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    <title language="eng">A New Haptic Sensor Actuator System for Virtual Reality Applications in Medicine</title>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention - MICCAI 2003: 6th International Conference, Montréal, Canada, November 15-18, 2003, Proceedings</parentTitle>
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    <author>W. Khaled</author>
    <author>Otto T. Bruhns</author>
    <author>S. Reichling</author>
    <author>Holger Böse</author>
    <author>Michael Baumann</author>
    <author>Gareth J. Monkman</author>
    <author>Stefan Egersdörfer</author>
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    <author>Herbert Freimuth</author>
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    <title language="eng">A haptic system for virtual reality applications based on ultrasound elastography and electrorheological fluids</title>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Acoustical Imaging</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1007/978-1-4020-2402-3_85</identifier>
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    <author>W. Khaled</author>
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    <author>Holger Böse</author>
    <author>Michael Baumann</author>
    <author>Gareth J. Monkman</author>
    <author>Stefan Egersdörfer</author>
    <author>Alexander Meier</author>
    <author>Dagmar Klein</author>
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    <id>5122</id>
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    <publisherName>HVG Hanseatische Veranstaltungs-GmbH</publisherName>
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    <title language="eng">Palpation imaging using a haptic sensor actuator system for medical applications</title>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Actuator 2004 : 9th International Conference on New Actuators &amp; 3rd International Exhibition on Smart Actuators and Drive Systems, 14-16 June 2004, Bremen, Germany</parentTitle>
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    <author>W. Khaled</author>
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    <author>Otto T. Bruhns</author>
    <author>Helmut Ermert</author>
    <author>Gareth J. Monkman</author>
    <author>Stefan Egersdörfer</author>
    <author>Michael Baumann</author>
    <author>Holger Böse</author>
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    <id>5180</id>
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    <language>eng</language>
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    <publisherName>Pergamon</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Oxford</publisherPlace>
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    <title language="eng">Electrorheological Tactile Elements</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The use of ultrasound systems for medical examination and diagnosis is nothing new. The extension of ultrasound techniques for real time elastographic analysis purposes represents a more recent development. Nevertheless, as they stand all such techniques rely on the interpretation of two-dimensional visual data displayed on a video screen. In reality however, a medical doctor will make as much use of exploratory touch as he or she does vision, making the simultaneous portrayal of both video and tactile information most desirable [Böse H, Monkman GJ, Freimuth H, Ermert H. Haptisches Sensor-Aktor-System uaf der grundlage der Echtzeitelastographie sowie von elktro- und magnetorheologischen Materialien “HASASEM” [3]. BMBF Antrag 01 IR A14D, Oktober 2000].&#13;
&#13;
This paper discusses the preliminary tests and basic design parameters for single tactels using electrorheological fluids. The final aim is to produce a prototype three-dimensional tactile display comprising electrically switchable micro-machined cells whose mechanical moduli are governed by phase changes experienced by electrorheological fluids. This will be integrated with the latest elastographic ultrasonic sensor systems in order to present the human fingers with controllable surfaces capable of emulating biological tissue, muscle and bone.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Mechatronics</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.mechatronics.2004.05.007</identifier>
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    <licence>Keine Lizenz - Es gilt das deutsche Urheberrecht: § 53 UrhG</licence>
    <author>Dagmar Klein</author>
    <author>Herbert Freimuth</author>
    <author>Gareth J. Monkman</author>
    <author>Stefan Egersdörfer</author>
    <author>Alexander Meier</author>
    <author>Holger Böse</author>
    <author>Michael Baumann</author>
    <author>Helmut Ermert</author>
    <author>Otto T. Bruhns</author>
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  <doc>
    <id>5125</id>
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    <publishedYear>2004</publishedYear>
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    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>794</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>803</pageLast>
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    <edition/>
    <issue>5</issue>
    <volume>37</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>IOP Publ.</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Bristol</publisherPlace>
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    <title language="eng">Modelling the Response of a Tactile Array using an Electrorheological Fluids</title>
    <abstract language="eng">This paper reports the first step in the development of a tactile array suitable for the presentation of haptic information in virtual reality. The system is based on the electric field dependence of the viscosity of electrorheological fluids. The simulation, as well as the experimental realization of single tactels is described. The mathematical approach is based on the Eckart model (Eckart W 2000 Continuum Mech. Thermodyn. 12 341–62) and its validity is demonstrated by comparing the resulting yield stress with the experimental results from Wunderlich (2000 Dissertation Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg). Two different tactel designs are realized and the experimental results are compared with numerical simulation. The design of modification B is shown to be applicable for the realization of an actuator array with high spatial resolution.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1088/0022-3727/37/5/023</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1361-6463</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0022-3727</identifier>
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    <author>Dagmar Klein</author>
    <author>D. Rensink</author>
    <author>Herbert Freimuth</author>
    <author>Gareth J. Monkman</author>
    <author>Stefan Egersdörfer</author>
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