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    <publishedYear>2021</publishedYear>
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    <issue>20</issue>
    <volume>14</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>MDPI</publisherName>
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    <title language="eng">Power-to-Gas and Power-to-X-The History and Results of Developing a New Storage Concept</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Germany's energy transition, known as 'Energiewende', was always very progressive. However, it came technically to a halt at the question of large-scale, seasonal energy storage for wind and solar, which was not available. At the end of the 2000s, we combined our knowledge of both electrical and process engineering, imitated nature by copying photosynthesis and developed Power-to-Gas by combining water electrolysis with CO2-methanation to convert water and CO2 together with wind and solar power to synthetic natural gas. Storing green energy by coupling the electricity with the gas sector using its vast TWh-scale storage facility was the solution for the biggest energy problem of our time. This was the first concept that created the term 'sector coupling' or 'sectoral integration'. We first implemented demo sites, presented our work in research, industry and ministries, and applied it in many macroeconomic studies. It was an initial idea that inspired others to rethink electricity as well as eFuels as an energy source and energy carrier. We developed the concept further to include Power-to-Liquid, Power-to-Chemicals and other ways to 'convert' electricity into molecules and climate-neutral feedstocks, and named it 'Power-to-X'at the beginning of the 2010s.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Energies</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.3390/en14206594</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:bvb:898-opus4-26202</identifier>
    <note>Corresponding author: Michael Sterner</note>
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    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Michael Sterner</author>
    <author>Michael Specht</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>100% renewable energy scenarios</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>CARBON RECYCLING SYSTEM</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>CO2</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>eFuels</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>electric fuels</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>energy transition</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>hydrogen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>methanation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>METHANOL</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Power-to-Gas</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Power-to-Hydrogen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Power-to-Methane</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Power-to-X</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>sector coupling</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>sectoral integration</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>TRANSPORTATION</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="institutes" number="FakEI">Fakultät Elektro- und Informationstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="oaweg" number="">Gold Open Access- Erstveröffentlichung in einem/als Open-Access-Medium</collection>
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    <collection role="persons" number="sternerfenes">Sterner, Michael (Prof. Dr.) - FENES / Forschungsgruppe Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">Forschungsstelle für Energienetze und Energiespeicher (FENES) / Forschungsgruppe Energiespeicher</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Ostbayerische Technische Hochschule Regensburg</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-oth-regensburg/files/2620/Sterner_powertogasPowertoX.pdf</file>
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  <doc>
    <id>3840</id>
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    <publishedYear>2021</publishedYear>
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    <title language="eng">Power-to-X for Europes Energy Transformation – Booster H2Global</title>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Hydrogen Online Workshop Conference (Mission Hydrogen), 25.03.2021</parentTitle>
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    <author>Michael Sterner</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Erneuerbare Energien</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Klimaneutralität</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Energiewende</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Sektorenkopplung</value>
    </subject>
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      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Power-to-X</value>
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    <collection role="institutes" number="FakEI">Fakultät Elektro- und Informationstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="othforschungsschwerpunkt" number="16312">Energie und Mobilität</collection>
    <collection role="persons" number="sternerfenes">Sterner, Michael (Prof. Dr.) - FENES / Forschungsgruppe Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">Forschungsstelle für Energienetze und Energiespeicher (FENES) / Forschungsgruppe Energiespeicher</collection>
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  <doc>
    <id>3826</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2020</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
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    <title language="deu">Ohne Speicher, Wasserstoff und Power-to-X keine Dekarbonisierung von Verkehr und Industrie – Möglichkeiten und Notwendigkeit der integrierten Sektorenkopplung</title>
    <parentTitle language="deu">CIGRE/CIRED Informationsveranstaltung 2020, Leipzig, 13.10.2020</parentTitle>
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    <enrichment key="opus.source">sword</enrichment>
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    <author>Michael Sterner</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Erneuerbare Energien</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Klimaneutralität</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Energiewende</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Sektorenkopplung</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Klimaschutz</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Energiespeicher</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Power-to-X</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="institutes" number="FakEI">Fakultät Elektro- und Informationstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="othforschungsschwerpunkt" number="16312">Energie und Mobilität</collection>
    <collection role="persons" number="sternerfenes">Sterner, Michael (Prof. Dr.) - FENES / Forschungsgruppe Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">Forschungsstelle für Energienetze und Energiespeicher (FENES) / Forschungsgruppe Energiespeicher</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>3825</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2020</publishedYear>
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    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
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    <title language="deu">Megathema Wasserstoff: Power-to-X im Kontext der Energiewende und des Klimaschutzes in Deutschland</title>
    <parentTitle language="deu">IRES Symposium, Berlin 18.11.2020</parentTitle>
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    <enrichment key="BegutachtungStatus">peer-reviewed</enrichment>
    <author>Michael Sterner</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Erneuerbare Energien</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Wasserstoff</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Klimaneutralität</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Power-to-X</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Energiewende</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Sektorenkopplung</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="institutes" number="FakEI">Fakultät Elektro- und Informationstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="othforschungsschwerpunkt" number="16312">Energie und Mobilität</collection>
    <collection role="persons" number="sternerfenes">Sterner, Michael (Prof. Dr.) - FENES / Forschungsgruppe Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">Forschungsstelle für Energienetze und Energiespeicher (FENES) / Forschungsgruppe Energiespeicher</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>3828</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2020</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
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    <type>conferencesummary</type>
    <publisherName/>
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    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
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    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Power-to-X im Kontext der Energiewende und des Klimaschutzes in Deutschland</title>
    <parentTitle language="deu">Hydrogen Dialogue H2.Bayern, 18.11.2020, Nürnberg Friedrich-Alexander-Universität</parentTitle>
    <enrichment key="opus.import.date">2022-04-29T16:10:00+00:00</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">sword</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.import.user">importuser</enrichment>
    <author>Michael Sterner</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Erneuerbare Energien</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Klimaneutralität</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Energiewende</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Sektorenkopplung</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Power-to-X</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="institutes" number="FakEI">Fakultät Elektro- und Informationstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="othforschungsschwerpunkt" number="16312">Energie und Mobilität</collection>
    <collection role="persons" number="sternerfenes">Sterner, Michael (Prof. Dr.) - FENES / Forschungsgruppe Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">Forschungsstelle für Energienetze und Energiespeicher (FENES) / Forschungsgruppe Energiespeicher</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>3829</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2020</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
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    <type>conferencesummary</type>
    <publisherName/>
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    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
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    <title language="eng">The role of green H 2 + Power-to-X in the German Energy Transition</title>
    <parentTitle language="deu">First Brazilian-German Green Hydrogen Congress, Brasilia 06.10.2020</parentTitle>
    <enrichment key="opus.import.date">2022-04-29T16:10:00+00:00</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">sword</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.import.user">importuser</enrichment>
    <author>Michael Sterner</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Erneuerbare Energien</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Klimaneutralität</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Energiewende</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Sektorenkopplung</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Wasserstoff</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Power-to-X</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="institutes" number="FakEI">Fakultät Elektro- und Informationstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="othforschungsschwerpunkt" number="16312">Energie und Mobilität</collection>
    <collection role="persons" number="sternerfenes">Sterner, Michael (Prof. Dr.) - FENES / Forschungsgruppe Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">Forschungsstelle für Energienetze und Energiespeicher (FENES) / Forschungsgruppe Energiespeicher</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>3831</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2020</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
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    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>conferencesummary</type>
    <publisherName/>
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    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Warum wir Power-to-X für die Klimaneutralität und Mobilitätswende brauchen</title>
    <parentTitle language="deu">DECHEMA Fachforum Diesel: Mobilitätswende durch alternative Antriebe und Kraftstoffe:, Frankfurt 02.12.2020</parentTitle>
    <enrichment key="opus.import.date">2022-04-29T16:10:00+00:00</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">sword</enrichment>
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    <author>Michael Sterner</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Erneuerbare Energien</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Klimaneutralität</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Energiewende</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Sektorenkopplung</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Power-to-X</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="institutes" number="FakEI">Fakultät Elektro- und Informationstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="othforschungsschwerpunkt" number="16312">Energie und Mobilität</collection>
    <collection role="persons" number="sternerfenes">Sterner, Michael (Prof. Dr.) - FENES / Forschungsgruppe Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">Forschungsstelle für Energienetze und Energiespeicher (FENES) / Forschungsgruppe Energiespeicher</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>1166</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2020</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst>85</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>90</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>1-2</issue>
    <volume>92</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Wiley</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
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    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Power-to-X im Kontext der Energiewende und des Klimaschutzes in Deutschland</title>
    <abstract language="deu">Um den Einfluss verschiedener Power-to-X-Verfahren auf die Transformation des deutschen Energiesystems und das Erreichen der Klimaschutzziele zu überprüfen, wurde ein sektorübergreifendes Energiesystemmodel entwickelt. Die daraus gewonnenen Ergebnisse zeigen: Für eine erfolgreiche Energiewende ist der Einsatz von Power-to-X in Zukunft unverzichtbar. Vor allem in Bereichen und Sektoren, in denen hohe Energiedichten erforderlich und nur wenig andere Optionen zur Defossilisierung vorhanden sind, werden Power-to-X-Technologien zwingend notwendig.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="deu">Chemie-Ingenieur-Technik</parentTitle>
    <additionalTitle language="eng">Power-to-X in Context of Energy Transition and Climate Change Mitigation in Germany</additionalTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1002/cite.201900167</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0009-286X</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:bvb:898-opus4-11669</identifier>
    <note>Corresponding author: Franz Bauer</note>
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    <enrichment key="CorrespondingAuthor">Franz Bauer</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Michael Sterner</author>
    <author>Franz Bauer</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>swd</type>
      <value>Power-to-Gas</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Climate mitigation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Energy system</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Modeling</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Power-to-X</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>swd</type>
      <value>Klimaschutz</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>swd</type>
      <value>Energiewende</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="620">Ingenieurwissenschaften und zugeordnete Tätigkeiten</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="FakEI">Fakultät Elektro- und Informationstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="othforschungsschwerpunkt" number="16312">Energie und Mobilität</collection>
    <collection role="oaweg" number="">Hybrid Open Access - OA-Veröffentlichung in einer Subskriptionszeitschrift/-medium</collection>
    <collection role="oaweg" number="">Corresponding author der OTH Regensburg</collection>
    <collection role="funding" number="">DEAL Wiley</collection>
    <collection role="persons" number="sternerfenes">Sterner, Michael (Prof. Dr.) - FENES / Forschungsgruppe Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">Forschungsstelle für Energienetze und Energiespeicher (FENES) / Forschungsgruppe Energiespeicher</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Ostbayerische Technische Hochschule Regensburg</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-oth-regensburg/files/1166/Bauer_Chemie_Ingenieur_Technik_2019.pdf</file>
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    <id>7775</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
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    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>90</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
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    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">19 Import options for green hydrogen and derivatives - An overview of efficiencies and technology readiness levels</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The import of hydrogen and derivatives forms part of many national strategies and is fundamental to achieving climate protection targets. This paper provides an overview and technical comparison of import pathways for hydrogen and derivatives in terms of efficiency, technological maturity and development and construction times with a focus on the period up to 2030. The import of hydrogen via pipeline has the highest system efficiency at 57-67 % and the highest technological maturity with a technology readiness level (TRL) of 8-9. The import of ammonia and methanol via ship and of SNG via pipeline shows efficiencies in the range of 39-64 % and a technological maturity of TRL 7 to 9 when using point sources. Liquid hydrogen, LOHC and Fischer-Tropsch products have the lowest efficiency and TRL in comparison. The use of direct air capture (DAC) reduces efficiency and TRL considerably. Reconversion of the derivatives to hydrogen is also associated with high losses and is not achievable for all technologies on an industrial scale up to 2030. In the short to medium term, import routes for derivatives that can utilise existing infrastructures and mature technologies are the most promising for imports. In the long term, the most promising option is hydrogen via pipelines.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">International Journal of Hydrogen Energy</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">0360-3199</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.10.045</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:bvb:898-opus4-77756</identifier>
    <note>Corresponding author der OTH Regensburg: Michael Sterner</note>
    <enrichment key="BegutachtungStatus">peer-reviewed</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Michael Sterner</author>
    <author>Andreas Hofrichter</author>
    <author>Alexander Meisinger</author>
    <author>Franz Bauer</author>
    <author>Karsten Pinkwart</author>
    <author>Annabelle Maletzko</author>
    <author>Felix Dittmar</author>
    <author>Carsten Cremers</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Derivatives</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Power-to-X</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Efficiency</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>TRL</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Construction time</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Technical assessment</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Import</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen strategy</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Energy system modelling</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="institutes" number="FakEI">Fakultät Elektro- und Informationstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="othforschungsschwerpunkt" number="16312">Energie und Mobilität</collection>
    <collection role="oaweg" number="">Hybrid Open Access - OA-Veröffentlichung in einer Subskriptionszeitschrift/-medium</collection>
    <collection role="oaweg" number="">Corresponding author der OTH Regensburg</collection>
    <collection role="persons" number="sternerfenes">Sterner, Michael (Prof. Dr.) - FENES / Forschungsgruppe Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">Forschungsstelle für Energienetze und Energiespeicher (FENES) / Forschungsgruppe Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="funding" number="">DEAL Elsevier</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Ostbayerische Technische Hochschule Regensburg</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-oth-regensburg/files/7775/Sterner_Elsevier_2024.pdf</file>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>8197</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber>23</pageNumber>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>preprint</type>
    <publisherName>SSRN</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>2025-05-12</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Unlocking Potential Energy Partnerships in Europe: a Case Study on the Way to a Franco-German Energy Transition</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Global warming is already causing global destabilization. Geopolitical challenges fuel this instability and highlight the need for trusted energy partnerships to ensure energy security. To limit global warming and increase energy security, it is essential to take joint action on an international and global scale. The European Green Deal contributes to this. However, specific national actions are still needed. This research presents a way forward for a Franco-German energy transition and unlocks the potential of energy partnerships within Europe, using a cost-based, sector-coupled optimization model. Both countries are coupled via an isolated country optimization approach. Thus, the focus is on the development of each national energy system. The results highlight the increase of energy security in line with the European Green Deal. The main pillars of the energy transition are solar energy (32- 33%), wind energy (25-38%) and biogenic energy sources (13-27%). Nuclear power is being phased out in Germany and France. The results show that a Franco-German energy partnership has great potential. Overall, France can cost-effectively cover 25% of Germany’s hydrogen import needs (122 TWh) in 2050. At the same time, France can also benefit from the energy partnership in terms of economic growth and joint action to mitigate climate crisis.</abstract>
    <identifier type="doi">10.2139/ssrn.5251699</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.import.date">2025-06-03T21:49:53+00:00</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">sword</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.import.user">importuser</enrichment>
    <licence>Keine Lizenz - Es gilt das deutsche Urheberrecht: § 53 UrhG</licence>
    <author>Alexander Meisinger</author>
    <author>Andreas Hofrichter</author>
    <author>Franz Bauer</author>
    <author>Michael Sterner</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Decarbonization</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Energy partnership</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Energy system modelling</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Energy transition</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>European Green Deal</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Power-to-X</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="institutes" number="FakEI">Fakultät Elektro- und Informationstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="othforschungsschwerpunkt" number="16312">Energie und Mobilität</collection>
    <collection role="persons" number="sternerfenes">Sterner, Michael (Prof. Dr.) - FENES / Forschungsgruppe Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">Forschungsstelle für Energienetze und Energiespeicher (FENES) / Forschungsgruppe Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="DFGFachsystematik" number="1">Ingenieurwissenschaften</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>7272</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>preprint</type>
    <publisherName>Research Square Platform LLC</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">The impact of temporal hydrogen regulation on hydrogen exporters and their domestic energy transition</title>
    <abstract language="eng">As global demand for green hydrogen rises, potential hydrogen exporters move into the spotlight. However, the large-scale installation of on-grid hydrogen electrolysis for export can have profound impacts on domestic energy prices and energy-related emissions. Our investigation explores the interplay of hydrogen exports, domestic energy transition and temporal hydrogen regulation, employing a sector-coupled energy model in Morocco. We find substantial co-benets of domestic climate change mitigation and hydrogen exports, whereby exports can reduce domestic electricity prices while mitigation reduces hydrogen export prices. However, increasing hydrogen exports quickly in a system that is still dominated by fossil fuels can substantially raise domestic electricity prices, if green hydrogen production is not regulated. Surprisingly, temporal matching of hydrogen production lowers domestic electricity cost by up to 31% while the effect on exporters is minimal. This policy instrument can steer the welfare (re-)distribution between hydrogen exporting firms, hydrogen importers, and domestic electricity consumers and hereby increases acceptance among actors.</abstract>
    <identifier type="doi">10.21203/rs.3.rs-4285425/v1</identifier>
    <note>Der Aufsatz wurde peer-reviewed veröffentlicht und ist ebenfalls in diesem Repositorium verzeichnet unter: https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-oth-regensburg/8485</note>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Leon Schumm</author>
    <author>Hazem Abdel-Khalek</author>
    <author>Tom Brown</author>
    <author>Falko Ueckerdt</author>
    <author>Michael Sterner</author>
    <author>Davide Fioriti</author>
    <author>Max Parzen</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Energy Transition</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen regulation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen export</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Climate-neutral</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Domestic prices</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen prices</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Power-to-X</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="institutes" number="FakEI">Fakultät Elektro- und Informationstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="othforschungsschwerpunkt" number="16312">Energie und Mobilität</collection>
    <collection role="persons" number="sternerfenes">Sterner, Michael (Prof. Dr.) - FENES / Forschungsgruppe Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">Forschungsstelle für Energienetze und Energiespeicher (FENES) / Forschungsgruppe Energiespeicher</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>8783</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2026</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber>13</pageNumber>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume>342</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">The role of hydrogen offtaker regulation in highly renewable electricity systems</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The growing demand for green hydrogen necessitates a rapid scale-up of production and exports to meet decarbonization targets globally. However, current ramp-up efforts remain insufficient, calling for policies that unlock the potential of hydrogen as a low-carbon energy carrier. A key lever is the offtaker regulation, which impacts the pace and sustainability of export projects.&#13;
This study investigates minimum renewable share requirements for hydrogen exports in countries with high renewable electricity shares. Using New Zealand as a case study, we develop a fully sector-coupled capacity expansion and dispatch model, integrating hydrogen and electricity network planning based on PyPSA-Earth. The model optimizes New Zealand’s energy system under varying export scenarios, renewable electricity shares, and resulting system impacts.&#13;
We find that domestic electricity demand and renewable expansion rates dominate long-term outcomes, while progressive regulation enables short-term hydrogen and Power-to-X exports. Relaxing the renewable threshold from 80% to 60% triples export volumes from 2.5 TWh to 8.2 TWh by 2030. We propose a two-stage requirement: an initially progressive threshold to attract investment with low consequential emissions, followed by stricter regulation to prevent high emissions, rising domestic electricity prices, and declining hydrogen competitiveness. This framework, demonstrated for New Zealand, can guide hydrogen-exporting countries worldwide.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Energy</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.energy.2025.139513</identifier>
    <note>Corresponding author der OTH Regensburg: Leon Schumm</note>
    <enrichment key="opus.import.date">2026-01-12T13:02:41+00:00</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">sword</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.import.user">importuser</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="CorrespondingAuthor">Leon Schumm</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="BegutachtungStatus">peer-reviewed</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Leon Schumm</author>
    <author>Jannik Haas</author>
    <author>Rebecca Peer</author>
    <author>Michael Sterner</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Climate neutrality</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>e-fuels</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Emission intensity</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Energy systems modelling</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen exports</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen offtaker regulation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Power-to-X</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="institutes" number="FakEI">Fakultät Elektro- und Informationstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="oaweg" number="">Hybrid Open Access - OA-Veröffentlichung in einer Subskriptionszeitschrift/-medium</collection>
    <collection role="oaweg" number="">Corresponding author der OTH Regensburg</collection>
    <collection role="persons" number="sternerfenes">Sterner, Michael (Prof. Dr.) - FENES / Forschungsgruppe Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">Forschungsstelle für Energienetze und Energiespeicher (FENES) / Forschungsgruppe Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="funding" number="">DEAL Elsevier</collection>
    <collection role="DFGFachsystematik" number="1">Ingenieurwissenschaften</collection>
    <collection role="othforschungsschwerpunkt" number="">Nachhaltige Lebensräume</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>8965</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2026</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber>22</pageNumber>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>preprint</type>
    <publisherName>SSRN</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">The impact of hydrogen underground storage on fair partnerships: a GIS-based integration of salt caverns into PyPSA-Earth</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The increasing demand for hydrogen in Europe and the development of cross-border infrastructure, such as the SoutH2 Corridorconnecting Tunisia, Italy, Austria, and Germany, underscore the importance for hydrogen storage solutions to ensure supplysecurity and competitive pricing. Without storage, producers face increased market dependency, as electrolyzers require con-tinuous operation to remain economically viable. At the same time, storage offers opportunities to strengthen domestic valuechains by securing hydrogen supply for local industries. To assess the system-level impact of underground hydrogen storageand its implications for hydrogen partnerships, we integrate GIS-based salt cavern potentials into PyPSA-Earth and apply theframework to Tunisia. Salt caverns are currently largely considered the most economical option for large-scale hydrogen storage,offering operational flexibility. Underground storage is represented as an endogenously optimised, regionally constrained option,enabling a direct comparison between scenarios with and without geological storage under identical demand, technology, andpolicy assumptions.Our results show that underground hydrogen storage enables seasonal balancing at multi-terawatt-hour scale, reshaping hydro-gen system design. Storage availability substitutes most aboveground hydrogen tank capacity, improves electrolyser utilisation,and reduces levelised hydrogen production costs by approximately 0.10 € kg−1. Moreover, it decouples hydrogen production fromshort-term electricity variability and export demand, enhancing supply stability and export competitiveness.Beyond the Tunisian case, the findings underscore the strategic role of geological storage in international hydrogen trade. Byincreasing resilience and reducing cost volatility, underground hydrogen storage strengthens the position of exporting regionsand supports more balanced and sustainable hydrogen partnerships.</abstract>
    <identifier type="doi">10.2139/ssrn.6307406</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.import.date">2026-03-29T15:41:42+00:00</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">sword</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.import.user">importuser</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <licence>Keine Lizenz - Es gilt das deutsche Urheberrecht: § 53 UrhG</licence>
    <author>Anton Achhammer</author>
    <author>Davide Fioriti</author>
    <author>Aliaksei Patonia</author>
    <author>Michael Sterner</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Energy Transition</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen export</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>hydrogen underground storage</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hydrogen prices</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>salt caverns</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Power-to-X</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>PyPSA-Earth</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="institutes" number="FakEI">Fakultät Elektro- und Informationstechnik</collection>
    <collection role="persons" number="sternerfenes">Sterner, Michael (Prof. Dr.) - FENES / Forschungsgruppe Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">Forschungsstelle für Energienetze und Energiespeicher (FENES) / Forschungsgruppe Energiespeicher</collection>
    <collection role="DFGFachsystematik" number="1">Ingenieurwissenschaften</collection>
    <collection role="othforschungsschwerpunkt" number="">Nachhaltige Lebensräume</collection>
  </doc>
</export-example>
