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  <doc>
    <id>351</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2019</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>218</pageFirst>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>conferencepresentation</type>
    <publisherName>Springer Vieweg</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Wiesbaden</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>2020-04-22</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Abstract: Imitating Human Soft Tissue with Dual-Material 3D Printing</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Currently, it is common practice to use three-dimensional (3D) printers not only for rapid prototyping in the industry, but also in the medical area to create medical applications for training inexperienced surgeons. In a clinical training simulator for minimally invasive bone drilling to fix hand fractures with Kirschner-wires (K-wires), a 3D printed hand phantom must not only be geometrically but also haptically correct. Due to a limited view during an operation, surgeons need to perfectly localize underlying risk structures only by feeling of specific bony protrusions of the human hand.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Bildverarbeitung für die Medizin 2019, Algorithmen - Systeme - Anwendungen. Proceedings des Workshops vom 17. bis 19. März 2019 in Lübeck</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="isbn">978-3-658-25325-7</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1007/978-3-658-25326-4_48</identifier>
    <author>Johannes Maier</author>
    <author>Maximilian Weiherer</author>
    <author>Michaela Huber</author>
    <author>Christoph Palm</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>swd</type>
      <value>Handchirurgie</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>swd</type>
      <value>3D-Druck</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>swd</type>
      <value>Lernprogramm</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>HaptiVisT</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="institutes" number="FakIM">Fakultät Informatik und Mathematik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="RCBE">Regensburg Center of Biomedical Engineering - RCBE</collection>
    <collection role="persons" number="palmremic">Palm, Christoph (Prof. Dr.) - ReMIC</collection>
    <collection role="othforschungsschwerpunkt" number="16314">Lebenswissenschaften und Ethik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">Labor Regensburg Medical Image Computing (ReMIC)</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>97</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2019</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>30</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>42</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>1</issue>
    <volume>9</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>AME Publishing Company</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Imitating human soft tissue on basis of a dual-material 3D print using a support-filled metamaterial to provide bimanual haptic for a hand surgery training system</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Background: Currently, it is common practice to use three-dimensional (3D) printers not only for rapid prototyping in the industry, but also in the medical area to create medical applications for training inexperienced surgeons. In a clinical training simulator for minimally invasive bone drilling to fix hand fractures with Kirschner-wires (K-wires), a 3D-printed hand phantom must not only be geometrically but also haptically correct. Due to a limited view during an operation, surgeons need to perfectly localize underlying risk structures only by feeling of specific bony protrusions of the human hand.&#13;
Methods: The goal of this experiment is to imitate human soft tissue with its haptic and elasticity for a realistic hand phantom fabrication, using only a dual-material 3D printer and support-material-filled metamaterial between skin and bone. We present our workflow to generate lattice structures between hard bone and soft skin with iterative cube edge (CE) or cube face (CF) unit cells. Cuboid and finger shaped sample prints with and without inner hard bone in different lattice thickness are constructed and 3D printed.&#13;
Results: The most elastic available rubber-like material is too firm to imitate soft tissue. By reducing the amount of rubber in the inner volume through support material (SUP), objects become significantly softer. Without metamaterial, after disintegration, the SUP can be shifted through the volume and thus the body loses its original shape. Although the CE design increases the elasticity, it cannot restore the fabric form. In contrast to CE, the CF design increases not only the elasticity but also guarantees a local limitation of the SUP. Therefore, the body retains its shape and internal bones remain in its intended place. Various unit cell sizes, lattice thickening and skin thickness regulate the rubber material and SUP ratio. Test prints with higher SUP and lower rubber material percentage appear softer and vice versa. This was confirmed by an expert surgeon evaluation. Subjects adjudged pure rubber-like material as too firm and samples only filled with SUP or lattice structure in CE design as not suitable for imitating tissue. 3D-printed finger samples in CF design were rated as realistic compared to the haptic of human tissue with a good palpable bone structure.&#13;
Conclusions: We developed a new dual-material 3D print technique to imitate soft tissue of the human hand with its haptic properties. Blowy SUP is trapped within a lattice structure to soften rubber-like 3D print material, which makes it possible to reproduce a realistic replica of human hand soft tissue.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Quantitative Imaging in Medicine and Surgery</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.21037/qims.2018.09.17</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:bvb:898-opus4-979</identifier>
    <note>Corresponding author: Christoph Palm</note>
    <enrichment key="BegutachtungStatus">peer-reviewed</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY-NC-ND - Namensnennung - Nicht kommerziell - Keine Bearbeitungen 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Johannes Maier</author>
    <author>Maximilian Weiherer</author>
    <author>Michaela Huber</author>
    <author>Christoph Palm</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Dual-material 3D printing</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Hand surgery training</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Metamaterial</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Support material</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Tissue-imitating hand phantom</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>swd</type>
      <value>Handchirurgie</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>swd</type>
      <value>3D-Druck</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>swd</type>
      <value>Biomaterial</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>swd</type>
      <value>Lernprogramm</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="6">Technik, Medizin, angewandte Wissenschaften</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="FakIM">Fakultät Informatik und Mathematik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="RCBE">Regensburg Center of Biomedical Engineering - RCBE</collection>
    <collection role="persons" number="palmremic">Palm, Christoph (Prof. Dr.) - ReMIC</collection>
    <collection role="oaweg" number="">Gold Open Access- Erstveröffentlichung in einem/als Open-Access-Medium</collection>
    <collection role="persons" number="palmhaptivist">Palm, Christoph (Prof. Dr.) - Projekt HaptiVisT</collection>
    <collection role="othforschungsschwerpunkt" number="16314">Lebenswissenschaften und Ethik</collection>
    <collection role="oaweg" number="">Corresponding author der OTH Regensburg</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">Labor Regensburg Medical Image Computing (ReMIC)</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>346</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2020</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>340</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>455</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>02</issue>
    <volume>10</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>AME Publishing Company</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Hong Kong, China</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>2020-04-22</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Optically tracked and 3D printed haptic phantom hand for surgical training system</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Background: For surgical fixation of bone fractures of the human hand, so-called Kirschner-wires (K-wires) are drilled through bone fragments. Due to the minimally invasive drilling procedures without a view of risk structures like vessels and nerves, a thorough training of young surgeons is necessary. For the development of a virtual reality (VR) based training system, a three-dimensional (3D) printed phantom hand is required. To ensure an intuitive operation, this phantom hand has to be realistic in both, its position relative to the driller as well as in its haptic features. The softest 3D printing material available on the market, however, is too hard to imitate human soft tissue. Therefore, a support-material (SUP) filled metamaterial is used to soften the raw material. Realistic haptic features are important to palpate protrusions of the bone to determine the drilling starting point and angle. An optical real-time tracking is used to transfer position and rotation to the training system.&#13;
Methods: A metamaterial already developed in previous work is further improved by use of a new unit cell. Thus, the amount of SUP within the volume can be increased and the tissue is softened further. In addition, the human anatomy is transferred to the entire hand model. A subcutaneous fat layer and penetration of air through pores into the volume simulate shiftability of skin layers. For optical tracking, a rotationally symmetrical marker attached to the phantom hand with corresponding reference marker is developed. In order to ensure trouble-free position transmission, various types of marker point applications are tested.&#13;
&#13;
Results: Several cuboid and forearm sample prints lead to a final 30 centimeter long hand model. The whole haptic phantom could be printed faultless within about 17 hours. The metamaterial consisting of the new unit cell results in an increased SUP share of 4.32%. Validated by an expert surgeon study, this allows in combination with a displacement of the uppermost skin layer a good palpability of the bones. Tracking of the hand marker in dodecahedron design works trouble-free in conjunction with a reference marker attached to the worktop of the training system.&#13;
&#13;
Conclusions: In this work, an optically tracked and haptically correct phantom hand was developed using dual-material 3D printing, which can be easily integrated into a surgical training system.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Quantitative Imaging in Medicine and Surgery</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.21037/qims.2019.12.03</identifier>
    <note>Corresponding author: Christoph Palm</note>
    <enrichment key="BegutachtungStatus">peer-reviewed</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY-NC-ND - Namensnennung - Nicht kommerziell - Keine Bearbeitungen 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Johannes Maier</author>
    <author>Maximilian Weiherer</author>
    <author>Michaela Huber</author>
    <author>Christoph Palm</author>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>swd</type>
      <value>Handchirurgie</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>swd</type>
      <value>3D-Druck</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>swd</type>
      <value>Lernprogramm</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>deu</language>
      <type>swd</type>
      <value>Zielverfolgung</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>HaptiVisT</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Dual-material 3D printing</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>hand surgery training</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>metamaterial</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>tissue imitating phantom hand</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="0">Informatik, Informationswissenschaft, allgemeine Werke</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="6">Technik, Medizin, angewandte Wissenschaften</collection>
    <collection role="ddc" number="617">Chirurgie und verwandte medizinische Fachrichtungen</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="FakIM">Fakultät Informatik und Mathematik</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="RCBE">Regensburg Center of Biomedical Engineering - RCBE</collection>
    <collection role="persons" number="palmremic">Palm, Christoph (Prof. Dr.) - ReMIC</collection>
    <collection role="oaweg" number="">Gold Open Access- Erstveröffentlichung in einem/als Open-Access-Medium</collection>
    <collection role="persons" number="palmhaptivist">Palm, Christoph (Prof. Dr.) - Projekt HaptiVisT</collection>
    <collection role="othforschungsschwerpunkt" number="16314">Lebenswissenschaften und Ethik</collection>
    <collection role="oaweg" number="">Corresponding author der OTH Regensburg</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="">Labor Regensburg Medical Image Computing (ReMIC)</collection>
  </doc>
</export-example>
