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  <doc>
    <id>2633</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2019</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>18</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>3</issue>
    <volume>7</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>MDPI</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">The Cost of Overcoming the Zero Lower-Bound: A Welfare Analysis</title>
    <abstract language="eng">To broaden the operational scope of monetary policy, several authors suggest cash abolition as an appropriate means of breaking through the zero lower-bound. We argue that the welfare costs of bypassing the zero lower-bound by getting rid of cash entirely are analytically equivalent to negative interest rates on cash holdings. Using a money-in-the-utility-function model, we measure in two ways the welfare loss consumers as money holders would be forced to bear once the zero lower-bound is broken: in terms of the amount needed to compensate consumers (compensated variation), and as excess burden (deadweight loss) imposed on the economy as a whole. We calibrated the model for the euro area and for Germany. Our findings suggest that the welfare losses of negative interest rates incurred by consumers as holders of cash and transaction balances (M3) are large and enduring, notably if implemented in the current low-interest rate environment.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Economies</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.3390/economies7030067</identifier>
    <enrichment key="opus.import.date">2022-01-28T13:58:12+00:00</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.source">sword</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="opus.import.user">importuser</enrichment>
    <enrichment key="BegutachtungStatus">peer-reviewed</enrichment>
    <licence>Creative Commons - CC BY - Namensnennung 4.0 International</licence>
    <author>Gerhard Rösl</author>
    <author>Franz Seitz</author>
    <author>Karl-Heinz Tödter</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>compensating variation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>deadweight loss</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>money in utility</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>negative interest rates</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>welfare loss</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>zero lower-bound</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="ddc" number="330">Wirtschaft</collection>
    <collection role="institutes" number="FakBW">Fakultät Business and Management</collection>
    <collection role="oaweg" number="">Gold Open Access- Erstveröffentlichung in einem/als Open-Access-Medium</collection>
    <collection role="othforschungsschwerpunkt" number="16316">Produktion und Systeme</collection>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>793</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2017</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>deu</language>
    <pageFirst/>
    <pageLast/>
    <pageNumber>33</pageNumber>
    <edition/>
    <issue/>
    <volume/>
    <type>book</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace>Regensburg</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation>Ostbayersiche Technische Hochschule Regensburg / Fakultät Betriebswirtschaft</creatingCorporation>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>0</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>--</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="deu">Besser ohne Bargeld? – Gesamtwirtschaftliche Wohlfahrts-verluste der Bargeldabschaffung</title>
    <abstract language="eng">To broaden the operational scope of monetary policy, several authors  suggest cash abolishment as an appropriate means of breaking through the zero lower bound. The key question in this respect is: What are the costs of such a proposal? We argue that the welfare costs of bypassing the zero lower bound can be dealt with analytically and empirically by assuming negative interest rates on cash holdings.  Adopting a money-in-the-utility-function (MIU) model, we measure the welfare loss in terms of theamount needed to compensate  consumers  (compensated variation), and as excess burden (deadweight loss) imposed on the economy. Firstly, we gauge the welfare effects of abolishing cash, both, for the Euro area and for Germany, and we perform several robustness checks. Secondly, we broaden the analysis by taking into account the liquidity services of assets included in the monetary aggregates M1 and M3, and we contrast the results for the year 2015 with those for the pre-crisis period 2005. Our findings suggest that the welfare losses of negative interest rates incurred by consumers and society are large, notably if implemented in a low interest rate environment.  Imposing a negative interest rate of 3 percent on cash holdings and reducing the interest on all assets included in M3 creates a deadweight loss of € 62bn for euro area and of €18bn for Germany. The annual compensation required by consumers in the euro area as well as in Germany is equivalent to 2.2 percent of GDP or about €700 per capita. Thus, stepping into deep negative interest rates turns out to be a very costly economic experiment, leaving aside the potential risks and negative side effects of protracted and intensified unconventional monetary policy.</abstract>
    <identifier type="isbn">978-3-96256-000-3</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.35096/othr/pub-793</identifier>
    <identifier type="urn">urn:nbn:de:bvb:898-opus4-7937</identifier>
    <licence>Keine Lizenz - Es gilt das deutsche Urheberrecht: § 53 UrhG</licence>
    <author>Gerhard Rösl</author>
    <author>Franz Seitz</author>
    <author>Karl-Heinz Tödter</author>
    <series>
      <title>REGENSBURG PAPERS IN MANAGEMENT AND ECONOMICS</title>
      <number>1</number>
    </series>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>zero lower bound</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>cash abolishment</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>negative interest rates</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>welfare loss</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>compensated variation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>deadweight loss</value>
    </subject>
    <collection role="institutes" number="FakBW">Fakultät Business and Management</collection>
    <collection role="othpublikationsherkunft" number="">Von der OTH Regensburg herausgegeben</collection>
    <collection role="othforschungsschwerpunkt" number="16314">Lebenswissenschaften und Ethik</collection>
    <thesisPublisher>Ostbayerische Technische Hochschule Regensburg</thesisPublisher>
    <file>https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-oth-regensburg/files/793/Regensburg_Papers_Management_Economics_1.pdf</file>
  </doc>
</export-example>
