<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<export-example>
  <doc>
    <id>6470</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>17</issue>
    <volume>11</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>MDPI</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Basel</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>2023-08-25</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Can a Hend-Held 3D Scanner Capture Temperature-Induced Strain of Mortar Samples? Comparison between Experimental Measurements and Numerical Simulations</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The expected lifespan of cement-based materials, particularly concrete, is at least 50 years. Changes in the pore structure of the material need to be considered due to external influences and associated transport processes. The expansion behaviour of concrete and mortar during freeze–thaw attacks, combined with de-icing salt agents, is crucial for both internal and external damage. It is essential to determine and simulate the expansion behaviour of these materials in the laboratory, as well as detect the slow, long-term expansion in real structures. This study measures the expansion of mortar samples during freeze–thaw loading using a high-resolution hand-held 3D laser scanner. The specimens are prepared with fully or partially saturated pore structures through water storage or drying. During freeze–thaw experiments, the specimens are exposed to pure water or a 3% sodium chloride solution (NaCl). Results show contraction during freezing and subsequent expansion during thawing. Both test solutions exhibit similar expansion behaviour, with differences primarily due to saturation levels. Further investigations are required to explore the changing expansion behaviour caused by increasing microcracking resulting from continuous freeze–thaw cycles. A numerical analysis using a 3D coupled hygro-thermo-mechanical (HTM) model is conducted to examine the freeze–thaw behaviour of the mortar. The model accurately represents the freezing deformation during the freeze–thaw cycle.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">mathematics</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.3390/math11173672</identifier>
    <enrichment key="BegutachtungStatus">peer-reviewed</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">publish</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.doi.autoCreate">false</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.urn.autoCreate">true</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Alexander Haynack</author>
    <author>Zadran Sekandar</author>
    <author>J. Timothy Jithender</author>
    <author>Serena Gambarelli</author>
    <author>Thomas Kränkel</author>
    <author>Charlotte Thiel</author>
    <author>Josko Ozbolt</author>
    <author>Christoph Gehlen</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>concrete</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>mortar</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>durability</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>freeze–thaw and de-icing salt resistance</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>strain</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>3D laser scanning</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>numerical simulation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>3D FE numerical model</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>hygro-thermo-mechanical coupling</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="institutes" number="FakBau">Fakultät Bauingenieurwesen</collection>
    <collection role="oaweg" number="">Gold Open Access- Erstveröffentlichung in einem/als Open-Access-Medium</collection>
    <collection role="othforschungsschwerpunkt" number="16313">Gebäude und Infrastruktur</collection>
  </doc>
</export-example>
