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  <doc>
    <id>7777</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>9</issue>
    <volume>57</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Springer Science and Business Media</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Report of RILEM TC 281-CCC: outcomes of a round robin on the resistance to natural carbonation of Portland, Portland-fly ash and blast-furnace cements and its relation to accelerated carbonation</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Numerous (inter)national standards are in place for assessing the resistance to carbonation of mortar and concrete. Within the framework of RILEM TC 281-CCC ‘Carbonation of Concrete with SCMs,’ an extensive interlaboratory test campaign (ILT) involving twenty-two participating laboratories worldwide was initiated to compare natural carbonation of concrete and mortar with three different cement types (Portland cement (CEM I), Portland-fly ash cement (CEM II/B-V) and blast-furnace cement (CEM III/B)) and investigate its relation to accelerated carbonation as reported in Vanoutrive et al. (Mater Struct 55:1–29, 2022). It could be concluded that ranking of cement types was analogous between accelerated and natural carbonation methods. Environmental parameters have an important effect on the carbonation rate, however, differences between the mean carbonation rates originating from indoor and sheltered outdoor natural exposure with different exposure conditions and curing regimes were insignificant for each considered cement type. This is caused by the scatter related to carbonation testing among different laboratories. Nevertheless, results showed that a natural exposure period of at least one year is essential to reach a constant carbonation rate over time. For both natural and accelerated carbonation, the carbonation rate increased by 18% when the aggregate-to-cement ratio increased by 1.79 (concrete versus mortar). This correlation seems insensitive to binder type and exposure method. Finally, the best correlation between natural and accelerated carbonation was found for EN 12390–10 (specifically natural indoor exposure) and EN 12390–12 (accelerated exposure) when only test methods performed by more than one laboratory were considered.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Materials and Structures</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">1359-5997</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1617/s11527-024-02464-1</identifier>
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    <enrichment key="BegutachtungStatus">peer-reviewed</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="Kostentraeger">DFG project 22164627</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Hanne Vanoutrive</author>
    <author>Natalia Alderete</author>
    <author>Nele De Belie</author>
    <author>Miren Etxeberria</author>
    <author>Cyrill Grengg</author>
    <author>Ivan Ignjatović</author>
    <author>Tung-Chai Ling</author>
    <author>Zhiyuan Liu</author>
    <author>Inés Garcia-Lodeiro</author>
    <author>César Medina Martínez</author>
    <author>Javier Sanchez</author>
    <author>Angel Palomo</author>
    <author>Nuria Rebolledo</author>
    <author>Marlene Sakoparnig</author>
    <author>Kosmas Sideris</author>
    <author>Charlotte Thiel</author>
    <author>Philip Van den Heede</author>
    <author>Anya Vollpracht</author>
    <author>Stefanie von Greve-Dierfeld</author>
    <author>Jinxin Wei</author>
    <author>Maciej Zając</author>
    <author>Elke Gruyaert</author>
    <collection role="institutes" number="FakBau">Fakultät Bauingenieurwesen</collection>
    <collection role="othforschungsschwerpunkt" number="16313">Gebäude und Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="oaweg" number="">Hybrid Open Access - OA-Veröffentlichung in einer Subskriptionszeitschrift/-medium</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">Labor für Baustoffe</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>7494</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber>31</pageNumber>
    <edition/>
    <issue>8</issue>
    <volume>57</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Springer</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Report of RILEM TC 281-CCC: A critical review of the standardised testing methods to determine carbonation resistance of concrete</title>
    <abstract language="deu">The chemical reaction between CO2 and a blended Portland cement concrete, referred to as carbonation, can lead to reduced performance, particularly when concrete is exposed to elevated levels of CO2 (i.e., accelerated carbonation conditions). When slight changes in concrete mix designs or testing conditions are adopted, conflicting carbonation results are often reported. The RILEM TC 281-CCC ‘Carbonation of Concrete with Supplementary Cementitious Materials’ has conducted a critical analysis of the standardised testing methodologies that are currently applied to determine carbonation resistance of concrete in different regions. There are at least 17 different standards or recommendations being actively used for this purpose, with significant differences in sample curing, pre-conditioning, carbonation exposure conditions, and methods used for determination of carbonation depth after exposure. These differences strongly influence the carbonation depths recorded and the carbonation coefficient values calculated. Considering the importance of accurately determining carbonation potential of concrete, not just for predicting their durability performance, but also for determining the amount of CO2 that concrete can re-absorb during or after its service life, it is imperative to recognise the applicability and limitations of the results obtained from different tests. This will enable researchers and practitioners to adopt the most appropriate testing methodologies to evaluate carbonation resistance, depending on the purpose of the conclusions derived from such testing (e. g. materials selection, service life prediction, CO2 capture potential).</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Materials and Structures</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1617/s11527-024-02424-9</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0025-5432</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1359-5997</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.import.date">2024-09-08T08:57:05+00:00</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">sword</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.import.user">importuser</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="BegutachtungStatus">peer-reviewed</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Susan A. Bernal</author>
    <author>Yuvaraj Dhandapani</author>
    <author>Yogarajah Elakneswaran</author>
    <author>Gregor J. G. Gluth</author>
    <author>Elke Gruyaert</author>
    <author>Maria C. G. Juenger</author>
    <author>Barbara Lothenbach</author>
    <author>Kolawole Adisa Olonade</author>
    <author>Marlene Sakoparnig</author>
    <author>Zhenguo Shi</author>
    <author>Charlotte Thiel</author>
    <author>Philip van den Heede</author>
    <author>Hanne Vanoutrive</author>
    <author>Stefanie Von Greve-Dierfeld</author>
    <author>Nele De Belie</author>
    <author>John L. Provis</author>
    <collection role="institutes" number="FakBau">Fakultät Bauingenieurwesen</collection>
    <collection role="othforschungsschwerpunkt" number="16313">Gebäude und Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="oaweg" number="">Hybrid Open Access - OA-Veröffentlichung in einer Subskriptionszeitschrift/-medium</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">Labor für Baustoffe</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>4389</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2020</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>October</issue>
    <volume>113</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Natural and accelerated carbonation behaviour of high-volume fly ash (HVFA) mortar: Effects on internal moisture, microstructure and carbonated phase proportioning</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Binders with large portions of carbon-intensive Portland cement replaced by supplementary cementitious materials (e.g. fly ash) are more susceptible to carbonation mainly due to their lower CO2 buffering capacity. This conclusion is usually drawn from accelerated experiments at elevated CO2 levels involving processes that seriously differ from natural carbonation. The resulting presence of H2O reactant in the pore system and the carbonated microstructure itself may be very different. In this paper, these phenomena were investigated for High-Volume Fly Ash (HVFA) mortar via carbonation tests at ±0.04% CO2 (natural carbonation), 1% CO2 and 10% CO2. Internal humidity sensor monitoring and 1H NMR relaxometry revealed the highest water vapour and liquid water contents after carbonation at 10% CO2. Carbonation at 10% CO2 results in a coarser pore structure than carbonation at 1% CO2, and this probably due to a higher degree of C–S–H carbonation.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Cement and Concrete Composites</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2020.103713</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.import.date">2022-06-18T22:00:09+00:00</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">sword</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.import.user">importuser</enrichment>
    <licence>Keine Lizenz - Es gilt das deutsche Urheberrecht: § 53 UrhG</licence>
    <author>Philip Van den Heede</author>
    <author>Charlotte Thiel</author>
    <author>Nele De Belie</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>1H NMR relaxometry</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Carbonation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Mercury intrusion porosimetry</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Moisture sensors</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Multi-ring electrodes</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Thermogravimetric analysis</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="691">Baustoffe</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="FakBau">Fakultät Bauingenieurwesen</collection>
    <collection role="othpublikationsherkunft" number="">Externe Publikationen</collection>
    <collection role="othforschungsschwerpunkt" number="16313">Gebäude und Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">Labor für Baustoffe</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>4106</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2020</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>34</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>53</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Springer Nature</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Understanding the carbonation of concrete with supplementary cementitious materials</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Blended cements, where Portland cement clinker is partially replaced by supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), provide the most feasible route for reducing carbon dioxide emissions associated with concrete production. However, lowering the clinker content can lead to an increasing risk of neutralisation of the concrete pore solution and potential reinforcement corrosion due to carbonation. carbonation of concrete with SCMs differs from carbonation of concrete solely based on Portland cement (PC). This is a consequence of the differences in the hydrate phase assemblage and pore solution chemistry, as well as the pore structure and transport properties, when varying the binder composition, age and curing conditions of the concretes. The carbonation mechanism and kinetics also depend on the saturation degree of the concrete and CO2 partial pressure which in turn depends on exposure conditions (e.g. relative humidity, volume, and duration of water in contact with the concrete surface and temperature conditions). This in turn influence the microstructural changes identified upon carbonation. This literature review, prepared by members of RILEM technical committee 281-CCC carbonation of concrete with supplementary cementitious materials, working groups 1 and 2, elucidates the effect of numerous SCM characteristics, exposure environments and curing conditions on the carbonation mechanism, kinetics and structural alterations in cementitious systems containing SCMs.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Materials and Structures</parentTitle>
    <subTitle language="eng">a critical review by RILEM TC 281-CCC</subTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1617/s11527-020-01558-w</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.import.date">2022-06-07T17:46:29+00:00</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">sword</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.import.user">importuser</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="BegutachtungStatus">peer-reviewed</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Stefanie Von Greve-Dierfeld</author>
    <author>Barbara Lothenbach</author>
    <author>Anya Vollpracht</author>
    <author>Bei Wu</author>
    <author>Bruno Huet</author>
    <author>Carmen Andrade</author>
    <author>César Medina</author>
    <author>Charlotte Thiel</author>
    <author>Elke Gruyaert</author>
    <author>Hanne Vanoutrive</author>
    <author>Isabel F. Del Saéz Bosque</author>
    <author>Ivan Ignjatovic</author>
    <author>Jan Elsen</author>
    <author>John L. Provis</author>
    <author>Karen Scrivener</author>
    <author>Karl-Christian Thienel</author>
    <author>Kosmas Sideris</author>
    <author>Maciej Zajac</author>
    <author>Natalia Alderete</author>
    <author>Özlem Cizer</author>
    <author>Philip Van den Heede</author>
    <author>Robert Douglas Hooton</author>
    <author>Siham Kamali-Bernard</author>
    <author>Susan A. Bernal</author>
    <author>Zengfeng Zhao</author>
    <author>Zhenguo Shi</author>
    <author>Nele De Belie</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Transport properties</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Environmental impact</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Aggregate</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Supplementary cementitious materials</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Carbonations</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="institutes" number="FakBau">Fakultät Bauingenieurwesen</collection>
    <collection role="othpublikationsherkunft" number="">Externe Publikationen</collection>
    <collection role="othforschungsschwerpunkt" number="16313">Gebäude und Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="oaweg" number="">Hybrid Open Access - OA-Veröffentlichung in einer Subskriptionszeitschrift/-medium</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">Labor für Baustoffe</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>4832</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2022</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>29</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>3</issue>
    <volume>55</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Springer</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Report of RILEM TC 281-CCC: outcomes of a round robin on the resistance to accelerated carbonation of Portland, Portland-fly ash and blast-furnace blended cements</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Many (inter)national standards exist to evaluate the resistance of mortar and concrete to carbonation. When a carbonation coefficient is used for performance comparison of mixtures or service life prediction, the applied boundary conditions during curing, preconditioning and carbonation play a crucial role, specifically when using latent hydraulic or pozzolanic supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs). An extensive interlaboratory test (ILT) with twenty two participating laboratories was set up in the framework of RILEM TC 281-CCC 'Carbonation of Concrete with SCMs'. The carbonation depths and coefficients determined by following several (inter)national standards for three cement types (CEM I, CEM II/B-V, CEM III/B) both on mortar and concrete scale were statistically compared. The outcomes of this study showed that the carbonation rate based on the carbonation depths after 91 days exposure, compared to 56 days or less exposure duration, best approximates the slope of the linear regression and those 91 days carbonation depths can therefore be considered as a good estimate of the potential resistance to carbonation. All standards evaluated in this study ranked the three cement types in the same order of carbonation resistance. Unfortunately, large variations within and between laboratories complicate to draw clear conclusions regarding the effect of sample pre-conditioning and carbonation exposure conditions on the carbonation performance of the specimens tested. Nevertheless, it was identified that fresh and hardened state properties alone cannot be used to infer carbonation resistance of the mortars or concretes tested. It was also found that sealed curing results in larger carbonation depths compared to water curing. However, when water curing was reduced from 28 to 3 or 7 days, higher carbonation depths compared to sealed curing were observed. This increase is more pronounced for CEM I compared to CEM III mixes. The variation between laboratories is larger than the potential effect of raising the CO2 concentration from 1 to 4%. Finally, concrete, for which the aggregate-to-cement factor was increased by 1.79 in comparison with mortar, had a carbonation coefficient 1.18 times the one of mortar.&#13;
Supplementary Information&#13;
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1617/s11527-022-01927-7.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Materials and Structures</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1617/s11527-022-01927-7</identifier>
    <identifier type="pmid">35401024</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.import.date">2022-07-16T21:56:15+00:00</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">sword</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.import.user">importuser</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="BegutachtungStatus">peer-reviewed</enrichment>
    <licence>Keine Lizenz - Es gilt das deutsche Urheberrecht: § 53 UrhG</licence>
    <author>Hanne Vanoutrive</author>
    <author>Philip Van den Heede</author>
    <author>Natalia Alderete</author>
    <author>Carmen Andrade</author>
    <author>Tushar Bansal</author>
    <author>Aires Camões</author>
    <author>Özlem Cizer</author>
    <author>Nele De Belie</author>
    <author>Vilma Ducman</author>
    <author>Miren Etxeberria</author>
    <author>Lander Frederickx</author>
    <author>Cyrill Grengg</author>
    <author>Ivan Ignjatović</author>
    <author>Tung-Chai Ling</author>
    <author>Zhiyuan Liu</author>
    <author>Inés Garcia-Lodeiro</author>
    <author>Barbara Lothenbach</author>
    <author>César Medina Martinez</author>
    <author>Javier Sanchez-Montero</author>
    <author>Kolawole Adisa Olonade</author>
    <author>Angel Palomo</author>
    <author>Quoc Tri Phung</author>
    <author>Nuria Rebolledo</author>
    <author>Marlene Sakoparnig</author>
    <author>Kosmas Sideris</author>
    <author>Charlotte Thiel</author>
    <author>Talakokula Visalakshi</author>
    <author>Anya Vollpracht</author>
    <author>Stefanie Von Greve-Dierfeld</author>
    <author>Jinxin Wei</author>
    <author>Bei Wu</author>
    <author>Maciej Zając</author>
    <author>Zengfeng Zhao</author>
    <author>Elke Gruyaert</author>
    <collection role="institutes" number="FakBau">Fakultät Bauingenieurwesen</collection>
    <collection role="othforschungsschwerpunkt" number="16313">Gebäude und Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">Labor für Baustoffe</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>7301</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>preprint</type>
    <publisherName>Research Square Platform LLC</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Report of RILEM TC 281-CCC: Insights into factors affecting the carbonation rate of concrete with SCMs revealed from data mining and machine learning approaches</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The RILEM TC 281–CCC ‘‘Carbonation of concrete with supplementary cementitious materials’’ conducted a study on the effects of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) on the carbonation rate of blended cement concretes and mortars. In this context, a comprehensive database has been established, consisting of 1044 concrete and mortar mixes with their associated carbonation depth data over time. The dataset comprises mix designs with a large variety of binders with up to 94% SCMs, collected from the literature as well as unpublished testing reports. The data includes chemical composition and physical properties of the raw materials, mix-designs, compressive strengths, curing and carbonation testing conditions. Natural carbonation was recorded for several years in many cases with both indoor and outdoor results. The database has been analysed to investigate the effects of binder composition and mix design, curing and preconditioning, and relative humidity on the carbonation rate. Furthermore, the accuracy of accelerated carbonation testing as well as possible correlations between compressive strength and carbonation resistance were evaluated. The analysis revealed that the w/CaOreactive ratio is a decisive factor for carbonation resistance, while curing and exposure conditions also influence carbonation. Under natural exposure conditions, the carbonation data exhibit significant variations. Nevertheless, probabilistic inference suggests that both accelerated and natural carbonation processes follow a square-root-of-time behavior, though accelerated and natural carbonation cannot be converted into each other without corrections. Additionally, a machine learning technique was employed to assess the influence of parameters governing the carbonation progress in concretes.</abstract>
    <identifier type="doi">10.21203/rs.3.rs-4169492/v1</identifier>
    <note>Verörffenticht bei Springer Nature: https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-oth-regensburg/frontdoor/index/index/docId/7776</note>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Anya Vollpracht</author>
    <author>Gregor J. G. Gluth</author>
    <author>Bart Rogiers</author>
    <author>Ikenna D. Uwanuakwa</author>
    <author>Quoc Tri Phung</author>
    <author>Yury Villagran Zaccardi</author>
    <author>Charlotte Thiel</author>
    <author>Hanne Vanoutrive</author>
    <author>Juan Manuel Etcheverry</author>
    <author>Elke Gruyaert</author>
    <author>Siham Kamali-Bernard</author>
    <author>Antonios Kanellopoulos</author>
    <author>Zengfeng Zhao</author>
    <author>Isabel Milagre Martins</author>
    <author>Sundar Rathnarajan</author>
    <author>Nele De Belie</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>natural carbonation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>accelerated carbonation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>SCMs</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>database</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="institutes" number="FakBau">Fakultät Bauingenieurwesen</collection>
    <collection role="othforschungsschwerpunkt" number="16313">Gebäude und Infrastruktur</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">Labor für Baustoffe</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>7776</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>9</issue>
    <volume>57</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Springer Science and Business Media</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Report of RILEM TC 281-CCC: insights into factors affecting the carbonation rate of concrete with SCMs revealed from data mining and machine learning approaches</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The RILEM TC 281–CCC ‘‘Carbonation of concrete with supplementary cementitious materials’’ conducted a study on the effects of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) on the carbonation rate of blended cement concretes and mortars. In this context, a comprehensive database has been established, consisting of 1044 concrete and mortar mixes with their associated carbonation depth data over time. The dataset comprises mix designs with a large variety of binders with up to 94% SCMs, collected from the literature as well as unpublished testing reports. The data includes chemical composition and physical properties of the raw materials, mix-designs, compressive strengths, curing and carbonation testing conditions. Natural carbonation was recorded for several years in many cases with both indoor and outdoor results. The database has been analysed to investigate the effects of binder composition and mix design, curing and preconditioning, and relative humidity on the carbonation rate. Furthermore, the accuracy of accelerated carbonation testing as well as possible correlations between compressive strength and carbonation resistance were evaluated. One approach to summerise the physical and chemical resistance in one parameter is the ratio of water content to content of carbonatable CaO (w/CaOreactive ratio). The analysis revealed that the w/CaOreactive ratio is a decisive factor for carbonation resistance, while curing and exposure conditions also influence carbonation. Under natural exposure conditions, the carbonation data exhibit significant variations. Nevertheless, probabilistic inference suggests that both accelerated and natural carbonation processes follow a square-root-of-time behavior, though accelerated and natural carbonation cannot be converted into each other without corrections. Additionally, a machine learning technique was employed to assess the influence of parameters governing the carbonation progress in concretes.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Materials and Structures</parentTitle>
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    <pageNumber>11</pageNumber>
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    <title language="eng">Recommendation of RILEM TC 281-CCC: RILEM CPC-18R1 - guideline for measuring the carbonation depth of hardened concrete using a pH indicator solution</title>
    <abstract language="eng">This recommendation provides a procedure for determining the carbonation depth on the surface of concrete by applying a pH indicator. This includes definitions of carbonation, carbonation depth and carbonation front, as well as descriptions of the different pH indicator solutions that can be used. Recommendations for testing laboratory-prepared specimens and those obtained from concrete structures are also given. This involves guidelines for sample preparation and/or extraction, CO2&#13;
 exposure duration, carbonation depth determination and reporting of results. A section on data interpretation is also provided, as carbonation results are used for determining durability of concrete, as well as a criterion for materials selection or for carbon uptake calculations. The new Recommendation CPC-18R1 is intended to supersede the former RILEM recommendation CPC-18, particularly when prescribed as the preferred method for evaluating and reporting carbonation depths.</abstract>
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    <author>Susan A. Bernal</author>
    <author>Ueli M. Angst</author>
    <author>John L. Provis</author>
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      <value>Carbonation</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Carbonation depth</value>
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      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Carbonation front</value>
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    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>pH indicator</value>
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      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>RILEM CPC-18</value>
    </subject>
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      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Test method</value>
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