TY - CHAP A1 - Bary, Benedikt von A1 - Westner, Markus A1 - Strahringer, Susanne T1 - Do researchers investigate what practitioners deem relevant? BT - Gaps between research and practice in the field of information systems backsourcing T2 - Proceedings of the 20th IEEE International Conference on Business Informatics (IEEE CBI 2018): Vienna, Austria, 11-14 July N2 - There is a common understanding amongst academics that information systems (IS) research sometimes has limited relevance for practitioners. This can be explained by the fact that research lags behind the fast moving IS environment, has limited practical applicability and is hard to access. We have focused on the research area of IS backsourcing, and analyzed practitioner literature to increase our understanding of topics of interest for practitioners, to determine a potential gap between academic and practitioner literature, and to identify future research directions in this field. We observed that most publications are either news or background articles, focusing on describing backsourcing cases. Additionally, we identified four recurring themes, namely reasons for backsourcing, presentation of survey results, discussion of industry trends, and backsourcing success stories. The main reasons identified to trigger backsourcing decisions are cost savings, quality improvements, and increasing control and flexibility. By comparing our findings with academic literature on IS backsourcing, we conclude that generally both literature types cover similar topics. However, researchers have a more formulative or interpretive focus than the often descriptive practitioner literature. Academic literature also examines a broader range of topics, while practitioner literature has a narrower focus. Additionally, we observe one difference regarding applied terminology: while researchers employ the term backsourcing, practitioners mostly use back in-house or insourcing. Our paper contributes to facilitating the exchange between academics and practitioners, presents topics to consider when aiming to increase practical relevance and provides researchers with concrete directions for future research within the field of IS backsourcing. KW - Betriebliches Informationssystem KW - Backsourcing KW - Anwendung KW - Literaturbericht KW - Information systems KW - Backsourcing KW - Practical applicability Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/CBI.2018.00014 SP - 40 EP - 49 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Könning, Michael A1 - Westner, Markus A1 - Strahringer, Susanne T1 - Multisourcing on the Rise: Results from an Analysis of more than 1,000 IT Outsourcing Deals in the ASG Region T2 - Tagungsband Multikonferenz Wirtschaftsinformatik 2018 (MKWI 2018): data driven X - turning data into value, Leuphana Unversität Lüneburg, 6.-9. März 2018 N2 - Information technology outsourcing (ITO) has long been recognized for its numerous potential advantages such as lowering costs, accessing external skills, and improving efficiency, flexibility, and quality. However, it also exposes client companies to various risks, including vendor lock-in, poor agility, or insufficient vendor expertisein individual domains, especially inincreasingly dynamic market environments. Consequently, companies increasingly implement multisourcing by composing a “best of breed” set of vendors for their various IT services. In this paper,we use a dataset of 1,016 ITO deals closed with Austrian, Swiss, and German client companies between 2006 and 2017 to analyze the development of the ITO market in general and multisourcing in particular. Our results show decreasing services run rates, shorter contract lengths, an increasing number of concurrent service providers per client,and a distribution of the total number of contracts to a larger set of vendors, all pointing towards an increasing popularity of multisourcing. KW - Multisourcing KW - IT-Outsourcing KW - Sourcing strategy KW - Outsourcing KW - Strategie Y1 - 2018 UR - http://mkwi2018.leuphana.de/programm/tagungsband/ IS - Band V SP - 1813 EP - 1824 PB - Leuphana, Universität Lüneburg CY - Lüneburg ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Kobus, Jörn A1 - Westner, Markus T1 - Ranking-type delphi studies in IS research BT - step-by-step guide and analytical extension T2 - Proceedings of the 9th IADIS International Conference Information Systems, Vilamoura, Portugal, 9-11 April N2 - Ranking-type Delphi is a frequently used method in IS research. However, besides several studies investigating a rigorous application of ranking-type Delphi as a research method, a comprehensive and precise step-by-step guide on how to conduct a rigorous ranking-type Delphi study in IS research is currently missing. In addition, a common critic of Delphi studies in general is that it is unclear if there is indeed authentic consensus of the panelists, or if panelists only agree because of other reasons (e.g. acquiescence bias or tiredness to disagreement after several rounds). This also applies to ranking-type Delphi studies. Therefore, this study aims to (1) Provide a rigorous step-by-step guide to conduct ranking-type Delphi studies through synthesizing results of existing research and (2) Offer an analytical extension to the ranking-type Delphi method by introducing Best/Worst Scaling, which originated in Marketing and Consumer Behavior research. A guiding example is introduced to increase comprehensibility of the proposals. Future research needs to validate the step-by-step guide in an empirical setting as well as test the suitability of Best/Worst Scaling within described research contexts. KW - Delphi KW - Best/Worst Scaling KW - Maximum-Difference-Scaling KW - MaxDiff KW - Delphi-Technik Y1 - 2016 UR - http://www.iadisportal.org/digital-library/ranking-type-delphi-studies-in-is-research-step-by-step-guide-and-analytical-extension SP - 28 EP - 38 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Westner, Markus A1 - Skelton, David A1 - Tinat, Johannes T1 - Enhancing students’ IS offshoring capabilities BT - an international blended teaching concept T2 - Proceedings of the 7th Annual Conference of Computing and Information Technology Research and Education New Zealand (CITRENZ 2016), Wellington, New Zealand, July 11-13 N2 - An appreciation of globalisation issues by information systems (IS) graduates is a growing requirement of organisations with global reach. This paper discusses the planning of a joint course to be delivered online and face to face by two lecturers representing two tertiary institutes in Germany and New Zealand respectively. The IS offshoring content of the course is relatively unique and aspects of globalisation will be demonstrated through the dual country delivery of the course. The two lecturers involved have spent time lecturing and studying in their global partner’s country and tertiary institutes and so this joint delivery method is likely to also strengthen cultural ties between the two participating institutions including the students involved. Further research goals and issues are discussed for post-delivery of this dual country blended course. This paper provides a basis for this concept to be evaluated in further research. KW - Globalisation KW - Offshoring KW - Joint delivery KW - Blended global courses KW - International student KW - Informatikstudium KW - Integriertes Lernen KW - Internationale Kooperation KW - Deutschland KW - Neuseeland Y1 - 2016 UR - https://www.citrenz.ac.nz/conferences/2016/pdf/2016CITRENZ_1_Westner_IntBlended_15-2.pdf ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Kobus, Jörn A1 - Westner, Markus A1 - Strahringer, Susanne T1 - Lean Management of IT Organizations BT - a Perspective of IT Slack Theory T2 - Proceedings of the 37th International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS 2016), Dublin, N2 - Lean Management has been successfully implemented in production organizations since several decades. The study at hand investigates the implementation of Lean Management to IT organizations (Lean IT). The study offers three contributions: First, it explains on a conceptual level how Lean Management can be transferred from production to IT organizations (philosophy, principles, tools). Second, it provides a theoretical perspective on why Lean IT can be beneficial for IT organizations (IT Slack theory). Third, it provides insights to the stated research questions (three benefits and three propositions) from an initial case study of an internal IT service provider for a large international insurance company (> US$25 Billion revenue; >20,000 employees; active in >120 countries) and lays out the research methodology and potential focus areas for further studies. KW - Lean Management KW - Lean IT KW - IT Slack theory KW - Implementation KW - Application development and maintenance KW - Lean Management KW - Informationstechnik Y1 - 2016 UR - https://aisel.aisnet.org/icis2016/ManagingIS/Presentations/1/ SP - 1 EP - 12 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Kopper, Andreas A1 - Westner, Markus T1 - Towards a Taxonomy for Shadow IT T2 - Proceedings of the 22nd Americas Conference on Information Systems (AMCIS 2016), San Diego, August 11-14 N2 - In a comprehensive literature review, we identified 21 different terms used for Shadow IT related concepts. This variety makes it difficult to identify related research and build upon it. To address this ambiguity, we reduce the different terms to six distinct concepts by developing a taxonomy and examining their relation¬ships. We do so by using a rigorous iterative methodology to identify common characteristics and to classify terms along them. By clustering the results, we derive and visualize the taxonomy. The identified concepts are Feral Practices, Workarounds, Shadow IT, Shadow Systems, Un-enacted Projects, and Shadow Sourcing. We elaborate on the concepts along their characteristics and clearly define and delimit them. As a result, we create a guide for their usage, increase search- and comparability, and unify existing knowledge. KW - Shadow IT KW - Shadow systems KW - Shadow sourcing KW - Feral practices KW - Workarounds KW - Taxonomy KW - Terminology KW - Informationstechnik KW - Datensicherung KW - Taxonomie KW - Literaturbericht Y1 - 2016 UR - https://aisel.aisnet.org/amcis2016/EndUser/Presentations/3/ SP - 1 EP - 10 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Kopper, Andreas A1 - Westner, Markus T1 - Deriving a Framework for Causes, Consequences, and Governance of Shadow IT from Literature T2 - Proceedings zur Multikonferenz Wirtschaftsinformatik 2016 (MKWI 2016), Technische Universität Ilmenau, Thüringen, 09.-11. März 2016 N2 - Shadow IT is a widespread phenomenon which includes systems, services, and processes that are not part of the "official" corporate IT. The topic is still an emerging research area and slowly gaining traction in recent years but a state of the art analysis is missing to date. We therefore conduct a structured literature review to derive a framework for causes, consequences, and governance of Shadow IT. We identify motivators, enablers, and missing barriers as causes for Shadow IT, both positive and negative consequences on an organizational and a technical level and governance approaches which focus on clearance of existing or prevention of future Shadow IT. Our review reveals that constructivist, qualitative design using a case study approach dominates existing research. There are no dominant theories yet to explain Shadow IT. We also highlight possibilities for future research to focus on the less explored governance aspect. KW - Schatten-IT KW - IT-Governance KW - Informationsmanagement KW - Corporate Governance KW - Literaturbericht Y1 - 2016 SP - 1687 EP - 1698 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Sonnleitner, Daniel A1 - Westner, Markus T1 - Quo vadis IT infrastructure BT - decision support for cloud computing adoption from a business perspective T2 - Proceedings of the 22nd UKAIS Conference : Ubiquitous Information Systems: Surviving and thriving in a connected society, 2017 Oxford, April 3rd-5th 2017 N2 - Many IT organizations are confronted with the question whether to modernize their IT infrastructure. While most data centers run on a virtualized environment, Cloud Computing technology emerges with new characteristics on fast provision of standardized resources in a scalable IT infrastructure. Public cloud vendors offer IT services on demand, so that IT organizations do not have to operate their own hardware. Moreover, private cloud architectures gain influence, claiming to provide flexible and elastic IT infrastructure. The paper at hand guides the strategic decision for adoption of Cloud Computing on IT infrastructure. Therefore, we first introduce a taxonomy for IT infrastructure encompassing a technological and a sourcing perspective. Second, we evaluate selective areas of the taxonomy adopting the SWOT framework to understand both opportunities and challenges of Cloud Computing for IT infrastructure from a business perspective. KW - Cloud Computing KW - Cloud Adoption KW - Cloud Migration KW - SWOT KW - Infrastructure as a Service KW - IT Infrastructure KW - Cloud Computing KW - IT-Abteilung KW - Outsourcing KW - Service-Rechenzentrum Y1 - 2017 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Strahringer, Susanne A1 - Westner, Markus A1 - Bary, Benedikt von T1 - IT-Backsourcing JF - Das Wirtschaftsstudium : wisu N2 - The importance of information systems (IS) for companies has grown rapidly over the recent years. For example, companies from various industries are focusing their efforts to digitize business models, to adopt agile forms of collaboration, and to leverage automation of routine tasks. This forces companies to review their IS sourcing strategies and to potentially consider alternatives for current outsourcing contracts. One potential option could be to backsource IS services currently performed by external vendors. Based on empirical observations, previous academics defined it as the repatriation of all assets, activities, and skills needed to perform IS services back in-house, which had been outsourced previously to one or multiple vendors. The distinctive characteristic of backsourcing is the change in ownership back to the mother organization. This distinguishes the term backsourcing from similar terms, e.g., backshoring, reshoring, or relocating, which rather focus on the change in location of the service delivery. At the initial sourcing decision, the strategy to outsource an IS service was considered most promising. However, certain developments both inside the company, but also on a broader industry level may lead to a re-evaluation of the situation and thus to an adjustment of the original sourcing strategy. Over the last years, there has been a strong increase in cloud-based services and a shift towards the deployment of standardized, almost “industrialized” applications as services. Before, large companies leveraged their size in realizing economies of scale within their sourcing volumes. The raise of cloud computing as well as standardization of service delivery decreased those benefits and led towards a decline in large outsourcing contracts across a variety of services and a growth of multi-sourcing of individual IS services from the respective “best-in-breed” vendors for shorter time periods. Besides sourcing the best vendor for each service, companies that implement multi-sourcing strategies additionally aim for cost benefits due to an increased competition between vendors, and an increase in agility and adaptability. At the same time, a move towards multi-sourcing strategies with shorter contract durations leads to an increase in so-called “second generation sourcing decisions”, namely whether to continue outsourcing a respective service or to bring the service back in-house. Given the developments within the IS environment, this research projects aims at understanding why IS services are backsourced and which factors influence a company’s decision to backsource an IS service. KW - Betriebliches Informationssystem KW - Insourcing KW - IT-Backsourcing KW - Information systems KW - Outsourcing KW - Rückverlagerung KW - Auslagerung Y1 - 2019 IS - 6 SP - 702 EP - 706 PB - Lange ; Mohr CY - Düsseldorf ; Tübingen ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Westner, Markus T1 - Video-enhanced lectures in high-teaching-load environments with limited resources BT - benefits and challenges for lecturers and students T2 - Proceddings of the 11th International Technology, Education and Development Conference (INTED 2017), Valencia, Spain. 6-8 March N2 - Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) have been gaining a lot of attention in the last years. Those courses and their videos are often professionally produced and incorporate a significant investment of time and financial resources. In many cases such courses are “flagship” productions of the associated school or university and produced with budgets lecturers in other institutions do not have available. This makes the use of videos in a regular teaching environment challenging. In addition, lecturers often act in high-teaching-load environments further tightening their capacity constraints. This raises the question whether and how lecturers can benefit from videos in their lectures for increased teaching effectiveness while not sacrificing teaching efficiency. The paper at hand attempts to address this question by providing a critical perspective on the use of videos in a high-teaching-load environment characterized by little financial and staff resource availability. The paper thereby builds upon the three years’ experience of its author in using videos to enhance lectures in German tertiary education institutions in a multi-language, i.e., English and German, teaching environment. The presented findings are both relevant for teaching practice and research: lecturers may benefit from the presented ideas and experiences and may adopt them for their teaching. Researchers may find starting points for new research opportunities on the effectiveness and efficiency of video-enhanced lecturing and learning. The paper is organized as follows. Section 2 describes the context of the study from an institutional and technological perspective. Section 3 outlines the methodology applied and 4 how data was collected. Results from data analysis are presented in section 5. The paper concludes with a reflective summary and outlook in section 6. KW - Hochschulbildung KW - Massive Open Online Course KW - Videos KW - Screencasts Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.21125/inted.2017.0168 SP - 197 EP - 207 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Westner, Markus A1 - Kennedy, F. A1 - Furlong, A. T1 - Global student collaboration through international blended learning T2 - Proceedings of the 10th Annual International Conference of Education, Research and Innovation (ICERI2017), Seville, Spain. 16-18 November N2 - In today’s business, collaboration in globally distributed teams becomes more and more common. This is particularly the case in professional services and information systems (IS) where the immaterial nature of services makes globally distributed service creation easily possible. Consequently, companies expect that graduates have intercultural skills and that they are able to work in globally distributed teams, especially in professional services like consulting or in IS. However, management or IS curriculums often lack courses that teach those respective skills. The suggested course attempts to fill this gap through an innovative course design and delivery. The course intends to replicate a professional project environment in which the students are supposed to deliver a project as a joint international team. In the beginning of the course, students learn key aspects of project management, intercultural management, distributed collaboration, and the professional services industry in a self-paced manner through video lectures. Then they form teams, plan their project, and subsequently execute their project plan jointly. Instructors from the participating institutions supervise and coach the students. The project execution is supposed to resemble a business project with a meeting schedule, agreed deliverables, regular steering committees in which the instructors play the role of the clients. This paper outlines the concept of this international blended-teaching course. It suggests potential learning objectives, a course description, a teaching syllabus, and an assessment framework. KW - Blended learning KW - Global collaboration KW - Distributed teams KW - Integriertes Lernen KW - Internationale Kooperation KW - Virtuelles Team Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.21125/iceri.2017.2030 SP - 7625 EP - 7631 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Kobus, Jörn A1 - Westner, Markus T1 - Lean Management of IT Organizations BT - A Literature Review T2 - Proceedings of the 19th Pacific Asia Conference in Information Systems (PACIS 2015), Singapore, Jul 5-9 N2 - Lean Management has been successfully applied by companies around the world, mainly in production/manufacturing functions. Recently, the interest to investigate a wider application of Lean Management especially in service functions increased. However, it is not clear how Lean Management can be applied to IT organizations. Therefore, this study aims to provide an overview on common characteristics and future research directions. A literature review on existing scholarly research from January 2004 to June 2014 is conducted. Using a database-driven search approach, a total of 1,206 research contributions are found of which 49 were identified as relevant. Results indicate a low theory grounding of mostly formulative and interpretative research items. This implies that research on Lean Management of IT organizations is still at its nascent state. Content-wise, five research themes emerge. The majority of research investigates IT organizations in a role to support Lean Management in production/manufacturing functions (determining “what to work on”), therefore more research on how Lean Management can be applied to IT organizations themselves (determining “how to work”) could be beneficial. Future research could also try to build on Change Management theories, as the implementation of Lean Management is of transformational character. KW - Lean Management KW - Lean IT KW - Information technology KW - Information systems KW - Lean knowledge work KW - Lean services KW - Application development KW - Application maintenance KW - Infrastructure services KW - Lean Management KW - Informationstechnik Y1 - 2015 UR - https://aisel.aisnet.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1084&context=pacis2015 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Kobus, Jörn A1 - Westner, Markus T1 - Lean Management of IT Organizations BT - Implementation Success Factors and Theoretical Foundation T2 - Proceedings of the 21th Americas Conference on Information Systems (AMCIS 2015), Puerto Rico, August 13-15 N2 - Lean Management has been successfully applied in production/manufacturing functions since more than four decades. Recently, the interest to investigate Lean Management also in service functions increased. Therefore, this study aims to (1) Consolidate critical success factors (CSFs) for the implementation of Lean Management of IT organizations; and (2) Describe a theoretical foundation for these CSFs. With respect to (1) a database-driven search was conducted. CSFs then were extracted and categorized. In total 13 CSF groups were assigned to three dimensions: Mindset and behavior; Organization and skills; and Process facilitation and performance management. To understand underlying mechanisms better, and with respect to (2) we related existing (IS) theory to identified groups of CSFs. Especially, five theoretical concepts are discussed: Absorptive capacity, Agency theory, Cognitive dissonance, Dynamic capabilities, and System dynamics. Future research needs to validate the results of (1) and (2) empirically in IT functions. KW - Lean Management KW - Lean IT KW - Information technology KW - Information systems KW - critical success factors KW - Lean knowledge work KW - Lean services KW - Application development KW - Application maintenance KW - Infrastructure services KW - Lean Management KW - Informationstechnik KW - Erfolgsfaktor Y1 - 2015 UR - https://aisel.aisnet.org/amcis2015/StrategicUse/GeneralPresentations/3/ SP - 1 EP - 17 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Westner, Markus T1 - Antecedents of success in IS offshoring projects BT - Proposal for an empirical research study T2 - Proceedings of the 17th European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS 2009), Verona N2 - The paper presents a research model and a measurement instrument for a research-in-progress study on the antecedents of success in IS offshoring projects. In this empirical-confirmatory study, we intend to analyse the impact of the constructs “offshoring expertise”, “trust in offshore service provider”, “project suitability”, “knowledge transfer”, and “liaison quality” on offshore project success. Constructs and indicators are derived from an extensive literature review. We plan to formulate a structural equation model and to test it using partial least squares (PLS) as an analysis technique. Our research model addresses the paucity of research that quantitatively examines offshoring success. KW - Informationstechnik KW - Offshoring KW - Methode der partiellen kleinsten Quadrate KW - Offshoring KW - Outsourcing KW - Project success KW - Partial least squares Y1 - 2009 UR - https://aisel.aisnet.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1272&context=ecis2009 SP - 3104 EP - 3116 ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Westner, Markus T1 - IS offshoring BT - essays on project suitability and success N2 - Information systems (IS) offshoring describes the transfer of IS services to an offshoring service provider in a near or far away country. It has received growing attention in the past and there is a strong momentum in shifting IS services abroad. Markus Westner examines the IS offshoring phenomenon from the perspective of German companies. He first provides an overview of the current literature in the field of IS offshoring. Based on interviews with 47 industry experts, evaluation criteria for selecting projects for offshoring are identified. Finally, the author examines determinants of IS offshore project success in German companies based on a statistical analysis of 304 projects using structural equation modeling (PLS). KW - Informationssystem KW - Offshoring KW - Beschaffung KW - IT Strategie KW - Internationale Arbeitsteilung KW - Nearshoring KW - Offshore KW - Offshoring KW - Modeling Y1 - 2010 SN - 978-3-8349-2046-1 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-8349-8407-4 PB - Gabler CY - Wiesbaden ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Westner, Markus T1 - Information systems offshoring BT - A review of the literature KW - Informationstechnik KW - Offshoring Y1 - 2007 UR - https://fis.tu-dresden.de/portal/de/publications/information-systems-offshoring--a-review-of-the-literature(9fa44cab-24a3-4150-9ed0-cd73bec92d17).html CY - Dresden ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Westner, Markus ED - Picot, Arnold ED - Fischer, Tim T1 - Übersicht über aktuelle Weblog-Skripte und -Services T2 - Weblogs professionell : Grundlagen, Konzepte und Praxis im unternehmerischen Umfeld KW - Kommunikation KW - Unternehmen KW - Weblog KW - Wissensmanagement Y1 - 2007 SN - 978-3898643757 SP - 175 EP - 190 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Strahringer, Susanne A1 - Westner, Markus A1 - Kobus, Jörn T1 - Lean IT BT - Lean Management in IT-Organisationen JF - WISU - Das Wirtschaftsstudium KW - Informationstechnik KW - Lean Management Y1 - 2017 IS - 1 SP - 87 EP - 92 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Westner, Markus A1 - Strasser, Artur T1 - IT-Offshoring JF - WISU - Das Wirtschaftsstudium KW - Informationsmanagement KW - Offshoring Y1 - 2014 IS - 5 SP - 650 EP - 652 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Westner, Markus A1 - Strahringer, Susanne T1 - Current state of IS offshoring research BT - A descriptive meta-analysis T2 - Mäkiö, Juho; Betz, Stefanie; Stephan, Rolf (Eds.): Offshoring of software development. Methods and tools for risk management. Karlsruhe: Universitätsverlag Karlsruhe N2 - This paper empirically examines the current state of the IS offshoring phenomenon in Germany regarding project characteristics and success patterns. Relying on a sample of 304 projects conducted at various industry sectors and companies, results show that IS offshoring primarily occurs in sectors Telecommunications and IT at large corporations. Cost reduction is the main reason for going offshore and offshore projects are executed as part of a larger program at companies. Noticeably, most projects are delivered from India. Additionally, neither captive offshoring nor offshore outsourcing dominates as a de-livery option. Comparing different project subgroups regarding project success, the results reveal that projects delivered by an internal or partially owned service provider are more successful. Other project characteristics such as a project’s embedded-ness in a larger offshoring program, a project’s size, or a project’s offshoring degree in terms of relatively offshored labor hours show few significant differences. The paper addresses the paucity of empirical research on the current state of the IS offshoring phenomenon in Germany. KW - Informationsmanagement KW - Offshoring KW - Erfolgsfaktor KW - Offshoring KW - Nearshoring KW - Informations systems sourcing KW - Outcome KW - Project success KW - Success factors Y1 - 2007 UR - http://jitm.ubalt.edu/XXI-1/article4.pdf SP - 7 EP - 22 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - von Bary, Benedikt A1 - Westner, Markus A1 - Strahringer, Susanne T1 - IT Backsourcing BT - Insights and Implications From a Global Survey With IT Practitioners JF - International Journal of IT/Business Alignment and Governance N2 - With the growing importance of IT as competitive advantage, companies aim to increase their digital transformation activities. Consequently, companies are also revisiting their existing IT sourcing arrangements. In the article at hand, the authors explore the concept of IT backsourcing by presenting the results from a quantitative online survey with global IT practitioners. The authors confirm that backsourcing is frequently applied in practice, with key reasons being dissatisfaction with service or relationship quality and higher than expected costs. Further, the authors identify IT services with an increased likelihood of being backsourced, e.g., application development or data center, and discuss the effect of a CIO change on the backsourcing decision. In addition, the authors show that there are differences in the perceptions on the antecedents and the results of backsourcing decisions between management and operational level. The authors conclude with practical implications for IT managers based on their findings. KW - Outsourcing KW - Backsourcing KW - Business-IT Alignment KW - CIO Change KW - Digital Transformation KW - Insourcing Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.4018/IJITBAG.2019070102 VL - 10 IS - 2 PB - IGI Global ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kopper, Andreas A1 - Westner, Markus A1 - Strahringer, Susanne T1 - From Shadow IT to Business-managed IT: A qualitative comparative analysis to determine configurations for successful management of IT by business entities JF - Information Systems and e-Business Management N2 - Shadow IT describes covert/hidden IT systems that are managed by business entities themselves. Additionally, there are also overt forms in practice, so-called Business-managed IT, which share most of the characteristics of Shadow IT. To better understand this phenomenon, we interviewed 29 executive IT managers about positive and negative cases of Shadow IT and Business-managed IT. By applying qualitative comparative analysis (QCA), we derived four conditions that characterize these cases: Aligned, local, simple, and volatile. The results show that there are three sufficient configurations of conditions that lead to a positive outcome; one of them even encompasses Shadow IT. The most important solution indicates that IT systems managed by business entities are viewed as being positive if they are aligned with the IT department and limited to local requirements. This allows to balance local responsiveness to changing requirements and global standardization. In contrast, IT systems that are not aligned and permanent (and either organization-wide or simple) are consistently considered as negative. Our study is the first empirical quantitative–qualitative study to shed light on the success and failure of Shadow IT and Business-managed IT. KW - Informationsmanagement KW - Wirtschaftsinformatik KW - Business-managed IT KW - Shadow IT KW - IT governance KW - Qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10257-020-00472-6 VL - 18 IS - 2 SP - 209 EP - 257 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - von Bary, Benedikt A1 - Westner, Markus A1 - Strahringer, Susanne T1 - IT-Backsourcing BT - Empirische Erkenntnisse und Handlungsempfehlungen für eine erfolgreiche Re-Integration der IT-Serviceerbringung JF - HMD Praxis der Wirtschaftsinformatik N2 - IT-Backsourcing bezeichnet die Re-Integration vormals outgesourcter IT-Services zurück zum auslagernden Unternehmen. Die vorliegende Studie stellt die Ergebnisse einer Umfrage unter IT-Managern zu Einflussfaktoren von IT-Backsourcing-Entscheidungen vor. Es lässt sich feststellen, dass IT-Backsourcing von Unternehmen in unterschiedlichen Branchen und für eine Vielzahl an unterschiedlichen IT-Services, wie z. B. Applikationsentwicklung oder Infrastruktur-Leistungen, durchgeführt wird. Hauptgründe für die Entscheidung für ein IT-Backsourcing sind mangelnde Qualität, hohe Kosten sowie eine schlechte Beziehung zum IT-Dienstleister. Die Ergebnisse der Umfrage zeigen, dass diejenigen Unternehmen, die sich für ein Backsourcing entschieden haben, nach der Entscheidung insgesamt zufriedener waren als diejenigen, die in einer Outsourcing-Beziehung geblieben sind. Zudem werden verschiedene Handlungsempfehlungen für IT-Manager aufgezeigt. Zur Ausarbeitung einer zukunftsorientieren IT-Sourcing-Strategie empfiehlt es sich, eine service-spezifische Sourcing-Strategie zu verfolgen und entsprechend spezialisierte Dienstleister einzusetzen. Im Falle einer Entscheidung für ein IT-Backsourcing sollten verschiedene Erfolgsfaktoren beachtetet werden, wie z. B. eine frühzeitige Neubesetzung von Schlüsselstellen sowie ein lückenloser Wissenstransfer. KW - Betriebliches Informationssystem KW - Insourcing KW - Backsourcing KW - Insourcing KW - IT-Sourcing KW - Re-Integration KW - IT-Service Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1365/s40702-020-00591-1 VL - 57 IS - 4 SP - 849 EP - 865 PB - Springer ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Brosig, Christoph A1 - Westner, Markus A1 - Strahringer, Susanne T1 - Revisiting the Concept of IT Capabilities in the Era of Digitalization T2 - 2020 IEEE 22nd Conference on Business Informatics (CBI 2020): Antwerp, Belgium, 22-24 June 2020, proceedings N2 - In the era of digitalization, companies review how to build competitive advantage drawing on their capabilities. In this context, the paper revisits the concept of IT capabilities. We summarize the “canonical” body of literature to characterize how leading scholars conceptualized and differentiated IT capabilities and then we show how new types of IT capabilities (for example, rising from SMACIT technologies) relate to this. We find that the resource-based view is still leading in how to conceptualize IT capabilities. However, an alternative perspective on IT assets is emerging, looking at it from the angle of digital technologies as stacks. Digital technologies form the foundation for a new technology-driven perspective on IT capabilities. This new view complements the established differentiation of IT capabilities considering IT infrastructure flexibility, IT management, and IT personnel capability. Both perspectives describe the explorative and exploitative nature of IT capabilities. This paper helps scholars and practitioners to clearly distinguish different perspectives of IT capabilities on how to build a competitive advantage from IT today. KW - Digital technologies KW - IT capabilities KW - Resource-based view KW - Informationstechnik KW - Digitalisierung KW - Fähigkeit KW - Kompetenz KW - Ressourcenorientierter Ansatz KW - Wettbewerbsvorteil Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/CBI49978.2020.00017 SP - 84 EP - 93 PB - IEEE ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hillebrand, Patrick A1 - Westner, Markus T1 - Success factors of long-term CIOs JF - Information Systems and e-Business Management N2 - Although the average tenure of CIOs has increased over the last years, the majority of CIOs have been in their positions for only three years or less. Nevertheless, some CIOs have been successful in their position for a long time. In this study, we use tenure as a proxy for success as a CIO. The goal of this paper is to examine factors that are critical to the success of long-term CIOs. For this purpose, we created and analyzed resumes of 384 CIOs. Out of these 384, we conducted 19 interviews with CIOs from top-tier companies and collected and analyzed both qualitative and quantitative data. In the process, we were able to identify nine factors that are critical for the success (CSF) of CIOs. These factors fall into three categories. Category “Personality” includes “Accepting and embracing change” (CSF #1), “Being perseverant to pursue long-term goals” (CSF #2), “Anticipating the future through visionary thinking” (CSF #3), and “Being empathetic to deal with uncertainty felt by co-workers” (CSF #4). The “Role Fulfilment” category includes “Cross-functional involvement and integration of the IT organization” (CSF #5), “Positioning and restructuring of the IT organization” (CSF #6), and “Well-connected and communicative leadership” (CSF #7). The “Organizational Environment” category consists of “Availability of skilled workforce” (CSF #8) and “Reporting line to the CEO” (CSF #9). CSFs 1, 2, and 3 were perceived as most important by the participating CIOs. The results may be of particular interest both to aspiring CIOs and equally their employing organizations, as they reflect what long-term CIOs value during their time in office. KW - Chief information officer KW - CIO tenure KW - Critical success factors KW - CIO roles KW - Interview-based exploratory mixed-method study Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10257-021-00546-z N1 - Corresponding Author: Markus Westner VL - 20 SP - 79 EP - 122 PB - Springer Nature ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wulf, Frederik A1 - Westner, Markus A1 - Strahringer, Susanne T1 - Cloud Computing Adoption: A Literature Review on What Is New and What We Still Need to Address JF - Communications of the Association for Information Systems N2 - Research on cloud computing (CC) recently emerged congruently with the technology’s importance for organizations at a fast pace. This makes it difficult for practitioners to obtain a consolidated overview of what determines CC adoption based on the numerous papers in this regard. Moreover, for further research in the field to add value, it is necessary to identify what still needs to be addressed. In this vein, we conducted a descriptive review of 39 papers, integrating the results of a previous review on 23 papers from 2014, to compare findings across studies. We identify 44 determinant factors that exhibit consistent directional influence on the dependent meta-variable “CC adoption”, extending previous literature reviews with regard to asset, client, and environmental characteristics. We then critically reviewed the research landscape to identify what is there, and what is not yet covered: Future research should specifically regard the adoption of Infrastructure-, Platform-, and Everything-as-a-Service, private, hybrid, and multi-cloud deployment, investigate vendor, solution, and individual characteristics, analyzing information systems, or the decision-maker. KW - Cloud Computing KW - Literaturbericht Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.17705/1CAIS.04843 SN - 1529-3181 VL - 48 IS - 1 SP - 523 EP - 561 PB - Association for Information Systems, AIS ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wulf, Frederik A1 - Westner, Markus A1 - Schön, Maximilian A1 - Strahringer, Susanne A1 - Loebbecke, Claudia T1 - Cloud-Computing-Nutzung bei der Continental AG JF - Wirtschaftsinformatik & Management N2 - Dieser Artikel richtet sich an IT-Führungskräfte, die die Nutzung von Cloud Computing (CC) in ihren Unternehmen fördern wollen. Eine Fallstudie des Konzerns Continental AG zeigt, wie Continental CC in großem Maßstab für die Organisation nutzbar machte. Das Unternehmen ging dabei in drei Schritten vor: Nach einer Experimentierphase wurde der Einsatz zunehmend professionalisiert und CC abschließend umfangreich nutzbar gemacht. Hieraus können drei Hand-lungsempfehlungen für Führungskräfte abgeleitet werden: (1) die CC-Strategie nach dem Delivery-Modell differenzieren, (2) in die Integration von Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS)- und Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS)-Anbietern investieren und (3) den Wissenstransfer innerhalb des Unternehmens fördern, um Veränderungen zu ermöglichen. KW - Cloud Computing KW - Unternehmen Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1365/s35764-021-00342-x SN - 1867-5905 VL - 13 IS - 4 SP - 302 EP - 309 PB - Springer Nature ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Klotz, Stefan A1 - Kratzer, Simon A1 - Westner, Markus A1 - Strahringer, Susanne T1 - Literary Sketches in Information Systems Research: Conceptualization and Guidance for Using Vignettes as a Narrative Form JF - Information Systems Management N2 - This paper analyzes the usage of vignettes as a narrative form in information systems (IS) research. A review of 48 papers from IS top journals with 119 vignettes exposes the versatile usage of vignettes as a narrative form and shows their usefulness in research communication. The paper conceptualizes vignette usage through a taxonomy and archetypes. To support the future dissemination of this useful narrative technique, it further derives recommendations and guidance for scholars. KW - vignette KW - taxonomy KW - archetype KW - vignette study Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/10580530.2021.1996661 SN - 1934-8703 VL - 39 IS - 4 SP - 345 EP - 362 PB - Taylor&Francis ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Hassmann, Tobias A1 - Westner, Markus ED - Ganzha, M. ED - Maciaszek, L. ED - Paprzycki, M. ED - Ślęzak, D. T1 - Conceptualizing sustainability in the context of ICT. A literature review analysis T2 - Communication Papers of the 18th Conference on Computer Science and Intelligence Systems (FedCSIS 2023), Warsaw, Poland, 17–20 September, 2023 N2 - This paper examines the conceptualization of sustainability in the context of information and communication technology (ICT) research. Through an inductive text analysis of sixteen literature reviews spanning from 2014 to 2023, key themes and concepts are identified, highlighting the complex relationship between ICT and sustainability. ICT is perceived both as an enabler and a problem for sustainability. Furthermore, the terminology and concept of sustainability in the context of ICT remain unclear. The emergence of digitalization as a novel socio-technical phenomenon poses additional challenges for conceptual alignment. While a holistic view of sustainability in ICT is desired, business and social implications receive less attention. The paper summarizes and discusses the developments in research on this topic over the past decade. KW - digital sustainability KW - digital transformation and sustainability KW - sustainability by ICT KW - Sustainability in ICT Y1 - 2023 SN - 978-83-967447-8-4 U6 - https://doi.org/10.15439/2023F5720 SN - 2300-5963 SP - 121 EP - 129 PB - Warsaw University of Technology ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Westner, Markus A1 - von Bary, Benedikt A1 - Strahringer, Susanne T1 - Do Researchers Investigate what Practitioners Deem Relevant? Gaps Between Research and Practice in the Field of Information Systems Backsourcing T2 - 20th IEEE International Conference on Business Informatics (CBI) N2 - There is a common understanding amongst academics that information systems (IS) research sometimes has limited relevance for practitioners. This can be explained by the fact that research lags behind the fast moving IS environment, has limited practical applicability and is hard to access. We have focused on the research area of IS backsourcing, and analyzed practitioner literature to increase our understanding of topics of interest for practitioners, to determine a potential gap between academic and practitioner literature, and to identify future research directions in this field. We observed that most publications are either news or background articles, focusing on describing backsourcing cases. Additionally, we identified four recurring themes, namely reasons for backsourcing, presentation of survey results, discussion of industry trends, and backsourcing success stories. The main reasons identified to trigger backsourcing decisions are cost savings, quality improvements, and increasing control and flexibility. By comparing our findings with academic literature on IS backsourcing, we conclude that generally both literature types cover similar topics. However, researchers have a more formulative or interpretive focus than the often descriptive practitioner literature. Academic literature also examines a broader range of topics, while practitioner literature has a narrower focus. Additionally, we observe one difference regarding applied terminology: while researchers employ the term backsourcing, practitioners mostly use back in-house or insourcing. Our paper contributes to facilitating the exchange between academics and practitioners, presents topics to consider when aiming to increase practical relevance and provides researchers with concrete directions for future research within the field of IS backsourcing. KW - business data processing KW - globalisation KW - information systems KW - outsourcing Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/CBI.2018.00014 SP - 40 EP - 49 PB - IEEE ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Kopper, Andreas A1 - Furstenau, Daniel A1 - Zimmermann, Stephan A1 - Rentrop, Christopher A1 - Rothe, Hannes A1 - Strahringer, Susanne A1 - Westner, Markus T1 - Business-managed IT: A conceptual framework and empirical illustration T2 - 26. European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS 2018), Protsmouth, UK N2 - Research on Shadow IT is facing a conceptual dilemma in cases where previously “covert” systems developed by business entities (individual users, business workgroups, or business units) are integrated in the organizational IT management. These systems become visible, are therefore not “in the shadows” anymore, and subsequently do not fit to existing definitions of Shadow IT. Practice shows that some information systems share characteristics of Shadow IT, but are created openly in alignment with the IT department. This paper therefore proposes the term “Business- managed IT” to describe “overt” information systems developed or managed by business entities. We distinguish Business- managed IT from Shadow IT by illustrating case vignettes. Accordingly, our contribution is to suggest a concept and its delineation against other concepts. In this way, IS researchers interested in IT originated from or maintained by business entities can construct theories with a wider scope of application that are at the same time more specific to practical problems. In addition, value-laden terminology is complemented by a vocabulary that values potentially innovative developments by business entities more adequately. From a practical point of view, the distinction can be used to discuss the distribution of task responsibilities for information systems. KW - Business-managed IT KW - IT Governance. KW - Shadow IT Y1 - 2018 UR - https://aisel.aisnet.org/ecis2018_rp/77/ ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Westner, Markus A1 - Kratzer, Simon A1 - Drechsler, Andreas A1 - Strahringer, Susanne T1 - The Fractional CIO in SMEs: conceptualization and research agenda JF - Information Systems and e-Business Management N2 - We conceptualize the new phenomenon of the Fractional Chief InformationOfficer (CIO) as a part-time executive who usually works for more than one pri-marily small- to medium-sized enterprise (SME) and develop promising avenuesfor future research on Fractional CIOs. We conduct an empirical study by drawingon semi-structured interviews with 40 individuals from 10 different countries whooccupy a Fractional CIO role. We derive a definition for the Fractional CIO, dis-tinguish it from other forms of employment, and compare it with existing researchon CIO roles. Further, we find four salient engagement types of Fractional CIOsoffering value for SMEs in various situations: Strategic IT management, Restruc-turing, Rapid scaling, and Hands-on support. The results reveal similarities withexisting CIO roles as well as novel insights concerning the different engagementtypes. Lastly, we propose a research agenda for the Fractional CIO field, based onfour research themes derived from existing CIO research and insights from theinterviews. KW - Fractional CIO KW - Virtual CIO KW - IT leadership KW - Part-time management KW - SMEs KW - Small businesses KW - Interim management Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10257-022-00557-4 VL - 20 SP - 581 EP - 611 PB - Springer ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Brosig, Christoph A1 - Strahringer, Susanne A1 - Westner, Markus T1 - From selling machinery to hybrid offerings BT - Organizational impact of digital servitization on manufacturing firms JF - International Journal of Information Systems and Project Management N2 - The transition towards services has been imperative for manufacturing firms for years. The change from a productoriented to a more service-dominant business model affects the organizational structure of firms. However, literature provides limited insights into how manufacturing firms organize themselves in this transition. Even though digital technologies are critical for the transition, it is unclear how to orchestrate digital and traditional Information Technology (IT) resources in manufacturing firms accordingly. We analyze the case of a typical manufacturing firm that has adjusted its structure to reorganize for solution offerings based on product, service, and digital components. Our results describe a hybrid organizational structure that splits front- and back-end units. The back-end units are split along solution components. Digital IT resources are internalized and governed decentrally, with traditional IT resources being outsourced and steered centrally. Our findings contribute to digital servitization research by clarifying the overarching as well as the digital and traditional IT-related organization for manufacturing firms. KW - digital servitization KW - manufacturing firm KW - organizational structure KW - digital technologies KW - service-dominant logic Y1 - 2022 UR - https://ijispm.sciencesphere.org/archive/ijispm-100301.pdf U6 - https://doi.org/10.12821/ijispm100301 SN - 2182-7788 VL - 10 IS - 3 SP - 5 EP - 27 PB - SciKA ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Westner, Markus A1 - Fuhrmann, Thomas T1 - Internationale Gastdozierende virtuell und vor Ort JF - Die Neue Hochschule Y1 - 2017 UR - https://www.hlb.de/fileadmin/hlb-global/downloads/dnh/full/2017/DNH_2017-6.pdf SP - 6 PB - hlb Hochschullehrerbund e.V. ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Käss, Sebastian A1 - Godefroid, Marie A1 - Borghoff, Vincent A1 - Strahringer, Susanne A1 - Westner, Markus A1 - Plattfaut, Ralf T1 - Towards a taxonomy of concepts describing IT outside the IT department T2 - Australasian Conference on Information Systems 2021, Sydney N2 - Due to technological advances, IT is increasingly introduced and managed outside of (or even hidden from) an organisation's IT department. As a result, researchers and practitioners have created multiple concepts describing different facets and trends of this development. While the individual concepts typically focus on different aspects, there are overlaps between these concepts. This effect hampers research progress as it creates redundancies and separate streams of knowledge development. We propose a taxonomy of the concepts Lightweight IT, IT Consumerisation, Bring Your Own Device, Shadow IT, and Business-Managed IT to solve this research problem based on a systematic literature review. For this purpose, we derive characterising dimensions of each concept from existing studies and analyse literature according to the usage of terms. As a result, we can describe and delineate the concepts. Thus, we contribute a taxonomy of IT outside the IT department to improve the transfer of research results between research streams. KW - IT outside the IT KW - Shadow IT KW - Taxonomy KW - Lightweight IT KW - IT Consumerisation Y1 - 2021 UR - https://aisel.aisnet.org/acis2021/9/ ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Kopper, Andreas A1 - Strahringer, Susanne A1 - Westner, Markus T1 - Kontrollierte Nutzung von Schatten-IT T2 - IT-GRC-Management - Governance, Risk und Compliance N2 - Basierend auf einer systematischen und umfangreichen Analyse von Praxisbeiträgen zum Thema Schatten-IT und einer Interviewstudie mit 16 IT-Führungskräften beschreibt der vorliegende Artikel Governance-Aspekte zu diesem Phänomen. Er ergänzt damit vorhergehende akademische Studien. Es zeigt sich, dass unter Praktikern der Eindruck vorherrscht, dass IT-Abteilungen unter zunehmendem Druck stehen, schneller auf sich ändernde Anforderungen aus den Fachbereichen reagieren zu müssen. Können IT-Abteilungen diesen Erwartungen nicht entsprechen, beschaffen sich Fachbereiche und Nutzer selbst Lösungen in Form von Schatten-IT. Als mögliche Antwort darauf kann sich die IT-Abteilung agiler organisieren und die IT-Architektur im Unternehmen modernisieren. Eine weitere Möglichkeit besteht darin, sich das innovative Potenzial von Schatten-IT zunutze zu machen und deren Umsetzung aktiv durch organisatorische und technische Maßnahmen zu unterstützen. IT-Sicherheitsmanagement und technische Schutzmechanismen können helfen, die so entstandenen Lösungen abzusichern und die Risiken zu minimieren. Die IT-Abteilung könnte sich als Konsequenz aus all diesen Maßnahmen zu einem nutzerorientierten, internen Service-Provider und strategischen Partner für die Fachbereiche entwickeln. Y1 - 2017 SN - 978-3-658-20058-9 SN - 978-3-658-20059-6 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-20059-6_9 SP - 129 EP - 150 PB - Springer Vieweg CY - Wiesbaden ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kratzer, Simon A1 - Strahringer, Susanne A1 - Westner, Markus T1 - Der Chief Information Officer als Forschungsgegenstand: Ein Blick zurück auf vier Jahrzehnte Forschung und ein Ausblick auf zukünftige Perspektiven JF - HMD Praxis der Wirtschaftsinformatik N2 - Trotz der Relevanz und des Reifegrads des Forschungsbereichs Chief Information Officer (CIO) gibt es nur wenige Studien, die den aktuellen Wissensstand objektiv und umfänglich zusammenfassen. Die vorliegende Arbeit schließt diese Forschungslücke und präsentiert eine umfassende Literaturübersicht über das CIO-Forschungsfeld unter Verwendung der Hauptpfadanalyse. Anhand einer quantitativen und qualitativen Analyse von 438 Forschungsbeiträgen werden die zentralen Arbeiten in der CIO-Forschung und verschiedene Forschungsrichtungen identifiziert. Es zeigt sich, dass sowohl etablierte Forschungsrichtungen, wie z. B. ‚Entwicklung der CIO-Rolle‘ und ‚Hierarchische Position und Beziehungen des CIOs‘, als auch neu entstehende Forschungsrichtungen, wie z. B. ‚CIO als Business Enabler‘, wachsende Aufmerksamkeit auf sich ziehen. Auf der Grundlage der Ergebnisse werden vielversprechende weitere Wege auf dem Gebiet der CIO-Forschung aufgezeigt, z. B. solche, die den Einfluss neuerer Technologien untersuchen. N2 - Despite the relevance and maturity of research related to the Chief Information Officer (CIO) role, there are few studies that objectively and comprehensively summarize the current state of the art. This paper fills this research gap and presents a comprehensive literature review of the CIO research field using main path analysis. Based on a quantitative and qualitative analysis of 438 research articles, the central contributions in CIO research and different research directions are identified. Our results show that both established research directions, such as ‘CIO Role Development’ and ‘CIO Hierarchical Position and Relationships’, and emerging research directions, such as ‘CIO as Business Enabler’, are attracting growing attention. Based on the results, we derive promising further directions in the field of CIO research, e.g., such as those investigating the impact of new technologies. T2 - The Chief Information Officer as a Research Field: A Retrospective on four Decades of Research and an Outlook on Future Perspectives KW - Bibliometrische Analyse KW - Forschungsagenda KW - Literaturübersicht KW - Chief Information Officer Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1365/s40702-022-00878-5 VL - 59 SP - 721 EP - 740 PB - Springer Nature ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Brosig, Christoph A1 - Bley, Katja A1 - Strahringer, Susanne A1 - Westner, Markus T1 - The Missing Piece – Calibration of Qualitative Data for Qualitative Comparative Analyses in IS Research T2 - Thirtieth European Conference on Information Systems, New Horizons in Digitally United Societies (ECIS 2022): 18. - 24.06.2022, Timisoara, Romania N2 - Over the last years, configurational research has become increasingly popular in the Information Systems (IS) discipline. Researchers value configurational methods like Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) as their application contributes to a better understanding of complex phenomena. QCA helps to uncover interrelations of conditions that lead to an outcome, building on the principles of equifinality, conjunctural causation, and asymmetry. More recently, IS researchers have started to analyze qualitative data, like case study data, with QCA. However, there is a lack of methodological guidance on how to calibrate qualitative data into set membership values for QCA. Therefore, this paper structures methodological steps and the associated options to calibrate qualitative data from an interdisciplinary perspective and critically reviews the observed methodological choices in IS research. This paper also gives recommendations for calibrating qualitative data to support informed methodological choices for future research. KW - Qualitative Comparative Analysis KW - Qualitative Data KW - Methodology KW - Data Calibration Y1 - 2022 UR - https://aisel.aisnet.org/ecis2022_rp/37/ SP - 1 EP - 16 PB - Association for Information Systems ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Held, Tobias A1 - Westner, Markus T1 - IT Business Value Measurement and Communication among German CIOs: A Conceptual Framework T2 - 2022 IEEE 24th Conference on Business Informatics (CBI): 15-17 June 2022, Amsterdam, Netherlands N2 - This paper applies design science research methodology to iteratively develop a framework for measuring and communicating IT business value from a CIO perspective. The framework design is based on analysis and integration of literature combined with empirical findings. The framework was evaluated by CIO interviews and a practical feasibility study. The results show that IT business value can be measured and communicated using our framework by applying six consecutive process steps. Thereby, IT business value is not a single number but a set of quantitative and qualitative metrics relevant to stakeholders. Our framework represents a novel and integrated approach on how CIOs can select appropriate metrics, measure, and communicate IT business value to stakeholders. In addition, the paper provides insights for CIOs on how to be successful in IT business value management. KW - Chief Information Officer KW - CIO KW - Conceptual Framework KW - IT business value KW - IT business value measurement KW - IT business value communication KW - organizations Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/CBI54897.2022.00023 SP - 146 EP - 155 PB - IEEE ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Käss, Sebastian A1 - Strahringer, Susanne A1 - Westner, Markus T1 - Drivers and Inhibitors of Low Code Development Platform Adoption T2 - 2022 IEEE 24th Conference on Business Informatics (CBI): 15.06. - 17.06.2022, Amsterdam N2 - When done right, the use of low code development promises a significant competitive advantage in the software development process for organizations. Thus, multiple vendors have created low code development platforms to ease the use of low code development. However, current research on low code development platforms mainly focuses on the technological aspects of the platforms but not on their adoption. Hence, it remains unclear what drives and inhibits the adoption of low code development platforms. We conducted a literature review and identified thirteen factors that inhibit the adoption and seven factors that drive it. We structure these factors along with the diffusion of innovation framework that helps to disentangle drivers and inhibitors. As a result, we provide an initial explanation of the adoption of low code development platforms. Nevertheless, we conclude that existing research on the adoption of low code development platforms is not specific enough to understand the phenomenon substantially. Further, for some factors (e.g., cost), there is a disagreement in the academic literature on whether they are drivers or inhibitors. Hence, we identify gaps and derive avenues for future research. KW - low code KW - no code KW - adoption KW - driver KW - inhibitor Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/CBI54897.2022.00028 SP - 196 EP - 205 PB - IEEE ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Hassmann, Tobias A1 - Westner, Markus ED - Marcinkowski, Bartosz ED - Przybyłek, Adam ED - Jarzębowicz, Aleksander ED - Iivari, Netta ED - Insfran, Emilio ED - Lang, Michael ED - Linger, Henry ED - Schneider, Christoph T1 - Enhancing Expert Interviews: Insights from Information Systems and Digital Transformation Research T2 - 32nd International conference on information systems development (ISD 2024), August 26-28, 2024, Gdańsk, Poland T2 - Harnessing Opportunities: Reshaping ISD in the post-COVID-19 and Generative AI Era N2 - Expert interviews, a commonly employed qualitative data collection procedure in information systems (IS) research, lack consistent conceptualization. This paper aims to address this gap by providing a conceptual framework and comprehensive guidelines for a rigorous implementation of expert interviews, supported by real-world examples. After a systematic selection of method-relevant literature, a thematic analysis of twenty-eight articles, books, and book chapters is conducted to elicit the distinctive characteristics and rigorous conduct of expert interviews. Validation is provided by analyzing nineteen studies published in important IS outlets that use expert interviews. A particular focus is on a subset of five studies that cover digital transformation topics. The analysis reveals expert interviews’ flexibility as data collection procedure and shows the wide range of application opportunities for IS researchers. Lastly, we discuss theoretical and practical implications of our findings to enhance the rigor, systematic use, and relevance of expert interviews in IS research. KW - digital transformation KW - expert interviews KW - qualitative IS research KW - research methodology Y1 - 2024 SN - 978-83-972632-0-8 U6 - https://doi.org/10.62036/ISD.2024.48 PB - AIS eLibrary ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Holler, Nathalie A1 - Westner, Markus T1 - Factors Influencing Cloud Computing Adoption in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises: A Systematic Review JF - Informatica N2 - This paper investigates the factors influencing cloud computing adoption in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) through a systematic literature review. The analysis identified twelve key factors influencing the adoption of cloud computing in SMEs. Based on the Technology-Organisation-Environment (TOE) model and the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), a conceptual framework was developed for future research. The most important factors are cost, organisational readiness, compatibility, relative advantage and top management support. Other influential factors include security, perceived usefulness, firm size, government support, perceived ease of use, vendor support and competitive pressure. The majority of studies were conducted in Asian countries, including developing countries, limiting the generalisability of the findings to SMEs in more developed economies. This research highlights the need for cloud computing solutions that not only reduce costs and ensure high levels of security and privacy, but are also easy to use and integrate. Further research is recommended to explore these factors within SMEs in more developed economies. KW - cloud computing adoption KW - small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) KW - technology-organization-environment (TOE) framework KW - systematic literature review KW - digital transformation Y1 - 2025 U6 - https://doi.org/10.31449/inf.v49i1.6971 SN - 1854-3871 VL - 49 IS - 1 PB - Slovenian Association Informatika ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Hassmann, Tobias A1 - Westner, Markus T1 - A Framework for Rigorous Execution and Presentation of Expert Interviews in IS and Digital Transformation Research T2 - Advances in Information Systems Development: Exploring New Horizons and Opportunities N2 - This article addresses the inconsistent conceptualization of expert interviews in information systems (IS) research by providing a structured framework for their rigorous execution and presentation. Through a thematic analysis of 28 method-relevant papers, key characteristics and good practices for executing expert interviews are identified. Additionally, 39 highly cited IS studies were reviewed to examine expert interview utilization in IS research and to identify good practices for presenting expert interview outcomes, which are further validated on nine digital transformation (DT) studies. Our findings highlight the adaptability and varied applications of expert interviews in IS research and offer recommendations to strengthen rigor in their preparation, execution, and presentation of outcomes. Theoretical and practical implications are provided to guide a more systematic and rigorous use of expert interviews in IS research. Y1 - 2025 SN - 9783031878794 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-87880-0_4 SN - 2195-4968 SP - 63 EP - 86 PB - Springer Nature CY - Cham ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Strasser, Artur A1 - Strahringer, Susanne A1 - Westner, Markus T1 - Determinants of success and failure of knowledge transfer in information systems offshoring BT - A ranking-type Delphi study JF - International Journal of Information Technology and Management N2 - The transfer of knowledge from client to service provider poses major challenges in information systems (IS) offshoring projects. Knowledge transfer directly affects IS offshoring success. Therefore, associated challenges must be overcome. Our study examines the determinants of success and failure of knowledge transfer in IS offshoring projects based on a ranking-type Delphi study. We questioned 32 experts from Germany, each with more than ten years of experience in near- or offshore initiatives to seek a consensus among them. We identified 19 success and 20 failure determinants. These determinants are ranked in order of importance using best-worst scaling. Aspects of closer cooperation are critical for effective knowledge transfer. This includes regular collaboration, willingness to help and support, and mutual trust. In contrast, critical determinants of failure are concerned with fears and fluctuation of human resources. Hidden ambiguities or knowledge gaps, an unwillingness and disability to share knowledge, and high fluctuation of human resources negatively impact knowledge transfer. KW - best-worst scaling KW - Delphi KW - Information systems offshoring KW - knowledge transfer KW - determinants of success Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1504/IJITM.2023.10055151 SN - 1741-5179 VL - 22 IS - 1/2 PB - Inderscience ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kratzer, Simon A1 - Westner, Markus A1 - Strahringer, Susanne T1 - Mehr als Vollzeit: Fractional CIOs in KMUs JF - HMD Praxis der Wirtschaftsinformatik N2 - Auch kleine und mittlere Unternehmen (KMUs) benötigen zunehmend ein effektives Informationstechnologie- (IT)-Management, um wettbewerbsfähig zu bleiben. Im Vergleich zu großen Unternehmen verfügen KMUs jedoch oft nicht über die Ressourcen, die Arbeitgeberattraktivität oder den Bedarf, um einen Chief Information Officer (CIO) in Vollzeit zu beschäftigen. Um diese Lücke zu schließen, hat eine wachsende Zahl von Expertinnen und Experten weltweit damit begonnen, CIO-Dienste in Teilzeit anzubieten. Auf diese Weise erhalten KMUs Zugang zu erfahrenen und kompetenten IT-Führungskräften zu einem Bruchteil der Kosten und ohne langfristige Verpflichtungen. Während diese so genannten „Fractional CIOs“ in der Praxis bereits einen Mehrwert schaffen, gibt es noch kaum wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zu diesem neuen Phänomen. In einem größeren Forschungsprojekt mit insgesamt 62 Fractional CIOs aus 10 Ländern wurden daher eine Definition, Typen verschiedenartiger Engagements und Erfolgsfaktoren abgeleitet. Die vorliegende Studie fasst die Ergebnisse zusammen und setzt sie in Bezug zum deutschen Markt, indem sie drei Fractional CIOs/CTOs aus Deutschland befragt. Es zeigt sich, dass die folgenden vier Engagement-Typen von Fractional CIOs für KMUs in verschiedenen Situationen von Nutzen sind: Strategisches IT-Management, Restrukturierung, Skalierung und Hands-on Support. Darüber hinaus zeigt die Studie, dass Vertrauen, die Unterstützung durch das Top-Management-Team und die Integrität des Fractional CIOs Schlüsselfaktoren für den Erfolg von Fractional CIO-Engagements sind. Für den deutschen Markt werden die Ergebnisse durch drei befragte Fractional CIOs/CTOs weitgehend bestätigt. Die Fractional CIOs/CTOs können zwar keine genauen Gründe für die geringe Akzeptanz der Rolle nennen, betonen aber ihr Wertpotenzial für den deutschen Markt. KW - Chief Information Officer KW - Chief Technology Officer KW - Fractional CIO KW - Fractional CTO KW - Teilzeit-Interim-Management Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1365/s40702-023-01010-x SN - 2198-2775 PB - Springer ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Hillebrand, Patrick A1 - Westner, Markus T1 - Tenure and Background of CIOs in Germany - Influencing Factors and International Comparison T2 - Proceedings of the of the 18th Conference on Computer Science and Intelligence Systems (FedCSIS 2023), Warsaw, Poland, 17–20 September, 2023 N2 - The average tenure of Chief Information Officers (CIOs) has increased over the past few years. Nevertheless, the average tenure of CIOs is shorter than that of Chief Executive Officers (CEOs). While most studies on tenure and background are based on data from US IT executives, studies on German CIOs are missing. This study analyzes the tenure of German CIOs as a proxy for management effectiveness and how certain factors influence it. An original and unique dataset of 384 IT executives from German companies is examined. The data include the size and industry sector of the companies, educational and professional backgrounds of the CIOs, and the CIOs' reporting lines. Data were analyzed using the chi-square test and Fisher's exact test. The German CIOs had a median tenure of 4.0 years. However, if we examine executives who are currently in office and executives with a completed term of office separately , the median tenure differs. The results also show that German CIOs do not have shorter tenures than German CEOs. When compared with US CIOs, the results depend on the values selected for comparison. In addition, the analysis shows that neither the size and industry sector of the companies nor the educational and professional backgrounds of the CIOs and managers of the CIO reports have a statistically significant influence on the tenure of IT executives. The factors examined in this study can be considered as preconditions for the CIO position. In the future, factors that play a role during tenure should be examined. KW - Chief Information Officer KW - CIO KW - CIO background KW - CIO tenure Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.15439/2023F5836 SP - 557 EP - 566 PB - Warsaw University of Technology ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Winkler, Fabian A1 - Westner, Markus T1 - A Systematic Literature Review of DevOps Success Factors and Adoption Models JF - SOICT '23: Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on Information and Communication Technology. Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, 7-8 December 2023 N2 - This paper investigates DevOps adoption, emphasizing its cultural dimensions in the context of the information systems domain. Utilizing a robust systematic literature review methodology, we discerned nine salient success factors and delineated three stage models instrumental for a smooth transition into DevOps-centric projects. Despite the increasing breadth of research in the DevOps area, the absence of a consolidated definition remains a challenge, underscoring the importance of a unified interpretative framework. This research notably extends the current body of knowledge by focusing on the cultural dynamics of DevOps adoption. As a result, it offers a refined lens through which both practitioners involved in the adoption process and academic researchers can comprehend the nuances and implications of cultural shifts in the evolving landscape of DevOps within information systems. Y1 - 2023 SN - 979-8-4007-0891-6 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1145/3628797.3628883 SP - 525 EP - 532 PB - ACM ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Hassmann, Tobias A1 - Westner, Markus T1 - IS executives and sustainability BT - A literature review T2 - 26th International Conference on Business Informatics (CBI), 09-13 September 2024, Vienna, Austria N2 - The pressing global sustainability challenges, encapsulated in the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), require profound transformations across multiple levels. It is imperative for the Information Systems (IS) discipline to engage in addressing these challenges. This paper aims to contribute to this imperative through a scoping literature review, examining factors that enable IS executives to drive sustainability outcomes within organizations, utilizing the Input-Mediator-Outcome (IMO) framework. By analyzing 31 articles from important IS journals and conferences between 2008 and 2024, this review identifies key input factors for sustainability outcomes, such as individual IS executive inputs, the role of the Top Management Team (TMT) setting and organizational contexts, as well as external influences. In addition, it explores how team-specific processes can augment sustainability efforts. The paper concludes by proposing future research questions to address underrepresented SDGs, investigate external impact factors more thoroughly, and emphasize the role of individual IS executive inputs. These insights aspire to advance the understanding of IS executives’ potential to influence sustainability in organizational settings. KW - IS executives KW - chief information officer KW - chief digital officer KW - sustainability KW - literature review Y1 - 2024 SN - 979-8-3315-2909-3 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/CBI62504.2024.00017 SN - 2378-1971 PB - IEEE ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kratzer, Simon A1 - Westner, Markus A1 - Strahringer, Susanne T1 - Factors for Fractional CIO Engagement Success JF - Information & Management N2 - As small- to medium-sized enterprises struggle with IT management, an increasing number appoint Fractional CIOs, i.e., CIOs that work part-time for multiple organizations simultaneously. We use Q-methodology to empirically evaluate the relative importance of factors for Fractional CIO engagement success and find that trust, top management team support, and the Fractional CIO's integrity are most important. Further, we identify three groups of Fractional CIOs: Strategic IT Advisors, Full-ownership CIOs, and Change Agents. Our results guide organizations when hiring and working with Fractional CIOs and provide the basis for further research on Fractional CIO archetypes.As small- to medium-sized enterprises struggle with IT management, an increasing number appoint Fractional CIOs, i.e., CIOs that work part-time for multiple organizations simultaneously. We use Q-methodology to empirically evaluate the relative importance of factors for Fractional CIO engagement success and find that trust, top management team support, and the Fractional CIO's integrity are most important. Further, we identify three groups of Fractional CIOs: Strategic IT Advisors, Full-ownership CIOs, and Change Agents. Our results guide organizations when hiring and working with Fractional CIOs and provide the basis for further research on Fractional CIO archetypes. KW - Fractional CIO KW - Virtual CIO KW - SMEs KW - Small Businesses KW - Engagement Success KW - Q-Methodology Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2023.103793 SN - 0378-7206 VL - 60 PB - Elsevier ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kratzer, Simon A1 - Westner, Markus A1 - Strahringer, Susanne T1 - Four Decades of Chief Information Officer Research BT - A Literature Review and Research Agenda Based on Main Path Analysis JF - ACM SIGMIS Database: the DATABASE for Advances in Information Systems N2 - Despite the relevance and maturity of the Chief Information Officer (CIO) research field, no studies exist that exhaustively summarize the current body of knowledge, focusing on the development of the field over its entire timespan. The paper at hand addresses this research gap and presents an exhaustive literature review on the CIO research field using main path analysis. We identify the central papers in CIO research and eight main research streams by quantitatively and qualitatively analyzing 466 papers. We find that established research streams, e.g., 'Evolving role of the CIO' and 'CIO hierarchical position and relationships' as well as recently emerging research streams, e.g., 'CIO as business enabler' and 'CIOs and IT security,' draw growing attention. Based on our findings, we develop promising further avenues for research in the CIO field. KW - Applied computing KW - Enterprise computing KW - IT governance KW - Informationsmanager KW - Literaturbericht KW - Chief Information Officer KW - Literature review KW - Research agenda KW - Main Path Analysis KW - Bibliometric Analysis Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1145/3614178.3614182 N1 - Preprint unter: https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-oth-regensburg/frontdoor/index/index/docId/5420 VL - 54 IS - 3 SP - 37 EP - 74 PB - ACM ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Schroll, Jonas A1 - Westner, Markus T1 - Relation between Edge Computing and the Internet of Things BT - Systematic Literature Review T2 - 2023 Portland International Conference on Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET), 23-27 July 2023, Monterrey, Mexico N2 - The Internet of Things (IoT) is an emerging computing paradigm providing new approaches to collect and analyze environmental data. However, as specific challenges arose, the paradigm of Edge Computing with its potential solution capabilities came into place. The combination of both paradigms is currently highly discussed in industry and research. This paper aims to contribute to this field by conducting a systematic literature review to examine the differences and relation between IoT and Edge Computing on a meta-level. It first investigates conceptual backgrounds, use cases, and implementation types. After that, the differences between the paradigms are highlighted. It becomes clear that the significant distinction is in the architectural composition. However, the scientific consensus reveals that both paradigms have a common historical background, and Edge Computing is perceived as the next step in the evolution of IoT. Furthermore, Edge Computing-based systems can address common IoT challenges identified in the two paradigms’ problem-solution space. Ultimately, there is a need for further research in security, edge intelligence, and standardization, with Edge Computing frameworks able to address these in practice. KW - Internet of Things KW - Edge Computing KW - IoT Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.23919/PICMET59654.2023.10216820 SP - 1 EP - 9 PB - IEEE ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Hillebrand, Patrick A1 - Westner, Markus T1 - Lean IT BT - A Review and Comparative Analysis of Practitioner and Academic Literature T2 - 2023 Portland International Conference on Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET), 23-27 July 2023, Monterrey, Mexico N2 - Companies have applied Lean Management and its methods in their production functions for several decades. They also increasingly use Lean Management to improve service delivery, for example, in their IT organizations, which is referred to as “Lean IT”. Lean IT finds widespread recognition in business practice, but corresponding academic research is still scarce. The paper at hand intends to shed light on the current perspectives of Lean IT from an academic point and a practitioner point of view. The paper applies an innovative quantitative approach of literature analysis using semantic entity annotator and a keyword analysis to systematically identify and compare topics academics and practitioners deem relevant in context of Lean IT. We analyze practitioner media and scholarly articles published from January 2014 to June 2019. The analysis shows that research does not seem to adequately address the topics that are highly relevant for practitioners when it comes to Lean IT, e.g., issues pertinent to Automation, DevOps, role of the CIO, IT Service Management or Scrum in context of Lean IT are under-researched. Our analysis further shows that interest in Lean IT as a field is rising in both groups. Our study can help to guide further research activities. KW - Time-frequency analysis KW - Systematics KW - Databases KW - Semantics KW - Encyclopedias KW - Media Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.23919/PICMET59654.2023.10216855 SP - 1 EP - 11 PB - IEEE ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kratzer, Simon A1 - Westner, Markus A1 - Strahringer, Susanne T1 - Traction with fraction: Strategic IS management in SMEs through Fractional CIOs JF - International Journal of Information Systems and Project Management N2 - Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) increasingly need to manage nformation technology (IT) effectively in order to remain competitive. However, compared to larger organizations, SMEs often face challenges in terms of resources and employer attractiveness, and regularly do not have the need to employ a Chief Information Officer (CIO) on a full-time basis. To address this issue, a growing number of global experts have begun to provide CIO services on a part-time basis for multiple clients simultaneously. This approach allows SMEs to tap into the expertise of experienced IT leaders at a fraction of the cost and without committing to long-term arrangements. While these professionals, known as “Fractional CIOs”, have proven their value in the field, there has been a lack of academic research on this emerging trend. Therefore, we carried out a comprehensive research project between 2020 and 2023, involving 62 Fractional CIOs from 10 countries. The research produced a definition, different types of engagements, and success factors for Fractional CIOs and their engagements. This paper summarizes these findings for a wider audience of academics and practitioners. KW - Fractional CIO KW - Chief Information Officer KW - SMEs KW - small businesses Y1 - 2024 U6 - https://doi.org/10.12821/ijispm120101 SN - 2182-7788 VL - 12 IS - 1 SP - 5 EP - 16 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Brosig, Christoph A1 - Gräubig, Dix M. A1 - Strahringer, Susanne A1 - Westner, Markus T1 - Prerequisites and Causal Recipes for Manufacturers’ IT-Enabled Service Innovation Success JF - Communications of the Association for Information Systems N2 - For manufacturing firms, success in innovating IT-enabled services is a critical antecedent to benefit from digital servitization of their business models. Digital servitization literature has explored mechanisms for success in innovating IT-enabled services, indicating that the phenomenon is multifaceted and needs to be explained from multiple theoretical perspectives. We derive a conceptual model for success in innovating IT-enabled services covering its multifaceted nature by referring to knowledge-based and organizational control theory. We test this model using qualitative cases of IT-enabled service innovation initiatives in manufacturing firms and use set-theoretic analyses to account for the multifaceted nature of the phenomenon. The necessary condition analysis yields that a certain degree of service innovation capabilities is a prerequisite for success. With the results of a qualitative comparative analysis, we obtain five solution terms as causal recipes for success in innovating IT-enabled services. Our results contribute to research by offering a theory-based approach that explains the multiplicity of success in IT-enabled service innovation. Practitioners benefit from our results by understanding prerequisites and causal recipes for success while learning from unsuccessful initiatives in innovating IT-enabled services of manufacturing firms. Our study is also an example of how to rigorously calibrate qualitative data using a structured approach. Y1 - 2024 U6 - https://doi.org/10.17705/1CAIS.05509 SN - 1529-3181 VL - 55 SP - 205 EP - 256 PB - Association for Information Systems, AIS ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kopper, Andreas A1 - Fürstenau, Daniel A1 - Zimmermann, Stephan A1 - Klotz, Stefan A1 - Rentrop, Christopher A1 - Rothe, Hannes A1 - Strahringer, Susanne A1 - Westner, Markus T1 - Shadow IT and Business-Managed IT: A Conceptual Framework and Empirical Illustration JF - International Journal of IT/Business Alignment and Governance (IJITBAG) N2 - Research on Shadow IT is facing a conceptual dilemma in cases where previously “covert” systems developed by business entities are integrated in the organizational IT management. These systems become visible, are thus not “in the shadows” anymore, and subsequently do not fit to existing definitions of Shadow IT. Practice shows that some information systems share characteristics of Shadow IT but are created openly in alignment with the IT organization. This paper proposes the term “Business-managed IT” to describe “overt” information systems developed or managed by business entities and distinguishes it from Shadow IT by illustrating case vignettes. Accordingly,our contribution is to suggest a concept and its delineation against other concepts. In this way, IS researchers interested in IT originated from or maintained by business entities can construct theories with a wider scope of application that are at the same time more specific to practical problems. In addition, the terminology allows to value potentially innovative developments by business entities more adequately. KW - Alignment KW - Business-managed IT KW - IT governance KW - Shadow IT KW - Unternehmen KW - Informationstechnik KW - Datensicherung KW - Organizational IT management Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.4018/IJITBAG.2018070104 VL - 9 IS - 2 SP - 53 EP - 71 PB - IGI Global ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Käss, Sebastian A1 - Strahringer, Susanne A1 - Westner, Markus T1 - A Multiple Mini Case Study on the Adoption of Low Code Development Platforms in Work Systems JF - IEEE Access N2 - Although adopting Low Code Development Platforms (LCDPs) promises significant efficiency and effectiveness improvements for application development, its adoption still needs further empirical research. This paper uses a combinatorial approach to research LCDP adoption and presents the results of a multiple mini case study with 36 cases on LCDP adoption. A combination of the Socio-Technical Systems theory and the Technology-Organisational-Environment model is used as a theoretical lens. In this paper, we show that LCDP adoption is a multifaceted phenomenon and identify three archetypes for LCDP adoption (i.e., IT Resource Shortage Mitigators, Application Development Democratisers, and Synergy Realisers) and one archetype for LCDP non-adoption (i.e., Intricacy Adversaries). Each archetype can be interpreted as an individual path towards LCDP (non-)adoption. Based on these archetypes, we derive seven starting points for practitioners to adopt LCDPs in work systems. Moreover, by using the theoretical lenses, the paper shows that for an LCDP adoption to occur, an optimisation of the social and technical sub-systems is required. KW - Low Code Development Platform KW - Adoption KW - Case study Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:898-opus4-65634 SN - 2169-3536 N1 - Corresponding author: Markus Westner SP - 118762 EP - 118786 PB - IEEE ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kopper, Andreas A1 - Klotz, Stefan A1 - Westner, Markus A1 - Strahringer, Susanne T1 - Shadow IT and Business-managed IT BT - Practitioner Perceptions and Their Comparison to Literature JF - Journal of Information Technology Management (JITM) N2 - Two concepts describe the autonomous deployment of IT by business entities: Shadow IT and Business-managed IT. Shadow IT is deployed covertly, that is, software, hardware, or IT services created/procured or managed by business entities without alignment with the IT organization. In contrast, Business-managed IT describes the overt deployment of IT, that is, in alignment with the IT organization or in a split responsibility model. The purpose of this paper is to extend the conceptual understanding of Shadow IT and Business-managed IT, comparing the perceptions of 29 CIOs and senior IT managers with the results of a systematic literature review. By doing so, this paper presents a structured and comprehensive view of causing factors, outcomes, and governance of Shadow IT and Business-managed IT in practice. A comparison of academic literature and practitioner perceptions reveals the limitations and gaps of the current research and highlights avenues for future research. The authors find three category-spanning themes occurring as causing factors, outcomes, and—as part of governance measures—factors to improve the IT organization: (1) (Poor) business-IT alignment (2) (lack of) agility, and (3) (lack of) policies. This study is innovative with its comprehensive qualitative interview data that the authors compare to the existing literature. Therefore, the paper brings together theoretical and practical insights into Shadow IT and Businessmanaged IT, which should aid practitioners and scholars in decision making and future research. KW - Corporate Governance KW - Strategisches Management KW - Shadow IT KW - Business-managed IT KW - IT governance KW - Agility KW - Business-IT alignment KW - Informationsmanagement Y1 - 2019 UR - http://home.thejitm.org/XXX-4/contents.html SN - 1042-1319 VL - 30 IS - 4 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Käss, Sebastian A1 - Brosig, Christoph A1 - Westner, Markus A1 - Strahringer, Susanne T1 - Short and sweet: multiple mini case studies as a form of rigorous case study research JF - Information Systems and e-Business Management N2 - Case study research is one of the most widely used research methods in Information Systems (IS). In recent years, an increasing number of publications have used case studies with few sources of evidence, such as single interviews per case. While there is much methodological guidance on rigorously conducting multiple case studies, it remains unclear how researchers can achieve an acceptable level of rigour for this emerging type of multiple case study with few sources of evidence, i.e., multiple mini case studies. In this context, we synthesise methodological guidance for multiple case study research from a cross-disciplinary perspective to develop an analytical framework. Furthermore, we calibrate this analytical framework to multiple mini case studies by reviewing previous IS publications that use multiple mini case studies to provide guidelines to conduct multiple mini case studies rigorously. We also offer a conceptual definition of multiple mini case studies, distinguish them from other research approaches, and position multiple mini case studies as a pragmatic and rigorous approach to research emerging and innovative phenomena in IS. KW - Case study research KW - Multiple mini case study KW - Short case study KW - Methodological guidance Y1 - 2024 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10257-024-00674-2 PB - Springer Nature ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Klotz, Stefan A1 - Kopper, Andreas A1 - Westner, Markus A1 - Strahringer, Susanne T1 - Von Schatten-IT zu Business-managed IT: Fachbereichs-IT gezielt gestalten JF - Wirtschaftsinformatik & Management N2 - Fachbereichs-IT, Schatten-IT, Business-managed IT. All diese Begriffe beschreiben IT, die neben den eigentlichen, regulären IT-Systemen oder -Prozessen in Unternehmen existieren und von Mitarbeiterinnen und Mitarbeitern der Fachbereiche genutzt werden. Im Fall von„Schatten-IT“ handelt es sich um IT-Systeme und -Prozesse (IT-Instanzen), die sich ohne Kenntnis der IT-Verantwortlichen etabliert haben; im Fall von„Business-managed IT“ entstehen die IT-Systeme und -Prozesse in Kenntnis der bzw. in Abstimmung mit den IT-Verantwortlichen im Unternehmen.„Fachbereichs-IT“ subsumiert Schatten-IT und Business-managed IT. Welche Ursachen führen zu solchen IT-Instanzen, welche Potenziale und Risiken haben diese IT-Instanzen und wie lassen sie sich steuern? KW - Business-managed IT KW - Fachbereichs IT KW - IT Governance KW - Schatten IT KW - Shadow IT Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1365/s35764-022-00421-7 SN - 1867-5913 SN - 1867-5905 VL - 14 IS - 4 SP - 282 EP - 287 PB - Springer Nature ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Klotz, Stefan A1 - Westner, Markus A1 - Strahringer, Susanne T1 - From Shadow IT to Business-managed IT and Back Again BT - How Responsibility for IT Instances Evolves Over Time T2 - Pacific Asia Conference on Information Systems (PACIS): 2020, Dubai N2 - Today, information technology (IT) is not anymore solely deployed and maintained by the IT organization, but also by business units. IT deployed or managed by business units is called Shadow IT (without alignment with the IT organization) or Business-managed IT (in alignment or a split responsibility model with the IT organization), contrasting “classical” IT. However, the responsibility for deployed IT might change over time. Therefore, this paper conceptualizes the progression of the responsibility for IT as a trajectory through initialization, potential transitions, and discontinuance. The paper illustrates this conceptual framework using four exemplary case vignettes of IT instances. Empirical findings of the case vignettes determine indications when employees initialize an IT instance as Shadow IT, Business-managed IT, or IT-managed systems and reasons why the responsibility for an IT instance changes over time. The results suggest that scholars and practitioners should add a temporal dimension to the governance of IT instances. KW - IT-Governance KW - Shadow IT KW - Business-managed IT KW - Shadow IT KW - Business-managed IT KW - IT governance KW - trajectory KW - application governance Y1 - 2020 UR - https://aisel.aisnet.org/pacis2020/94/ ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Klotz, Stefan A1 - Kopper, Andreas A1 - Westner, Markus A1 - Strahringer, Susanne T1 - Causing factors, outcomes, and governance of Shadow IT and business-managed IT BT - A systematic literature review JF - International Journal of Information Systems and Project Management N2 - Shadow IT and Business-managed IT describe the autonomous deployment/procurement or management of Information Technology (IT) instances, i.e., software, hardware, or IT services, by business entities. For Shadow IT, this happens covertly, i.e., without alignment with the IT organization; for Business-managed IT this happens overtly, i.e., in alignment with the IT organization or in a split responsibility model. We conduct a systematic literature review and structure the identified research themes in a framework of causing factors, outcomes, and governance. As causing factors, we identify enablers, motivators, and missing barriers. Outcomes can be benefits as well as risks/shortcomings of Shadow IT and Business-managed IT. Concerning governance, we distinguish two subcategories: general governance for Shadow IT and Business-managed IT and instance governance for overt Business-managed IT. Thus, a specific set of governance approaches exists for Business-managed IT that cannot be applied to Shadow IT due to its covert nature. Hence, we extend the existing conceptual understanding and allocate research themes to Shadow IT, Business-managed IT, or both concepts and particularly distinguish the governance of the two concepts. Besides, we find that governance themes have been the primary research focus since 2016, whereas older publications (until 2015) focused on causing factors. KW - Shadow IT KW - Business-managed IT KW - IT governance KW - literature review KW - outcomes KW - Betriebliches Informationssystem KW - Datensicherung KW - Literaturbericht Y1 - 2019 UR - http://www.sciencesphere.org/ijispm/archive/ijispm-070102.pdf U6 - https://doi.org/10.12821/ijispm070102 SN - 2182-7796 SN - 2182-7788 SN - 2182-780X VL - 7 IS - 1 SP - 15 EP - 43 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Klotz, Stefan A1 - Westner, Markus A1 - Strahringer, Susanne T1 - Critical Success Factors of Business-managed IT: It Takes Two to Tango JF - Information Systems Management N2 - This paper identifies critical success factors of Business-managed IT based on case study results. Four groups of critical success factors emerge: (1) general approach to Business-managed IT/Business-managed IT strategy, (2) Business-managed IT project prerequisites/Business-managed IT team, (3) Business-managed IT project execution and outcome, and (4) information technology management for Business-managed IT. The results suggest that bilateral responsibility between the business unit and the IT organization is the most favorable governance option for Business-managed IT. KW - Betriebliches Informationssystem KW - Strategisches Management KW - Erfolgsfaktor KW - Fallstudie KW - Business-managed IT KW - Shadow IT KW - critical success factors KW - IT governance KW - application governance Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/10580530.2021.1938300 VL - 39 IS - 3 SP - 220 EP - 240 PB - Taylor&Francis ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Klotz, Stefan A1 - Westner, Markus A1 - Strahringer, Susanne A1 - Schieder, Christian T1 - Transformed Knowledge Sharing Through Business-managed IT and Shadow IT T2 - Proceedings of the 25th Americas Conference on Information Systems (AMCIS 2019), Cancún, Mexiko, August 15-17 N2 - Business-managed IT and Shadow IT describe the autonomous deployment/management of IT instances by business units. For the former, this happens in alignment with the IT organization of the enterprise, for the latter, without alignment. We analyze why and how Business-managed IT and Shadow IT transform knowledge sharing with two case studies drawing on the theoretical lens of the knowledge-based view. Several motivators lead to the autonomous implementation of knowledge management systems (KMSs), for example, shortcomings of existing systems. The implemented KMSs have multiple benefits for knowledge sharing, such as a reduction of knowledge sharing barriers. However, we notice that the Shadow IT KMS leads to challenges for cross-unit knowledge sharing due to the covert nature of Shadow IT. Based on the findings of our case studies, we develop a mid-range theory to explain the transformation of knowledge sharing in enterprises supported by Business-managed IT and Shadow IT. KW - Business-managed IT KW - Shadow IT KW - knowledge sharing KW - knowledge management system Y1 - 2019 UR - https://aisel.aisnet.org/amcis2019/org_transformation_is/org_transformation_is/5/ SP - 1 EP - 10 PB - AIS ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Könning, Michael A1 - Heinrich, Kai A1 - Leyh, Christian A1 - Westner, Markus T1 - A quantitative analysis of regional differences in pivotal IT outsourcing contract features T2 - Proceedings of the 27th European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS), Stockholm & Uppsala, Sweden, June 8-14, 2019 (ECIS 2019 proceedings) N2 - More than 30 years after its first implementation, IT outsourcing (ITO) is unanimously considered a critical component of corporate strategy for private and public institutions alike. While implementations of ITO around the world share some common characteristics like typical reasons for outsourcing, key success factors, or dimensions along which they can be classified, extant research also points to regional differences. However, research on this topic, specifically regarding pivotal contract features like contract value, contract length, or pricing methods, is still in its infancy, and quantitative analyses on the subject are particularly scarce. We address this research gap by analyzing data on 14,917 ITO contracts closed between 2007 and 2017 through the lens of cultural regions and three statistical methods. The contribution of our paper is threefold. First, our descriptive analysis points to globally decreasing contract lengths and contract values, confirming previous studies and practice reports. Second, an ANOVA with independent post-hoc testing provides quantitative support for the degree of dissimilarity among individual regions in pivotal ITO contract features. Finally, our quantitative replication of a previous study identifies culture-induced regional differences between USA and Japan regarding the effect of influence factors on ITO contract features KW - Contract Design KW - Cultural Regions KW - IT Outsourcing KW - IT Sourcing KW - Sourcing Strateg Y1 - 2019 UR - https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kai-Heinrich-3/publication/332834150_A_quantitative_analysis_of_regional_differences_in_pivotal_IT_outsourcing_contract_features/links/5ccc00624585153c8c68551a/A-quantitative-analysis-of-regional-differences-in-pivotal-IT-outsourcing-contract-features.pdf SN - 978-1-7336325-0-8 SP - 1 EP - 15 PB - Association for Information Systems ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Weber, Karsten A1 - Dendorfer, Sebastian A1 - Süß, Franz A1 - Kubowitsch, Simone A1 - Schratzenstaller, Thomas A1 - Haug, Sonja A1 - Mohr, Christa A1 - Kiesl, Hans A1 - Drechsler, Jörg A1 - Westner, Markus A1 - Kobus, Jörn A1 - Schubert, Martin J. W. A1 - Zenger, Stefan A1 - Pietsch, Alexander A1 - Weiß, Josef A1 - Hinterseer, Sebastian A1 - Schieck, Roland A1 - Scherzinger, Stefanie A1 - Klettke, Meike A1 - Ringlstetter, Andreas A1 - Störl, Uta A1 - Bissyandé, Tegawendé F. A1 - Seeburger, Achim A1 - Schindler, Timo A1 - Ramsauer, Ralf A1 - Kiszka, Jan A1 - Kölbl, Andreas A1 - Lohmann, Daniel A1 - Mauerer, Wolfgang A1 - Maier, Johannes A1 - Scorna, Ulrike A1 - Palm, Christoph A1 - Soska, Alexander A1 - Mottok, Jürgen A1 - Ellermeier, Andreas A1 - Vögele, Daniel A1 - Hierl, Stefan A1 - Briem, Ulrich A1 - Buschmann, Knut A1 - Ehrlich, Ingo A1 - Pongratz, Christian A1 - Pielmeier, Benjamin A1 - Tyroller, Quirin A1 - Monkman, Gareth J. A1 - Gut, Franz A1 - Roth, Carina A1 - Hausler, Peter A1 - Bierl, Rudolf A1 - Prommesberger, Christian A1 - Ławrowski, Robert Damian A1 - Langer, Christoph A1 - Schreiner, Rupert A1 - Huang, Yifeng A1 - She, Juncong A1 - Ottl, Andreas A1 - Rieger, Walter A1 - Kraml, Agnes A1 - Poxleitner, Thomas A1 - Hofer, Simon A1 - Heisterkamp, Benjamin A1 - Lerch, Maximilian A1 - Sammer, Nike A1 - Golde, Olivia A1 - Wellnitz, Felix A1 - Schmid, Sandra A1 - Muntschick, Claudia A1 - Kusterle, Wolfgang A1 - Paric, Ivan A1 - Brückl, Oliver A1 - Haslbeck, Matthias A1 - Schmidt, Ottfried A1 - Schwanzer, Peter A1 - Rabl, Hans-Peter A1 - Sterner, Michael A1 - Bauer, Franz A1 - Steinmann, Sven A1 - Eckert, Fabian A1 - Hofrichter, Andreas ED - Baier, Wolfgang T1 - Forschungsbericht 2017 T3 - Forschungsberichte der OTH Regensburg - 2017 KW - Forschung KW - Forschungsbericht Y1 - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:898-opus4-13835 SN - 978-3-9818209-3-5 CY - Regensburg ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Ho, Joe Ee A1 - Ooi, Boon Yaik A1 - Westner, Markus T1 - Application Integration Framework for Large Language Models T2 - 2024 5th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Data Sciences (AiDAS), Bangkok, Thailand, 03-04 September 2024 N2 - Large Language Models (LLMs) have unlocked new opportunities in processing non-structured information. However, integrating LLM into conventional applications poses challenges due to their non-deterministic nature. This paper introduces a framework designed to effectively integrate LLM into intermediate modules by ensuring more consistent and reliable outputs. The framework includes three key components: the Sieve, which captures and retries processing of incorrect outputs; the Circuit Breaker, which stops processing persistently incorrect outputs; and the Optimizer, which enhances processing efficiency by combining inputs into single prompts. Experimental results employing structured methodology demonstrate the framework's effectiveness, achieving significant improvements a 71.05% reduction in processing time and an 82.97% reduction in token usage while maintaining high accuracy. The proposed framework, agnostic to specific LLM implementations, aids the integration of LLMs into diverse applications, enhancing automation and efficiency in fields such as finance, healthcare, and education. KW - error handling KW - token efficiency KW - AI integration KW - data pipeline optimization KW - automation KW - data processing framework Y1 - 2024 SN - 979-8-3315-2855-3 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/AiDAS63860.2024.10730541 SP - 1 EP - 6 PB - IEEE ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Westner, Markus A1 - Preiss, Niklas T1 - Unraveling jingle-jangle fallacies in digital assistant technologies : a comprehensive systematic review and research agenda T2 - Proceedings of tenth international congress on information and communication technology : ICICT 2025, London, Volume 9 N2 - Digital assistant technologies (DATs) such as chatbots, virtual assistants, and intelligent agents have gained widespread attention, yet inconsistent terminology remains a critical challenge. The fragmented nature of previous research has led to significant confusion due to overlapping and interchangeable use of terms across industries. This systematic literature review, following the PRISMA protocol, consolidates the current state of knowledge on DATs and addresses the prevalent jingle-jangle fallacies in their terminology. Analysis of 137 articles identified keycharacteristics, applications, and conceptual overlaps of various DATs, uncovering 39 distinct technologies categorized under three overarching concepts: assistants, chatbots, and agents. Despite shared functionalities, terminological inconsistencies persist across different sectors, presenting challenges for both academic research and practical implementation. This review emphasizes the need for standardized terminology and clearer classification frameworks to facilitate broader DAT adoption across organizational contexts. Y1 - 2025 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-6438-2_15 SP - 199 EP - 227 PB - Springer ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Preiß, Niklas A1 - Westner, Markus T1 - Towards a Taxonomy for Digital Assistant Technologies: Addressing the Jingle-Jangle Fallacies T2 - 38th Bled eConference: empowering transformation: shaping digital futures for all: conference proceedings, 8.-11.6.2025, Bled N2 - This study proposes a unified taxonomy for Digital Assistant Technologies (DATs) to resolve terminological inconsistencies and eliminate »Jingle-Jangle fallacies.« By employing a systematic taxonomy development method on 137 papers, the framework categorizes DATs across four meta-characteristics: AI technology, context, intelligence, and interaction. This taxonomy facilitates the clear differentiation of three primary DAT concepts: assistant, chatbot, and agent. By providing a structured framework, the study enhances conceptual clarity, fosters more focused research, and ensures better alignment of DATs. Y1 - 2025 SN - 9789612869984 U6 - https://doi.org/10.18690/um.fov.4.2025.1 SP - 1 EP - 20 PB - University of Maribor Press ER - TY - GEN A1 - Capellmann, Dominik A1 - Westner, Markus T1 - ChatGPT in Software Engineering: Potentials, Challenges and Possible Applications for Unit Testing and Code Debugging T2 - 21st International Conference on Applied Computing 2024 Y1 - 2024 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Preiß, Niklas A1 - Westner, Markus T1 - From Agents to Copilots: a Systematic Review of Digital Assistant Technology Adoption in Proprietary Productivity Software T2 - Annals of Computer Science and Information Systems N2 - This study provides a systematic review of how the impact and adaptation of digital assistant technologies (DATs) are defined, operationalized, and studied, synthesizing key domains where DATs generate or are expected to generate value. Based on an analysis of 61 articles published since 2013, it identifies five main areas of impact: productivity and efficiency, business development, resource optimization, quality enhancement, and the promotion of learning and creativity. The review highlights DAT adoption across various disciplines and industries, while revealing limited longitudinal research on benefits and adaptation. Key gaps remain in understanding strategic use and sustained impact. Future research should explore longitudinal comparisons of recently introduced generative AI-driven DATs and their organizational implications. This review contributes to information systems research by structuring current knowledge on DAT adoption and outcomes, and by proposing a research agenda to support deeper exploration of their value and long-term integration. KW - Digital Assistant Technology KW - Copilot KW - Generative AI KW - Technology Adoption KW - Productivity Y1 - 2025 U6 - https://doi.org/10.15439/2025F3271 SN - 2300-5963 VL - 43 SP - 565 EP - 576 PB - Polish Information Processing Society ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Köhler, Jessica A1 - Harl, Maximilian Victor A1 - Westner, Markus A1 - Strahringer, Susanne T1 - Can AI be a Scholar? A Systematic Review on the Role of Generative AI in Systematic Literature Reviews T2 - 2025 27th International Conference on Business Informatics (CBI), 09-12. September 2025, Lisbon, Portugal N2 - Systematic literature reviews (SLRs) are foundational for research but resource-intensive to conduct. With the rise of large language models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT, generative AI (GenAI) tools are being increasingly explored for their potential to support and transform the SLR process. This study presents a systematic review of peerreviewed articles that examine how LLM-based GenAI tools are used in different SLR phases. Following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines, we screened 1,846 publications published since January 2021 until April 2025 and selected 54 for in-depth analysis. Each study was coded by review phase, prompting approach, automation level, validation type and challenges. Our findings show that GenAI is most often used to support in the screening, search, and writing phases, typically through Basic Prompting and under human oversight. While many studies report efficiency gains, concerns remain regarding validity, transparency, and methodological rigor. Moreover, GenAI is frequently applied to isolated tasks but is rarely embedded in a structured, methodologically guided review processhighlighting the need for clearer phase-specific guidance and standards. We offer a structured, phase-specific synthesis that highlights both the promise and the current limitations of GenAI in literature reviews and thereby offer practical recommendations for the responsible use of GenAI in literature reviews. KW - Generative AI KW - Large Language Models KW - ChatGPT KW - Systematic Literature Review KW - Evidence Synthesis KW - AI-assisted Literature Review Y1 - 2025 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/CBI68102.2025.00012 PB - IEEE ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Käss, Sebastian A1 - Strahringer, Susanne A1 - Westner, Markus T1 - Archetypes, Situations, and Practices : a Guide to Successful Low-Code Adoption JF - Information Resources Management Journal N2 - This paper extends prior work on low-code by explaining when adoption archetypes occur and how to use them. Motivated by information technology (IT) talent shortages and uneven low-code development platform (LCDP) outcomes, the paper seeks practical guidance for post-adoption choices in work systems. Using a multiple mini case study of 36 cases in large German organizations, this study analyzes interviews and context questionnaires with within-/cross-case coding and pattern matching against a 13-factor model. This analysis identifies situations that trigger three adoption archetypes—application development democratizers, synergy realizers, and IT resource shortage mitigators—and one non-adoption archetype, intricacy adversaries. The analysis also maps advantages and disadvantages and distills 12 good practices. Across adoption cases, efficiency is the dominant goal, whereas non-adoption stems from high application sophistication. The results give actionable guidance: align goals to an archetype, stick to LCDP standards, involve IT and foster an open culture, invest in skilling, reuse platform components, and reserve LCDPs for less-complex apps while planning architecture early. KW - Business-managed IT KW - Low-Code Development KW - Citizen Development KW - Shadow IT KW - Multiple Mini Case Studies KW - Work Systems Theory KW - Good Practices Y1 - 2025 U6 - https://doi.org/10.4018/IRMJ.396005 SN - 1040-1628 VL - 38 IS - 1 PB - IGI Global ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Westner, Markus ED - Hofbauer, Günter T1 - Generative AI in Business BT - Opportunities, Challenges, and Strategic Implications Authors Markus Westner T2 - Artificial Intelligence in Business and Engineering N2 - Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) is transforming industries at an unprecedented rate, offering novel opportunities for productivity and innovation. This article explores the adoption of GenAI, highlighting its accelerated uptake compared to previous technologies. Key topics include productivity gains through GenAI tools (e.g., ChatGPT, Klarna’s AI assistant), challenges such as data quality and organizational readiness, and the implications for business strategy. Practical recommendations for managing generative AI adoption and maximizing its impact on both individual and organizational levels are also provided. The analysis underscores the necessity of aligning AI capabilities with customer needs and creating data-driven, adaptable business models. KW - Generative AI KW - Productivity KW - Technology Adoption Y1 - 2025 SN - 978-3-17-046742-2 SP - 38 EP - 50 PB - Kohlhammer CY - Stuttgart ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Westner, Markus A1 - Strasser, Artur T1 - Objectives and Key Results verstehen und anwenden N2 - Dieses essential gibt eine strukturierte und kompakte Einführung in die Objectives and Key Results-Managementmethode. Es erläutert Herkunft, Definition und Einsatzzweck von Objectives and Key Results (OKR) und beschreibt deren zentrale Bestandteile. Leser:innen erfahren, wie gute Objectives und Key Results formuliert werden und welche Strategien sich zur erfolgreichen Implementierung eignen. Zudem werden praxisrelevante Erfolgs- und Misserfolgsfaktoren analysiert, die den Einsatz von OKR maßgeblich beeinflussen. Ein fundierter Leitfaden für alle, die OKR als Steuerungsinstrument in Organisationen verstehen und wirksam einsetzen möchten. KW - Objectives and Key Results (OKR) KW - Zielmanagement KW - Performance Management KW - Strategieumsetzung KW - Kennzahlen / KPI Y1 - 2025 SN - 978-3-658-50381-9 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-50382-6 PB - Springer Gabler CY - Wiesbaden ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bürkner, Leonhard A1 - Westner, Markus T1 - KI erfolgreich einführen: Status quo und Erfolgsfaktoren in deutschen Großunternehmen JF - Wirtschaftsinformatik & Management N2 - Viele deutsche Großunternehmen experimentieren derzeit intensiv mit künstlicher Intelligenz (KI), stehen aber vor der Frage, wie sich erste Pilotprojekte in einen nachhaltigen, wirtschaftlich wirksamen Einsatz überführen lassen. Eine empirische Studie mit 34 Chief Information Officers (CIO) und IT-Entscheidern in deutschen Großunternehmen zeigt: 112 identifizierte KI-Use-Cases, ein klar erkennbarer Reifezuwachs – aber auch deutliche Hürden bei Daten, Kompetenzen und Akzeptanz. Der Beitrag fasst den Status quo zusammen, validiert zentrale Erfolgsfaktoren aus der Forschung und leitet konkrete Empfehlungen für die Praxis von IT- und Fachbereichsverantwortlichen ab. KW - Künstliche Intelligenz KW - Generative KI KW - Wirtschaftsinformatik KW - Digitalisierung KW - Management KW - KI-Adoption KW - KI-Einführung KW - KI-Use-Cases KW - KI-Reifegrad KW - Großunternehmen Y1 - 2026 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1365/s35764-026-00593-6 N1 - Corresponding author der OTH Regensburg: Markus Westner PB - Springer ER -