TY - GEN A1 - Hipp, Susanne T1 - Small antennas in huge environments - simulation using hybrid methods T2 - Workshop des ITG-Fachausschuss HF1: Innovative Beamforming Antennas Y1 - 2022 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Hipp, Susanne T1 - Designing steerable antenna arrays using simulation T2 - GeMIC 2020 N2 - Antenna arrays are one possibility to design a steerable antenna. Designing an antenna array is a challenging task, where simulation can help to reduce the design complexity. Simulating a complete array can be computational expensive, therefore designing the array is often broken in several task. The first goal is to design and optimize a single antenna element followed by an optimization of this antenna element while considering the vicinity of further equal elements. A unit cell approach is a feasible and easy way to accomplish this task. This approach already considers parameter such as active element pattern and radiation pattern angles. As soon as the unit cell optimization, emulating an infinite array, is finished, the real array with a finite size is simulated, especially considering edge elements and parameters such as excitation patterns or active and passive elements. Due to the high simulation effort at this stage optimization should be kept to a minimum and high performance computing might be required. Finally, a feeding network and different excitations for various beam patterns can be investigated using combined methods to reduce the simulation effort. KW - Antennengruppe KW - Entwurf KW - Simulation Y1 - 2020 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Rasp, Franziska A1 - Sahinbas, Burak A1 - Reisinger, Thomas A1 - Hipp, Susanne A1 - Leitgeb, Erich T1 - From Ray Tracing to Channel Impulse Responses: A Review on the Description of Polarimetric Time-Invariant SISO Channels T2 - 2024 International Conference on Broadband Communications for Next Generation Networks and Multimedia Applications (CoBCom), 09-11 July 2024, Graz, Austria N2 - One key enabler of autonomous driving is vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication and positioning using cellular technologies. To design a vehicular localization system, the understanding and modeling of the physical radio channel (RC) is crucial. Polarization is an important yet often overlooked parameter of the RC. The combined polarization of the transmitting and receiving antennas, along with the environment, significantly affects the Channel Impulse Response (CIR) and localization performance. This paper aims to provide a deterministic description of the time-invariant Single-Input Single-Output (SISO) RC with focus on its polarimetric properties. The aim is to link the understanding of physical wave propagation directly to the conventional CIR descriptions used in localization and signal processing. The focus is on SISO RC modeling for arbitrary antennas, including Line-of-Sight (LoS) and multiple reflections. This study intentionally excludes diffraction, diffuse scattering, and bandwidth limitations, yet establishes a foundational frame-work for future multi-antenna systems with full polarimetric capabilities. The paper describes wave propagation using the Jones Calculus to separate polarimetric wave components, and models the polarimetric reception typical of RC modeling methods in positioning. This approach allows for the calculation of received signal at the antenna feed point. The application context of this research is in ranging or positioning within the V2X framework. KW - Channel Modeling KW - Ray Tracing KW - Wave Propagation KW - Friis KW - Jones Calculus KW - Polarization Diversity Y1 - 2024 SN - 979-8-3503-8845-9 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/CoBCom62281.2024.10631174 SN - 2834-8265 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - IEEE ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Rasp, Franziska A1 - Eberlein, Ernst A1 - Perner, Bastian A1 - Roth-Mandutz, Elke A1 - Hipp, Susanne T1 - Enhanced 5G Sidelink Ranging Based on Carrier Aggregation T2 - 2023 13th International Conference on Indoor Positioning and Indoor Navigation (IPIN), Nuremberg, Germany, 25-28 September 2023 N2 - Radio access network based positioning and ranging technologies become more and more important for autonomous driving. Positioning on the 5G Sidelink (SL) is discussed in Release 18 (2022-2024) of the Third Generation Partnership Project. For accurate timing-based ranging, a high temporal and spatial resolution is fundamental. The bandwidth for 5G SL positioning is limited due to sharing the existing SL resources with communication. Therefore, we send the positioning reference signal on two separate Component Carriers, i.e. we use a fragmented spectrum. We introduce a two step algorithm for estimating the time of arrival using the inflection point method. We proved a fragmented spectrum can achieve the same accuracy as a continuous spectrum. KW - Sidelink KW - 5G mobile communications KW - Distance measurement KW - Ranging KW - Positioning Y1 - 2023 SN - 9798350320114 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/IPIN57070.2023.10332548 SP - 1 EP - 6 PB - IEEE ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Rasp, Franziska A1 - Sahinbas, Burak A1 - Reisinger, Thomas A1 - Hipp, Susanne A1 - Leitgeb, Erich T1 - Experimental Validation of a Full Polarimetric Channel Model with Frequency-Dependent Antenna Gain for Polarization Diversity Studies T2 - 2025 19th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP), 30. March-04. April 2025, Stockholm N2 - Autonomous driving, child presence detection, and digital car keys rely on precise localization. Therefore, accurate simulation environments are essential for designing radio systems and optimizing their positioning algorithms. A critical aspect of developing a reliable localization system is modeling the physical radio channel, which includes the transmitting antenna, the propagation medium, and the receiving antenna. However, existing channel models often overlook important physical effects of antennas, such as frequency dependence and polarization, leading to discrepancies between simulations and real-world measurements. To address this, the paper enhances full polarimetric channel models by incorporating the frequency dependence of both antennas and propagation channels. The theoretical model is validated through Vector Network Analyzer channel sounding measurements using reference antennas. This approach provides a foundation for polarization-based post-processing, ultimately improving positioning accuracy. KW - Accuracy KW - Antenna Embedding KW - Antenna measurements KW - Antennas KW - Channel Modelling KW - Channel models KW - Channel Sounding KW - Frequency dependence KW - Frequency diversity KW - Location awareness KW - Polarization Diversity KW - Propagation KW - Receiving antennas KW - Transmitting antennas KW - Vectors Y1 - 2025 SN - 978-88-31299-10-7 U6 - https://doi.org/10.23919/EuCAP63536.2025.10999403 PB - IEEE ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Marterer, Verena A1 - Radouchová, Michaela A1 - Soukup, Radek A1 - Hipp, Susanne A1 - Blecha, Tomáš T1 - Wearable textile antennas: investigation on material variants, fabrication methods, design and application JF - Fashion and Textiles N2 - With the ongoing miniaturization of wireless devices, the importance of wearable textiles in the antenna segment has increased significantly in recent years. Due to the widespread utilization of wireless body sensor networks for healthcare and ubiquitous applications, the design of wearable antennas offers the possibility of comprehensive monitoring, communication, and energy harvesting and storage. This article reviews a number of properties and benefits to realize comprehensive background information and application ideas for the development of lightweight, compact and low-cost wearable patch antennas. Furthermore, problems and challenges that arise are addressed. Since both electromagnetic and mechanical specifications must be fulfilled, textile and flexible antennas require an appropriate trade-off between materials, antenna topologies, and fabrication methods—depending on the intended application and environmental factors. This overview covers each of the above issues, highlighting research to date while correlating antenna topology, feeding techniques, textile materials, and contacting options for the defined application of wearable planar patch antennas. KW - Wearable communication KW - Textile antenna KW - Patch antenna KW - Design requirements KW - Smart textiles KW - E-textiles Y1 - 2024 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1186/s40691-023-00369-1 VL - 11 PB - Springer Open ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Marterer, Verena A1 - Muhr, Franz-Xaver A1 - Soukup, Radek A1 - Hipp, Susanne A1 - Blecha, Tomáš T1 - Material Characterization Using Waveguide Measurement Technique for the Development of Textile Antennas T2 - 2025 19th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP), Stockholm, Sweden, 3/30/2025 - 4/4/2025 N2 - Significant advances in using conductive textiles have been made over the past two decades, particularly in knitted fabrics. The aim is to deepen understanding of how knitted structures, especially those with hybrid yarns containing fine conductive elements (microwires), interact with electromagnetic fields. To establish simulation models that align with subsequent measurements, it is crucial to determine the dielectric properties, specifically relative permittivity and loss tangent/conductivity. This research investigates whether knitted structures with hybrid yarns exhibit anisotropic permittivity, meaning different dielectric properties along orthogonal axes within the fabric plane. These properties were measured using a waveguide technique’ whereby the structures were rotated by 90° to observe changes. The results demonstrate that the knitted structure exhibits metallic-like reflective behavior in one direction, while rotation leads to dielectric material characteristics. This effect is influenced by the number of conductive microwires and the materials used for these wires, such as silver-plated copper or bronze. KW - Anisotropic KW - Anisotropic magnetoresistance KW - conductive textiles, anisotropy, polarization KW - Dielectric loss measurement KW - Electromagnetic interaction KW - Electromagnetic waveguides KW - Fabrics KW - Hybrid yarns KW - Knitted structure KW - Permittivity KW - Permittivity measurement KW - Textile antennas KW - Wires KW - Yarn Y1 - 2025 SN - 978-88-31299-10-7 U6 - https://doi.org/10.23919/EuCAP63536.2025.10999278 SP - 1 EP - 5 PB - IEEE ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Rasp, Franziska A1 - Sahinbas, Burak A1 - Reisinger, Thomas A1 - Leitgeb, Erich A1 - Hipp, Susanne T1 - Polarization-based peak distortion mitigation for 5G sidelink positioning T2 - 2025 International Conference on Software, Telecommunications and Computer Networks (SoftCOM), 18-20 September 2025, Split, Coratia N2 - For cooperative driving both environmental perception and communication with other vehicles and the infrastructure are essential to avoid safety critical situations. The 5G Sidelink, as part of the Cellular Vehicle to Everything framework, enables both communication and, since 3GPP Release 18, positioning for distance estimation between vehicles. Due to the expected bandwidth limitations of 5G Sidelink in the Intelligent Transportation System band, combined with signal distortion caused by multi-path superposition, achieving submeter positioning accuracy is a significant challenge. Polarization diversity is investigated as a potential approach to mitigate errors resulting from signal distortion and subsequent peak shifts due to multi-path superposition. This work investigates the potential for reduced peak shift errors through the use of dual-polarized receive antennas. The received signals are processed using a polarization scan algorithm and compared to the accuracy achieved with single-antenna systems. The analysis is conducted using the Quasi Deterministic Radio Channel Generator framework with statistical Vehicle-to-Everything channel models. Simulation results show that polarization scan-based postprocessing reduces peak shifts and improves robustness in scenarios with polarization-mismatched antenna configurations. KW - Polarization Diversity KW - Antennas KW - Propagation KW - Positioning KW - 5G Sidelink Y1 - 2025 UR - https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/11197466 SN - 978-953-290-143-6 SN - 1847-358X PB - IEEE CY - Split ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Marterer, Verena A1 - Muhr, Franz-Xaver A1 - Soukup, Radek A1 - Hipp, Susanne A1 - Blecha, Tomáš T1 - Material characterization using waveguide measurement technique for the development of textile antennas T2 - 2025 19th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP); 30. March - 04. April 2025, Stockholm, Sweden N2 - Significant advances in using conductive textiles have been made over the past two decades, particularly in knitted fabrics. The aim is to deepen understanding of how knitted structures, especially those with hybrid yarns containing fine conductive elements (microwires), interact with electromagnetic fields. To establish simulation models that align with subsequent measurements, it is crucial to determine the dielectric properties, specifically relative permittivity and loss tangent/conductivity. This research investigates whether knitted structures with hybrid yarns exhibit anisotropic permittivity, meaning different dielectric properties along orthogonal axes within the fabric plane. These properties were measured using a waveguide technique, whereby the structures were rotated by 90° to observe changes. The results demonstrate that the knitted structure exhibits metallic-like reflective behavior in one direction, while rotation leads to dielectric material characteristics. This effect is influenced by the number of conductive microwires and the materials used for these wires, such as silver-plated copper or bronze. KW - textile antennas KW - electromagnetic interaction KW - hybrid yarns KW - knitted structure KW - conductive textiles Y1 - 2025 SN - 978-88-31299-10-7 U6 - https://doi.org/10.23919/EuCAP63536.2025.10999278 PB - IEEE ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Marterer, Verena A1 - Soukup, Radek A1 - Hipp, Susanne A1 - Blecha, Tomáš T1 - Effective material approach for simulating knitted bowtie antennas T2 - 2025 6th International Conference in Electronic Engineering & Information Technology (EEITE); 4-6 June 2025, Chania Greece N2 - Textile antennas offer a promising solution for the integration of communication and sensor functions into wearable systems. Their flexibility, lightweight and seamless compatibility with garments make them ideal for wearable technology and medical monitoring applications. This paper investigates the characterization and simulation of a bowtie antenna made from knitted textile structures with hybrid yarns. These yarns, which consist of metallic microwires combined with textile threads, exhibit unique electromagnetic properties. The aim is to create a comprehensive simulation model using the effective material approach to reduce computational complexity while maintaining accuracy. Compared to a full three-dimensional simulation of the knitted structure, the effective material approach significantly reduces computational time and effort. Practical measurements were carried out in the frequency range from 3.3 GHz to 4.9 GHz to determine the dielectric properties of the materials. KW - Textile antennas KW - Electromagnetic simulation KW - Effective material KW - Waveguide measurement Y1 - 2025 SN - 979-8-3315-4419-5 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/EEITE65381.2025.11165995 PB - IEEE ER -