TY - JOUR A1 - Rück, Thomas A1 - Bierl, Rudolf A1 - Lechner, Alfred A1 - Graf, Antonia A1 - Dams, Florian A1 - Schreiner, Rupert A1 - Auchter, Eberhard A1 - Kriz, Willy A1 - Deubzer, MIchael A1 - Schiller, Frank A1 - Mottok, Jürgen A1 - Niemetz, Michael A1 - Margull, Ulrich A1 - Hagel, Georg A1 - Utesch, Matthias A1 - Waldherr, Franz A1 - Böhm, Matthias A1 - Fraunhoffer, Judith A1 - Gardeia, Armin A1 - Schneider, Ralph A1 - Streubel, Janet A1 - Landes, Dieter A1 - Studt, Reimer A1 - Peuker, Dominik A1 - Scharfenberg, Georg A1 - Hook, Christian A1 - Schuster, Dietwald A1 - Ehrlich, Ingo A1 - Dinnebier, Heinrich A1 - Briem, Ulrich A1 - Lämmlein, Stephan A1 - Koder, Alexander A1 - Bialek, Adam A1 - Genewsky, Axel A1 - Neumeier, Michael A1 - Schlosser, Philipp A1 - Rabl, Hans-Peter A1 - Paule, Matthias A1 - Galster, Christoph A1 - Schiedermeier, Michael A1 - Zwickel, Andreas A1 - Hobmeier, Christoph A1 - Bischoff, Tobias A1 - Rill, Georg A1 - Schaeffer, Thomas A1 - Arbesmeier, Martin A1 - Groß, Andreas A1 - Schlegl, Thomas A1 - Becker, Mark A1 - Senn, Konrad A1 - Schliekmann, Claus A1 - Scholz, Peter A1 - Sippl, Christian A1 - Grill, Martin ED - Eckstein, Josef T1 - Forschungsbericht 2011 / Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften - Fachhochschule Regensburg T3 - Forschungsberichte der OTH Regensburg - 2011 Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:898-opus4-7321 SN - 1868-3533 CY - Regensburg ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Koder, Alexander A1 - Schwanzer, Peter A1 - Zacherl, Florian A1 - Rabl, Hans-Peter A1 - Mayer, Wolfgang A1 - Gruber, Georg A1 - Dotzer, Thomas T1 - Combustion and emission characteristics of a 2.2L common-rail diesel engine fueled with jatropha oil, soybean oil, and diesel fuel at various EGR-rates JF - Fuel N2 - To investigate the combustion and emission behavior of straight vegetable oils (SVO), jatropha oil, soybean oil, and diesel fuel were tested. For this research, a 2.2L common-rail engine with a two-stage turbocharging concept was equipped with a cylinder pressure indication system, an exhaust-gas analyzer, an AVL Micro Soot sensor and a Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer 3936 (SMPS) device to detect the particle-size-distribution (PSD). At a low and mid-load engine-operating point (EOP), the thermodynamic and emissions were investigated under various exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) rates with respect to the PSD. Moreover, the injection behavior of the three test fuels was analyzed separately using an injection rate analyzer. This procedure facilitates the thermodynamic investigations of the engine process and allows the calculation of the hydraulic delay (HD) as well as the ignition delay (ID). The ID of the SVO fuels compared to diesel fuel was found to be lower at all engine-operating modes, while jatropha oil always showed the shortest ID. In the particulate-nitrogen oxide (NOX) trade-off, the SVO fuels showed higher particulate matter (PM) emissions at the low-load EOP, whereas the PM emissions of diesel fuel overtop the SVO fuels at a higher engine load. With increased EGR-rates, a rise in the particle size was observed for all fuels. At the low-load EOP, the SVO fuels showed larger particles for high EGR-rates. This effect also changed by increasing the engine-load to the mid-load EOP, wherein the particle size of the diesel fuel emissions is higher by applying elevated EGR-rates. KW - BEHAVIOR KW - BLENDS KW - Exhaust gas recirculation KW - IGNITION KW - INJECTION KW - Jatropha oil KW - KARANJA KW - Particle-size-distribution KW - PERFORMANCE KW - RME KW - Soybean oil KW - Straight vegetable oil combustion KW - VEGETABLE-OILS Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2018.04.147 VL - 228 IS - September SP - 23 EP - 29 PB - Elsevier ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Emberger, Peter A1 - Altmann, Robert A1 - Gebhard, Jürgen A1 - Thuneke, Klaus A1 - Winkler, Markus A1 - Töpfer, Georg A1 - Rabl, Hans-Peter A1 - Remmele, Edgar T1 - Combustion characteristics of pure rapeseed oil fuel after injection in a constant volume combustion chamber with a non-road mobile machinery engine solenoid injector JF - Fuel N2 - Pure rapeseed oil fuel (R100) according to standard DIN 51605 is a greenhouse gas saving option for the mobility sector. With its high energy density close to diesel fuel, R100 is suitable to operate non-road mobile machinery with a high power demand and long operating time, where electric drives reach their limits. Advantages are indicated for its use in environmentally sensitive areas like agriculture since R100 is highly biodegradable and non-toxic. However, R100 is characterised by differing physical and chemical properties compared to diesel. The objective of the research is to investigate the differences in the ignition and combustion behaviour of R100 compared to diesel fuel (DF). For this purpose, a constant volume combustion chamber is used, which is equipped with a modern solenoid injector for engines of non-road mobile machinery. The researched injector shows a different hydraulic behaviour when using R100 compared to DF in that the injected fuel mass is lower with R100 than with DF. In combination with the 14 % by mass lower calorific value, less energy output is determined with R100. When varying the injection pressure, the impact on the ignition delay and combustion behaviour is much higher for R100 than for DF. Specifically, an increase of the injection pressure supports mixture preparation and thus partially compensates the differing physical properties of R100. The results of ignition delay measurements and net heat release analysis are as follows: At low load conditions with low injection pressure as well as a low combustion chamber temperature and pressure, R100 ignites later and shows a further delayed combustion compared to diesel. The opposite is observed for medium and high load conditions, where R100 ignites faster and without delayed combustion in comparison to DF. Thus, an adjustment of the heat release of R100 at the same level as for DF is possible by modifying the injection strategy. The research shows that for an optimised combustion of R100 the injection settings must be adjusted for every operation point separately. The results indicate how the injection parameters should be adjusted for different load conditions to realise a high-quality engine calibration for R100. KW - Constant volume combustion chamber KW - Ignition behaviour KW - Non-road mobile machinery KW - Rapeseed oil fuel KW - Solenoid injector KW - Straight vegetable oil fuel Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2022.123979 IS - 320 PB - Elsevier ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Koder, Alexander A1 - Zacherl, Florian A1 - Rabl, Hans-Peter A1 - Mayer, Wolfgang A1 - Gruber, Georg A1 - Dotzer, Thomas T1 - Jatropha Oil as an Alternative Fuel for Modern Diesel Engines - Injection Characteristics and EGR-Compatibility T2 - WCX 17: SAE World Congress 2017 N2 - An effective way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) is to use rurally produced straight jatropha oil as a substitute for diesel fuel. However, the different physical and chemical properties of straight vegetable oils (SVOs) require a customized setup of the combustion engine, particularly of the injection timing and quantity. Therefore, this study demonstrates the differences in the injection and combustion processes of jatropha oil compared to diesel fuel, particularly in terms of its compatibility with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). A 2.2 l common-rail diesel engine with a two-stage turbocharging concept was used for testing. To examine the differences in injection rate shaping of diesel fuel and jatropha oil, the injector was tested with an injection rate analyzer using both the fuels. To investigate the combustion process, the engine was mounted at an engine test bench and equipped with a cylinder pressure indication system. All limited emissions, as well as fuel consumption, were measured. Various injection strategies, boost and rail pressure levels were tested at different EGR rates in terms of their impact on the combustion process. EGR in particular offers a great potential in the case of jatropha oil combustion due to its oxygen content. In addition, the investigation of injection rate shaping in combination with cylinder pressure analysis allowed a detailed thermodynamic evaluation of the combustion process. Ignition delay (ID) was also analyzed using a new method to calculate the start of combustion (SOC) Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.4271/2017-01-5000 PB - SAE International ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Altmann, Robert A1 - Gebhard, Jürgen A1 - Troeger, Adrian A1 - Winkler, Markus A1 - Töpfer, Georg A1 - Remmele, Edgar A1 - Gaderer, Matthias A1 - Rabl, Hans-Peter ED - Berns, Karsten ED - Dressler, Klaus ED - Kalmar, Ralf ED - Stephan, Nicole ED - Teutsch, Roman ED - Thul, Martin T1 - Engine performance and emission analysis of a NRMM CI engine with common rail injection system operated with diesel fuel and rapeseed oil fuel T2 - Proceedings of the 6th Commercial Vehicle Technology Symposium 2020/2021 N2 - The use of alternative fuels in high-power non-road mobile machinery (NRMM) combustion engines is a possible way to substitute fossil fuel. By using pure vegetable oil fuels, like rapeseed oil fuel (DIN 51605), the greenhouse gases can be reduced effectively. Due to the differences in physical and chemical properties, a modification of the engine control unit calibration is necessary to adapt the working process on the fuel. Without modifications, the engine power output with rapeseed oil fuel is lower than with diesel fuel because of the smaller energy content. By adapting the engine settings, like the injection fuel mass, the power loss can be compensated but it accompanies with a higher fuel consumption. The engine emissions at part load conditions show, that there are benefits in particle emissions by using rapeseed oil at similar NOx emissions. Therefore, a design of experiment setup was initiated on a selected engine operation point to determine the effects of further parameters, like rail pressure, manifold pressure and injection pattern, on the process and to see the potential of an optimized calibration. KW - CI engine KW - common rail injection KW - Diesel Engine KW - DoE KW - rapeseed oil Y1 - 2021 SN - 978-3-658-29716-9 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-29717-6_16 SP - 231 EP - 242 PB - Springer Vieweg CY - Wiesbaden ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Dünnweber, Jan A1 - Stadler, Timo A1 - Weikl, Sandra A1 - Schäfer, Andreas A1 - Georg, Peter A1 - Wein, Simon T1 - Bus Route Classification for Rural Areas using Graph Convolutional Networks T2 - Proceedings of the 22th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Soft Computing, Zakopane, Poland N2 - In this paper, we present a new approach to determine the estimated time of arrival (ETA) for bus routes using (Deep) Graph Convolutional Networks (DGCNs). In addition we use the same DGCN to detect detours within a route. In our application, a classification of routes and their underlying graph structure is performed using Graph Learning. Our model leads to a fast prediction and avoids solving the vehicle routing problem (VRP) through expensive computations. Moreover, we describe how to predict travel time for all routes using the same DGCN Model. This method makes it possible not to use a more computationally intensive approximation algorithm when determining long travel times with many intermediate stops, but to use our network for an early estimate of the quality of a route. Long travel times, in our case result from the use of a call-bus system, which must distribute many passengers among several vehicles and can take them to places without a regular stop. For a case study, the rural town of Roding in Bavaria is used. Our training data for this area results from an approximation algorithm that we implemented to optimize routes, and to generate an archive of routes of varying quality simultaneously. Y1 - 2023 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Gerhards, Christoph A1 - Weber, Urban A1 - Klafka, Peter A1 - Golla, Stefan A1 - Hagedorn, Gregor A1 - Baumann, Franz A1 - Brendel, Heiko A1 - Breyer, Christian A1 - Clausen, Jens A1 - Creutzig, Felix A1 - Daub, Claus-Heinrich A1 - Helgenberger, Sebastian A1 - Hentschel, Karl-Martin A1 - von Hirschhausen, Christian A1 - Jordan, Ulrike A1 - Kemfert, Claudia A1 - Krause, Harald A1 - Linow, Sven A1 - Oei, Pao-Yu A1 - Pehnt, Martin A1 - Pfennig, Andreas A1 - Präger, Fabian A1 - Quaschning, Volker A1 - Schneider, Jens A1 - Spindler, Uli A1 - Stelzer, Volker A1 - Sterner, Michael A1 - Wagener-Lohse, Georg A1 - Weinsziehr, Theresa T1 - Klimaverträgliche Energieversorgung für Deutschland – 16 Orientierungspunkte T2 - Diskussionsbeiträge der Scinetists for Future ; 7 N2 - Als fairer Beitrag Deutschlands zur Einhaltung der globalen 1,5-Grad-Grenze werden 16 Orientierungspunkte für eine klimaverträgliche Energieversorgung vorgestellt. Es wird davon ausgegangen, dass hierfür die deutschen energiebedingten CO2-Emissio­nen in etwa 15 Jahren weitgehend auf Null sinken müssen. Energieeinsparung hilft, den notwendigen Ausbau von regenerativen Erzeugungskapazitäten zu verringern. Der Verkehrssektor kann ebenso wie die Bereiche Prozess- und Gebäudewärme hier­zu wesentlich beitragen. Die Kernenergie ist mit großen Risiken belastet und kann nicht hinreichend schnell aufgebaut werden. Biomasse in Form von Energie­pflan­zen zu nutzen, ist ineffizient und steht im Konflikt mit anderen Arten der Land­nut­zung. Importe klimaneutral erzeugter Energieträger in sehr großem Umfang er­for­dern extrem große Investitionen im Ausland. Sie sind eine ungesicherte Option auf die Zukunft. Entscheidend ist daher der ausreichend schnelle Ausbau von Photovoltaik (PV) und Wind­kraft in Deutschland. Schätzungsweise kann der Elektrizitätsbedarf im Jahr 2030 z.B. durch den Ausbau auf ca. 350 GW PV und ca. 150 GW Windkraft nahe­zu voll­ständig regenerativ gedeckt werden. Damit ließe sich eine zum großen Teil elek­tri­fizierte Mobilität und Wärmeversorgung betreiben und ein Teil des benö­tig­ten "grü­nen" Wasserstoffs in Deutschland bereitstellen. Hierfür ist ein jähr­licher Zu­bau von durchschnittlich ca. 30 GW PV und ca. 9 GW Windkraft nötig. Dies ist ca. sechs- (PV) bzw. dreimal (Wind) so hoch wie bisher vorgesehen und verlangt eine ge­sell­schaft­liche Kraftanstrengung. Ein weiter verzögerter Ausbau müsste mit noch deut­lich größeren gesellschaftlichen Anstrengungen für drastische Energieeinspa­run­gen oder Importe erneuerbarer Energie ausgeglichen werden. Insgesamt könnte dies noch deutlich schwieriger zu realisieren sein, als ein ambitionierter Ausbau. Da der Auf­bau der Kapazitäten mehrere Jahre erfordert, ist es möglich nachzusteuern, z. B. wenn erkennbar wird, dass sich ein ausreichend großer globaler Markt für Importe ent­wi­ckelt. Bis dahin ist es aus Verantwortung gegen­über der Zukunft und im Sinne des Pariser Vertrages empfehlenswert, die hier genannten Ausbauziele zu verfol­gen. Grüner, also aus erneuerbaren Energien hergestellter Wasserstoff und daraus abge­lei­tete Syntheseprodukte sind für die Dekarbonisierung von Industrieprozessen, den Flug- und Schiffsverkehr sowie für die Absicherung der Energieversorgung bei Dun­kel­flauten nötig. Ohne die genannten Ausbauziele für Wind und Solar noch drastisch weiter zu erhöhen, stehen diese Produkte für Straßenverkehr und Wärmeversor­gung jedoch nicht in ausreichenden Mengen zur Verfügung. Techniken zum Aus­gleich zwischen Elektrizitätsangebot und -nachfrage sind verfügbar und sollten recht­zeitig auf- bzw. ausgebaut werden. Hierzu gehören: Stromaustausch mit den Nach­barländern, Flexibilisierung des Verbrauchs und Energiespeicherung. Für deren Inte­gration sowie den Ausbau der Netze sollten zügig verbesserte rechtliche Rah­men­bedingungen geschaffen werden. Die Kosten eines klimaverträglichen Energiesystems sind mittel- bis langfristig nicht hö­her als im derzeitigen System. Gleichzeitig entstehen Arbeitsplätze und Export­chan­cen durch Aufbau, Betrieb und Wartung einer regenerativen Energieversorgung in Deutschland und die energetische Gebäudesanierung. Die politischen Rahmenbe­din­gungen entscheiden, ob eine klimaverträgliche Energieversorgung Deutschlands ge­lingt. T2 - Climate-friendly energy supply for Germany - 16 points of orientation KW - Climate KW - Energy System KW - Renewable Energies Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4409334 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Appelhans, Marie-Luise A1 - Kampmann, Matthias A1 - Mottok, Jürgen A1 - Riederer, Michael A1 - Nagl, Klaus A1 - Steffens, Oliver A1 - Dünnweber, Jan A1 - Wildgruber, Markus A1 - Roth, Julius A1 - Stadler, Timo A1 - Palm, Christoph A1 - Weiß, Martin Georg A1 - Rochholz, Sandra A1 - Bierl, Rudolf A1 - Gschossmann, Andreas A1 - Haug, Sonja A1 - Schmidbauer, Simon A1 - Koch, Anna A1 - Westner, Markus A1 - Bary, Benedikt von A1 - Ellermeier, Andreas A1 - Vögele, Daniel A1 - Maiwald, Frederik A1 - Hierl, Stefan A1 - Schlamp, Matthias A1 - Ehrlich, Ingo A1 - Siegl, Marco A1 - Hüntelmann, Sven A1 - Wildfeuer, Matthias A1 - Brückl, Oliver A1 - Sterner, Michael A1 - Hofrichter, Andreas A1 - Eckert, Fabian A1 - Bauer, Franz A1 - Dawoud, Belal A1 - Rabl, Hans-Peter A1 - Gamisch, Bernd A1 - Schmidt, Ottfried A1 - Heberl, Michael A1 - Thema, Martin A1 - Mayer, Ulrike A1 - Eller, Johannes A1 - Sippenauer, Thomas A1 - Adelt, Christian A1 - Haslbeck, Matthias A1 - Vogl, Bettina A1 - Mauerer, Wolfgang A1 - Ramsauer, Ralf A1 - Lohmann, Daniel A1 - Sax, Irmengard A1 - Gabor, Thomas A1 - Feld, Sebastian A1 - Linnhoff-Popien, Claudia A1 - Ławrowski, Robert Damian A1 - Langer, Christoph A1 - Schreiner, Rupert A1 - Sellmair, Josef ED - Baier, Wolfgang T1 - Forschung 2019 BT - Thema: Künstliche Intelligenz N2 - Bericht mit Forschungsprojekten aus verschiedenen Bereichen der OTH Regensburg mit dem Schwerpunktthema "Künstliche Intelligenz" und einem Gespräch zur "Medizin der Zukunft" T3 - Forschungsberichte der OTH Regensburg - 2019 KW - Forschung KW - Forschungsbericht KW - Künstliche Intelligenz Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:898-opus4-7890 SN - 978-3-9818209-7-3 CY - Regensburg ER -