TY - CHAP A1 - Milde, Benjamin A1 - Geislinger, Robert A1 - Lindt, Irina A1 - Baumann, Timo T1 - Open Source Automatic Lecture Subtitling T2 - Proceedings of Elektronische Sprachsignalverarbeitung (ESSV): Tagungsband der 32. Konferenz, Berlin, 3.-5. März 2021 N2 - We present a fully automatic solution for German video subtitling, with a focus on lecture videos. We rely entirely on open source models and scripts for German ASR, automatic punctuation reconstruction and subtitle segmentation. All training scripts, 1000h of German speech training data, pre-trained models and the final subtitling program are publicly available. It can readily be integrated into lecture video platforms such as Lecture2Go. The automatically generated subtitles can also serve as a basis to make the video material more accessible (e.g. via search, keyword clouds, and the like) or for further manual revision, potentially helping in significantly speeding up manual work. A particular challenge that we observe in lectures are technical terms that are frequent in a particular lecture, but infrequent in a typical language model and that might be out of vocabulary for a general purpose ASR. We approach this challenge by extracting texts from accompanying lecture slides to adapt the language model of our TDNN-HMM based ASR system. We demonstrate the usability of the full system and its generated subtitles and evaluate on a dataset of manually transcribed lectures with an average of 26.3% WER. KW - automatische Spracherkennung KW - freie Software KW - Untertitelung Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:gbv:18-228-7-2523 UR - https://www.essv.de/pdf/2021_128_135.pdf?id=1109 SP - 128 EP - 135 PB - Förderverein Elektronische Sprachsignalverabeitung e.V. CY - Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Hussein, Hussein A1 - Meyer-Sickendiek, Burkhard A1 - Baumann, Timo ED - Birkholz, Peter ED - Stone, Simon T1 - How to identify elliptical poems within a digital corpus of auditory poetry T2 - Elektronische Sprachsignalverarbeitung 2019 (ESSV), Tagungsband der 30. Konferenz, Dresden, 3.-8. März 2019 N2 - Ellipses denote the omission of one or more grammatically necessary phrases. In this paper, we will demonstrate how to identify such ellipses as a rhythmical pattern in modern and postmodern free verse poetry by using data from lyrikline which contain the corresponding audio recording of each poem as spoken by the original author. We present a feature engineering approach based on literary analysis as well as a neural networks based approach for the identification of ellipses within the lines of a poem. A contrast class to the ellipsis is defined from poems consisting of complete and correct sentences. The feature-based approach used features derived from a parser such as verb, comma, and sentence ending punctuation. The classifier of neural networks is trained on the line level to integrate the textual information, the spoken recitation, and the pause information between lines, and to integrate information across the lines within the poem. A statistic analysis of poet's gender showed that 65% of all elliptical poems were written by female poets. The best results, calculated by the weighted F-measure, for the classification of ellipsis with the contrast class is 0.94 with the neural networks based approach. The best results for classification of elliptical lines is 0.62 with the feature-based approach. Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:gbv:18-228-7-2579 UR - http://www.essv.de/paper.php?id=88 SN - 978-3-959081-57-3 SP - 247 EP - 254 PB - TUDpress CY - Dresden, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Baumann, Timo A1 - Meyer-Sickendiek, Burkhard A1 - Hussein, Hussein T1 - How to Identify Speech When Translating Unpunctuated Poetry T2 - Proceedings of Elektronische Sprachsignalverarbeitung: Tagungsband der 31. Konferenz, Magdeburg, 4.-6. März 2020 N2 - A large proportion of (post)-modern poetry contains no or hardly any punctuation. In our contribution, we will investigate how well punctuation information can be recovered for postmodern poetry based on the information contained in the text and speech of free verse poems. We use the world's largest corpus of spoken (post-)modern poetry from our partner lyrikline which contains the corresponding audio recording of each poem as spoken by the original author and features translations for many of the poems. We identify lines that contain a phrase break in the middle of the poetic line, which may already be helpful for philological analysis on one hand, and identify the position of the break in the line on the other hand. We select those poetic lines that contain one or more punctuation characters that typically indicate a phrase break in poetry (.,;:!?/) somewhere in the middle (rather than only at the end of the line) as our target class. We train a neural network (bidirectional recurrent neural network (RNN) based on gated recurrent units (GRU) with attention) that combines audio and textual features to identify the punctuation with the goal of applying it to reconstruct them within a corpus of unpunctuated poems. Our results clearly indicate that speech is helpful for recovering the constituency structure of post-modern poetry that is partially obfuscated by missing punctuation. Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:gbv:18-228-7-2587 UR - http://www.essv.de/paper.php?id=452 SP - 165 EP - 172 PB - Förderverein Elektronische Sprachsignalverabeitung e.V. CY - Magdeburg, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Baumann, Timo A1 - Saboo, Ashutosh ED - Ehrmann, Maud T1 - Evaluating Heuristics for Audio-Visual Translation T2 - Proceedings of the Conference of Computational Humanities Research, (CHR2021): November 17-19, 2021, Amsterdam, The Netherlands N2 - Dubbing, i.e., the lip-synchronous translation and revoicing of audio-visual media into a target language from a different source language, is essential for the full-fledged reception of foreign audio-visual media, be it movies, instructional videos or short social media clips. In this paper, we objectify influences on the ‘dubbability’ of translations, i.e., how well a translation would be synchronously revoiceable to the lips on screen. We explore the value of traditional heuristics used in evaluating the qualitative aspects, in particular matching bilabial consonants and the jaw opening while producing vowels, and control for quantity, i.e., that translations are similar to the source in length. We perform an ablation study using an adversarial neural classifier which is trained to differentiate “true” dubbing translations from machine translations. While we are able to confirm the value of matching lip closure in dubbing, we find that the opening angle of the jaw as determined by the realized vowel may be less relevant than frequently considered in audio-visual translation. KW - ablation study KW - audiovisual translation KW - dubbing KW - lip synchrony KW - machine translation Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:gbv:18-228-7-2592 UR - http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2989/short_paper46.pdf SP - 171 EP - 180 PB - CEUR Workshops CY - Amsterdam, the Netherlands ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Baumann, Timo T1 - Coordinating Speech Delivery to Gesture Progress for Deictic Expressions with Incremental Speech Synthesis T2 - Proceedings of the Timing in Human-Robot Interaction Workshop held in conjunction with the 9th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI 2014), Bielefeld, 3. March 2014 N2 - This paper presents ongoing work in incremental speech synthesis that enables a system to adapt speech delivery to unforeseen changes in the timing of motor events (e. g. a robot actuator working faster or slower than anticipated) in order to improve the coordination of speech and gestures for deictic expressions. KW - Incremental processing KW - speech synthesis KW - online adaptation KW - Inkrementelle Verarbeitung, KW - Sprachsynthese KW - Zeigegesten KW - Echtzeitadaptierung KW - Sprachverarbeitung Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:gbv:18-228-7-1991 UR - https://edoc.sub.uni-hamburg.de/informatik/volltexte/2014/199/pdf/timo_baumann_coordinating_speech_delivery.pdf ER - TY - GEN A1 - Meyer-Sickendiek, Burkhard A1 - Baumann, Timo A1 - Hussein, Hussein T1 - Requirements on the Punctuation Reconstruction for the Translation of Post-modern Poetry T2 - DHd 2020 ; Spielräume ; Digital Humanities zwischen Modellierung und Interpretation ; Konferenzabstracts ; Universität Paderborn 02. bis 06. März 2020 Y1 - 2020 SN - 978-3-945437-07-0 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4621722 PB - Universität Paderborn CY - Paderborn ER - TY - GEN A1 - Baumann, Timo ED - Devillers, Laurence ED - Kawahara, Tatsuya ED - Moore, Roger K. ED - Scheutz, Matthias T1 - Ubiquity of Computing and SLIVAR BT - Towards Effective and Ethical Interaction T2 - Spoken Language Interaction with Virtual Agents and Robots (SLIVAR): Towards Effective and Ethical Interaction KW - human-robot interaction KW - spoken language processing KW - virtual agents Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-124009 VL - 10 PB - Schloss Dagstuhl ‐ Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik CY - Dagstuhl, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Meyer-Sickendiek, Burkhard A1 - Hussein, Hussein A1 - Baumann, Timo T1 - From Fluency To Disfluency: Ranking Prosodic Features Of Poetry By Using Neural Networks T2 - Proceedings of the International Conference on Digital Humanities (DH 2019), Utrecht, the Netherlands 9-12 July, 2019 Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.34894/EGZNMI ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Windbühler, Anna A1 - Okkesim, Sükrü A1 - Christ, Olaf A1 - Mottaghi, Soheil A1 - Rastogi, Shavika A1 - Schmuker, Michael A1 - Baumann, Timo A1 - Hofmann, Ulrich G. T1 - Machine Learning Approaches to Classify Anatomical Regions in Rodent Brain from High Density Recordings T2 - 44th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC 2022): 11-15 July 2022, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom N2 - Identifying different functional regions during a brain surgery is a challenging task usually performed by highly specialized neurophysiologists. Progress in this field may be used to improve in situ brain navigation and will serve as an important building block to minimize the number of animals in preclinical brain research required by properly positioning implants intraoperatively. The study at hand aims to correlate recorded extracellular signals with the volume of origin by deep learning methods. Our work establishes connections between the position in the brain and recorded high-density neural signals. This was achieved by evaluating the performance of BLSTM, BGRU, QRNN and CNN neural network architectures on multisite electrophysiological data sets. All networks were able to successfully distinguish cortical and thalamic brain regions according to their respective neural signals. The BGRU provides the best results with an accuracy of 88.6 % and demonstrates that this classification task might be solved in higher detail while minimizing complex preprocessing steps. Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:898-opus4-35296 SP - 3530 EP - 3533 PB - IEEE ER - TY - GEN A1 - Tsai, Vivian A1 - Baumann, Timo A1 - Pecune, Florian A1 - Cassell, Justine T1 - Faster Responses are Better Responses: Introducing Incrementality into Sociable Virtual Personal Assistants Y1 - 2018 UR - https://colips.org/conferences/iwsds2018/wp/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/IWSDS-2018_paper_42_presentation.pdf ER - TY - GEN A1 - Paetzel, Maike A1 - Schlesinger, Philipp A1 - Pricop, Mircea A1 - Comaneci, Radu A1 - Baumann, Timo A1 - Menzel, Wolfgang T1 - Inkrementelle und zustandsbasierte Verarbeitung in einem hybriden Sprachdialogsystem BT - Postersession der Sektion Computerlinguistik Y1 - 2013 UR - https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236879516_Inkrementelle_und_zustandsbasierte_Verarbeitung_in_einem_hybriden_Sprachdialogsystem UR - https://www.timobaumann.de/work/uploads/Main/pentomino2013dgfsposter.pdf ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Baumann, Timo A1 - Paetzel, Maike A1 - Schlesinger, Philipp A1 - Menzel, Wolfgang T1 - Using Affordances to Shape the Interaction in a Hybrid Spoken Dialogue System T2 - Elektronische Sprachsignalverarbeitung 2013 : Tagungsband der 24. Konferenz, Bielefeld, 26. - 28.3.2013 ; [ESSV 2013] N2 - Affordances manifest possibilities of interaction with a spoken dialogsystem. For example, the act of asking a question affords to the recipient thepossibility of answering. In the system we present, the observable act of maneuveringaffords the possibility of controlling a motion. Our system thus uses the affordanceprinciple to shape the interaction: to trigger the usage of instructions that are easyto understand and process, the system gives immediate visual feedback to afforduser commands that can then be reacted upon. This tightening of the interactionloop requires an incremental processing paradigm to allow fast reactions and to beable to alter ongoing system actions. Our system is a hybrid of incremental andnon-incremental processing components, combining conventional, state graph-basedprocessing, which has the advantage of widely available toolkits and well-understooddialog management, with incremental dialog processing which allows for the tightfeedback loop that provides for quick reactions. We tested our approach in a smalluser study and found that users used simpler and setting-independent commandsmore often and were more efficient when faced with the affordance-based version ofour system. Y1 - 2013 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:gbv:18-228-7-1836 UR - https://edoc.sub.uni-hamburg.de//informatik/volltexte/2013/183/ SN - 978-3-94431-03-4 SP - 12 EP - 19 PB - TUDpress ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Baumann, Timo T1 - Incremental Spoken Dialogue Processing: Architecture and Lower-level Components Y1 - 2012 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:hbz:361-25819101 SN - 9783848200221 N1 - Bielefeld, Univ., Diss., 2013 PB - Bielefeld University ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Schuler, Christian A1 - Nayak, Shravan A1 - Saha, Debjoy A1 - Baumann, Timo ED - Baumann, Timo T1 - Can We See Your Response Before You Speak? Exploring Linguistic Information Found in Inter-Utterance Pauses T2 - Elektronische Sprachsignalverarbeitung 2024, Tagungsband der 35. Konferenz, Regensburg, 6.-8. März 2024 N2 - In this work we assess whether there is information in pauses in-between utterances of the same or different speakers that are predictive of the following speaker’s utterance. We present models that connect a person’s visual features before they speak to their upcoming utterance. In our experiments we find that outof-the-box pre-trained models can already reach a better-than-chance performance in correlating video embeddings to utterance embeddings. In contrast, models that attempt to predict the first word after the pause do not outperform a unigram model, indicating that our models do not read lips (based e.g. on co-articulation effects) but rather capture more fundamental aspects of the upcoming utterance. Y1 - 2024 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:898-opus4-70949 SN - 978-3-95908-325-6 SP - 165 EP - 172 PB - TUDpress CY - Dresden ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Meyer-Sickendiek, Burkhard A1 - Hussein, Hussein A1 - Baumann, Timo ED - Berton, André ED - Haiber, Udo ED - Minker, Wolfgang T1 - Recognizing Modern Sound Poetry with LSTM Networks T2 - Proceedings of Elektronische Sprachsignalverarbeitung (ESSV) N2 - Our paper focuses on the computational analysis of “readout poetry” (german: Hördichtung) – recordings of poets reading their own work – with regards to the most important type of this genre, the modern “sound poetry” (german: Lautdichtung). Whereas “readout poetry” often uses normal words and sentences, the “sound poetry”, developed by dadaistic poets like Hugo Ball and Kurt Schwitters or concrete poets like Ernst Jandl, Oskar Pastior, or Bob Cobbing, combines the “microparticles of the human voice” like the segments in Ernst Jandls sound poem “schtzngrmm” (“schtzngrmm / schtzngrmm / tttt / tttt / grrrmmmmm / tttt / sch / tzngrmm”). Within the genre of sound poetry, there are two main forms: The lettristic and the syllabic decomposition. A short anecdote will explain this difference: The dadaist Raoul Hausmann developed the lettristic sound poetry in his early dadaistic poem “fmsbw” from 1918. This is said to have inspired his successor Schwitters, whose famous “Ursonate” [The Sonata in Primal Speech] begins with the words “Fümms bö wö tää zää Uu”. With the “Ursonate”, Schwitters developed a syllabic variation of the lettristic poems of Hausmann. The paper shows how to train a bidirectional LSTM network in order to differ between these “dadaistic” sound poems and the “normal” read out poems. In a further step, we will also show how to distinguish between the lettristic and the syllabic decomposition. Based on a bidirectional LSTM network that reads encodings of the character sequence in the poem and uses the output of each directional layer, we identify poems of the sound poetry genre and differentiate between its two types of compositions. The classification results of sound poetry vs. other poetry as well as lettristic vs. syllabic decomposition are with a high performance, yielding a f-scores of 0.86 and 0.84, respectively. KW - Sprachverarbeitung Y1 - 2018 UR - http://www.essv.de/paper.php?id=407 SN - 978-3-959081-28-3 SP - 192 EP - 199 PB - TUDpress CY - Ulm, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Baumann, Timo A1 - Siegert, Ingo ED - Alt, Florian ED - Schneegass, Stefan ED - Hornecker, Eva T1 - Prosodic addressee-detection : ensuring privacy in always-on spoken dialog systems T2 - Tagungsband Mensch und Computer (MuC'20): 06.09.2020 - 09.09.2020, Magdeburg N2 - We analyze the addressee detection task for complexity-identical dialog for both human conversation and device-directed speech. Our recurrent neural model performs at least as good as humans, who have problems with this task, even native speakers, who profit from the relevant linguistic skills. We perform ablation experiments on the features used by our model and show that fundamental frequency variation is the single most relevant feature class. Therefore, we conclude that future systems can detect whether they are addressed based only on speech prosody which does not (or only to a very limited extent) reveal the content of conversations not intended for the system. KW - addressee detection KW - complexity-identical human-computer interaction KW - computational paralinguistics KW - fundamental frequency variation KW - recurrent neural network Y1 - 2020 SN - 9781450375405 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1145/3404983.3410021 SP - 195 EP - 198 PB - Association for Computing Machinery CY - New York, NY, United States ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krüger, Norbert A1 - Fischer, Kerstin A1 - Manoonpong, Poramate A1 - Palinko, Oskar A1 - Bodenhagen, Leon A1 - Baumann, Timo A1 - Kjærum, Jens A1 - Rano, Ignacio A1 - Naik, Lakshadeep A1 - Juel, William Kristian A1 - Haarslev, Frederik A1 - Ignasov, Jevgeni A1 - Marchetti, Emanuela A1 - Langedijk, Rosalyn Melissa A1 - Kollakidou, Avgi A1 - Jeppesen, Kasper Camillus A1 - Heidtmann, Conny A1 - Dalgaard, Lars T1 - The SMOOTH-Robot: A Modular, Interactive Service Robot JF - Frontiers in Robotics and AI N2 - The SMOOTH-robot is a mobile robot that-due to its modularity-combines a relatively low price with the possibility to be used for a large variety of tasks in a wide range of domains. In this article, we demonstrate the potential of the SMOOTH-robot through three use cases, two of which were performed in elderly care homes. The robot is designed so that it can either make itself ready or be quickly changed by staff to perform different tasks. We carefully considered important design parameters such as the appearance, intended and unintended interactions with users, and the technical complexity, in order to achieve high acceptability and a sufficient degree of utilization of the robot. Three demonstrated use cases indicate that such a robot could contribute to an improved work environment, having the potential to free resources of care staff which could be allocated to actual care-giving tasks. Moreover, the SMOOTH-robot can be used in many other domains, as we will also exemplify in this article. KW - human–robot interaction KW - mobile robots KW - proactive control KW - service robots KW - socially aware navigation Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2021.645639 VL - 8 PB - Frontiers ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fischer, Kerstin A1 - Bodenhagen, Leon A1 - Krüger, Norbert A1 - Andersen, Morten Østergaard A1 - Baumann, Timo T1 - Trinvise og delte strategier for kontrol af velfærdsrobotter JF - Medicoteknik Y1 - 2015 UR - http://ipaper.ipapercms.dk/TechMedia/Medicoteknik/2015/1/?Page=11 VL - 2 IS - 1 SP - 11 EP - 13 PB - TechMedia ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Kousidis, Spyros A1 - Kennington, Casey A1 - Baumann, Timo A1 - Buschmeier, Hendrik A1 - Kopp, Stefan A1 - Schlangen, David T1 - Situationally Aware In-Car Information Presentation Using Incremental Speech Generation: Safer, and More Effective T2 - Proceedings of the EACL 2014 Workshop on Dialogue in Motion, Gothenburg, Sweden N2 - Holding non-co-located conversationswhile driving is dangerous (Horrey and- Wickens, 2006; Strayer et al., 2006), much more so than conversations with physically present, “situated” interlocutors (Drews et al., 2004). In-car dialogue systems typically resemble non-co-located conversations more, and share their negative impact (Strayer et al., 2013). We implemented and tested a simple strategy for making in-car dialogue systems aware of the driving situation, by giving them the capability to interrupt themselves when a dangerous situation is detected,and resume when over. We show that this improves both driving performance and recall of system-presented information, compared to a non-adaptive strategy. KW - in-car information presentation KW - incremental speech generation KW - situation awareness Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3115/v1/W14-0212 SP - 68 EP - 72 PB - Association for Computational Linguistics ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Nayak, Shravan A1 - Schuler, Christian A1 - Saha, Debjoy A1 - Baumann, Timo ED - Tumuluri, Raj ED - Sebe, Nicu ED - Pingali, Gopal T1 - A Deep Dive Into Neural Synchrony Evaluation for Audio-visual Translation T2 - ICMI '22, Proceedings of the 2022 International Conference on Multimodal Interaction: November 7 - 11 2022, Bengaluru India N2 - We present a comprehensive analysis of the neural audio-visual synchrony evaluation tool SyncNet. We assess the agreement of SyncNet scores vis-a-vis human perception and whether we can use these as a reliable metric for evaluating audio-visual lip-synchrony in generation tasks with no ground truth reference audio-video pair. We further look into the underlying elements in audio and video which vitally affect synchrony using interpretable explanations from SyncNet predictions and analyse its susceptibility by introducing adversarial noise. SyncNet has been used in numerous papers on visually-grounded text-to-speech for scenarios such as dubbing. We focus on this scenario which features many local asynchronies (something that SyncNet isn’t made for). KW - audio-visual synchrony KW - speech-lip synchrony KW - dubbing Y1 - 2022 SN - 978-1-4503-9390-4 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1145/3536221.3556621 SP - 642 EP - 647 PB - Association for Computing Machinery CY - New York ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Melzer, Matthias A1 - Dünnweber, Jan A1 - Baumann, Timo T1 - Towards Smart Home Data Interpretation Using Analogies to Natural Language Processing T2 - 2022 IEEE International Conference on Smart Internet of Things: IEEE SmartIoT 2022, proceedings, 19-21 August 2022, Suzhou, China, hybrid conference (onsite and virtual) N2 - Recent advances in the development of smart homes have led to the availability of a wide variety of devices providing a high level of convenience via gesture and speech control or fully automated operation. Many smart home appliances also address the aspects of safety and electricity savings by automatically powering themselves off after not being used for a while. However, many devices remain in a typical household that are not themselves "smart", or are not primarily electric (such as heating systems). We address the savings aspect by identifying processes involving the use of multiple devices in the electrical flow data, as captured by a smart meter in a modern household, rather than focusing on a single appliance. Therefore, we introduce a novel approach to usage pattern analysis based on the idea that a pattern of device usages as a result of a resident's 'routine' (such as making breakfast) can be interpreted similarly to a natural language 'sentence'; Natural Language Processing (NLP) algorithms can then be used for interpreting the residents' behavior. We introduce the notion of bag-of-devices (BoD), derived from the bag-of-words model used in document classification. In an experiment, we show how we use this model to infer predictions about the inhabitants from device usage, such as the resident leaving for the day or just to fetch the newspaper. KW - IoT KW - AI KW - NLP KW - Smart City Y1 - 2022 SN - 978-1-6654-7952-3 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/SmartIoT55134.2022.00020 SP - 65 EP - 71 PB - IEEE ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Hussein, Hussein A1 - Meyer-Sickendiek, Burkhard A1 - Baumann, Timo T1 - Automatic Detection of Enjambment in German Readout Poetry T2 - Proceedings of Speech Prosody, 2018, Poznán N2 - One of the most important patterns in ancient as well as modern poetry is the enjambment, the continuation of a sentence beyond the end of a line, couplet, or stanza. The paper reports first activities towards the development of a digital tool to analyze the accentuation of poetic enjambments in readout poetry. The aim in this contribution is to recognize two forms of enjambment (emphasized and unemphasized) in poems using audio and text data. We use data from lyrikline which is a major online portal for spoken poetry whereas poems are read aloud by the original authors. We identified by hermeneutical means based on literary analysis a total of 69 poems being characteristic for the use of enjambments in modern and postmodern German poetry and train classifiers to differentiate the emphasized/unemphasized ategorization. A remarkable result of our automated analyses (and to our knowledge the first data-driven analysis of this kind) is the identification of a cultural difference in the accentuation of enjambments: statistically speaking, poets from the former GDR tend to emphasize the enjambment, whereas poets from the FRG do not. We use features derived from speech-to-text alignment and statistical parsing information such as pause lengths, number of lines with verbs, and number of lines with punctuation. The best classification results, calculated by the F-measure, for the both types of enjambment (emphasized/unemphasized) is 0.69. KW - modern and postmodern poetry KW - free verse prosody KW - emphasized and unemphasized enjambment Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.21437/SpeechProsody.2018-67 SP - 329 EP - 333 PB - ISCA ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Baumann, Timo A1 - Hussein, Hussein A1 - Meyer-Sickendiek, Burkhard T1 - Analysing the Focus of a Hierarchical Attention Network: the Importance of Enjambments When Classifying Post-modern Poetry T2 - Proceedings of Interspeech, 2018, Hyderabad N2 - After overcoming the traditional metrics, modern and postmodern poetry developed a large variety of ‘free verse prosodies’ that falls along a spectrum from a more fluent to a more disfluent and choppy style. We present a method, grounded in philological analysis and theories on cognitive (dis)fluency, to analyze this ‘free verse spectrum’ into six classes of poetic styles as well as to differentiate three types of poems with enjambments. We use a model for automatic prosodic analysis of spoken free verse poetry which uses deep hierarchical attention networks to integrate the source text and audio and predict the assigned class. We then analyze and fine-tune the model with a particular focus on enjambments and in two ways: we drill down on classification performance by analyzing whether the model focuses on similar traits of poems as humans would, specifically, whether it internally builds a notion of enjambment. We find that our model is similarly good as humans in finding enjambments; however, when we employ the model for classifying enjambment-dominated poem types, it does not pay particular attention to those lines. Adding enjambment labels to the training only marginally improves performance, indicating that all other lines are similarly informative for the model. KW - digital humanities KW - free verse poetry KW - prosodic analysis KW - enjambment detection KW - hierarchical attention network Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.21437/Interspeech.2018-2533 SP - 2162 EP - 2166 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Meyer-Sickendiek, Burkhard A1 - Hussein, Hussein A1 - Baumann, Timo ED - Burghardt, M. ED - Müller-Birn, C. T1 - Analysis and Classification of Prosodic Styles in Post-modern Spoken Poetry T2 - INF-DH 2018 Workshopband N2 - We present our research on computer-supported analysis of prosodic styles in post-modern poetry. Our project is unique in making use of both the written as well as the spoken form of the poem as read by the original author. In particular, we use speech and natural language processing technology to align speech and text and to perform textual analyses. We then explore, based on literary theory, the quantitative value of various types of features in differentiating various prosodic classes of post-modern poetry using machine-learning techniques. We contrast this feature-driven approach with a theoretically less informed neural networks-based approach and explore the relative strengths of both models, as well as how to integrate higher-level knowledge into the NN. In this paper, we give an overview of our project, our approach, and particularly focus on the challenges encountered and lessons learned in our interdisciplinary endeavour. The classification results of the rhythmical patterns (six classes) using NN-based approaches are better than by feature-based approaches. KW - modern and postmodern poetry KW - free verse prosody KW - rhythmical patters Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.18420/infdh2018-09 PB - Gesellschaft für Informatik e.V ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Baumann, Timo A1 - Hussein, Hussein A1 - Meyer-Sickendiek, Burkhard T1 - Analysis of Rhythmic Phrasing: Feature Engineering vs. Representation Learning for Classifying Readout Poetry T2 - Proceedings of the Second Joint SIGHUM Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, Humanities and Literature (LaTeCH-CLfL-2018), August 25, 2018, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA N2 - We show how to classify the phrasing of readout poems with the help of machine learning algorithms that use manually engineered features or automatically learn representations. We investigate modern and postmodern poems from the webpage lyrikline, and focus on two exemplary rhythmical patterns in order to detect the rhythmic phrasing: The Parlando and the Variable Foot. These rhythmical patterns have been compared by using two important theoretical works: The Generative Theory of Tonal Music and the Rhythmic Phrasing in English Verse. Using both, we focus on a combination of four different features: The grouping structure, the metrical structure, the time-span-variation, and the prolongation in order to detect the rhythmic phrasing in the two rhythmical types. We use manually engineered features based on text-speech alignment and parsing for classification. We also train a neural network to learn its own representation based on text, speech and audio during pauses. The neural network outperforms manual feature engineering, reaching an f-measure of 0.85. Y1 - 2018 UR - https://aclanthology.org/W18-4505 SP - 44 EP - 49 PB - Association for Computational Linguistics CY - Santa Fe, New Mexico ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Baumann, Timo A1 - Hussein, Hussein A1 - Meyer-Sickendiek, Burkhard T1 - Style Detection for Free Verse Poetry from Text and Speech T2 - Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING), 20-26.08.2018, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA N2 - Modern and post-modern free verse poems feature a large and complex variety in their poetic prosodies that falls along a continuum from a more fluent to a more disfluent and choppy style. As the poets of modernism overcame rhyme and meter, they oriented themselves in these two opposing directions, creating a free verse spectrum that calls for new analyses of prosodic forms. We present a method, grounded in philological analysis and current research on cognitive (dis)fluency, for automatically analyzing this spectrum. We define and relate six classes of poetic styles (ranging from parlando to lettristic decomposition) by their gradual differentiation. Based on this discussion, we present a model for automatic prosodic classification of spoken free verse poetry that uses deep hierarchical attention networks to integrate the source text and audio and predict the assigned class. We evaluate our model on a large corpus of German author-read post-modern poetry and find that classes can reliably be differentiated, reaching a weighted f-measure of 0.73, when combining textual and phonetic evidence. In our further analyses, we validate the model’s decision-making process, the philologically hypothesized continuum of fluency and investigate the relative importance of various features. Y1 - 2018 UR - https://aclanthology.org/C18-1164.pdf SP - 1929 EP - 1940 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Köhn, Arne A1 - Baumann, Timo A1 - Dörfler, Oskar T1 - An Empirical Analysis of the Correlation of Syntax and Prosody T2 - Proceedings of Interspeech 2018, 02.-06.09.2018, Hyderabad N2 - The relation of syntax and prosody (the syntax-prosody interface) has been an active area of research, mostly in linguistics and typically studied under controlled conditions. More recently, prosody has also been successfully used in the data-based training of syntax parsers. However, there is a gap between the controlled and detailed study of the individual effects between syntax and prosody and the large-scale application of prosody in syntactic parsing with only a shallow analysis of the respective influences. In this paper, we close the gap by investigating the significance of correlations of prosodic realization with specific syntactic functions using linear mixed effects models in a very large corpus of read-out German encyclopedic texts. Using this corpus, we are able to analyze prosodic structuring performed by a diverse set of speakers while they try to optimize factual content delivery. After normalization by speaker, we obtain significant effects, e.g. confirming that the subject function, as compared to the object function, has a positive effect on pitch and duration of a word, but a negative effect on loudness. KW - syntax KW - prosody KW - corpus-based analysis KW - linear mixed effects models Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.21437/Interspeech.2018-2530 SP - 2157 EP - 2161 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Koller, Alexander A1 - Baumann, Timo A1 - Köhn, Arne T1 - DialogOS: Simple and extensible dialog modeling T2 - Proceedings of Interspeech: Hyderabad, India 2-6 September 2018 N2 - We present the open-source extensible dialog manager DialogOS. DialogOS features simple finite-state based dialog management (which can be expanded to more complex DM strategies via a full-fledged scripting language) in combination with integrated speech recognition and synthesis in multiple languages. DialogOS runs on all major platforms, provides a simple-to-use graphical interface and can easily be extended via well-defined plugin and client interfaces, or can be integrated server-side into larger existing software infrastructures. We hope that DialogOS will help foster research and teaching given that it lowers the bar of entry into building and testing spoken dialog systems and provides paths to extend one’s system as development progresses. Y1 - 2018 UR - https://edoc.sub.uni-hamburg.de/informatik/volltexte/2018/246/pdf/koller_dialogOS.pdf CY - Hyderabad, India ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Baumann, Timo T1 - Learning to Determine Who is the Better Speaker T2 - Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Speech Prosody, 13-16 June 2018, Poznań, Poland N2 - Speech can be more or less likable in various ways and comparing speakers by likability has important applications such as speaker selection or matching. Determining the likability of a speaker is a difficult task which can be simplified by breaking it down into pairwise preference decisions. Using a corpus of 5440 pairwise preference ratings collected previously through crowd-sourcing, we train classifiers to determine which of two speakers is “better”. We find that modeling the speech feature sequences using LSTMs outperforms conventional methods that pre-aggregate feature averages by a large margin, indicating that the prosodic structure should be taken into account when determining speech quality. Our classifier reaches an accuracy of 97 % for coarse-grained decisions, where differences between speech quality in both stimuli is relatively large. Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.21437/SpeechProsody.2018-165 SP - 819 EP - 822 PB - ISCA ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Baumann, Timo ED - Moore, Roger K. ED - Thill, Serge ED - Marxer, Ricard T1 - Highly Responsive Vocal Interaction through Incremental Processing T2 - Vocal Interactivity in-and-between Humans, Animals and Robots (VIHAR), October 30-4, 2016 N2 - This seminar was held in late 2016 and brought together, for the first time, researchers studying vocal interaction in a variety of different domains covering communications between all possible combinations of humans, animals, and robots. While each of these sub-domains has extensive histories of research progress, there is much potential for cross-fertilisation that currently remains underexplored. This seminar aimed at bridging this gap. In this report, we present the nascent research field of VIHAR and the major outputs from our seminar in the form of prioritised open research questions, abstracts from stimulus talks given by prominent researchers in their respective fields, and open problem statements by all participants. Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.4230/DagRep.6.10.154 VL - 6 IS - 10 SP - 154 EP - 194 PB - Schloss Dagstuhl ‐ Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik CY - Dagstuhl, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Meyer-Sickendiek, Burkhard A1 - Hussein, Hussein A1 - Baumann, Timo ED - Eibl, Maximilian ED - Gaedke, Martin T1 - Rhythmicalizer: Data Analysis for the Identification of Rhythmic Patterns in Readout Poetry T2 - INFORMATIK 2017, Tagung vom 25.- 29. September 2017 in Chemnitz T2 - GI-Edition Lecture notes in informatics. Proceedings ; volume P-275 N2 - The most important development in modern and postmodern poetry is the replacement of traditional meter by new rhythmical patterns. Ever since Walt Whitman's Leaves of Grass (1855), modern (nineteenth-to twenty-first-century) poets have been searching for novel forms of prosody, accent, rhythm, and intonation. Along with the rejection of older metrical units such as the iamb or trochee, a structure of lyrical language was developed that renounced traditional forms like rhyme and meter. This development is subsumed under the term free verse prosody. Our project will test this theory by applying machine learning or deep learning techniques to a corpus of modern and postmodern poems as read aloud by the original authors. To this end, we examine “lyrikline”, the most famous online portal for spoken poetry. First, about 17 different patterns being characteristic for the lyrikline-poems have been identified by the philological scholar of this project. This identification was based on a certain philological method including three different steps: a) grammetrical ranking; b) rhythmic phrasing; and c) mapping rubato and prosodic phrasing. In this paper we will show how to combine this philological and a digital analysis by using the prosody detection available in speech processing technology. In order to analyse the data, we want to use different tools for the following tasks: PoS-tagging, alignment, intonation, phrases and pauses, and tempo. We also analyzed the lyrikline-data by identifying the occurrence of the mentioned patterns. This analysis is a first step towards an automatic classification based on machine learning or deep learning techniques. Y1 - 2017 SN - 978-3-88579-669-5 U6 - https://doi.org/10.18420/in2017_218 SP - 2189 EP - 2200 PB - Gesellschaft für Informatik CY - Bonn ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Baumann, Timo A1 - Meyer-Sickendiek, Burkhard T1 - Large-scale Analysis of Spoken Free-verse Poetry T2 - Proceedings of the Workshop on Language Technology Resources and Tools for Digital Humanities, Osaka, Japan, December 11-17 2016 N2 - Most modern and post-modern poems have developed a post-metrical idea of lyrical prosody that employs rhythmical features of everyday language and prose instead of a strict adherence to rhyme and metrical schemes. This development is subsumed under the term free verse prosody. We present our methodology for the large-scale analysis of modern and post-modern poetry in both their written form and as spoken aloud by the author. We employ language processing tools to align text and speech, to generate a null-model of how the poem would be spoken by a naïve reader, and to extract contrastive prosodic features used by the poet. On these, we intend to build our model of free verse prosody, which will help to understand, differentiate and relate the different styles of free verse poetry. We plan to use our processing scheme on large amounts of data to iteratively build models of styles, to validate and guide manual style annotation, to identify further rhythmical categories, and ultimately to broaden our understanding of free verse poetry. In this paper, we report on a proof-of-concept of our methodology using smaller amounts of poems and a limited set of features. We find that our methodology helps to extract differentiating features in the authors’ speech that can be explained by philological insight. Thus, our automatic method helps to guide the literary analysis and this in turn helps to improve our computational models. Y1 - 2016 UR - https://aclanthology.org/W16-4017 SP - 125 EP - 130 PB - The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Hussein, Hussein A1 - Meyer-Sickendiek, Burkhard A1 - Baumann, Timo T1 - Tonality in Language: The Generative Theory of Tonal Music as a Framework for Prosodic Analysis of Poetry T2 - 6th International Symposium on Tonal Aspects of Languages (TAL 2018), 18-20 June 2018, Berlin, Germany N2 - This contribution focuses on structural similarities between tonality and cadences in music on the one hand, and rhythmical patterns in poetic languages respectively poetry on the other hand. We investigate two exemplary rhythmical patterns in modern and postmodern poetry to detect these tonality-like features in poetic language: The Parlando and the Variable Foot. German poems readout from the original poets are collected from the webpage of our partner lyrikline. We compared these rhythmical features with tonality rules, explained in two important theoretical volumes: The Generative Theory of Tonal Music and the Rhythmic Phrasing in English Verse. Using both volumes, we focused on a certain combination of four different features: The grouping structure, the metrical structure, the time-span-variation and the prolongation, in order to detect the two important rhythmical patterns which use tonality-like features in poetic language (Parlando and Variable Foot). Different features including pause and parser information are used in this classification process. The best classification result, calculated by the f-measure, for Parlando and Variable Foot is 0.69. KW - tonality in poetic language KW - prosodic patterns in postwar poems KW - automatic detection of prosodic features Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.21437/TAL.2018-36 SP - 178 EP - 182 PB - ISCA ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Baumann, Timo A1 - Kennington, Casey A1 - Hough, Julian A1 - Schlangen, David ED - Jokinen, Kristiina ED - Wilcock, Graham T1 - Recognising Conversational Speech: What an Incremental ASR Should Do for a Dialogue System and How to Get There T2 - Dialogues with social robots: Enablements analyses and evaluation T2 - Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering: Bd. 427 N2 - Automatic speech recognition (ASR) is not only becoming increasingly accurate, but also increasingly adapted for producing timely, incremental output. However, overall accuracy and timeliness alone are insufficient when it comes to interactive dialogue systems which require stability in the output and responsivity to the utterance as it is unfolding. Furthermore, for a dialogue system to deal with phenomena such as disfluencies, to achieve deep understanding of user utterances these should be preserved or marked up for use by downstream components, such as language understanding, rather than be filtered out. Similarly, word timing can be informative for analyzing deictic expressions in a situated environment and should be available for analysis. Here we investigate the overall accuracy and incremental performance of three widely used systems and discuss their suitability for the aforementioned perspectives. From the differing performance along these measures we provide a picture of the requirements for incremental ASR in dialogue systems and describe freely available tools for using and evaluating incremental ASR. KW - Incremental ASR KW - Conversational speech KW - System requirements KW - Evaluation Y1 - 2017 SN - 978-981-10-2584-6 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2585-3_35 SP - 421 EP - 432 PB - Springer CY - Singapore ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Köhn, Arne A1 - Baumann, Timo T1 - Predictive Incremental Parsing Helps Language Modeling T2 - Proceedings of COLING 2016, the 26th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Technical Papers, Osaka, Japan N2 - Predictive incremental parsing produces syntactic representations of sentences as they are produced, e.g. by typing or speaking. In order to generate connected parses for such unfinished sentences, upcoming word types can be hypothesized and structurally integrated with already realized words. For example, the presence of a determiner as the last word of a sentence prefix may indicate that a noun will appear somewhere in the completion of that sentence, and the determiner can be attached to the predicted noun. We combine the forward-looking parser predictions with backward-looking N-gram histories and analyze in a set of experiments the impact on language models, i.e. stronger discriminative power but also higher data sparsity. Conditioning N-gram models, MaxEnt models or RNN-LMs on parser predictions yields perplexity reductions of about 6%. Our method (a) retains online decoding capabilities and (b) incurs relatively little computational overhead which sets it apart from previous approaches that use syntax for language modeling. Our method is particularly attractive for modular systems that make use of a syntax parser anyway, e.g. as part of an understanding pipeline where predictive parsing improves language modeling at no additional cost. Y1 - 2016 UR - https://aclanthology.org/C16-1026 SP - 268 EP - 277 PB - The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Baumann, Timo T1 - Large-Scale Speaker Ranking from Crowdsourced Pairwise Listener Ratings T2 - Interspeech 2017 : 20-24 August 2017 N2 - Speech quality and likability is a multi-faceted phenomenon consisting of a combination of perceptory features that cannot easily be computed nor weighed automatically. Yet, it is often easy to decide which of two voices one likes better, even though it would be hard to describe why, or to name the underlying basic perceptory features. Although likability is inherently subjective and individual preferences differ frequently, generalizations are useful and there is often a broad intersubjective consensus about whether one speaker is more likable than another. However, breaking down likability rankings into pairwise comparisons leads to a quadratic explosion of rating pairs. We present a methodology and software to efficiently create a likability ranking for many speakers from crowdsourced pairwise likability ratings. We collected pairwise likability ratings for many (>220) speakers from many raters (>160) and turn these ratings into one likability ranking. We investigate the resulting speaker ranking stability under different conditions: limiting the number of ratings and the dependence on rater and speaker characteristics. We also analyze the ranking wrt. acoustic correlates to find out what factors influence likability. We publish our ranking and the underlying ratings in order to facilitate further research. KW - ranking KW - speech quality KW - likability KW - found data KW - ratings KW - crowd-sourcing Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.21437/Interspeech.2017-1697 SP - 2262 EP - 2266 PB - ISCA ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Rohde, Marcel A1 - Baumann, Timo T1 - Navigating the Spoken Wikipedia T2 - Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies (SLPAT 2016) N2 - The Spoken Wikipedia project unites volunteer readers of encyclopedic entries. Their recordings make encyclopedic knowledge accessible to persons who are unable to read (out of alexia, visual impairment, or because their sight is currently occupied, e. g. while driving). However, on Wikipedia, recordings are available as raw audio files that can only be consumed linearly, without the possibility for targeted navigation or search. We present a reading application which uses an alignment between the recording, text and article structure and which allows to navigate spoken articles, through a graphical or voice-based user interface (or a combination thereof). We present the results of a usability study in which we compare the two interaction modalities. We find that both types of interaction enable users to navigate articles and to find specific information much more quickly compared to a sequential presentation of the full article. In particular when the VUI is not restricted by speech recognition and understanding issues, this interface is on par with the graphical interface and thus a real option for browsing the Wikipedia without the need for vision or reading. KW - Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion KW - Sprechschnittstelle KW - Sprachdialogverarbeitung Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.21437/SLPAT.2016-2 SP - 9 EP - 13 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Köhn, Arne A1 - Stegen, Florian A1 - Baumann, Timo T1 - Mining the Spoken Wikipedia for Speech Data and Beyond T2 - Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC'16) N2 - We present a corpus of time-aligned spoken data of Wikipedia articles as well as the pipeline that allows to generate such corpora for many languages. There are initiatives to create and sustain spoken Wikipedia versions in many languages and hence the data is freely available, grows over time, and can be used for automatic corpus creation. Our pipeline automatically downloads and aligns this data. The resulting German corpus currently totals 293h of audio, of which we align 71h in full sentences and another 86h of sentences with some missing words. The English corpus consists of 287h, for which we align 27h in full sentence and 157h with some missing words. Results are publically available. KW - Spoken Wikipedia KW - Long Audio Alignment KW - Speech Resource Y1 - 2016 UR - https://aclanthology.org/L16-1735 SP - 4644 EP - 4647 PB - European Language Resources Association (ELRA) ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Kirsch, Kolja A1 - Steinicke, Frank A1 - Baumann, Timo T1 - Entwicklung und Evaluierung einer Notenwender-App für Klaviernoten T2 - Mensch und Computer 2016 - Tagungsband, 4. - 7. September 2016, Aachen N2 - Das ständige Umblättern von Noten ist für Musiker ein wiederkehrendes Problem. Dieses wird häufig durch einen Assistenten des Musikers, dem sogenannten Notenwender, gelöst. Diese Unterstützung haben allerdings viele Musiker nur selten während des Übens. In diesem Artikel stellen wir eine Anwendung für mobile Geräte vor, die auf verschiedene Arten das Umblättern von Klavierpartituren unterstützt. In einer Studie mit professionellen Musikern und Klavierschülern wurden diese Arten gegeneinander abgewogen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen auf, dass computer-unterstütztes Blättern Vorteile gegenüber herkömmlichem Blättern hat. Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.18420/muc2016-mci-0159 PB - Gesellschaft für Informatik e.V. CY - Aachen ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Twiefel, Johannes A1 - Baumann, Timo A1 - Heinrich, Stefan A1 - Wermter, Stefan T1 - Improving Domain-independent Cloud-based Speech Recognition with Domain-dependent Phonetic Post-processing T2 - AAAI 2014 – Twenty-Eighth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-14), Québec, CA, July 27–31, 2014 N2 - Automatic speech recognition (ASR) technology has been developed to such a level that off-the-shelf distributed speech recognition services are available (free of cost), which allow researchers to integrate speech into their applications with little development effort or expert knowledge leading to better results compared with previously used open-source tools. Often, however, such services do not accept language models or grammars but process free speech from any domain. While results are very good given the enormous size of the search space, results frequently contain out-of-domain words or constructs that cannot be understood by subsequent domain-dependent natural language understanding (NLU) components. We present a versatile post-processing technique based on phonetic distance that integrates domain knowledge with open-domain ASR results, leading to improved ASR performance. Notably, our technique is able to make use of domain restrictions using various degrees of domain knowledge, ranging from pure vocabulary restrictions via grammars or N-Grams to restrictions of the acceptable utterances. We present results for a variety of corpora (mainly from human-robot interaction) where our combined approach significantly outperforms Google ASR as well as a plain open-source ASR solution. Y1 - 2014 UR - https://www2.informatik.uni-hamburg.de/wtm/publications/2014/TBHW14/Twiefel_AAAI2014_CR.pdf U6 - https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v28i1.8929 SP - 1529 EP - 1535 PB - Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Kennington, Casey A1 - Kousidis, Spyros A1 - Baumann, Timo A1 - Buschmeier, Hendrik A1 - Kopp, Stefan A1 - Schlangen, David ED - Miller, Erika ED - Wu, Yuqing T1 - Better Driving and Recall When In-car Information Presentation Uses Situationally-Aware Incremental Speech Output Generation T2 - Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications, AutomotiveUI '14, Seattle WA, USA, September 17 - 19, 2014 N2 - It is established that driver distraction is the result of sharing cognitive resources between the primary task (driving) and any other secondary task. In the case of holding conversations, a human passenger who is aware of the driving conditions can choose to interrupt his speech in situations potentially requiring more attention from the driver, but in-car information systems typically do not exhibit such sensitivity. We have designed and tested such a system in a driving simulation environment. Unlike other systems, our system delivers information via speech (calendar entries with scheduled meetings) but is able to react to signals from the environment to interrupt when the driver needs to be fully attentive to the driving task and subsequently resume its delivery. Distraction is measured by a secondary short-term memory task. In both tasks, drivers perform significantly worse when the system does not adapt its speech, while they perform equally well to control conditions (no concurrent task) when the system intelligently interrupts and resumes. Y1 - 2014 UR - 978-1-4503-3212-5 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1145/2667317.2667332 SP - 1 EP - 7 PB - ACM CY - New York, NY ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Baumann, Timo T1 - Partial Representations Improve the Prosody of Incremental Speech Synthesis T2 - Interspeech 2014, Singapore, 14-18 September 2014 N2 - When humans speak, they do not plan their full utterance inall detail before beginning to speak, nor do they speak piece-by-piece and ignoring their full message – instead humans usepartial representations in which they fill in the missing partsas the utterance unfolds. Incremental speech synthesizers, incontrast, have not yet made use of partial representations and theinformation contained there-in.We analyze the quality of prosodic parameter assignments(pitch and duration) generated from partial utterance specifi-cations (substituting defaults for missing features) in order todetermine the requirements that symbolic incremental prosodymodelling should meet. We find that broader, higher-level infor-mation helps to improve prosody even if lower-level informationabout the near future is yet unavailable. Furthermore, we findthat symbolic phrase-level or utterance-level information is mosthelpful towards the end of the phrase or utterance, respectively,that is, when this information is becoming available even in theincremental case. Thus, the negative impact of incremental pro-cessing can be minimized by using partial representations thatare filled in incrementally. KW - incremental processing KW - prosody KW - speech synthesis KW - spoken dialogue systems KW - simultaneous interpreting Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.21437/Interspeech.2014-199 SP - 2932 EP - 2936 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Kousidis, Spyros A1 - Kennington, Casey A1 - Baumann, Timo A1 - Buschmeier, Hendrik A1 - Kopp, Stefan A1 - Schlangen, David ED - Ali Salah, Albert T1 - A Multimodal In-Car Dialogue System That Tracks The Driver's Attention T2 - Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Multimodal Interaction, ICMI '14, November 12 - 16 2014, Istanbul N2 - When a passenger speaks to a driver, he or she is co-located with the driver, is generally aware of the situation, and can stop speaking to allow the driver to focus on the driving task. In-car dialogue systems ignore these important aspects, making them more distracting than even cell-phone conversations. We developed and tested a "situationally-aware" dialogue system that can interrupt its speech when a situation which requires more attention from the driver is detected, and can resume when driving conditions return to normal. Furthermore, our system allows driver-controlled resumption of interrupted speech via verbal or visual cues (head nods). Over two experiments, we found that the situationally-aware spoken dialogue system improves driving performance and attention to the speech content, while driver-controlled speech resumption does not hinder performance in either of these two tasks Y1 - 2014 SN - 9781450328852 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1145/2663204.2663244 SP - 26 EP - 33 PB - ACM CY - New York, NY ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Baumann, Timo A1 - Lindner, Felix ED - Tapus, Adriana ED - André, Elisabeth ED - Martin, Jean-Claude T1 - Incremental Speech Production for Polite and Natural Personal-Space Intrusion T2 - Social robotics : 7th International Conference, ICSR 2015, Paris, France, October 26-30, 2015, Proceedings T2 - Lecture notes in Computer science ; 9388 N2 - We propose to use a model of personal space to initiate communication while passing a human thereby acknowledging that humans are not just a special kind of obstacle to be avoided but potential interaction partners. As a simple form of interaction, our system communicates an apology while closely passing a human. To this end, we present a software architecture that integrates a social-spaces knowledge base and a component for incremental speech production. Incrementality ensures that the robot’s utterance can be adapted to fit the developing situation in a natural way. Observer ratings show that personal-space intrusion is perceived as both natural and polite if the robot has the capability to utter and adapt an apology in an incremental way whereas it is perceived as unfriendly if the robot intrudes personal space without saying anything. Moreover, the robot is perceived as less natural if it does not adapt. Y1 - 2015 SN - 978-3-319-25553-8 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25554-5_8 SP - 72 EP - 82 PB - Springer CY - Cham ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Baumann, Timo A1 - Kennington, Casey A1 - Hough, Julian A1 - Schlangen, David T1 - Recognising Conversational Speech: What an Incremental ASR Should Do for a Dialogue System and How to Get There T2 - Proceedings of the International Workshop Series on Spoken Dialogue Systems Technology (IWSDS) 2016 N2 - Automatic speech recognition (ASR) is not only becoming increasingly accurate, but also increasingly adapted for producing timely, incremental output. However, overall accuracy and timeliness alone are insufficient when it comes to interactive dialogue systems which require stability in the output and responsivity to the utterance as it is unfolding. Furthermore, for a dialogue system to deal with phenomena such as disfluencies, to achieve deep understanding of user utterances these should be preserved or marked up for use by downstream components, such as language understanding, rather than be filtered out. Similarly, word timing can be informative for analyzing deictic expressions in a situated environment and should be available for analysis. Here we investigate the overall accuracy and incremental performance of three widely used systems and discuss their suitability for the aforementioned perspectives. From the differing performance along these measures we provide a picture of the requirements for incremental ASR in dialogue systems and describe freely available tools for using and evaluating incremental ASR. Y1 - 2016 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Baumann, Timo A1 - Lindner, Felix T1 - Towards a Social Robot that Incrementally Justifies Personal-Space Intrusion T2 - Proceedings of the Workshop Towards a Framework for Joint Action 2015 N2 - Robots should appropriately give reasons for their actions when these actions affect a human’s action or goal space. Communicating reasons may help the human understand the robot’s intents and may initiate joint action, i. e., accepting the robot’s goals and cooperating on the robot’s actions. However, to be efficient, the communication of reasons should be limited to the necessary rather than to completeness, conforming to the Gricean Maxim of Quantity. Furthermore, what is necessary only becomes apparent as the situation evolves and hence, for seamless interaction, ongoing utterances must be adapted as they happen. We present a system that flexibly gives reasons in a reduced setting in which the robot needs to intrude a human’s personal space in order to reach its goal. Y1 - 2015 UR - https://fja.sciencesconf.org/conference/fja/TB_FL_joint_action_abstract.pdf ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Pouget, Maël A1 - Hueber, Thomas A1 - Bailly, Gérard A1 - Baumann, Timo T1 - HMM training strategy for incremental speech synthesis T2 - Interspeech 2015, Dresden, Germany, 6-10 September 2015 N2 - Incremental speech synthesis aims at delivering the synthetic voice while the sentence is still being typed. One of the main challenges is the online estimation of the target prosody from a partial knowledge of the sentence's syntactic structure. In the context of HMM-based speech synthesis, this typically results in missing segmental and suprasegmental features, which describe the linguistic context of each phoneme. This study describes a voice training procedure which integrates explicitly a potential uncertainty on some contextual features. The proposed technique is compared to a baseline approach (previously published), which consists in substituting a missing contextual feature by a default value calculated on the training set. Both techniques were implemented in a HMM-based Text-To-Speech system for French, and compared using objective and perceptual measurements. Experimental results show that the proposed strategy outperforms the baseline technique for this language. KW - HMM-based speech synthesis KW - incremental KW - TTS KW - HTS KW - prosody Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.21437/Interspeech.2015-304 SP - 1201 EP - 1205 PB - ISCA ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Baumann, Timo T1 - Decision Tree Usage for Incremental Parametric Speech Synthesis T2 - Proceedings of the International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP) 2014, 4-9 May 2014, Florence, Italy N2 - Human speakers plan and deliver their utterances incrementally, piece-by-piece, and it is obvious that their choice regarding phonetic details (and the details' peculiarities) is rarely determined by globally optimal solutions. In contrast, parametric speech synthesizers use a full-utterance context when optimizing vocoding parameters and when determing HMM states. Apart from being cognitively implausible, this impedes incremental use-cases, where the future context is often at least partially unavailable. This paper investigates the `locality' of features in parametric speech synthesis voices and takes some missing steps towards better HMM state selection and prosody modelling for incremental speech synthesis. KW - Speech Synthesis KW - Incremental Processing KW - HMM Synthesis KW - Interactivity KW - Spoken Dialogue Systems Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/ICASSP.2014.6854316 SP - 3847 EP - 3851 PB - IEEE ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Baumann, Timo A1 - Bangalore, Srinivas A1 - Hirschberg, Julia ED - Federico, Marcello ED - Stüker, Sebastian ED - Yvon, François T1 - Towards Simultaneous Interpreting: The Timing of Incremental Machine Translation and Speech Synthesis T2 - Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Spoken Language Translation. Papers. Lake Tahoe, December 4th and 5th, 2014 N2 - In simultaneous interpreting, human experts incrementally construct and extend partial hypotheses about the source speaker’s message, and start to verbalize a corresponding message in the target language, based on a partial translation – which may have to be corrected occasionally. They commence the target utterance in the hope that they will be able to finish understanding the source speaker’s message and determine its translation in time for the unfolding delivery. Of course, both incremental understanding and translation by humans can be garden-pathed, although experts are able to optimize their delivery so as to balance the goals of minimal latency, translation quality and high speech fluency with few corrections. We investigate the temporal properties of both translation input and output to evaluate the tradeoff between low latency and translation quality. In addition, we estimate the improvements that can be gained with a tempo-elastic speech synthesizer. KW - incremental processing KW - speech synthesis KW - timing KW - simultaneous interpreting Y1 - 2014 UR - https://aclanthology.org/2014.iwslt-papers.2.pdf SP - 163 EP - 168 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Meyer-Sickendiek, Burkhard A1 - Hussein, Hussein A1 - Baumann, Timo T1 - Towards the Creation of a Poetry Translation Mapping System JF - Archives of Data Science, Series A N2 - The translation of poetry is a complex, multifaceted challenge: the translated text should communicate the same meaning, similar metaphoric expressions, and also match the style and prosody of the original poem. Research on machine poetry translation is existing since 2010, but for four reasons it is still rather insufficient: 1. The few approaches existing completely lack any knowledge about current developments in both lyric theory and translation theory. 2. They are based on very small datasets. 3. They mostly ignored the neural learning approach that superseded the long-standing dominance of phrase-based approaches within machine translation. 4. They have no concept concerning the pragmatic function of their research and the resulting tools. Our paper describes how to improve the existing research and technology for poetry translations in exactly these four points. With regards to 1) we will describe the “Poetics of Translation”. With regards to 2) we will introduce the Worlds largest corpus for poetry translations from lyrikline. With regards to 3) we will describe first steps towards a neural machine translation of poetry. With regards to 4) we will describe first steps towards the development of a poetry translation mapping system. Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5445/KSP/1000087327/21 SN - 2363-9881 VL - 5 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 15 PB - Towards the Creation of a Poetry Translation Mapping System ER - TY - PAT A1 - Ward, Nigel A1 - Baumann, Timo A1 - Karkhedkar, Shreyas A1 - Novick, David T1 - Dynamic control of voice codec data rate N2 - A method, system, and computer-usable non-transitory storage device for dynamic voice codec adaptation are disclosed. The voice codec adapts in real time to devote more bits to audio quality when it is most needed, and fewer bits to less important parts of utterances are disclosed. Dialog knowledge is utilized for compression opportunities to adjust the bitrate moment-by-moment, based on the inferred value of each frame. Frame importance and appropriate transmission fidelity is predicted based on prosodic features and models of dialog dynamics. This technique provides the same communications quality with less spectrum needs, fewer antennas, and less battery drain. Y1 - 2015 UR - https://assignment.uspto.gov/patent/index.html#/patent/search/resultAssignor?assignorName=BAUMANN,%20TIMO ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Johannßen, Dirk A1 - Biemann, Chris A1 - Remus, Steffen A1 - Baumann, Timo A1 - Scheffer, David T1 - GermEval 2020 Task 1 on the Classification and Regression of Cognitive and Motivational style from Text T2 - Proceedings of the 5th SwissText & 16th KONVENS Joint Conference 2020 N2 - This paper describes the tasks, databases, baseline systems, and summarizes submissions and results for the GermEval 2020 Shared Task 1 on the Classification and Regression of Cognitive and Motivational Style from Text. This shared task is divided into two subtasks, a regression task, and a classification task. Subtask 1 asks participants to reproduce a ranking of students based on average aptitude indicators such as different high school grades and different IQ scores. The second subtask aims to classify so-called implicit motives, which are projective testing procedures that can reveal unconscious desires. Besides five implicit motives, the target labels of Subtask 2 also contain one of six levels that describe the type of self-regulation when acting out a motive, which makes this task a multiclass-classification with 30 target labels. 3 participants submitted multiple systems. Subtask 1 was solved (best r = .3701) mainly with non-neural systems and statistical language representations, submissions for Subtask 2 utilized neural approaches and word embeddings (best macro F1 = 70.40). Not only were the tasks solvable, analyses by the participants even showed connections to the implicit psychometrics theory and behavioral observations made by psychologists. This paper describes the tasks, databases, baseline systems, and summarizes submissions and results for the GermEval 2020 Shared Task 1 on the Classification and Regression of Cognitive and Motivational Style from Text. This shared task is divided into two subtasks, a regression task, and a classification task. Subtask 1 asks participants to reproduce a ranking of students based on average aptitude indicators such as different high school grades and different IQ scores. The second subtask aims to classify so-called implicit motives, which are projective testing procedures that can reveal unconscious desires. Besides five implicit motives, the target labels of Subtask 2 also contain one of six levels that describe the type of self-regulation when acting out a motive, which makes this task a multiclass-classification with 30 target labels. 3 participants submitted multiple systems. Subtask 1 was solved (best r =.3701) mainly with non-neural systems and statistical language representations, submissions for Subtask 2 utilized neural approaches and word embeddings (best macro F1 = 70.40). Not only were the tasks solvable, analyses by the participants even showed connections to the implicit psychometrics theory and behavioral observations made by psychologists. Y1 - 2020 UR - https://www.inf.uni-hamburg.de/en/inst/ab/lt/publications/2020-johannssen-germeval20-1-companion-paper.pdf SP - 1 EP - 10 CY - Zurich, Switzerland ER -