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  <doc>
    <id>7775</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1112</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>1127</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>90</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
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    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">19 Import options for green hydrogen and derivatives - An overview of efficiencies and technology readiness levels</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The import of hydrogen and derivatives forms part of many national strategies and is fundamental to achieving climate protection targets. This paper provides an overview and technical comparison of import pathways for hydrogen and derivatives in terms of efficiency, technological maturity and development and construction times with a focus on the period up to 2030. The import of hydrogen via pipeline has the highest system efficiency at 57-67 % and the highest technological maturity with a technology readiness level (TRL) of 8-9. The import of ammonia and methanol via ship and of SNG via pipeline shows efficiencies in the range of 39-64 % and a technological maturity of TRL 7 to 9 when using point sources. Liquid hydrogen, LOHC and Fischer-Tropsch products have the lowest efficiency and TRL in comparison. The use of direct air capture (DAC) reduces efficiency and TRL considerably. Reconversion of the derivatives to hydrogen is also associated with high losses and is not achievable for all technologies on an industrial scale up to 2030. In the short to medium term, import routes for derivatives that can utilise existing infrastructures and mature technologies are the most promising for imports. In the long term, the most promising option is hydrogen via pipelines.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">International Journal of Hydrogen Energy</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">0360-3199</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.10.045</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:bvb:898-opus4-77756</identifier>
    <note>Corresponding author der OTH Regensburg: Michael Sterner</note>
    <enrichment key="BegutachtungStatus">peer-reviewed</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Michael Sterner</author>
    <author>Andreas Hofrichter</author>
    <author>Alexander Meisinger</author>
    <author>Franz Bauer</author>
    <author>Karsten Pinkwart</author>
    <author>Annabelle Maletzko</author>
    <author>Felix Dittmar</author>
    <author>Carsten Cremers</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Derivatives</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Power-to-X</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Efficiency</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>TRL</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Construction time</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Technical assessment</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Import</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen strategy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Energy system modelling</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="institutes" number="FakEI">Fakultät Elektro- und Informationstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="othforschungsschwerpunkt" number="16312">Energie und Mobilität</collection>
    <collection role="oaweg" number="">Hybrid Open Access - OA-Veröffentlichung in einer Subskriptionszeitschrift/-medium</collection>
    <collection role="oaweg" number="">Corresponding author der OTH Regensburg</collection>
    <collection role="persons" number="sternerfenes">Sterner, Michael (Prof. Dr.) - FENES / Forschungsgruppe Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">Forschungsstelle für Energienetze und Energiespeicher (FENES) / Forschungsgruppe Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="funding" number="">DEAL Elsevier</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Ostbayerische Technische Hochschule Regensburg</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-oth-regensburg/files/7775/Sterner_Elsevier_2024.pdf</file>
  </doc>
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