TY - JOUR A1 - Hillebrand, Patrick A1 - Westner, Markus A1 - Matschi, Markus T1 - Key factors of successful CIOs N2 - This study examines key factors of successful CIOs in large German companies. With a median tenure of 4.0 years, German CIOs, most of whom (43%) still report to the CFO, have a significantly shorter tenure compared to other C‑level positions. The results of 60 interviews with successful German-speaking CIOs, who primarily have an above-average tenure, reveal various key factors for successful CIOs: The foundation for success is to ensure secure and efficient IT operations. Through effective and innovative change pro-jects, the CIOs interviewed make the added value of IT transparent and act as bridge-builders between IT and the business. In this way, they have a positive impact on the corporate culture and establish IT as a success factor in the business in the long term. Successful CIOs themselves are not “techies” but are characterized by a high level of leadership competence and a high level of business expertise, coupled with visionary thinking. This enables them to align IT in a future-oriented manner and to anticipate de-mands and potential for and from the business units at an early stage. The future devel-opment of the CIO organization and the paradigms in IT, on the other hand, was discussed controversially by some of the study participants—for example, there is still no uniform opinion on the relevance of the CDO position. KW - CIO roles KW - Success factors KW - CIO tenure KW - Chief Information Officer Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:898-opus4-66882 N1 - This document is an English translation of the article Hillebrand, P., Westner, M. & Matschi, M. Schlüsselfaktoren erfolgreicher CIOs. HMD 59, 762–779 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1365/s40702-022-00867-8 ER - TY - INPR A1 - Kratzer, Simon A1 - Westner, Markus A1 - Strahringer, Susanne T1 - Four Decades of Chief Information Officer Research BT - A Literature Review and Research Agenda Based on Main Path Analysis N2 - Despite the relevance and maturity of the Chief Information Officer (CIO) research field, no studies exist that exhaustively summarize the current body of knowledge, focusing on the development of the field over its entire timespan. The paper at hand addresses this research gap and presents an exhaustive literature review on the CIO research field using main path analysis. We identify the central papers in CIO research and eight main research streams by quantitatively and qualitatively analyzing 466 papers. We find that established research streams, e.g., ‘Evolving role of the CIO’ and ‘CIO hierarchical position and relationships’ as well as recently emerging research streams, e.g., ‘CIO as business enabler’ and ‘CIOs and IT security,’ draw growing attention. Based on our findings, we develop promising further avenues for research in the CIO field. KW - Chief Information Officer KW - Literature Review KW - Research Agenda KW - Main Path Analysis KW - Bibliometric Analysis KW - Informationsmanager KW - Literaturbericht Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:898-opus4-54208 N1 - Der Aufsatz wurde peer-reviewed veröffentlicht: https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-oth-regensburg/frontdoor/index/index/docId/6391 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kratzer, Simon A1 - Strahringer, Susanne A1 - Westner, Markus T1 - Der Chief Information Officer als Forschungsgegenstand: Ein Blick zurück auf vier Jahrzehnte Forschung und ein Ausblick auf zukünftige Perspektiven JF - HMD Praxis der Wirtschaftsinformatik N2 - Trotz der Relevanz und des Reifegrads des Forschungsbereichs Chief Information Officer (CIO) gibt es nur wenige Studien, die den aktuellen Wissensstand objektiv und umfänglich zusammenfassen. Die vorliegende Arbeit schließt diese Forschungslücke und präsentiert eine umfassende Literaturübersicht über das CIO-Forschungsfeld unter Verwendung der Hauptpfadanalyse. Anhand einer quantitativen und qualitativen Analyse von 438 Forschungsbeiträgen werden die zentralen Arbeiten in der CIO-Forschung und verschiedene Forschungsrichtungen identifiziert. Es zeigt sich, dass sowohl etablierte Forschungsrichtungen, wie z. B. ‚Entwicklung der CIO-Rolle‘ und ‚Hierarchische Position und Beziehungen des CIOs‘, als auch neu entstehende Forschungsrichtungen, wie z. B. ‚CIO als Business Enabler‘, wachsende Aufmerksamkeit auf sich ziehen. Auf der Grundlage der Ergebnisse werden vielversprechende weitere Wege auf dem Gebiet der CIO-Forschung aufgezeigt, z. B. solche, die den Einfluss neuerer Technologien untersuchen. N2 - Despite the relevance and maturity of research related to the Chief Information Officer (CIO) role, there are few studies that objectively and comprehensively summarize the current state of the art. This paper fills this research gap and presents a comprehensive literature review of the CIO research field using main path analysis. Based on a quantitative and qualitative analysis of 438 research articles, the central contributions in CIO research and different research directions are identified. Our results show that both established research directions, such as ‘CIO Role Development’ and ‘CIO Hierarchical Position and Relationships’, and emerging research directions, such as ‘CIO as Business Enabler’, are attracting growing attention. Based on the results, we derive promising further directions in the field of CIO research, e.g., such as those investigating the impact of new technologies. T2 - The Chief Information Officer as a Research Field: A Retrospective on four Decades of Research and an Outlook on Future Perspectives KW - Bibliometrische Analyse KW - Forschungsagenda KW - Literaturübersicht KW - Chief Information Officer Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1365/s40702-022-00878-5 VL - 59 SP - 721 EP - 740 PB - Springer Nature ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Held, Tobias A1 - Westner, Markus T1 - IT Business Value Measurement and Communication among German CIOs: A Conceptual Framework T2 - 2022 IEEE 24th Conference on Business Informatics (CBI): 15-17 June 2022, Amsterdam, Netherlands N2 - This paper applies design science research methodology to iteratively develop a framework for measuring and communicating IT business value from a CIO perspective. The framework design is based on analysis and integration of literature combined with empirical findings. The framework was evaluated by CIO interviews and a practical feasibility study. The results show that IT business value can be measured and communicated using our framework by applying six consecutive process steps. Thereby, IT business value is not a single number but a set of quantitative and qualitative metrics relevant to stakeholders. Our framework represents a novel and integrated approach on how CIOs can select appropriate metrics, measure, and communicate IT business value to stakeholders. In addition, the paper provides insights for CIOs on how to be successful in IT business value management. KW - Chief Information Officer KW - CIO KW - Conceptual Framework KW - IT business value KW - IT business value measurement KW - IT business value communication KW - organizations Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/CBI54897.2022.00023 SP - 146 EP - 155 PB - IEEE ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kratzer, Simon A1 - Westner, Markus A1 - Strahringer, Susanne T1 - Mehr als Vollzeit: Fractional CIOs in KMUs JF - HMD Praxis der Wirtschaftsinformatik N2 - Auch kleine und mittlere Unternehmen (KMUs) benötigen zunehmend ein effektives Informationstechnologie- (IT)-Management, um wettbewerbsfähig zu bleiben. Im Vergleich zu großen Unternehmen verfügen KMUs jedoch oft nicht über die Ressourcen, die Arbeitgeberattraktivität oder den Bedarf, um einen Chief Information Officer (CIO) in Vollzeit zu beschäftigen. Um diese Lücke zu schließen, hat eine wachsende Zahl von Expertinnen und Experten weltweit damit begonnen, CIO-Dienste in Teilzeit anzubieten. Auf diese Weise erhalten KMUs Zugang zu erfahrenen und kompetenten IT-Führungskräften zu einem Bruchteil der Kosten und ohne langfristige Verpflichtungen. Während diese so genannten „Fractional CIOs“ in der Praxis bereits einen Mehrwert schaffen, gibt es noch kaum wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zu diesem neuen Phänomen. In einem größeren Forschungsprojekt mit insgesamt 62 Fractional CIOs aus 10 Ländern wurden daher eine Definition, Typen verschiedenartiger Engagements und Erfolgsfaktoren abgeleitet. Die vorliegende Studie fasst die Ergebnisse zusammen und setzt sie in Bezug zum deutschen Markt, indem sie drei Fractional CIOs/CTOs aus Deutschland befragt. Es zeigt sich, dass die folgenden vier Engagement-Typen von Fractional CIOs für KMUs in verschiedenen Situationen von Nutzen sind: Strategisches IT-Management, Restrukturierung, Skalierung und Hands-on Support. Darüber hinaus zeigt die Studie, dass Vertrauen, die Unterstützung durch das Top-Management-Team und die Integrität des Fractional CIOs Schlüsselfaktoren für den Erfolg von Fractional CIO-Engagements sind. Für den deutschen Markt werden die Ergebnisse durch drei befragte Fractional CIOs/CTOs weitgehend bestätigt. Die Fractional CIOs/CTOs können zwar keine genauen Gründe für die geringe Akzeptanz der Rolle nennen, betonen aber ihr Wertpotenzial für den deutschen Markt. KW - Chief Information Officer KW - Chief Technology Officer KW - Fractional CIO KW - Fractional CTO KW - Teilzeit-Interim-Management Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1365/s40702-023-01010-x SN - 2198-2775 PB - Springer ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Hillebrand, Patrick A1 - Westner, Markus T1 - Tenure and Background of CIOs in Germany - Influencing Factors and International Comparison T2 - Proceedings of the of the 18th Conference on Computer Science and Intelligence Systems (FedCSIS 2023), Warsaw, Poland, 17–20 September, 2023 N2 - The average tenure of Chief Information Officers (CIOs) has increased over the past few years. Nevertheless, the average tenure of CIOs is shorter than that of Chief Executive Officers (CEOs). While most studies on tenure and background are based on data from US IT executives, studies on German CIOs are missing. This study analyzes the tenure of German CIOs as a proxy for management effectiveness and how certain factors influence it. An original and unique dataset of 384 IT executives from German companies is examined. The data include the size and industry sector of the companies, educational and professional backgrounds of the CIOs, and the CIOs' reporting lines. Data were analyzed using the chi-square test and Fisher's exact test. The German CIOs had a median tenure of 4.0 years. However, if we examine executives who are currently in office and executives with a completed term of office separately , the median tenure differs. The results also show that German CIOs do not have shorter tenures than German CEOs. When compared with US CIOs, the results depend on the values selected for comparison. In addition, the analysis shows that neither the size and industry sector of the companies nor the educational and professional backgrounds of the CIOs and managers of the CIO reports have a statistically significant influence on the tenure of IT executives. The factors examined in this study can be considered as preconditions for the CIO position. In the future, factors that play a role during tenure should be examined. KW - Chief Information Officer KW - CIO KW - CIO background KW - CIO tenure Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.15439/2023F5836 SP - 557 EP - 566 PB - Warsaw University of Technology ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kratzer, Simon A1 - Westner, Markus A1 - Strahringer, Susanne T1 - Four Decades of Chief Information Officer Research BT - A Literature Review and Research Agenda Based on Main Path Analysis JF - ACM SIGMIS Database: the DATABASE for Advances in Information Systems N2 - Despite the relevance and maturity of the Chief Information Officer (CIO) research field, no studies exist that exhaustively summarize the current body of knowledge, focusing on the development of the field over its entire timespan. The paper at hand addresses this research gap and presents an exhaustive literature review on the CIO research field using main path analysis. We identify the central papers in CIO research and eight main research streams by quantitatively and qualitatively analyzing 466 papers. We find that established research streams, e.g., 'Evolving role of the CIO' and 'CIO hierarchical position and relationships' as well as recently emerging research streams, e.g., 'CIO as business enabler' and 'CIOs and IT security,' draw growing attention. Based on our findings, we develop promising further avenues for research in the CIO field. KW - Applied computing KW - Enterprise computing KW - IT governance KW - Informationsmanager KW - Literaturbericht KW - Chief Information Officer KW - Literature review KW - Research agenda KW - Main Path Analysis KW - Bibliometric Analysis Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1145/3614178.3614182 N1 - Preprint unter: https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-oth-regensburg/frontdoor/index/index/docId/5420 VL - 54 IS - 3 SP - 37 EP - 74 PB - ACM ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kratzer, Simon A1 - Westner, Markus A1 - Strahringer, Susanne T1 - Traction with fraction: Strategic IS management in SMEs through Fractional CIOs JF - International Journal of Information Systems and Project Management N2 - Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) increasingly need to manage nformation technology (IT) effectively in order to remain competitive. However, compared to larger organizations, SMEs often face challenges in terms of resources and employer attractiveness, and regularly do not have the need to employ a Chief Information Officer (CIO) on a full-time basis. To address this issue, a growing number of global experts have begun to provide CIO services on a part-time basis for multiple clients simultaneously. This approach allows SMEs to tap into the expertise of experienced IT leaders at a fraction of the cost and without committing to long-term arrangements. While these professionals, known as “Fractional CIOs”, have proven their value in the field, there has been a lack of academic research on this emerging trend. Therefore, we carried out a comprehensive research project between 2020 and 2023, involving 62 Fractional CIOs from 10 countries. The research produced a definition, different types of engagements, and success factors for Fractional CIOs and their engagements. This paper summarizes these findings for a wider audience of academics and practitioners. KW - Fractional CIO KW - Chief Information Officer KW - SMEs KW - small businesses Y1 - 2024 U6 - https://doi.org/10.12821/ijispm120101 SN - 2182-7788 VL - 12 IS - 1 SP - 5 EP - 16 ER -