TY - JOUR A1 - George, Wolfgang Michael A1 - Schanze, Thomas A1 - Sibelius, Ulf A1 - Weber, Karsten T1 - Sterben im Krankenhaus BT - Status quo, aktuelle Herausforderungen und neue Wege der palliativen Versorgung und Begleitung JF - Das Krankenhaus Y1 - 2018 VL - 110 IS - 12 SP - 1166 EP - 1169 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Weber, Karsten ED - Rat für Sozial- und Wirtschaftsdaten, T1 - New Methods in Human Subjects Research: Do We Need a New Ethics? T2 - Building on Progress: Expanding the Research Infrastructure for the Social, Economic, and Behavioral Sciences, Band 2 N2 - Online surveys and interviews, the observations of chat rooms or online games, data mining, knowledge discovery in databases (KDD), collecting biomarkers, employing biometrics, using RFID technology - even as implants in the human body - and other related processes all seem to be more promising, cheaper, faster, and comprehensive than conventional methods of human subjects research. But at the same time these new means of gathering information may pose powerful threats to privacy, autonomy, and informed consent. Online research, particularly involving children and minors but also other vulnerable groups such as ethnic or religious minorities, is in urgent need of an adequate research ethics that can provide reasonable and morally justified constraints for human subjects research. The paper at hand seeks to provide some clarification of these new means of information gathering and the challenges they present to moral concepts like privacy, autonomy, informed consent, beneficence, and justice. Some existing codes of conduct and ethical guidelines are examined to determine whether they provide answers to those challenges and/or whether they can be helpful in the development of principles and regulations governing human subjects research. Finally, some conclusions and recommendations are presented that can help in the task of formulating an adequate research ethics for human subjects research. KW - Human Subjects Research KW - Online Research KW - Biomarkers KW - Biometrics KW - Autonomy KW - Privacy KW - Informed Consent KW - Research Ethics Y1 - 2009 UR - https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1452620 SP - 657 EP - 672 PB - Budrich UniPress CY - Opladen ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Weber, Karsten T1 - Bilder lügen nicht BT - aber sie sagen oft auch nicht die Wahrheit. Simulationen in Dokumentationen und im Bildungs- und Wissenschaftsfernsehen JF - Zeitschrift für Kommunikationsökologie und Medienethik N2 - Current productions of motion pictures often include computer generated images which shortly are called CGI. In the cinema, spectators of such motion pictures are aware of the fact that they consume a kind a fantasy. Of course, even those fantasies can have the effect that spectators believe in the story and are immersed into the imagined world. However, when spectators leave the cinema almost all adult individuals with normal cognitive capacities know that they have consumed a fantasy. But there is a context of application of such CGIs that makes it quite difficult to draw the line between reality and imagination. If CGIs are used in media formats like documentations of past events, in scientific oriented programs, or in films which shall be used in school, computer generated images can have quite disturbing effects. For example, in 1999 the BBC featured a famous TV series on dinosaurs and massively used CGIs to visualize those creatures. However, a lot of the characteristics of dinosaurs which are presented as facts in the series are merely bold conjectures. Did dinosaurs make sounds, how did they behave: These are questions which cannot be answered with the tools of archaeology and by interpreting the remains of dinosaurs. Therefore, the CGIs in the series provide a view on reality which might be merely a sophisticated imagination. While experts in the field may recognize that, lay people, for instance children, do not have the cog-nitive capacities to see this problem. Therefore, they are likely to believe that dinosaurs were exactly the way they are shown in those series. This is not only an epistemological problem but a moral one. From (media) ethics point of view, it is necessary to make clear what is backed up by scientific evidence and what is merely a conjecture that can be visualized by computers. Particularly in news, scientific programs and the like the distinction of reality and imagination must be emphasized. Y1 - 2006 UR - https://www.netzwerk-medienethik.de/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/ZfKM_2006_komplett.pdf SN - 1861-2687 VL - 1 IS - 8 SP - 45 EP - 48 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Weber, Karsten ED - Lewandowski, Dirk T1 - Search Engine Bias T2 - Handbuch Internet-Suchmaschinen, Band II N2 - Der Name ‚Google’ wird heute synonym für ‚Suchmaschine’ genutzt; das Verb ‚googeln’ hat es zu einem Eintrag im Duden gebracht: Google ist allgegenwärtig. Dies bestätigen Statistiken, die aufweisen, dass Google in vielen Ländern andere Suchmaschinen völlig marginalisiert hat. Außerdem zeigen Untersuchungen, dass sich viele Nutzerinnen und Nutzer auf die Ergebnisse einer einzigen Suchmaschine – oft eben Google – verlassen. Daher stellt sich die Frage, ob die tatsächliche Qualität der Suchergebnisse das Vertrauen in die angenommene Qualität einer Suchmaschine rechtfertigen kann. Nach einleitenden Bemerkungen zum Suchmaschinenmarkt und einer kurzen Beschreibung der generellen Funktionsweise heute verbreiteter Suchmaschinen wird evaluiert, welche Faktoren die Ergebnisse einer Suchmaschine determinieren. Dabei wird sich zeigen, dass Suchergebnisse durch vielfältige Faktoren beeinflusst werden, so bspw. durch das Nutzerverhalten auf verschiedenen Ebenen, durch die verwendeten Indexierungs- und Suchalgorithmen oder durch die Inhalte des Netzes selbst. Diese und weitere Faktoren führen zu Verzerrungen der Suchergebnisse gegenüber einem unterstellten Idealergebnis. Es zeigt sich, dass es in vielen Situationen sinnvoll ist, sich nicht nur auf eine Suchmaschine zu verlassen bzw. den Ergebnissen einer Suchmaschine nicht blind zu vertrauen. So ist im wissenschaftlichen oder journalistischen Kontext dringend die Nutzung von bereichsspezifischen Suchmaschinen und anderer Rechercheformen angeraten. KW - Suchmaschine KW - Suchergebnis KW - Verzerrung KW - Fehler KW - Bias Y1 - 2011 UR - https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256473910_Search_Engine_Bias PB - Akademische Verlagsanstalt CY - Heidelberg ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Weber, Karsten T1 - Simulationen in den Sozialwissenschaften JF - Journal for General Philosophy of Science N2 - Computer simulation—hereafter just called ‘simulation’— more and more is getting an important tool in scientific research and development. Simulations provide powerful means for quite different scientific disciplines, for instance for cosmology as well as for economics, and it seems that they can help to extend the borderline of science. However, from a methodological point of view, besides their benefits one can identify several theoretical problems which can occur in the process of scientific research. Some of these problems shall be discussed and consequences of these problems for the use of simulations shall be outlined. KW - Instrumentalismus KW - Realismus KW - Simulation KW - Theorieprütung Y1 - 2007 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10838-006-9011-8 VL - 38 IS - 1 SP - 111 EP - 126 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Weber, Karsten T1 - Suchmaschinen und die Repräsentation von Kultur: Zwischen Markt und Gerechtigkeit T2 - Kulturelle Diversität und Neue Medien Y1 - 2011 UR - https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256474263_Suchmaschinen_und_die_Reprasentation_von_Kultur_Zwischen_Markt_und_Gerechtigkeit SP - 33 EP - 52 PB - Trafo CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Weber, Karsten T1 - The Next Step: Privacy Invasions by Biometrics and ICT Implants BT - Privacy Invasions by Biometrics and ICT Implants JF - Ubiquity. An ACM IT Magazine and Forum Y1 - 2006 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1145/1195937.1187567 VL - 7 IS - 45 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Weber, Karsten T1 - Editorial: Konflikte der Zukunft - Antworten der Ethik JF - Ethcia Y1 - 2006 UR - https://www.imagomundi.biz/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/ETHICA_14_Jahrgang_2006_Heft_1.pdf VL - 14 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 3 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Weber, Karsten T1 - Privacy Invasion BT - New technology that can identify anyone anywhere challenges how we balance individuals’privacy against public goals JF - EMBO Reports / Science and Society Y1 - 2006 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.embor.7400684 VL - 7 IS - Special Issue „Science and Security“ SP - 536 EP - 539 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Kleine, Nadine A1 - Ulbricht, Max-R. A1 - Weber, Karsten A1 - Pallas, Frank ED - Decker, Michael ED - Lindner, Ralf ED - Lingner, Stephan ED - Scherz, Constanze ED - Sotoudeh, Mahshid T1 - Participatory Sensing und Wearable Technologies als partizipative Formen der Datengenerierung im Internet of Things BT - Potenziale, Herausforderungen und erste Lösungsansätze T2 - 'Grand Challenges' meistern - der Beitrag der Technikfolgenabschätzung KW - Wearable Computer KW - Datenerhebung KW - Internet der Dinge Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5771/9783845283562-245 SP - 245 EP - 257 PB - Nomos CY - Baden-Baden ER -