TY - CHAP A1 - De, Sangita A1 - Niklas, Michael A1 - Rooney, Brian A1 - Mottok, Jürgen A1 - Brada, Premek T1 - Towards Translation of Semantics of Automotive Interface Description Models from Franca to AUTOSAR Frameworks BT - An Approach using Semantic Synergies T2 - 2019 International Conference on Applied Electronics (AE), 10-11 Sept. 2019, Pilsen, Czech Republic N2 - The automotive industry is eventually evolving into a complex network of services. The heterogeneous and distributed nature of automotive software systems demands flexible software components which can operate in different environments. Because of heterogeneous automotive development environments, the domain experts, must cope with too many diversities, adaption layers, and incompatibilities to design applications for the current generation of autonomous driving vehicles. In this context, interface adaptation is a promising approach to achieve flexibility without directly changing the respective components. AUTOSAR, which is the de-facto standard for describing automotive system architecture and is a hugely comprehensive standard allowing designers full control from abstract system description to bare metal level deployment. However, the vehicle subsystems have still evolved to include multifarious high-level domains not covered by AUTOSAR e.g. Infotainment, Telematics etc. Therefore, it seems beneficial to bridge the semantic gaps between AUTOSAR applications and other standards of automotive application domains. The goal of this paper is to investigate interface semantic mapping and achieve transparent integration of domain-specific applications using the translation of semantics among the AUTOSAR platform software component models and other software components models of open source development platforms e.g. GENIVI. A key goal of such a modelling approach is the reuse of existing interface description languages and respective code generators. This will enhance future interoperability and decrease in incompatibility among these platforms. KW - Adaptation models KW - ARXML KW - Automotive engineering KW - component model KW - Connectors KW - FRAMEWORK KW - Franca IDL KW - interface KW - Receivers KW - semantic KW - synergy KW - traits Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.23919/AE.2019.8867018 SP - 1 EP - 6 PB - University of West Bohemia ER - TY - CHAP A1 - De, Sangita A1 - Mottok, Jürgen A1 - Brada, Premek ED - Pinker, Jiří T1 - Design Approach to Platform Agnostic Service API Modeling for Interoperability of Cross-enterprise Vehicle Applications T2 - 26th 2021 International Conference on Applied Electronics (AE): 7-8 September 2021, University of West Bohemia, Pilsen, Czech Republik N2 - In the last few years, the collaboration of services between the service-oriented, cross-enterprise vehicle application frameworks has gradually increased to generate novel and more complicated vehicle services for the automotive industry. In these service collaboration scenarios, where heterogeneous application frameworks participate to realize complex vehicle services, a source of discord that emerges is that the service providers must always check, before the service deployment, whether the clients or service consumers on the other side of the communication link are compatible with a given service's API (Application Program Interface). While using standardized templates like ontologies for API's semantic specifications are crucial for a service discovery and semantic interoperability, nevertheless, accessing these service APIs' semantic data using a standardized and understandable syntactical specification template is also equally substantial to ease services interoperability. In fact, such complex service collaboration scenarios motivate this research work which proposes a design approach towards standardized, domain-specific, platform-agnostic semantic and syntactic specification of vehicle services API models. This paper also uses a typical vehicle domain case study to illustrate the design approach and a reference mapping between the platform-agnostic semantics specifications of a vehicle service API ontological model and its corresponding language-neutral, syntactic representation using the OpenAPI standard. KW - interoperability KW - Semantic Web KW - API KW - RESTful KW - ontology Y1 - 2021 SN - 978-80-261-0973-0 U6 - https://doi.org/10.23919/AE51540.2021.9542890 SP - 1 EP - 6 PB - IEEE ER - TY - JOUR A1 - De, Sangita A1 - Brada, Premek A1 - Mottok, Jürgen A1 - Niklas, Michael T1 - The Empirical Evaluation of Semantic Alignment Quality Metrics for Vehicle Domain Component Frameworks Interface Ontologies JF - FLAIRS 2021 : The 34th International FLAIRS Conference. Proceedings N2 - Semantic alignment of application software components’ ontologies represents a great interest in vehicle application domains that manipulate heterogeneous overlapping knowledge application frameworks. In the past few years, with the growth in the novel vehicle service requirements such as autonomous driving, V2X (Vehicle-to-Vehicle communication) and many others, automotive application software component models are becoming increasingly collaborative with other qualified cross-enterprise industrial partners to accomplish these complex service requirements. The most daunting impediment to this cross-enterprise collaboration is semantic interoperability. For efficient services collaboration through cross-enterprise semantic interoperability between the vehicle application frameworks’ software components, aligning the interface ontologies of these components by identifying the depth of semantic alignment relationships between the concepts of the interface ontologies is the major focus of this paper. In contrast to several existing ontology structural metrics, this work defines, evaluates and validates ontology metrics to measure the depth of semantic alignment between the vehicle domain software component frameworks’ interface ontological models. To emphasize the substantial role of semantic alignment of software component frameworks’ interface ontologies in semantic interoperability, a typical vehicle domain case study involving vehicle applications is considered for demonstration. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.32473/flairs.v34i1.128512 VL - 34 IS - 1 PB - LibraryPress@UF ER - TY - JOUR A1 - De, Sangita A1 - Niklas, Michael A1 - Brian, Rooney A1 - Mottok, Jürgen A1 - Brada, Premek T1 - Semantic Mapping of Component Framework Interface Ontologies for Interoperability of Vehicle Applications JF - Procedia Computer Science N2 - Over the past few years, ontology merging, and ontology semantic alignment has gained significant interest as research topics in automotive application domain for finding solutions to semantic data heterogeneity. To accomplish the complex and novel vehicle service requirements such as autonomous driving, V2X (Vehicle-to-Vehicle communication), etc. the automotive applications involve collaborations of several platform-specific data from heterogeneous enterprises component frameworks and consequently there has been increase in data interoperability issues. At the application component level, data interoperability relies on the semantic alignment or mapping between the various component framework interfaces data models represented as XML schemas (XSD). With the XML schemas being the preferred standard for the interface description exchange between most of the automotive application domain components, however, the data interoperability between the semantically equivalent but structurally different data constructs of multiple heterogeneous XSDs stands as a challenge in the absence of an ontology-based approach. To confront this crucial requirement for data interoperability and to increase in effect the reuse of existing components through their interfaces, we propose an approach to semantically map the various component framework interface data models when expressed as ontology schemas, based on the exploration of semantic synergies. The transformation between XSD and RDF (Resource Description Framework) schema representations and the use of queries over the ontology schemas for semantic mapping are demonstrated including a real-world case study. KW - component KW - interface KW - mapping KW - ontology KW - semantic Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2020.03.151 VL - 170 IS - 2 SP - 813 EP - 818 PB - Elsevier ER - TY - CHAP A1 - De, Sangita A1 - Mottok, Jürgen A1 - Niklas, Michael A1 - Brada, Premek ED - Trinitis, Carsten ED - Pionteck, Thilo T1 - Semantic Synergy Exploration in Interface Description Models of Heterogeneous Vehicle Frameworks: Towards Automotive Meta Interface Description Model T2 - ARCS 2019: 32nd GI/ITG International Conference on Architecture of Computing Systems May 20 - 21, 2019, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark Workshop, Proceedings N2 - This The vehicle is evolving to a complex network of heterogeneous subsystems of ECUs, sensors and actuators, each with different computational requirements. These sub-systems are connected via bus systems following different communication paradigms like e.g. signal based or service-oriented communications. This has led to the heterogeneous syntax of describing interfaces even though the semantics of the interfaces are similar. The wide variety of Interface Description Languages (IDLs) in automotive industry hinders partly with the efficient collaboration between different suppliers and the OEMs in the automotive industry. Given this wide variety of automotive IDLs, what could be more beneficial, from a software engineering point of view, is a generic automotive domain specific IDL that can satisfy all the fundamental requirements of the heterogeneous subsystems. This paper describes an approach to compare and correlate IDLs based on semantic similarities of the languages, considering the two aspects: application description and underlying message frameworks used in the different domains of given automotive subsystems. With the exploration of semantic synergies between the IDLs, various domain specific and domain-agnostic frameworks can be compared and correlated. The results can be generalized and abstracted to define a generic Meta IDL which could support use cases like e.g. domain-agnostic functional models and migration of software components between different kinds of automotive subsystems. Y1 - 2019 UR - https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8836199 SN - 978-3-8007-4957-7 SP - 63 EP - 70 PB - VDE VERLAG CY - Berlin ER - TY - CHAP A1 - De, Sangita A1 - Niklas, Michael A1 - Rooney, Brian A1 - Mottok, Jürgen A1 - Brada, Premek T1 - Towards Semantic model-to-model Mapping of Cross-Domain Component Interfaces for Interoperability of Vehicle Applications : An Approach towards Synergy Exploration T2 - MDE4IoT & ModComp 2019: Model-Driven Engineering for the Internet of Things (MDE4IoT) & Interplay of Model-Driven and Component-Based Software Engineering (ModComp); joint proceedings of the Workshop on Model-Driven Engineering for the Internet of Things (MDE4IoT) & of the Workshop on Interplay of Model-Driven and Component-Based Software Engineering (ModComp); co-located with the IEEE/ACM 22nd International Conference on Model Driven Engineering Languages and Systems (MODELS 2019), Munich, Germany, September 15 and 17, 2019 N2 - With the increase in demand of services in the automotive industry, automotive enterprises prefer to collaborate with other qualified cross-domain partners to provide complex automotive functions (or services), such as autonomous driving, OTA (Over The Air) vehicle update, V2X (Vehicle-to-Vehicle communication), etc. One key element in cross-domain enterprise collaboration is the mutual agreement between interfaces of software components. In this context, model-to-model mappings of software component models of heterogeneous frameworks for automotive services and to explore the synergies in their interface semantics, have become an essential factor in improving the interoperability among the automotive and other cross-domain enterprises. However, one of the challenges in achieving cross-domain component interface model-to-model mappings at an application level lies in detecting the interface semantics and the semantic relations that are conveyed in different component models in different frameworks. This paper addresses this challenge using a Model Driven Architecture (MDA) based analytical approach to explore interface semantic synergies in the cross-domain component meta-models that are used for automotive services. The approach applies manual semantic checking measurements at an application interface level to understand the meanings and relations between the different meta-model entities of cross-domain framework software components. In this research, we attempt to ensure that interface description models of software components from heterogeneous frameworks can be compared, correlated and re-used for automotive services based on semantic synergies. We have demonstrated our approach using component meta-models from cross-domain enterprises, that are used for the automotive application domain. Y1 - 2019 UR - https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2442/paper8.pdf U6 - https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.28765.15840 PB - RWTH Aachen CY - Aachen ER - TY - CHAP A1 - De, Sangita A1 - Mottok, Jürgen A1 - Brada, Premek ED - Miraz, M.H. ED - Southall, G. ED - Ali, M. ED - Ware, A. T1 - Evaluation of Semantic Interoperability of Automotive Service API Models Based on Metamodels Similarity Metrics Using a Semi-automated Approach T2 - iCETiC 2022 : 5th International Conference on Emerging Technologies in Computing 2022: Aug 15, 2022 - Aug 16, 2022, Chester, UK N2 - In recent years, mapping of application software components’ ontologies semantically emerged as a big research challenge in automotive application domain that manipulates several cross-enterprise synergy knowledge application frameworks. The same knowledge formalized by different experts in different vehicle application frameworks leads to heterogeneous representations of components’ interface data. Consequently, this causes the most daunting impediment in semantic interoperability between the service components in cooperative automotive systems. From a modeling perspective, in the absence of standardized domain-based unified modeling techniques, the orchestration and resolution of semantic data interoperability between various vehicle application frameworks’ components’ interface models remain a challenge. However, this challenge could be addressed using ontological metamodeling by specifying semantic associations between components’ interface model concepts based on the domain knowledge. Apart from the semantic mapping of interface ontological metamodels, this work also defines quality metrics to determine the degree of semantic alignment achieved between the various interface ontologies. Additionally, to reduce development time and cost towards semantic interoperability, this work proposes a semi-automated plugin tool for the applicability of the evaluated quality metrics to semantic mapping of real-world components’ interface models. KW - Framework KW - Interface KW - Metamodel KW - Metrics KW - Ontology KW - Semantic Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-25161-0_2 SP - 14 EP - 28 PB - Springer CY - Cham ER - TY - CHAP A1 - De, Sangita A1 - Niklas, M. A1 - Brada, Premek A1 - Mottok, Jürgen T1 - Model Transformation of Application Software Component from Classic to Adaptive AUTOSAR: An Approach to Migrate Software Components T2 - SEAA 2018, the 44th EUROMICRO Conference on Software Engineering and Advanced Applications, August 29 - 31 2018, Prague, Czech Republic Y1 - 2018 SN - 978-3-902457-50-9 ER -