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    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2020</publishedYear>
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    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>34</pageLast>
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    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>53</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Springer Nature</publisherName>
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    <title language="eng">Understanding the carbonation of concrete with supplementary cementitious materials</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Blended cements, where Portland cement clinker is partially replaced by supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), provide the most feasible route for reducing carbon dioxide emissions associated with concrete production. However, lowering the clinker content can lead to an increasing risk of neutralisation of the concrete pore solution and potential reinforcement corrosion due to carbonation. carbonation of concrete with SCMs differs from carbonation of concrete solely based on Portland cement (PC). This is a consequence of the differences in the hydrate phase assemblage and pore solution chemistry, as well as the pore structure and transport properties, when varying the binder composition, age and curing conditions of the concretes. The carbonation mechanism and kinetics also depend on the saturation degree of the concrete and CO2 partial pressure which in turn depends on exposure conditions (e.g. relative humidity, volume, and duration of water in contact with the concrete surface and temperature conditions). This in turn influence the microstructural changes identified upon carbonation. This literature review, prepared by members of RILEM technical committee 281-CCC carbonation of concrete with supplementary cementitious materials, working groups 1 and 2, elucidates the effect of numerous SCM characteristics, exposure environments and curing conditions on the carbonation mechanism, kinetics and structural alterations in cementitious systems containing SCMs.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Materials and Structures</parentTitle>
    <subTitle language="eng">a critical review by RILEM TC 281-CCC</subTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1617/s11527-020-01558-w</identifier>
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    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Stefanie Von Greve-Dierfeld</author>
    <author>Barbara Lothenbach</author>
    <author>Anya Vollpracht</author>
    <author>Bei Wu</author>
    <author>Bruno Huet</author>
    <author>Carmen Andrade</author>
    <author>César Medina</author>
    <author>Charlotte Thiel</author>
    <author>Elke Gruyaert</author>
    <author>Hanne Vanoutrive</author>
    <author>Isabel F. Del Saéz Bosque</author>
    <author>Ivan Ignjatovic</author>
    <author>Jan Elsen</author>
    <author>John L. Provis</author>
    <author>Karen Scrivener</author>
    <author>Karl-Christian Thienel</author>
    <author>Kosmas Sideris</author>
    <author>Maciej Zajac</author>
    <author>Natalia Alderete</author>
    <author>Özlem Cizer</author>
    <author>Philip Van den Heede</author>
    <author>Robert Douglas Hooton</author>
    <author>Siham Kamali-Bernard</author>
    <author>Susan A. Bernal</author>
    <author>Zengfeng Zhao</author>
    <author>Zhenguo Shi</author>
    <author>Nele De Belie</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Transport properties</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Environmental impact</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Aggregate</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Supplementary cementitious materials</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Carbonations</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="institutes" number="FakBau">Fakultät Bauingenieurwesen</collection>
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  <doc>
    <id>7301</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
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    <title language="eng">Report of RILEM TC 281-CCC: Insights into factors affecting the carbonation rate of concrete with SCMs revealed from data mining and machine learning approaches</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The RILEM TC 281–CCC ‘‘Carbonation of concrete with supplementary cementitious materials’’ conducted a study on the effects of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) on the carbonation rate of blended cement concretes and mortars. In this context, a comprehensive database has been established, consisting of 1044 concrete and mortar mixes with their associated carbonation depth data over time. The dataset comprises mix designs with a large variety of binders with up to 94% SCMs, collected from the literature as well as unpublished testing reports. The data includes chemical composition and physical properties of the raw materials, mix-designs, compressive strengths, curing and carbonation testing conditions. Natural carbonation was recorded for several years in many cases with both indoor and outdoor results. The database has been analysed to investigate the effects of binder composition and mix design, curing and preconditioning, and relative humidity on the carbonation rate. Furthermore, the accuracy of accelerated carbonation testing as well as possible correlations between compressive strength and carbonation resistance were evaluated. The analysis revealed that the w/CaOreactive ratio is a decisive factor for carbonation resistance, while curing and exposure conditions also influence carbonation. Under natural exposure conditions, the carbonation data exhibit significant variations. Nevertheless, probabilistic inference suggests that both accelerated and natural carbonation processes follow a square-root-of-time behavior, though accelerated and natural carbonation cannot be converted into each other without corrections. Additionally, a machine learning technique was employed to assess the influence of parameters governing the carbonation progress in concretes.</abstract>
    <identifier type="doi">10.21203/rs.3.rs-4169492/v1</identifier>
    <note>Verörffenticht bei Springer Nature: https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-oth-regensburg/frontdoor/index/index/docId/7776</note>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Anya Vollpracht</author>
    <author>Gregor J. G. Gluth</author>
    <author>Bart Rogiers</author>
    <author>Ikenna D. Uwanuakwa</author>
    <author>Quoc Tri Phung</author>
    <author>Yury Villagran Zaccardi</author>
    <author>Charlotte Thiel</author>
    <author>Hanne Vanoutrive</author>
    <author>Juan Manuel Etcheverry</author>
    <author>Elke Gruyaert</author>
    <author>Siham Kamali-Bernard</author>
    <author>Antonios Kanellopoulos</author>
    <author>Zengfeng Zhao</author>
    <author>Isabel Milagre Martins</author>
    <author>Sundar Rathnarajan</author>
    <author>Nele De Belie</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>natural carbonation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>accelerated carbonation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>SCMs</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>database</value>
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    <collection role="institutes" number="FakBau">Fakultät Bauingenieurwesen</collection>
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    <id>7776</id>
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    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
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    <language>eng</language>
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    <issue>9</issue>
    <volume>57</volume>
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    <publisherName>Springer Science and Business Media</publisherName>
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    <title language="eng">Report of RILEM TC 281-CCC: insights into factors affecting the carbonation rate of concrete with SCMs revealed from data mining and machine learning approaches</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The RILEM TC 281–CCC ‘‘Carbonation of concrete with supplementary cementitious materials’’ conducted a study on the effects of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) on the carbonation rate of blended cement concretes and mortars. In this context, a comprehensive database has been established, consisting of 1044 concrete and mortar mixes with their associated carbonation depth data over time. The dataset comprises mix designs with a large variety of binders with up to 94% SCMs, collected from the literature as well as unpublished testing reports. The data includes chemical composition and physical properties of the raw materials, mix-designs, compressive strengths, curing and carbonation testing conditions. Natural carbonation was recorded for several years in many cases with both indoor and outdoor results. The database has been analysed to investigate the effects of binder composition and mix design, curing and preconditioning, and relative humidity on the carbonation rate. Furthermore, the accuracy of accelerated carbonation testing as well as possible correlations between compressive strength and carbonation resistance were evaluated. One approach to summerise the physical and chemical resistance in one parameter is the ratio of water content to content of carbonatable CaO (w/CaOreactive ratio). The analysis revealed that the w/CaOreactive ratio is a decisive factor for carbonation resistance, while curing and exposure conditions also influence carbonation. Under natural exposure conditions, the carbonation data exhibit significant variations. Nevertheless, probabilistic inference suggests that both accelerated and natural carbonation processes follow a square-root-of-time behavior, though accelerated and natural carbonation cannot be converted into each other without corrections. Additionally, a machine learning technique was employed to assess the influence of parameters governing the carbonation progress in concretes.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Materials and Structures</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">1359-5997</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1617/s11527-024-02465-0</identifier>
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    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>A. Vollpracht</author>
    <author>Gregor J. G. Gluth</author>
    <author>Bart Rogiers</author>
    <author>I. D. Uwanuakwa</author>
    <author>Quoc Tri Phung</author>
    <author>Y. Villagran Zaccardi</author>
    <author>Charlotte Thiel</author>
    <author>H. Vanoutrive</author>
    <author>Juan Manuel Etcheverry</author>
    <author>Elke Gruyaert</author>
    <author>Siham Kamali-Bernard</author>
    <author>Antonios Kanellopoulos</author>
    <author>Zengfeng Zhao</author>
    <author>Isabel Milagre Martins</author>
    <author>Sundar Rathnarajan</author>
    <author>Nele De Belie</author>
    <collection role="institutes" number="FakBau">Fakultät Bauingenieurwesen</collection>
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