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    <issue>9</issue>
    <volume>57</volume>
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    <title language="eng">Report of RILEM TC 281-CCC: outcomes of a round robin on the resistance to natural carbonation of Portland, Portland-fly ash and blast-furnace cements and its relation to accelerated carbonation</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Numerous (inter)national standards are in place for assessing the resistance to carbonation of mortar and concrete. Within the framework of RILEM TC 281-CCC ‘Carbonation of Concrete with SCMs,’ an extensive interlaboratory test campaign (ILT) involving twenty-two participating laboratories worldwide was initiated to compare natural carbonation of concrete and mortar with three different cement types (Portland cement (CEM I), Portland-fly ash cement (CEM II/B-V) and blast-furnace cement (CEM III/B)) and investigate its relation to accelerated carbonation as reported in Vanoutrive et al. (Mater Struct 55:1–29, 2022). It could be concluded that ranking of cement types was analogous between accelerated and natural carbonation methods. Environmental parameters have an important effect on the carbonation rate, however, differences between the mean carbonation rates originating from indoor and sheltered outdoor natural exposure with different exposure conditions and curing regimes were insignificant for each considered cement type. This is caused by the scatter related to carbonation testing among different laboratories. Nevertheless, results showed that a natural exposure period of at least one year is essential to reach a constant carbonation rate over time. For both natural and accelerated carbonation, the carbonation rate increased by 18% when the aggregate-to-cement ratio increased by 1.79 (concrete versus mortar). This correlation seems insensitive to binder type and exposure method. Finally, the best correlation between natural and accelerated carbonation was found for EN 12390–10 (specifically natural indoor exposure) and EN 12390–12 (accelerated exposure) when only test methods performed by more than one laboratory were considered.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Materials and Structures</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">1359-5997</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1617/s11527-024-02464-1</identifier>
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    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Hanne Vanoutrive</author>
    <author>Natalia Alderete</author>
    <author>Nele De Belie</author>
    <author>Miren Etxeberria</author>
    <author>Cyrill Grengg</author>
    <author>Ivan Ignjatović</author>
    <author>Tung-Chai Ling</author>
    <author>Zhiyuan Liu</author>
    <author>Inés Garcia-Lodeiro</author>
    <author>César Medina Martínez</author>
    <author>Javier Sanchez</author>
    <author>Angel Palomo</author>
    <author>Nuria Rebolledo</author>
    <author>Marlene Sakoparnig</author>
    <author>Kosmas Sideris</author>
    <author>Charlotte Thiel</author>
    <author>Philip Van den Heede</author>
    <author>Anya Vollpracht</author>
    <author>Stefanie von Greve-Dierfeld</author>
    <author>Jinxin Wei</author>
    <author>Maciej Zając</author>
    <author>Elke Gruyaert</author>
    <collection role="institutes" number="FakBau">Fakultät Bauingenieurwesen</collection>
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  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>7494</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber>31</pageNumber>
    <edition/>
    <issue>8</issue>
    <volume>57</volume>
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    <publisherName>Springer</publisherName>
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    <title language="eng">Report of RILEM TC 281-CCC: A critical review of the standardised testing methods to determine carbonation resistance of concrete</title>
    <abstract language="deu">The chemical reaction between CO2 and a blended Portland cement concrete, referred to as carbonation, can lead to reduced performance, particularly when concrete is exposed to elevated levels of CO2 (i.e., accelerated carbonation conditions). When slight changes in concrete mix designs or testing conditions are adopted, conflicting carbonation results are often reported. The RILEM TC 281-CCC ‘Carbonation of Concrete with Supplementary Cementitious Materials’ has conducted a critical analysis of the standardised testing methodologies that are currently applied to determine carbonation resistance of concrete in different regions. There are at least 17 different standards or recommendations being actively used for this purpose, with significant differences in sample curing, pre-conditioning, carbonation exposure conditions, and methods used for determination of carbonation depth after exposure. These differences strongly influence the carbonation depths recorded and the carbonation coefficient values calculated. Considering the importance of accurately determining carbonation potential of concrete, not just for predicting their durability performance, but also for determining the amount of CO2 that concrete can re-absorb during or after its service life, it is imperative to recognise the applicability and limitations of the results obtained from different tests. This will enable researchers and practitioners to adopt the most appropriate testing methodologies to evaluate carbonation resistance, depending on the purpose of the conclusions derived from such testing (e. g. materials selection, service life prediction, CO2 capture potential).</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Materials and Structures</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1617/s11527-024-02424-9</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0025-5432</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">1359-5997</identifier>
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    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Susan A. Bernal</author>
    <author>Yuvaraj Dhandapani</author>
    <author>Yogarajah Elakneswaran</author>
    <author>Gregor J. G. Gluth</author>
    <author>Elke Gruyaert</author>
    <author>Maria C. G. Juenger</author>
    <author>Barbara Lothenbach</author>
    <author>Kolawole Adisa Olonade</author>
    <author>Marlene Sakoparnig</author>
    <author>Zhenguo Shi</author>
    <author>Charlotte Thiel</author>
    <author>Philip van den Heede</author>
    <author>Hanne Vanoutrive</author>
    <author>Stefanie Von Greve-Dierfeld</author>
    <author>Nele De Belie</author>
    <author>John L. Provis</author>
    <collection role="institutes" number="FakBau">Fakultät Bauingenieurwesen</collection>
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  <doc>
    <id>7301</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
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    <issue/>
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    <type>preprint</type>
    <publisherName>Research Square Platform LLC</publisherName>
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    <title language="eng">Report of RILEM TC 281-CCC: Insights into factors affecting the carbonation rate of concrete with SCMs revealed from data mining and machine learning approaches</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The RILEM TC 281–CCC ‘‘Carbonation of concrete with supplementary cementitious materials’’ conducted a study on the effects of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) on the carbonation rate of blended cement concretes and mortars. In this context, a comprehensive database has been established, consisting of 1044 concrete and mortar mixes with their associated carbonation depth data over time. The dataset comprises mix designs with a large variety of binders with up to 94% SCMs, collected from the literature as well as unpublished testing reports. The data includes chemical composition and physical properties of the raw materials, mix-designs, compressive strengths, curing and carbonation testing conditions. Natural carbonation was recorded for several years in many cases with both indoor and outdoor results. The database has been analysed to investigate the effects of binder composition and mix design, curing and preconditioning, and relative humidity on the carbonation rate. Furthermore, the accuracy of accelerated carbonation testing as well as possible correlations between compressive strength and carbonation resistance were evaluated. The analysis revealed that the w/CaOreactive ratio is a decisive factor for carbonation resistance, while curing and exposure conditions also influence carbonation. Under natural exposure conditions, the carbonation data exhibit significant variations. Nevertheless, probabilistic inference suggests that both accelerated and natural carbonation processes follow a square-root-of-time behavior, though accelerated and natural carbonation cannot be converted into each other without corrections. Additionally, a machine learning technique was employed to assess the influence of parameters governing the carbonation progress in concretes.</abstract>
    <identifier type="doi">10.21203/rs.3.rs-4169492/v1</identifier>
    <note>Verörffenticht bei Springer Nature: https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-oth-regensburg/frontdoor/index/index/docId/7776</note>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Anya Vollpracht</author>
    <author>Gregor J. G. Gluth</author>
    <author>Bart Rogiers</author>
    <author>Ikenna D. Uwanuakwa</author>
    <author>Quoc Tri Phung</author>
    <author>Yury Villagran Zaccardi</author>
    <author>Charlotte Thiel</author>
    <author>Hanne Vanoutrive</author>
    <author>Juan Manuel Etcheverry</author>
    <author>Elke Gruyaert</author>
    <author>Siham Kamali-Bernard</author>
    <author>Antonios Kanellopoulos</author>
    <author>Zengfeng Zhao</author>
    <author>Isabel Milagre Martins</author>
    <author>Sundar Rathnarajan</author>
    <author>Nele De Belie</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>natural carbonation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>accelerated carbonation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>SCMs</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>database</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="institutes" number="FakBau">Fakultät Bauingenieurwesen</collection>
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  <doc>
    <id>7776</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
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    <issue>9</issue>
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    <title language="eng">Report of RILEM TC 281-CCC: insights into factors affecting the carbonation rate of concrete with SCMs revealed from data mining and machine learning approaches</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The RILEM TC 281–CCC ‘‘Carbonation of concrete with supplementary cementitious materials’’ conducted a study on the effects of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) on the carbonation rate of blended cement concretes and mortars. In this context, a comprehensive database has been established, consisting of 1044 concrete and mortar mixes with their associated carbonation depth data over time. The dataset comprises mix designs with a large variety of binders with up to 94% SCMs, collected from the literature as well as unpublished testing reports. The data includes chemical composition and physical properties of the raw materials, mix-designs, compressive strengths, curing and carbonation testing conditions. Natural carbonation was recorded for several years in many cases with both indoor and outdoor results. The database has been analysed to investigate the effects of binder composition and mix design, curing and preconditioning, and relative humidity on the carbonation rate. Furthermore, the accuracy of accelerated carbonation testing as well as possible correlations between compressive strength and carbonation resistance were evaluated. One approach to summerise the physical and chemical resistance in one parameter is the ratio of water content to content of carbonatable CaO (w/CaOreactive ratio). The analysis revealed that the w/CaOreactive ratio is a decisive factor for carbonation resistance, while curing and exposure conditions also influence carbonation. Under natural exposure conditions, the carbonation data exhibit significant variations. Nevertheless, probabilistic inference suggests that both accelerated and natural carbonation processes follow a square-root-of-time behavior, though accelerated and natural carbonation cannot be converted into each other without corrections. Additionally, a machine learning technique was employed to assess the influence of parameters governing the carbonation progress in concretes.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Materials and Structures</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">1359-5997</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1617/s11527-024-02465-0</identifier>
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    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>A. Vollpracht</author>
    <author>Gregor J. G. Gluth</author>
    <author>Bart Rogiers</author>
    <author>I. D. Uwanuakwa</author>
    <author>Quoc Tri Phung</author>
    <author>Y. Villagran Zaccardi</author>
    <author>Charlotte Thiel</author>
    <author>H. Vanoutrive</author>
    <author>Juan Manuel Etcheverry</author>
    <author>Elke Gruyaert</author>
    <author>Siham Kamali-Bernard</author>
    <author>Antonios Kanellopoulos</author>
    <author>Zengfeng Zhao</author>
    <author>Isabel Milagre Martins</author>
    <author>Sundar Rathnarajan</author>
    <author>Nele De Belie</author>
    <collection role="institutes" number="FakBau">Fakultät Bauingenieurwesen</collection>
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