@inproceedings{TremmelNaglerKutteretal., author = {Tremmel, Florian and Nagler, Oliver and Kutter, Christoph and Holmer, Rainer}, title = {Smart Cantilever Probe with Integrated Force and Acoustic Emission Sensor}, series = {2023 IEEE SENSORS, Vienna, Austria, 10/29/2023 - 11/1/2023}, booktitle = {2023 IEEE SENSORS, Vienna, Austria, 10/29/2023 - 11/1/2023}, publisher = {IEEE}, isbn = {979-8-3503-0387-2}, doi = {10.1109/SENSORS56945.2023.10325021}, pages = {1 -- 4}, abstract = {Acoustic emission (AE) testing recently found its application in the wafer testing sector of the semiconductor industry. To find out the mechanical robustness of semiconductor devices, contact pads on the chip surface are intentionally overstressed with an indenter tip and the appearing oxide cracks are detected with help of the generated AE signals. This is done in a customized test bench with a patented sensor-indenter system. This paper presents an improved version of the measurement setup that solves certain disadvantages of it and can be used in a standard wafer prober. The main components of the developed sensor system are a strain gauge for contact force measurement and a piezoelectric sensor element for AE signal detection. Both components are integrated on a cantilever beam which has an exchangeable indenter tip at its free end. The cantilever probe is electrically conductive to enable electrical tests via the indenter tip. This smart sensor-cantilever combination (SCC) can be mounted with several adapter components on a carrier plate to place it in a wafer prober. For both sensor elements amplifier circuits are developed to enhance their signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs). A prototype setup is shown together with simulated and experimental results to demonstrate its performance. The mechanical properties of the cantilever, as well as the force sensor and the AE crack signals, already fulfill the requirements for an implementation in a wafer prober. To further improve the sensor resolutions and detection limits, several optimizations regarding the design of the SCC are in progress.}, language = {en} } @unpublished{HeberlWithelmKauletal., author = {Heberl, Michael and Withelm, Christian and Kaul, Anja and Rank, Daniel and Sterner, Michael}, title = {Prospective Life Cycle Assessment of Biological Methanation in a Trickle-Bed Pilot Plant and a Potential Scale-Up}, publisher = {SSRN}, doi = {10.2139/ssrn.4635066}, abstract = {In this study, a pilot-scale trickle-bed reactor for biological methanation and various scale-up scenarios for 2023 and 2050 were investigated using LCA. A best- and worst-case scenario for technology development until 2050 was evolved using cross consistency analysis and morphological field, based on which the data for the ecological models were determined.The results show that the plant scale-up has a very positive effect on the ecological consequences of methanation. In the best-case scenario, the values are a factor of 23-780 lower than those of the actual plant today. A hot-spot analysis showed that especially electrolysis operation has a large impact on total emissions. The final Monte-Carlo simulation shows that the technology is likely to achieve a low GWP with a median of 104.0 kg CO2-eq / MWh CH4.}, language = {en} } @incollection{Rill, author = {Rill, Georg}, title = {Vehicle Dynamics in Real-Time Simulation}, series = {The dynamics of vehicles on roads and on tracks}, booktitle = {The dynamics of vehicles on roads and on tracks}, editor = {Apetaur, Milan}, publisher = {CRC Press}, address = {Boca Raton}, isbn = {9781003210894}, doi = {10.1201/9781003210894-40}, pages = {337 -- 347}, abstract = {This paper presents some ideas on a new concept, named COMPACT (Computer Simulation of Passenger Cars and Trucks). COMPACT was developed for the mathematical description of vehicles in all driving situations. As COMPACT is completely adopted to the particular problems in road vehicle dynamics, it results in a computer code where execution time is minimized. Thus, even real-time application at the Daimler-Benz driving simulator is possible. Previous Chapter Next Chapter}, language = {en} } @unpublished{MeisingerHofrichterBaueretal., author = {Meisinger, Alexander and Hofrichter, Andreas and Bauer, Franz and Sterner, Michael}, title = {Unlocking Potential Energy Partnerships in Europe: a Case Study on the Way to a Franco-German Energy Transition}, publisher = {SSRN}, doi = {10.2139/ssrn.5251699}, pages = {23}, abstract = {Global warming is already causing global destabilization. Geopolitical challenges fuel this instability and highlight the need for trusted energy partnerships to ensure energy security. To limit global warming and increase energy security, it is essential to take joint action on an international and global scale. The European Green Deal contributes to this. However, specific national actions are still needed. This research presents a way forward for a Franco-German energy transition and unlocks the potential of energy partnerships within Europe, using a cost-based, sector-coupled optimization model. Both countries are coupled via an isolated country optimization approach. Thus, the focus is on the development of each national energy system. The results highlight the increase of energy security in line with the European Green Deal. The main pillars of the energy transition are solar energy (32- 33\%), wind energy (25-38\%) and biogenic energy sources (13-27\%). Nuclear power is being phased out in Germany and France. The results show that a Franco-German energy partnership has great potential. Overall, France can cost-effectively cover 25\% of Germany's hydrogen import needs (122 TWh) in 2050. At the same time, France can also benefit from the energy partnership in terms of economic growth and joint action to mitigate climate crisis.}, language = {en} } @article{RomeisKostrovKramarenkoetal., author = {Romeis, Dirk and Kostrov, Sergei A. and Kramarenko, Elena Yu and Stepanov, Gennady V. and Shamonin (Chamonine), Mikhail and Saphiannikova, Marina}, title = {Magnetic-field-induced stress in confined magnetoactive elastomers}, series = {Soft Matter}, volume = {16}, journal = {Soft Matter}, number = {39}, publisher = {Royal Society of Chemistry}, address = {Cambridge}, doi = {10.1039/D0SM01337D}, pages = {9047 -- 9058}, abstract = {We present a theoretical approach for calculating the state of stress induced by a uniform magnetic field in confined magnetoactive elastomers of arbitrary shape. The theory explicitly includes the magnetic field generated by magnetizable spherical inclusions in the sample interior assuming a non-linear magnetization behavior. The initial spatial distribution of particles and its change in an external magnetic field are considered. This is achieved by the introduction of an effective demagnetizing factor where both the sample shape and the material microstructure are taken into account. Theoretical predictions are fitted to the stress data measured using a specifically designed experimental setup. It is shown that the theory enables the quantification of the effect of material microstructure upon introducing a specific microstructural factor and its derivative with respect to the extensional strain in the undeformed state. The experimentally observed differences between isotropic and anisotropic samples, compliant and stiff elastomer matrices are explained.}, language = {en} } @article{SnarskiiShamoninChamonineYuskevichetal., author = {Snarskii, Andrei A. and Shamonin (Chamonine), Mikhail and Yuskevich, Pavel and Savelev, Dmitrii V. and Belyaeva, Inna A.}, title = {Induced anisotropy in composite materials with reconfigurable microstructure: Effective medium model with movable percolation threshold}, series = {Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications}, volume = {560}, journal = {Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications}, number = {December}, publisher = {Elsevier}, doi = {10.1016/j.physa.2020.125170}, abstract = {In composite materials, with field-dependent restructuring of the filler material (changes in the mutual arrangement of inclusions), the presence of an external magnetic field induces anisotropy of the dielectric properties, even if the composite is isotropic in the absence of an external field. A modified effective medium approximation is proposed for the calculation of the components of effective permittivity within a class of composites with reconfigurable microstructure, where both phases (the filler and the matrix) are isotropic and the inclusions have spherical shape. The effective physical properties are calculated in the parallel and perpendicular directions to an applied field. The appearance of the anisotropy of the permittivity is simulated by the introduction of two not-equal, possibly variable (field-dependent) percolation thresholds. The implications, of the proposed theoretical approach, are demonstrated for the case of the dielectric properties of magnetoactive elastomers (MAEs). In MAEs with soft polymer matrices, the mutual arrangement of micrometer-sized magnetic inclusions can significantly change in an applied magnetic field. A reasonable agreement between theory and experiment at a measurement frequency of 1 kHz is found, and is improved in comparison to the previous models. The components of the effective permittivity tensor, characterizing the dielectric properties along the direction of the applied magnetic field and in the orthogonal direction, grow with an increasing field. This growth is more pronounced for the permittivity component in the field direction. The possible extensions of the theoretical model and future directions of research are discussed. The presented theoretical approach can be useful for the application-driven development of a number of smart materials, in particular electro- and magnetorheological gels, elastomers and fluids.}, language = {en} } @article{SavelevBelyaevaChashinetal., author = {Savelev, Dmitrii V. and Belyaeva, Inna A. and Chashin, Dmitri V. and Fetisov, Leonid Y. and Romeis, Dirk and Kettl, Wolfgang and Kramarenko, Elena Yu and Saphiannikova, Marina and Stepanov, Gennady V. and Shamonin (Chamonine), Mikhail}, title = {Giant extensional strain of magnetoactive elastomeric cylinders in uniform magnetic fields}, series = {Materials}, volume = {13}, journal = {Materials}, number = {15}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {1996-1944}, doi = {10.3390/ma13153297}, pages = {1 -- 17}, abstract = {Elongations of magnetoactive elastomers (MAEs) under ascending-descending uniform magnetic fields were studied experimentally using a laboratory apparatus specifically designed to measure large extensional strains (up to 20\%) in compliant MAEs. In the literature, such a phenomenon is usually denoted as giant magnetostriction. The synthesized cylindrical MAE samples were based on polydimethylsiloxane matrices filled with micrometer-sized particles of carbonyl iron. The impact of both the macroscopic shape factor of the samples and their magneto-mechanical characteristics were evaluated. For this purpose, the aspect ratio of the MAE cylindrical samples, the concentration of magnetic particles in MAEs and the effective shear modulus were systematically varied. It was shown that the magnetically induced elongation of MAE cylinders in the maximum magnetic field of about 400 kA/m, applied along the cylinder axis, grew with the increasing aspect ratio. The effect of the sample composition is discussed in terms of magnetic filler rearrangements in magnetic fields and the observed experimental tendencies are rationalized by simple theoretical estimates. The obtained results can be used for the design of new smart materials with magnetic-field-controlled deformation properties, e.g., for soft robotics.}, language = {en} } @article{SavelevFetisovChashinetal., author = {Savelev, Dmitrii V. and Fetisov, Leonid Y. and Chashin, Dmitri V. and Fetisov, Yuri K. and Khon, Anastasia and Shamonin (Chamonine), Mikhail}, title = {Effects of ferromagnetic-material thickness on magnetoelectric voltage transformation in a multiferroic heterostructure}, series = {Smart Materials and Structures}, volume = {30}, journal = {Smart Materials and Structures}, number = {6}, publisher = {IOP PUBLISHING}, doi = {10.1088/1361-665X/abf6c0}, abstract = {A magnetoelectric (ME) voltage transformer is fabricated on the basis of a ferromagnetic (FM)-piezoelectric (PE) heterostructure comprising two equally thick laminated layers of an amorphous FM alloy and a piezoceramic lead zirconate-titanate layer sandwiched between them. The structure, placed inside an excitation coil, is electrically poled and magnetized in the direction of the long axis. The primary voltage is applied to the coil and the secondary voltage is measured between the electrodes of the PE material. It is shown for the first time that the change in the total thickness of magnetic layers significantly influences the transformer ' s characteristics. At the largest total thickness of FM layers of 138 mu m, the open-circuit voltage transformation ratio K has a maximum value of about 20, and the power transfer efficiency eta at a matched resistive load of about 20 k omega reaches 45\%. The variation of the control magnetic field in the range of 0-21.6 kA m(-1) makes it possible to change the voltage transformation ratio K from zero to the maximum value. A simple model allows one to calculate the dependence of the characteristics of the ME transformer on the frequency of the primary voltage, thickness of the FM layers, control magnetic field, and the load.}, language = {en} } @article{SavelevBelyaevaChashinetal., author = {Savelev, Dmitrii V. and Belyaeva, Inna A. and Chashin, Dmitri V. and Fetisov, Leonid Y. and Shamonin (Chamonine), Mikhail}, title = {Large Wiedemann effect in a magnetoactive elastomer}, series = {Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials}, volume = {511}, journal = {Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials}, number = {October}, publisher = {Elsevier}, doi = {10.1016/j.jmmm.2020.166969}, abstract = {Large twists of a soft tube (hollow cylinder) in helical magnetic fields are presented for the first time. Such a phenomenon is usually denoted as the Wiedemann effect. The tube is fabricated from a soft magnetoactive elastomer material with the shear modulus of about 56 kPa. The composite material comprises 80 mass\% of micrometer-sized iron particles embedded into a polydimethylsiloxane matrix. The circular magnetic field is generated by an electric current in a straight wire passing through the inner hole of the tube. The maximum value of approximately 350″/cm is observed in a longitudinal magnetic field of a few kA/m overlapped with a circumferential magnetic field of about 1.4 kA/m on the surface of the inner hole. A pronounced hysteresis in the dependence of the Wiedemann effect on the circular magnetic field is found. The ways to enhance the Wiedemann twist in magnetoactive elastomers are discussed. The observed large effect is promising for application in magnetic-field controlled torsional actuators, in particular for soft robotics.}, language = {en} } @article{SavelevFetisovChashinetal., author = {Savelev, Dmitrii V. and Fetisov, Leonid Y. and Chashin, Dmitri V. and Shabin, P. A. and Vyunik, D. A. and Fedulov, Feodor and Kettl, Wolfgang and Shamonin (Chamonine), Mikhail}, title = {Method of Measuring Deformations of Magnetoactive Elastomers under the Action of Magnetic Fields}, series = {Russian Technological Journal}, volume = {7}, journal = {Russian Technological Journal}, number = {4}, doi = {10.32362/2500-316x-2019-7-4-81-91}, pages = {81 -- 91}, language = {ru} } @inproceedings{MuehlbauerRablRottengruber, author = {M{\"u}hlbauer, Christian and Rabl, Hans-Peter and Rottengruber, Hermann}, title = {Development of a Methodology for Acoustic Analysis and Optimization of Mechatronic Fuel Injection Systems}, series = {Automotive Acoustics Conference 2019: Proceedings, 5. Internationale ATZ-Fachtagung Fahrzeugakustik}, booktitle = {Automotive Acoustics Conference 2019: Proceedings, 5. Internationale ATZ-Fachtagung Fahrzeugakustik}, editor = {Siebenpfeiffer, Wolfgang}, publisher = {Springer Vieweg}, address = {Wiesbaden}, isbn = {978-3-658-27668-3}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-658-27669-0_15}, pages = {211 -- 225}, abstract = {To identify the sound quality of fuel injection systems as a frontloading measure, a system test bench has been developed that simulates the structure and airborne noise emission. The setup of the system test bench includes an assembly of the acoustical relevant engine parts and an encapsulated drive for the high-pressure pump. A specific control unit enables a high variability for the operation strategy of the injection system. The focus of this study is on the development of a methodology to analyze and optimize the sound quality of gasoline direct injectors in critical operation points by suitable active means. For this, the injection parameters in engine idle have been identified and subsequently transferred to the system test bench. Additionally, the injection parameters have been optimized acoustically and the impacts on the key functions regarding injection rating and shot-to-shot scattering of the injected fuel mass are discussed.}, language = {en} } @misc{PershinaSavelevGlavanetal., author = {Pershina, K. V. and Savelev, Dmitrii V. and Glavan, Gašper and Chashin, Dmitri V. and Belyaeva, Inna A. and Fetisov, Leonid Y. and Shamonin (Chamonine), Mikhail}, title = {The voltage response of a structure comprising a magnetoactive-elastomer cylinder and a piezoelectric material to magnetic field step excitations}, series = {The 4th International Baltic Conference on Magnetism (IBCM 2021) : Svetlogorsk, Russia August 29 - September 2, 2021 : Book of Abstracts}, journal = {The 4th International Baltic Conference on Magnetism (IBCM 2021) : Svetlogorsk, Russia August 29 - September 2, 2021 : Book of Abstracts}, publisher = {Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad, Russia}, pages = {182}, language = {en} } @book{RillSchaeffer, author = {Rill, Georg and Schaeffer, Thomas}, title = {Grundlagen und Methodik der Mehrk{\"o}rpersimulation}, edition = {3. Aufl.}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Wiesbaden}, isbn = {978-3-658-16008-1}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-658-16009-8}, abstract = {Dieses Lehrbuch stellt die Methoden der Mehrk{\"o}rpersimulation anschaulich dar und erl{\"a}utert an einfachen Beispielen die Vor- und Nachteile bei der praktischen Anwendung. In den Text integrierte Matlab-Skripte und -Funktionen verdeutlichen die einzelnen Methoden. Die Modellbildung, die mathematische Beschreibung und die numerische Simulation von Systemen starrer K{\"o}rper bilden dabei die Schwerpunkte. Konkrete Beispiele beinhalten die Eigendynamik eines Traktors mit Vorderachsfederung, das Hubschrauberrotorblatt sowie eine Pkw- Vorderachse. Die entsprechenden Matlab-Skripte und L{\"o}sungen zu den {\"U}bungsaufgaben k{\"o}nnen auf der Springer-Homepage beim Buch heruntergeladen werden. Neu aufgenommen wurden SparseMatrix Operationen sowie ein Beispiel zu einfach geschlossenen kinematischen Schleifen.}, language = {de} } @book{RillSchaeffer, author = {Rill, Georg and Schaeffer, Thomas}, title = {Grundlagen und Methodik der Mehrk{\"o}rpersimulation : Vertieft in Matlab-Beispielen, {\"U}bungen und Anwendungen}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Berlin}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-658-06084-8}, pages = {215}, abstract = {Dieses Lehrbuch vermittelt nicht nur Grundlagen, sondern stellt auch die Methoden der Mehrk{\"o}rpersimulation anschaulich dar und erl{\"a}utert an einfachen Beispielen die Vor- und Nachteile bei der praktischen Anwendung. In den Text integrierte Matlab-Skripte und -Funktionen verdeutlichen die einzelnen Methoden und erm{\"o}glichen es, Aufwand und Problematik bei der Umsetzung der Theorie innerhalb von Simulationsprogrammen einzusch{\"a}tzen. Die Modellbildung, die mathematische Beschreibung und die numerische Simulation von Systemen starrer K{\"o}rper bilden dabei die Schwerpunkte. Konkret behandelte Beispiele sind die Eigendynamik eines Traktors mit gefederter Vorderachse, das Rotorblatt eines Hubschraubers sowie die Vorderachse eines Pkws. Die entsprechenden Matlab-Skripte und L{\"o}sungen zu den {\"U}bungsaufgaben k{\"o}nnen auf der Springer-Homepage beim Buch heruntergeladen werden. Der Inhalt Dynamik des starren K{\"o}rpers - Bewegungsgleichungen - Starre K{\"o}rper mit elastischen und kinematischen Verbindungselementen - Integrationsverfahren - Rekursiver Algorithmus - Differential-Algebraische Gleichungen - Analyse von Mehrk{\"o}rpersystemen - Anwendungs- und {\"U}bungsbeispiele aus der Technik Die Zielgruppen Studenten des Maschinenbaus, der Elektrotechnik und Mechatronik sowie der Biomechanik an Hochschulen und Universit{\"a}ten Ingenieure in der Praxis, die sich mit Fragestellungen der Mehrk{\"o}rpersimulation (MKS) befassen Entwickler aus der Kfz-Technik sowie Fachleute aus F+E Die Autoren Dr.-Ing. Georg Rill ist Professor mit den Lehrgebieten Technische Mechanik, Ingenieurinformatik, Fahrdynamik, Mehrk{\"o}rperdynamik sowie Laborleiter Fahrdynamik. Dr.-Ing. Thomas Schaeffer ist Professor mit den Lehrgebieten Konstruktion, CAD, Maschinenelemente und Getriebetechnik, Mehrk{\"o}rpersysteme und Bewegungstechnik sowie Laborleiter Mehrk{\"o}rpersimulation, beide an der Ostbayerischen Technischen Hochschule (OTH) Regensburg.}, language = {de} } @article{RillSchuderer, author = {Rill, Georg and Schuderer, Matthias}, title = {A Second-Order Dynamic Friction Model Compared to Commercial Stick-Slip Models}, series = {Modelling}, volume = {4}, journal = {Modelling}, number = {3}, publisher = {MDPI}, issn = {2673-3951}, doi = {10.3390/modelling4030021}, pages = {366 -- 381}, abstract = {Friction has long been an important issue in multibody dynamics. Static friction models apply appropriate regularization techniques to convert the stick inequality and the non-smooth stick-slip transition of Coulomb's approach into a continuous and smooth function of the sliding velocity. However, a regularized friction force is not able to maintain long-term stick. That is why dynamic friction models were developed in recent decades. The friction force depends herein not only on the sliding velocity but also on internal states. The probably best-known representative, the LuGre friction model, is based on a fictitious bristle but realizes a too-simple approximation. The recently published second-order dynamic friction model describes the dynamics of a fictitious bristle more accurately. It is based on a regularized friction force characteristic, which is continuous and smooth but can maintain long-term stick due to an appropriate shift in the regularization. Its performance is compared here to stick-slip friction models, developed and launched not long ago by commercial multibody software packages. The results obtained by a virtual friction test-bench and by a more practical festoon cable system are very promising. Thus, the second-order dynamic friction model may serve not only as an alternative to the LuGre model but also to commercial stick-slip models.}, language = {en} } @misc{SternerSchumm, author = {Sterner, Michael and Schumm, Leon}, title = {Netzpuffer - Speicher \& Kraftwerke als virtuelle Leitungen f{\"u}r mehr Versorgungssicherheit und EE-Integration in Nord und S{\"u}d}, series = {7. Smart-Grid-Fachtagung WAGO, Hannover, 29. Sept. 2021}, journal = {7. Smart-Grid-Fachtagung WAGO, Hannover, 29. Sept. 2021}, language = {de} } @techreport{SternerSchummRanketal., author = {Sterner, Michael and Schumm, Leon and Rank, Daniel and Hofrichter, Andreas}, title = {Intelligente Netzpuffer : Abschlussbericht (24.01.2021)}, language = {de} } @article{WalterSchwanzerHagenetal., author = {Walter, Stefanie and Schwanzer, Peter and Hagen, Gunter and Rabl, Hans-Peter and Dietrich, Markus and Moos, Ralf}, title = {Combined Ash and Soot Monitoring for Gasoline Particulate Filters Using a Radio-Frequency-Based Sensor}, series = {Emission Control Science and Technology}, journal = {Emission Control Science and Technology}, publisher = {Springer}, doi = {10.1007/s40825-023-00235-y}, pages = {9}, abstract = {Increasingly stringent emission limits have made particulate filters necessary for gasoline engines. Similar to diesel applications, gasoline particulate filters (GPFs) can be monitored by differential pressure measurement or by the radio-frequency-based filter diagnosis (RF sensor). In addition to measuring the soot loading, ash detection is critical for monitoring the GPF over the entire vehicle lifetime. Because the RF sensor detects the filter loading through a change in the dielectric properties of the GPF, it can detect not only soot but also ash. In diesel applications, the RF sensor has already demonstrated its potential for ash detection. To verify the feasibility of simultaneous ash and soot monitoring for GPFs, filters were loaded with ash on an engine test bench and measured on a lab test bench under defined synthetic exhaust gas conditions. By evaluating resonant modes, soot and ash could be clearly distinguished, as ash mainly affects the resonant frequency, while soot also changes the quality factor due to its high dielectric losses. However, higher soot loadings could not be detected by the resonant parameters, but instead by a frequency-averaged transmission signal. While the presence of ash caused an offset in this signal, its sensitivity to soot was not affected. Thus, the influence of ash can be corrected if the signal in the soot-free filter state is known, e.g., from the behavior of the resonant parameters. Therefore, even with a continuously increasing ash loading over the lifetime of a vehicle, an accurate soot detection is possible with the RF sensor.}, language = {en} } @misc{WalterSchwanzerHagenetal., author = {Walter, Stefanie and Schwanzer, Peter and Hagen, Gunter and Rabl, Hans-Peter and Dietrich, Markus and Moos, Ralf}, title = {Combined Ash and Soot Monitoring in Gasoline Particulate Filters with a Radio-Frequency-Based Sensor}, series = {SAE World Congress Experience, April 5-7, 2022, Detroit, Michigan, USA}, journal = {SAE World Congress Experience, April 5-7, 2022, Detroit, Michigan, USA}, abstract = {In recent years, it turned out that primarily the number of ultrafine particles and not their mass is relevant in terms of harmful health effects. Therefore, exhaust emission standards are constantly being tightened with regard to the particulate number. To meet the emission limits, particulate filters have become necessary for gasoline engines. Similar to diesel applications, gasoline particulate filters (GPFs) can be monitored via differential pressure measurement or via a radio-frequency approach (RF-sensor). The latter is based on the influence of the soot conductivity on the electromagnetic field. To control the GPF, ash detection is of crucial importance besides the soot load monitoring. With the differential pressure system, this is only possible with high uncertainties due to the low pressure increase caused by ash. The RF-sensor, however, has already demonstrated its potential for ash detection in diesel applications. In order to verify the applicability of the system for GPFs, filters were loaded via a method for fast ash loading. Thereby, it was shown that by evaluating resonant modes - especially the resonant frequency - the ash loading can easily be measured as long as the filter is soot-unloaded. In contrast, soot loading can be determined independently from this by considering a frequency-averaged transmission signal between the antennas of the RF-sensor. Using a setup for radio-frequency material characterization, the dielectric parameters of the generated ash were also measured. In comparison with the properties of the synthetic soot PrintexU, ash showed significantly lower dielectric losses. Thus, the evaluation of the loss-dependent quality factor, which is only possible at low soot loadings, allows a precise conclusion whether the filter is completely soot-free. Furthermore, using synthetic soot loading, it could be shown that soot detection via the averaged transmission signal is not affected by ash. In summary, it could be shown that with the RF-sensor, ash and soot can be simultaneously detected.}, language = {en} } @unpublished{SchummAbdelKhalekBrownetal., author = {Schumm, Leon and Abdel-Khalek, Hazem and Brown, Tom and Ueckerdt, Falko and Sterner, Michael and Fioriti, Davide and Parzen, Max}, title = {The impact of temporal hydrogen regulation on hydrogen exporters and their domestic energy transition}, publisher = {Research Square Platform LLC}, doi = {10.21203/rs.3.rs-4285425/v1}, abstract = {As global demand for green hydrogen rises, potential hydrogen exporters move into the spotlight. However, the large-scale installation of on-grid hydrogen electrolysis for export can have profound impacts on domestic energy prices and energy-related emissions. Our investigation explores the interplay of hydrogen exports, domestic energy transition and temporal hydrogen regulation, employing a sector-coupled energy model in Morocco. We find substantial co-benets of domestic climate change mitigation and hydrogen exports, whereby exports can reduce domestic electricity prices while mitigation reduces hydrogen export prices. However, increasing hydrogen exports quickly in a system that is still dominated by fossil fuels can substantially raise domestic electricity prices, if green hydrogen production is not regulated. Surprisingly, temporal matching of hydrogen production lowers domestic electricity cost by up to 31\% while the effect on exporters is minimal. This policy instrument can steer the welfare (re-)distribution between hydrogen exporting firms, hydrogen importers, and domestic electricity consumers and hereby increases acceptance among actors.}, language = {en} }