Vrijdaghs, Rutger A1 - del Prete, Clementina A1 - dos Santos, Karyne F. A1 - Parmentier, Benoît A1 - Mazzotti, Claudio ED - Llano-Torre, Aitor ED - Serna, Pedro T1 - Introduction and Background T2 - Round-Robin Test on Creep Behaviour in Cracked Sections of FRC: Experimental Program, Results and Database Analysis N2 - The absence of a standardised methodology to evaluate creep in the cracked state of fibre-reinforced concrete (FRC) hindered general comparisons and conclusions that could lead to significant advances in this topic. A coordinated effort was required to improve the knowledge on long-term behaviour of cracked FRC sections and assess the different testing methodologies available. The RILEM Technical Committee 261-CCF launched in 2015 the round-robin test (RRT) on creep behaviour in cracked sections of FRC program. This chapter includes the introduction and background to understand the realisation of this RRT. The main objectives as well as the limitations of the scope of the RRT are explained. The structure of the book is presented to provide a first overview of the book content. Finally, information about institutions involved as well as geographic distribution of RRT participants and number of specimens tested in the RRT is provided. Y1 - 2021 SN - 978-3-030-72735-2 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72736-9_1 SP - 1 EP - 10 PB - Springer International Publishing CY - Cham ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Llano-Torre, Aitor A1 - Serna, Pedro A1 - Cavalaro, Sergio H. P. A1 - Buratti, Nicola A1 - Bernard, E. Stefan A1 - Boshoff, William P. A1 - Zerbino, Raúl L. A1 - Pauwels, Hans A1 - Kusterle, Wolfgang A1 - Garcia-Taengua, Emilio A1 - Vrijdaghs, Rutger A1 - del Prete, Clementina A1 - dos Santos, Karyne F. A1 - Parmentier, Benoît A1 - Mazzotti, Claudio ED - Llano-Torre, Aitor ED - Serna, Pedro T1 - Statements and Conclusions T2 - Round-Robin Test on Creep Behaviour in Cracked Sections of FRC: Experimental Program, Results and Database Analysis N2 - A round-robin test (RRT) on creep behaviour in cracked section of fibre-reinforced concrete (FRC) was realised with the participation of 19 international laboratories from 22 institutions. The same concrete matrix was used to design two different FRC mixes with steel (SFRC) and macro-synthetic (SyFRC) fibres and to produce 451 FRC specimens. The use of 124 specimens for creep tests for one year following four main methodologies provided a huge database with more than 15,000 data. The main statements and conclusions derived from the RRT database analysis are summarised in this section. Note that the conclusions derived from this RRT are limited to the ranges of parameters, procedures and variables considered here and should not be extrapolated to other cases. Y1 - 2021 SN - 978-3-030-72735-2 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72736-9_9 SP - 209 EP - 220 PB - Springer International Publishing CY - Cham ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Llano-Torre, Aitor A1 - Serna, Pedro A1 - Garcia-Taengua, Emilio A1 - Vrijdaghs, Rutger A1 - Pauwels, Hans A1 - del Prete, Clementina A1 - Buratti, Nicola A1 - Zerbino, Raúl L. A1 - Kusterle, Wolfgang A1 - Stefan Bernard, E. ED - Llano-Torre, Aitor ED - Serna, Pedro T1 - Analysis of the RRT Results T2 - Round-Robin Test on Creep Behaviour in Cracked Sections of FRC: Experimental Program, Results and Database Analysis N2 - The analysis of the results of the round-robin test (RRT) comprised many steps. The variation of the main variables such as the number of samples tested, environmental conditions, pre-crack level or creep index and mechanical performance were analysed among all the RRT participants. In addition, the main methodologies were independently analysed to search significances between the participant procedures. Analysis of the described procedures, test setups and equipment provided relevant information about such existent differences between participants in terms such as load configuration, boundary conditions or frames construction. The creep coefficient and crack opening rate (COR) parameters were defined and analysed. The complementary data number of fibres in the cross section was analysed to assess the influence in the long-term residual performance. Finally, the correlation between different fibre-reinforced concrete (FRC) specimens as well as the influence of ageing of concrete matrix were analysed. Y1 - 2021 SN - 978-3-030-72735-2 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72736-9_8 VL - 34 SP - 147 EP - 207 PB - Springer International Publishing CY - Cham ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sakoparnig, Marlene A1 - Galan, Isabel A1 - Steindl, Florian Roman A1 - Kusterle, Wolfgang A1 - Juhart, Joachim A1 - Grengg, Cyrill A1 - Briendl, Lukas G. A1 - Saxer, Andreas A1 - Thumann, Maria A1 - Mittermayr, Florian T1 - Durability of clinker reduced shotcrete: Ca2+ leaching, sintering, carbonation and chloride penetration JF - Materials and structures N2 - The reduction of clinker use is mandatory to lower the negative environmental impact of concrete. In shotcrete mixes, similarly to the case of conventional concrete, the use of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) and proper mix design allow for the substitution of clinker without compromising the mechanical properties. However, the impact of the substitution on the durability of shotcrete needs to be further assessed and understood. The results from the present study, obtained from real-scale sprayed concrete applications, show a reduction of the Ca2+ leaching and sintering potential of clinker-reduced shotcrete mixes due to the presence of SCMs. This positive effect, crucial for low maintenance costs of tunnels, is mainly related to a reduced portlandite content, which on the other hand negatively affects the carbonation resistance of shotcrete. Additionally, the hydration of SCMs positively influences the chloride penetration resistance presumably due to a combination of microstructural changes and changes in the chloride binding capacity. Differences found in the pore size distribution of the various mixes have low impact on the determined durability parameters, in particular compared to the effect of inhomogeneities produced during shotcrete application. KW - Carbonate precipitation KW - Carbonation KW - Chloride penetration KW - Durability KW - Leaching KW - Shotcrete Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-021-01644-7 VL - 54 SP - 1 EP - 23 PB - Springer Nature ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Steindl, Florian A1 - Galan, Isabel A1 - Baldermann, Andre A1 - Sakoparnig, Marlene A1 - Dietzel, Martin A1 - Röck, Rudolf A1 - Kusterle, Wolfgang A1 - Mittermayr, Florian T1 - Dauerhaftigkeitsuntersuchungen an Trocken- und Nassspritzbetonen mit mineralischen Zusatzstoffen - Investigations on the durability of dry- and wet-mix sprayed concrete with mineral additions T2 - Spritzbeton-Tagung 2021, 21. + 22. Jänner 2021, Alpbach Tirol N2 - Die Dauerhaftigkeit von Spritzbeton kann, insbesondere in seiner Verwendung als Stütz-und Ausbaumaterial im Tunnelbau, durch chemische Angriffe deutlich herabgesetzt werden. Im Forschungsprojekt "Entwicklung neuer dauerhafter und nachhaltiger Spritzbetone (ASSpC)" wurden Prüfkörper von Trocken-und Nassspritzbetonen in Großspritzversuchen hergestellt. Der Sulfatwiderstand und das Lösungsverhalten der Betone in sulfathaltigen wässrigen Lösungen wurden mit drei Testverfahren bestimmt und die Ergebnisse miteinander verglichen: Ein Pulvertestverfahren zeigt die Auflösung von Zementhydratphasen zugunsten der Neubildung von Calcit und Ettringit. Das Ausmaß der Sulfatdehnung an Bohrkernen, ermittelt im zweiten Testverfahren, korrespondiert mit dem chemischen Verhalten des gemahlenen Materials, insbesondere bezüglich der Reaktivität von calcium-und aluminium-haltigen Hydratphasen. Der Thaumasitwiderstand, ermittelt über Masseverlust von Prüf-körpern, zeigte eine weitgehende Übereinstimmung mit den zuvor genannten Tests. Die Verwendung von hochreinen Metakaolinen (7-10 M-% des Bindemittels) oder Feinstcalcit (5-10 M-% des Bindemittels) allein führte insgesamt zu deutlich geringerer Sulfatbeständigkeit. Hingegen konnten hohe Gehalte an Hüttensand oder Silikastaub auch in Kombination mit Metakaolin und Feinstcalcit den Sulfatwiderstand von Spritzbeton erhöhen. The durability of shotcrete can be degraded by chemical attacks, especially if used as ground support in tunnel construction. In the course of the research project "Advanced and Sustainable Sprayed Concrete (ASSpC)" test specimens of dry-mix and wet-mix shotcrete were sprayed in large-scale tests. The sulfate resistance and the leaching behaviour of these shotcretes were assessed in sulfate-bearing solutions. A test procedure based on the use of shotcrete powders shows that hydrated cement phases dissolve in favour of calcite and ettringite neo-formation. The sulfate expansion measured on drill cores in the second procedure corresponds to the behaviour of the powders, especially regarding the reactivity of calcium-and aluminium-bearing hydrated phases. The resistance against thaumasite attack, assessed by measuring the mass loss of prisms, coincides with the former test results. The exclusive use of high-purity metakaolin (7-10 wt-% of binder) or fine calcium carbonate (5-10 wt-% of binder) leads to a decrease in the sulfate durability. However, high amounts of blast furnace slag or silica fume can increase the sulfate resistance of shotcrete even when used in combination with metakaolin or fine calcium carbonate. Y1 - 2021 UR - https://www.spritzbeton-tagung.com/downloads/vortraege/2021/17_Steindl.pdf SP - 94 EP - 111 ER -