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    <title language="eng">Report of RILEM TC 281-CCC: A critical review of the standardised testing methods to determine carbonation resistance of concrete</title>
    <abstract language="deu">The chemical reaction between CO2 and a blended Portland cement concrete, referred to as carbonation, can lead to reduced performance, particularly when concrete is exposed to elevated levels of CO2 (i.e., accelerated carbonation conditions). When slight changes in concrete mix designs or testing conditions are adopted, conflicting carbonation results are often reported. The RILEM TC 281-CCC ‘Carbonation of Concrete with Supplementary Cementitious Materials’ has conducted a critical analysis of the standardised testing methodologies that are currently applied to determine carbonation resistance of concrete in different regions. There are at least 17 different standards or recommendations being actively used for this purpose, with significant differences in sample curing, pre-conditioning, carbonation exposure conditions, and methods used for determination of carbonation depth after exposure. These differences strongly influence the carbonation depths recorded and the carbonation coefficient values calculated. Considering the importance of accurately determining carbonation potential of concrete, not just for predicting their durability performance, but also for determining the amount of CO2 that concrete can re-absorb during or after its service life, it is imperative to recognise the applicability and limitations of the results obtained from different tests. This will enable researchers and practitioners to adopt the most appropriate testing methodologies to evaluate carbonation resistance, depending on the purpose of the conclusions derived from such testing (e. g. materials selection, service life prediction, CO2 capture potential).</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Materials and Structures</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1617/s11527-024-02424-9</identifier>
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    <author>Susan A. Bernal</author>
    <author>Yuvaraj Dhandapani</author>
    <author>Yogarajah Elakneswaran</author>
    <author>Gregor J. G. Gluth</author>
    <author>Elke Gruyaert</author>
    <author>Maria C. G. Juenger</author>
    <author>Barbara Lothenbach</author>
    <author>Kolawole Adisa Olonade</author>
    <author>Marlene Sakoparnig</author>
    <author>Zhenguo Shi</author>
    <author>Charlotte Thiel</author>
    <author>Philip van den Heede</author>
    <author>Hanne Vanoutrive</author>
    <author>Stefanie Von Greve-Dierfeld</author>
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    <issue/>
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    <title language="eng">Understanding the carbonation of concrete with supplementary cementitious materials</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Blended cements, where Portland cement clinker is partially replaced by supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), provide the most feasible route for reducing carbon dioxide emissions associated with concrete production. However, lowering the clinker content can lead to an increasing risk of neutralisation of the concrete pore solution and potential reinforcement corrosion due to carbonation. carbonation of concrete with SCMs differs from carbonation of concrete solely based on Portland cement (PC). This is a consequence of the differences in the hydrate phase assemblage and pore solution chemistry, as well as the pore structure and transport properties, when varying the binder composition, age and curing conditions of the concretes. The carbonation mechanism and kinetics also depend on the saturation degree of the concrete and CO2 partial pressure which in turn depends on exposure conditions (e.g. relative humidity, volume, and duration of water in contact with the concrete surface and temperature conditions). This in turn influence the microstructural changes identified upon carbonation. This literature review, prepared by members of RILEM technical committee 281-CCC carbonation of concrete with supplementary cementitious materials, working groups 1 and 2, elucidates the effect of numerous SCM characteristics, exposure environments and curing conditions on the carbonation mechanism, kinetics and structural alterations in cementitious systems containing SCMs.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Materials and Structures</parentTitle>
    <subTitle language="eng">a critical review by RILEM TC 281-CCC</subTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1617/s11527-020-01558-w</identifier>
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    <author>Stefanie Von Greve-Dierfeld</author>
    <author>Barbara Lothenbach</author>
    <author>Anya Vollpracht</author>
    <author>Bei Wu</author>
    <author>Bruno Huet</author>
    <author>Carmen Andrade</author>
    <author>César Medina</author>
    <author>Charlotte Thiel</author>
    <author>Elke Gruyaert</author>
    <author>Hanne Vanoutrive</author>
    <author>Isabel F. Del Saéz Bosque</author>
    <author>Ivan Ignjatovic</author>
    <author>Jan Elsen</author>
    <author>John L. Provis</author>
    <author>Karen Scrivener</author>
    <author>Karl-Christian Thienel</author>
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    <author>Philip Van den Heede</author>
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    <author>Susan A. Bernal</author>
    <author>Zengfeng Zhao</author>
    <author>Zhenguo Shi</author>
    <author>Nele De Belie</author>
    <subject>
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      <value>Transport properties</value>
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      <value>Supplementary cementitious materials</value>
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      <value>Carbonations</value>
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    <title language="eng">Recommendation of RILEM TC 281-CCC: RILEM CPC-18R1 - guideline for measuring the carbonation depth of hardened concrete using a pH indicator solution</title>
    <abstract language="eng">This recommendation provides a procedure for determining the carbonation depth on the surface of concrete by applying a pH indicator. This includes definitions of carbonation, carbonation depth and carbonation front, as well as descriptions of the different pH indicator solutions that can be used. Recommendations for testing laboratory-prepared specimens and those obtained from concrete structures are also given. This involves guidelines for sample preparation and/or extraction, CO2&#13;
 exposure duration, carbonation depth determination and reporting of results. A section on data interpretation is also provided, as carbonation results are used for determining durability of concrete, as well as a criterion for materials selection or for carbon uptake calculations. The new Recommendation CPC-18R1 is intended to supersede the former RILEM recommendation CPC-18, particularly when prescribed as the preferred method for evaluating and reporting carbonation depths.</abstract>
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    <author>Susan A. Bernal</author>
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