TY - JOUR A1 - George, Wolfgang Michael A1 - Fritz, Thorsten A1 - Papke, Jens A1 - Weber, Karsten A1 - Larionov, Pavel T1 - Braucht die Versorgungsforschung in Deutschland ein Sterbeortregister? JF - Monitor Versorgungsforschung N2 - Der Umstand, dass bis heute nicht bekannt ist, wie viele Menschen in Deutschland zuhause versterben, wird als Ausgangspunkt der Argumentation zugunsten der Etablierung eines Sterbeortregisters gewählt. Hierfür wird die grundsätzliche Bedeutung – bei durchaus heterogenen Zielsetzungen und funktionalem Zweck – medizinischer Register erkennbar gemacht. Deutlich wird, dass von einem Sterbeortregister kurzfristig insbesondere für die Versorgungsplanung und die Gesundheitspolitik, mittelfristig aber auch für die Qualitäts-entwicklung der Versorgung sowie mittel- bis langfristig Erkenntnisse für die Versorgungsforschung und für epidemiologische Studien, ein deutlicher Nutzen zu erwarten ist. Dies betrifft alle Orte (Milieus, Settings) der Versorgung. Um solch ein Sterbeortregister inhaltlich und auch funktional wirkungsvoll auszugestalten, sollte eine interdisziplinäre Arbeitsgruppe mit transsektoraler Erfahrung über die Palliativversorgung hinausreichend zusammengeführt werden. Indes wäre allein schon die genaue – und jährlich berichtete – Ermittlung des Sterbeortes ein deutlicher und praktisch einfach zu erreichender Fortschritt. KW - Sterbeortregister KW - Versorgungsforschung KW - Gesundheitsökonomie Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.24945/MVF.06.19.1866-0533.2191 VL - 12 IS - 6 SP - 57 EP - 60 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Fritz, Florian A1 - Schmid, Michael A1 - Mottok, Jürgen ED - Brinkmann, André T1 - Accelerating Real-Time Applications with Predictable Work-Stealing T2 - Architecture of computing systems - ARCS 2020: 33rd international conference, Aachen, Germany, May 25-28, 2020, proceedings N2 - Modern compute architectures often consist of multiple CPU cores to achieve their performance, as physical properties put a limit on the execution speed of a single processor. This trend is also visible in the embedded and real-time domain, where programmers are forced to parallelize their software to keep deadlines. Additionally, embedded systems rely increasingly on modular applications, that can easily be adapted to different system loads and hardware configurations. To parallelize applications under these dynamic conditions, often dispatching frameworks like Threading Building Blocks (TBB) are used in the desktop and server segment. More recently, Embedded Multicore Building Blocks (EMB2) was developed as a task-based programming solution designed with the constraints of embedded systems in mind. In this paper, we discuss how task-based programming fits such systems by analyzing scheduler implementation variants, with a focus on classic work-stealing and the libraries TBB and EMB2. Based on the state of the art we introduce a novel resource-trading concept that allows static memory allocation in a work-stealing runtime holding strict space and time bounds. We conduct benchmarks between an early prototype of the concept, TBB and EMB2, showing that resource-trading does not introduce additional runtime overheads, while unfortunately also not improving on execution time variances. KW - Real-time KW - Parallel programming KW - Work-stealing Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52794-5_18 SP - 241 EP - 255 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Schmid, Michael A1 - Fritz, Florian A1 - Mottok, Jürgen T1 - Parallel Programming in Real-Time Systems T2 - Architecture of computing systems - ARCS 2019, 32nd international conference, Copenhagen, Denmark, May 20-21, 2019, proceedings N2 - The enormous amounts of data modern real-time systems have to process lead to expensive, long-lasting calculations. In order to manage those computations in a timely manner, parallel task models have gained a lot of popularity lately. However, parallel programming can be very cumbersome and verbose. Other computationally intensive sectors have dealt with parallel computing for decades and have accumulated their experience in the development of parallel frameworks. Examples of well known parallel runtime systems are OpenMP, Intel Threading Building Blocks (TBB) and Microsoft Parallel Pattern Library (PPL). These runtime systems allow developers to enhance parallelism in their applications in a straightforward fashion. However, those parallel frameworks and the patternbased interfaces they provide might not be easily applicable in real-time systems. In this paper, we investigate the use of parallel programming frameworks in time-critical systems. On that account, we discuss considerations for the design of real-time applications that make use of such parallel runtime systems. Furthermore, we evaluate three library-based frameworks from different computing sectors, namely Intel Threading Building Blocks, Embedded Multicore Building Blocks (EMBB) and High Performance ParalleX (HPX), by conducting benchmarks of various parallel algorithms on an embedded multicore architecture. Y1 - 2019 UR - https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/8836206 PB - VDE-Verlag CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stadler, Sebastian A1 - Cornet, Henriette A1 - Frenkler, Fritz T1 - Towards user acceptance of autonomous vehicles: a virtual reality study on human-machine interfaces JF - International Journal of Technology Marketing: : IJTMkt N2 - Technological advances in businesses related to automated transportation raise challenges. Indeed, ensuring safety for users is essential for the future commercial launch of this technology. Within this study, human-machine interfaces (HMIs) are evaluated regarding the communication between autonomous vehicles (AVs) and pedestrians in order to prepare a successful deployment of the technology on the market. Since real-life experiments involving AVs remain dangerous, experiments were conducted via virtual reality (VR). The results show that beyond the need for HMIs, display-based concepts were more usable than laser projections. The study impacts on: 1) substantiating the need for explicit HMIs on AVs (including concept recommendations) for a successful market entry; 2) proving that VR constitutes an advantageous alternative for conducting experiments in the field of autonomous transportation for both research and business. Further work is needed that involves more participants and an improved virtual environment. KW - virtual reality KW - autonomous mobility KW - human-machine interfaces KW - HMIs KW - usability testing KW - pedestrian safety KW - pedestrian simulator KW - pedestrian behaviour KW - evaluation of interfaces KW - head-mounted display Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1504/IJTMKT.2019.104601 SN - 1741-8798 SN - 1741-878X VL - 13 IS - 3/4 PB - Inderscience Enterprises CY - Olney, Bucks ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Fritz, B. A1 - Schmid, Vinzent A1 - Ehrlich, Ingo ED - Ziemann, Olaf ED - Mottok, Jürgen ED - Pforr, Johannes T1 - Analytical and numerical shear stress analysis of adhesive structural bonded joints under tension load T2 - Applied Research Conference 2014 - ARC 2014, 5th July 2014, Ingolstadt Y1 - 2014 SP - 266 EP - 271 PB - Shaker CY - Aachen ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schmid, Michael A1 - Fritz, Florian A1 - Mottok, Jürgen T1 - Fine-Grained Parallel Applications in Real-Time Multiprocessor Systems JF - Journal of Systems Architecture N2 - Lately, parallel task models have received much attention in the development of real-time multiprocessor systems, as they allow highly compute-intensive tasks to have shorter deadlines which is very much required in modern reactive systems. However, missing modularity and portability can make parallel programming a cumbersome endeavor. As a consequence, compute-intensive sectors in the desktop and server segment have relied on parallelism frameworks such as Intel Threading Building Blocks, Cilk and OpenMP. These parallelism frameworks, however, are optimized for decent average case performance and consequently, do not meet the strict requirements imposed by real-time systems. In this paper, we present a proof-of-concept parallelism framework which was implemented in particular for soft real-time systems and having tight timing and safety requirements of such critical systems in mind. The proposed runtime system implements static memory allocation in a work-stealing environment that conforms to the strict space and tight probabilistic time bounds of work-stealing schedulers. Furthermore, we evaluate the performance of this framework by conducting multiprogrammed benchmarks on a real-time embedded multicore architecture. KW - Real-time KW - Work-stealing KW - Thread pool KW - Task model KW - Parallel programming Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sysarc.2022.102393 VL - 124 PB - Elsevier ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schmid, Michael A1 - Fritz, Florian A1 - Mottok, Jürgen T1 - Fine-grained parallelism framework with predictable work-stealing for real-time multiprocessor systems JF - Journal of Systems Architecture N2 - Lately, parallel task models have received much attention in the development of real-time multiprocessor systems, as they allow highly compute-intensive tasks to have shorter deadlines which is very much required in modern reactive systems. However, missing modularity and portability can make parallel programming a cumbersome endeavor. As a consequence, compute-intensive sectors in the desktop and server segment have relied on parallelism frameworks such as Intel Threading Building Blocks, Cilk and OpenMP. These parallelism frameworks, however, are optimized for decent average case performance and consequently, do not meet the strict requirements imposed by real-time systems. In this paper, we present a proof-of-concept parallelism framework which was implemented in particular for soft real-time systems and having tight timing and safety requirements of such critical systems in mind. The proposed runtime system implements static memory allocation in a work-stealing environment that conforms to the strict space and tight probabilistic time bounds of work-stealing schedulers. Furthermore, we evaluate the performance of this framework by conducting multiprogrammed benchmarks on a real-time embedded multicore architecture. Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sysarc.2022.102393 N1 - Corrigendum: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1383762123000528?via%3Dihub VL - 124 IS - March PB - Elsevier ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stadler, Sebastian A1 - Cornet, Henriette A1 - Frenkler, Fritz T1 - Assessing Heuristic Evaluation in Immersive Virtual Reality: A Case Study on Future Guidance Systems JF - Multimodal Technologies and Interaction N2 - A variety of evaluation methods for user interfaces (UI) exist such as usability testing, cognitive walkthrough, and heuristic evaluation. However, UIs such as guidance systems at transit hubs must be evaluated in their intended application field to allow the effective and valid identification of usability flaws. However, what if evaluations are not feasible in real environments, or laboratorial conditions cannot be ensured? Based on adapted heuristics, in the present study, the method of heuristic evaluation is combined with immersive Virtual Reality (VR) for the identification of usability flaws of dynamic guidance systems (DGS) at transit hubs. The study involved usability evaluations of nine DGS concepts using the newly proposed method. The results show that compared to computer-based heuristic evaluations, the use of immersive VR led to the identification of an increased amount of “severe” usability flaws as well as overall usability flaws. Within a qualitative assessment, immersive VR is validated as a suitable tool for conducting heuristic evaluations involving significant advantages such as the creation of realistic experiences in laboratorial conditions. Future work seeks to further prove the suitability of using immersive VR for heuristic evaluations and compare the proposed method to other evaluative methods. KW - virtual reality KW - heuristic evaluation KW - human-computer interaction KW - user interfaces KW - guidance system Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/mti7020019 SN - 2414-4088 VL - 7 IS - 2 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Cornet, Henriette A1 - Stadler, Sebastian A1 - Kong, Penny A1 - Marinkovic, Goran A1 - Frenkler, Fritz A1 - Sathikh, Peer Mohideen T1 - User-centred design of autonomous mobility for public transportation in Singapore JF - Transportation Research Procedia N2 - The paper presents a set of methods for user-centred design of autonomous mobility for public transportation in the context of a multi-disciplinary research programme in Singapore, called TUMCREATE. While traffic engineers plan the operation of the new mobility system, the Industrial Designers of TUMCREATE take on the role of designing the autonomous vehicles (AVs) and infrastructure for greater comfort and a positive travel experience for users. Tasks have been identified to promote user acceptance and facilitate the operation of autonomously driven vehicles for public transport. To fulfil these tasks, conventional design methods have been enhanced with Virtual Reality (VR) technology and with simulations developed by the computer scientists of TUMCREATE. Since public transportation is a complex and broad area, it cannot be investigated with a single design method. First results showed that conventional methods that consider the Universal Design principles guarantee the accessibility, usability and understandability of AVs and stations. VR has been identified as a suitable tool for Industrial Designers to evaluate communication concepts between AVs and pedestrians. This confirms that digital tools (i.e. VR) enhance conventional design methods, especially with regard to technologies that are not available on the market yet (e.g. AVs) KW - user-centred design KW - public transportation KW - autonomous mobility KW - design methods Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2019.09.038 SN - 2352-1465 VL - 41 SP - 191 EP - 203 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Stadler, Sebastian A1 - Cornet, Henriette A1 - Frenkler, Fritz ED - Boess, S. ED - Cheung, M ED - Cain, R. T1 - Collecting People’s Preferences in Immersive Virtual Reality: A Case Study on Public Spaces in Singapore, Germany, and France T2 - Synergy - DRS International Conference 2020, 11-14 August, held online N2 - In the design of urban public spaces, the inclusion of diverse voices enhances the development of products and services by synchronising designer expertise with people’s preferences. Multiple participatory methods exist, each with their respective benefits and drawbacks in terms of the quality of results, time and cost needed for preparing and conducting studies, and knowledge required for participation. Providing more concrete representations of abstract or intangible design concepts would be beneficial for laypeople unfamiliar with design or the case study. We propose a Virtual Reality (VR) platform to discover subjective preferences on public waiting rooms through immersive design experiences. The VR platform was tested with 463 participants with variety in age and cultural background. Following a qualitative data analysis, we discuss the suitability of our VR platform for fostering inclusive participation and how it impacts the role of the designer, as well as propose design guidelines for future VR studies. KW - virtual reality KW - participatory design method KW - user preferences KW - design guidelines Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.21606/drs.2020.308 SP - 1185 EP - 1200 PB - Design Research Society ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Stadler, Sebastian A1 - Frenkler, Fritz A1 - Cornet, Henriette ED - Kraus, Rafaela ED - Kreitenweis, Tanja ED - Jeraj, Brigita T1 - Design Thinking und Virtual Reality zur Förderung von Innovation innerhalb von Unternehmen T2 - Intrapreneurship : Unternehmergeist Systeme und Gestaltungsmöglichkeiten N2 - Neue Herangehensweisen im Innovationsprozess werden für Unternehmen immer wichtiger, um konkurrenzfähig zu bleiben. So bezeichnet Intrapreneurship das Vorgehen, Angestellte innerhalb von Unternehmen selbst als Unternehmerinnen und Unternehmer agieren zu lassen, um so Innovation zu fördern. Der Begriff Design Thinking beschreibt ein Vorgehen, mit Hilfe dessen uneindeutig definierte Probleme behandelt und nutzerzentrierte Produkte entwickelt werden können. Die Prämisse dieses Beitrags ist es, dass die Kombination von neuartigen Technologien und besonders Virtual Reality mit Design Thinking den Innovationsprozess innerhalb von Unternehmen fördern kann. Anhand zweier Fallbeispiele wird dargestellt, dass neben Nachteilen technischer Natur besonders die Möglichkeit fiktive Szenarien in VR darzustellen und valide Nutzerdaten in laborähnlichen Verhältnissen zu sammeln, Innovation in Unternehmen anregen kann. In weiteren Schritten soll die Nutzung von Design Thinking und Virtual Reality in neuen Applikationsdomänen sowie die Nutzung weiterer Designmethoden untersucht werden. Y1 - 2022 SN - 978-3-662-64101-9 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-64102-6_10 SP - 147 EP - 164 PB - Springer Gabler CY - Berlin ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Stadler, Sebastian A1 - Braun, Carmen A1 - Frenkler, Fritz ED - Dieck, M. Claudia tom ED - Jung, Timothy ED - Kim, Yen-Soon T1 - The Usage of Mixed Reality for Presentations: A Comparative Evaluation T2 - XR and Metaverse : Proceedings of the 8th International XR-Metaverse Conference 2023, Las Vegas, USA Y1 - 2024 SN - 978-3-031-50558-4 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-50559-1_6 SP - 77 EP - 86 PB - Springer Nature ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Sterner, Michael A1 - Bauer, Franz A1 - Crotogino, Fritz A1 - Eckert, Fabian A1 - von Olshausen, Christian A1 - Teichmann, Daniel A1 - Thema, Martin ED - Sterner, Michael ED - Stadler, Ingo T1 - Chemical Energy Storage T2 - Handbook of Energy Storage N2 - Purely electrical energy storage technologies are very efficient, however they are also very expensive and have the smallest capacities. Electrochemical-energy storage reaches higher capacities at smaller costs, but at the expense of efficiency. This pattern continues in a similar way for chemical-energy storage. In terms of capacities, the limits of batteries (accumulators) are reached when low-loss long-term storage is of need. Chemical-energy storage and stocking fulfills these requirements completely. The storing itself may be subject to significant efficiency losses, but, from today’s point of view and in combination with the existing gas and fuel infrastructure, it is the only national option with regards to the long-term storage of renewable energies. Chemical-energy storage is the backbone of today’s conventional energy supply. Solid (wood and coal), liquid (mineral oil), and gaseous (natural gas) energy carriers are ‘energy storages’ themselves, and are stored using different technologies. In the course of energy transition, chemical-energy storage will be of significant importance, mainly as long-term storage for the power sector, but also in the form of combustibles and fuels for transport and heat. Not only are conventional storing technologies discussed within this chapter, but a detailed explanation is also given about the storage of renewable energies in the form of gaseous (power-to-gas, PtG) and liquid (power-to-liquid, PtL) energy carriers for electricity, heat, chemicals, and in the form of synthetic fuels. Y1 - 2019 SN - 978-3-662-55503-3 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-55504-0_8 SP - 325 EP - 482 PB - Springer CY - Berlin, Heidelberg ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Sterner, Michael A1 - Bauer, Franz A1 - Crotogino, Fritz A1 - Eckert, Fabian A1 - von Olshausen, Christian A1 - Teichmann, Daniel A1 - Thema, Martin T1 - Chemische Energiespeicher T2 - Energiespeicher - Bedarf, Technologien, Integration KW - Energiespeicher KW - Elektrochemisches Verfahren KW - Elektrochemische Energieumwandlung Y1 - 2017 SN - 978-3-662-48893-5 SN - 978-3-662-48892-8 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-48893-5_8 SP - 327 EP - 493 PB - Springer Vieweg CY - Berlin ; Heidelberg ET - 2. Auflage ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Stadler, Sebastian A1 - Cornet, Henriette A1 - Mazeas, Damien A1 - Chardonnet, Jean-Remy A1 - Frenkler, Fritz T1 - IMPRO: IMMERSIVE PROTOTYPING IN VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENTS FOR INDUSTRIAL DESIGNERS T2 - Proceedings of the Design Society: DESIGN Conference 2020 N2 - Computer-Aided Design (CAD) constitutes an important tool for industrial designers. Similarly, Virtual Reality (VR) has the capability to revolutionize how designers work with its increased sense of scale and perspective. However, existing VR CAD applications are limited in terms of functionality and intuitive control. Based on a comparison of VR CAD applications, ImPro, a new application for immersive prototyping for industrial designers was developed. The user evaluations and comparisons show that ImPro offers increased usability, functionality, and suitability for industrial designers. KW - immersive prototyping KW - industrial design KW - virtual reality (VR) KW - human-computer interaction KW - computer-aided design (CAD) Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1017/dsd.2020.81 SP - 1375 EP - 1384 PB - Cambridge University Press ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Görtler, Michael A1 - Reheis, Fritz ED - Heese, Carl ED - Schütz, Sandra ED - Obergrießer, Stefanie T1 - Ressourcen weiter denken. Zur Zeitlichkeit der Sozialen Arbeit im Kontext der Nachhaltigkeitstransformation T2 - Die Nachhaltigkeitsziele der UN im Spiegel der Wissenschaft : Beispiele aus der Sozial- und Gesundheitsforschung N2 - Soziale Arbeit kann aus der Perspektive einer zeitökologisch fundierten Resonanztheorie einen Beitrag zur Nachhaltigkeitstransformation leisten. Zugrunde liegt die These, dass für die Soziale Arbeit ein theoretischer Ansatz gewinnbringend ist, der die Zeitlichkeit von Mensch, Gesellschaft und Natur – und damit auch der Nachhaltigen Entwicklung und der Sozialen Arbeit selbst – ins Zentrum stellt. Vor diesem Hintergrund werden die Zeitlichkeit der Nachhaltigen Entwicklung und der Sozialen Arbeit im Kontext der Nachhaltigkeitstransformation herausgearbeitet, theoretische Ansätze zu Zeit und Ressourcen diskutiert und eine mögliche Verknüpfung beider Begriffe am Beispiel von Resonanz, Bildung und Zeit skizziert. KW - Nachhaltigkeit KW - Ressourcen KW - Soziale Arbeit KW - Transformation KW - Zeit Y1 - 2025 SN - 978-3-658-43333-8 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-43334-5_21 SN - 2731-8834 SP - 373 EP - 389 PB - Springer VS CY - Wiesbaden ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fritz, D. M. A1 - Reis, D. A. A1 - Adams, B. A1 - Akre, R. A. A1 - Arthur, J. A1 - Blome, Christian A1 - Bucksbaum, P. H. A1 - Cavalieri, A. L. A1 - Engemann, S. A1 - Fahy, S. A1 - Falcone, R. W. A1 - Fuoss, P. H. A1 - Gaffney, K. J. A1 - George, M. J. A1 - Hajdu, J. A1 - Hertlein, M. P. A1 - Hillyard, P. B. A1 - Horn-von Hoegen, Michael A1 - Kammler, Martin A1 - Kaspar, J. A1 - Kienberger, R. A1 - Krejcik, P. A1 - Lee, S. H. A1 - Lindenberg, A. M. A1 - McFarland, B. A1 - Meyer, D. A1 - Montagne, T. A1 - Murray, E. D. A1 - Nelson, A. J. A1 - Nicoul, Matthieu A1 - Pahl, R. A1 - Rudati, J. A1 - Schlarb, H. A1 - Siddons, D. P. A1 - Sokolowski-Tinten, Klaus A1 - Tschentscher, Th A1 - von der Linde, D. A1 - Hastings, J. B. T1 - Ultrafast bond softening in bismuth: mapping a solid's interatomic potential with X-rays JF - Science N2 - Intense femtosecond laser excitation can produce transient states of matter that would otherwise be inaccessible to laboratory investigation. At high excitation densities, the interatomic forces that bind solids and determine many of their properties can be substantially altered. Here, we present the detailed mapping of the carrier density-dependent interatomic potential of bismuth approaching a solid-solid phase transition. Our experiments combine stroboscopic techniques that use a high-brightness linear electron accelerator-based x-ray source with pulse-by-pulse timing reconstruction for femtosecond resolution, allowing quantitative characterization of the interatomic potential energy surface of the highly excited solid. Y1 - 2007 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1135009 VL - 315 IS - 5812 SP - 633 EP - 636 PB - AAAS ER - TY - GEN A1 - Stadler, Sebastian A1 - Cornet, Henriette A1 - Huang, Danqing A1 - Frenkler, Fritz ED - Jung, Timothy ED - tom Dieck, M. Claudia ED - Rauschnabel, Philipp A. T1 - Designing Tomorrow’s Human-Machine Interfaces in Autonomous Vehicles: an Exploratory Study in Virtual Reality T2 - Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality: Changing Realities in a Dynamic World N2 - Technical advances in the automotive industry strive in the direction of full automation. However, besides advantages like improving traffic and fuel efficiency, people do not always trust Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) to make critical decisions. With the ultimate goal of reducing anxiety of passengers of AVs, this explorative study (i) proposes possible design concepts and variants for Human-Machine Interfaces (HMI) for passengers inside the AV using a requirements catalogue, (ii) evaluates the HMI concepts and variants thanks to an experience simulation in Virtual Reality (VR), and (iii) derives the most suitable HMI concept and refines it based on observations of participants’ behaviours during the experience simulation in VR, as well as questionnaires and interviews. The results show that the HMI concepts help passengers to reduce anxiety in the AV. Overall, VR turned out to be a suitable tool for this exploratory study. Further work will focus on testing HMI concepts in a variety of more complex scenarios to ensure user acceptance. Y1 - 2020 SN - 978-3-030-37869-1 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-37869-1_13 SP - 151 EP - 160 PB - Springer ER -