@misc{ThemaBellackWeidlichetal., author = {Thema, Martin and Bellack, Annett and Weidlich, Tobias and Huber, Harald and Karl, J{\"u}rgen and Sterner, Michael}, title = {Optimierung biologischer CO2-Methanisierung im Rieselbett-Reaktor}, series = {4. Regensburger Energiekongress, Regensburg 26.-27.02.2019}, journal = {4. Regensburger Energiekongress, Regensburg 26.-27.02.2019}, language = {de} } @misc{ThemaBauerSterner, author = {Thema, Martin and Bauer, Franz and Sterner, Michael}, title = {Power-to-Gas world status report}, series = {International Renewable Energy Storage Conference, D{\"u}sseldorf 14.-16.03.2019}, journal = {International Renewable Energy Storage Conference, D{\"u}sseldorf 14.-16.03.2019}, language = {de} } @misc{Sterner, author = {Sterner, Michael}, title = {Sektorenkopplung mit Solarstrom: Theorie und Praxis}, series = {17. Nationale Photovoltaik-Tagung, Kursaal Bern, Schweiz 26.03.2019}, journal = {17. Nationale Photovoltaik-Tagung, Kursaal Bern, Schweiz 26.03.2019}, language = {de} } @misc{Sterner, author = {Sterner, Michael}, title = {Ohne Speicher, Wasserstoff und Power-to-X keine Dekarbonisierung von Verkehr und Industrie - M{\"o}glichkeiten und Notwendigkeit der integrierten Sektorenkopplung}, series = {CIGRE/CIRED Informationsveranstaltung 2020, Leipzig, 13.10.2020}, journal = {CIGRE/CIRED Informationsveranstaltung 2020, Leipzig, 13.10.2020}, language = {de} } @misc{Sterner, author = {Sterner, Michael}, title = {Power-to-Gas technologies in the energy sector and their role in the fight against climate change}, series = {Hungarian Power-to-Gas REKK Forum, Budapest Corvinus University, 12.02.2020}, journal = {Hungarian Power-to-Gas REKK Forum, Budapest Corvinus University, 12.02.2020}, language = {en} } @misc{Sterner, author = {Sterner, Michael}, title = {Die Rolle von Wasserstoff in allen Sektoren}, series = {Sektoren{\"u}bergreifende Erkenntnisse zu PtX Fachforum "Wasserstoff Technologie, Prozesssicherheit und Regionalentwicklung", Kurt-Schwabe-Institut f{\"u}r Mess- und Sensortechnik Meinsberg e.V.) Meinsberg, 23.9.2020}, journal = {Sektoren{\"u}bergreifende Erkenntnisse zu PtX Fachforum "Wasserstoff Technologie, Prozesssicherheit und Regionalentwicklung", Kurt-Schwabe-Institut f{\"u}r Mess- und Sensortechnik Meinsberg e.V.) Meinsberg, 23.9.2020}, language = {de} } @misc{Sterner, author = {Sterner, Michael}, title = {Power-to-X im Kontext der Energiewende und des Klimaschutzes in Deutschland}, series = {Hydrogen Dialogue H2.Bayern, 18.11.2020, N{\"u}rnberg Friedrich-Alexander-Universit{\"a}t}, journal = {Hydrogen Dialogue H2.Bayern, 18.11.2020, N{\"u}rnberg Friedrich-Alexander-Universit{\"a}t}, language = {de} } @misc{Sterner, author = {Sterner, Michael}, title = {Bedeutung des Klimaschutzes f{\"u}r die Wirtschaft in Ostbayern}, series = {Veranstaltungsreihe der Freunde der OTH Regensburg e. V., Regensburg, Regensburg 25.11.2020}, journal = {Veranstaltungsreihe der Freunde der OTH Regensburg e. V., Regensburg, Regensburg 25.11.2020}, language = {de} } @misc{SternerSchumm, author = {Sterner, Michael and Schumm, Leon}, title = {Netzpuffer - Speicher \& Kraftwerke als virtuelle Leitungen f{\"u}r mehr Versorgungssicherheit und EE-Integration in Nord und S{\"u}d}, series = {7. Smart-Grid-Fachtagung WAGO, Hannover, 29. Sept. 2021}, journal = {7. Smart-Grid-Fachtagung WAGO, Hannover, 29. Sept. 2021}, language = {de} } @misc{Sterner, author = {Sterner, Michael}, title = {Vom Klimaschutz zum Wasserstoff in Verkehr und Industrie - jetzt regional handeln}, series = {Kick-Off Workshop: HyExpert Wasserstoffmodellregion Fichtelgebirge, Wunsiedel, 22.09.2020}, journal = {Kick-Off Workshop: HyExpert Wasserstoffmodellregion Fichtelgebirge, Wunsiedel, 22.09.2020}, language = {de} } @misc{Sterner, author = {Sterner, Michael}, title = {Wasserstoff als zentraler Baustein der Energiewende in S{\"u}ddeutschland: Powerto- Gas und der rechtliche Rahmen}, series = {1. Wasserstofftag S{\"u}ddeutschland, Um 29.10.2020}, journal = {1. Wasserstofftag S{\"u}ddeutschland, Um 29.10.2020}, language = {de} } @misc{Sterner, author = {Sterner, Michael}, title = {Warum wir Power-to-X f{\"u}r die Klimaneutralit{\"a}t und Mobilit{\"a}tswende brauchen}, series = {DECHEMA Fachforum Diesel: Mobilit{\"a}tswende durch alternative Antriebe und Kraftstoffe:, Frankfurt 02.12.2020}, journal = {DECHEMA Fachforum Diesel: Mobilit{\"a}tswende durch alternative Antriebe und Kraftstoffe:, Frankfurt 02.12.2020}, language = {de} } @misc{Sterner, author = {Sterner, Michael}, title = {Gr{\"u}ner Wasserstoff - wo wir ihn brauchen f{\"u}r die Klimaneutralit{\"a}t}, series = {Energiewendeforum Wasserstoff (Gr{\"u}ner Strom Label e. V.), Bonn, 21. September 2021}, journal = {Energiewendeforum Wasserstoff (Gr{\"u}ner Strom Label e. V.), Bonn, 21. September 2021}, language = {de} } @misc{Sterner, author = {Sterner, Michael}, title = {Wasserstoff - Energietr{\"a}ger der Zukunft}, series = {BBA Forum, Passau 24.11.2020}, journal = {BBA Forum, Passau 24.11.2020}, language = {de} } @incollection{Sterner, author = {Sterner, Michael}, title = {Power-to-Gas}, series = {Handbook of Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation}, volume = {36}, booktitle = {Handbook of Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation}, editor = {Chen, Wei-Yin and Suzuki, Toshio and Lackner, Maximilian}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {New York, NY}, isbn = {978-1-4614-6431-0}, doi = {10.1007/978-1-4614-6431-0_89-1}, pages = {1 -- 51}, abstract = {This chapter provides an overview on the storage technology power-to-gas for the decarbonization of all energy sectors. Other than "negative emissions" with CCS or biomass, which have clear limits in potentials, costs and environmental benefits, storage and energy conversion technologies like power-to-gas and power-to-x enable the decarbonization by neutralizing the CO2 footprint of all energy services. Via the conversion of renewable electricity into chemical energy carriers like renewable hydrogen or renewable hydrocarbons, the existing fossil infrastructure with vast and sufficient storage and transport capacities can be used with carbon neutral renewable energy. After showing the demand for storage technologies, the technology components of power-to-gas are described, building the basis for the storage system power-to-gas itself that is described in detail, including efficiency, potential, CO2 emissions, and costs. In conclusion, a technical pathway of decarbonization including costs is described for the industrial nation of Germany and necessary policy frameworks are derived.}, language = {en} } @incollection{Sterner, author = {Sterner, Michael}, title = {Power-to-Gas}, series = {Handbook of Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation}, booktitle = {Handbook of Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation}, editor = {Chen, Wei-Yin and Suzuki, Toshio and Lackner, Maximilian}, edition = {2}, publisher = {Springer VS}, address = {Cham}, isbn = {978-3-319-14408-5}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-14409-2_89}, pages = {2775 -- 2825}, abstract = {This chapter provides an overview on the storage technology power-to-gas for the decarbonization of all energy sectors. Other than "negative emissions" with CCS or biomass, which have clear limits in potentials, costs and environmental benefits, storage and energy conversion technologies like power-to-gas and power-to-x enable the decarbonization by neutralizing the CO2 footprint of all energy services. Via the conversion of renewable electricity into chemical energy carriers like renewable hydrogen or renewable hydrocarbons, the existing fossil infrastructure with vast and sufficient storage and transport capacities can be used with carbon neutral renewable energy. After showing the demand for storage technologies, the technology components of power-to-gas are described, building the basis for the storage system power-to-gas itself that is described in detail, including efficiency, potential, CO2 emissions, and costs. In conclusion, a technical pathway of decarbonization including costs is described for the industrial nation of Germany and necessary policy frameworks are derived.}, language = {en} } @misc{Sterner, author = {Sterner, Michael}, title = {Wie wird Deutschland klimaneutral? Neue L{\"o}sungen f{\"u}r erneuerbare Energieerzeugung}, series = {Jahreskonferenz der Stiftung Nagelschneider zur Erforschung, M{\"u}nchen, 19.11.2021}, journal = {Jahreskonferenz der Stiftung Nagelschneider zur Erforschung, M{\"u}nchen, 19.11.2021}, address = {M{\"u}nchen}, language = {de} } @misc{Sterner, author = {Sterner, Michael}, title = {Power-to-X for Europes Energy Transformation - Booster H2Global}, series = {Hydrogen Online Workshop Conference (Mission Hydrogen), 25.03.2021}, journal = {Hydrogen Online Workshop Conference (Mission Hydrogen), 25.03.2021}, language = {en} } @misc{Sterner, author = {Sterner, Michael}, title = {Technologieausblick Solarstromspeicher}, series = {Innovationsforum Photovoltaik, 18. Oktober 2021, Linz}, journal = {Innovationsforum Photovoltaik, 18. Oktober 2021, Linz}, language = {de} } @book{OPUS4-4015, title = {Energiespeicher - Bedarf, Technologien, Integration}, editor = {Sterner, Michael and Stadler, Ingo}, edition = {2. korrigierte und erg{\"a}nzte Auflage}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Berlin, Heidelberg}, isbn = {978-3-662-48892-8}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-662-48893-5}, abstract = {Die Autoren dieses Werkes geben einen umfassenden {\"U}berblick {\"u}ber die verschiedenen Aspekte der Energiespeicherung. Sie beschreiben zun{\"a}chst die Bedeutung von Energiespeichern in der Energieversorgung und definieren ihre Rolle darin. Dann gehen sie auf den Speicherbedarf in der Strom-, W{\"a}rme- und Kraftstoffversorgung im Kontext der Energiewende ein. Im Hauptteil werden die verschiedenen Speichertechnologien ausf{\"u}hrlich vorgestellt sowie ihre Vor- und Nachteile diskutiert. Praktische Anwendungsbeispiele und die Integration von Speichern {\"u}ber alle Energiesektoren hinweg runden das Buch ab. Zahlreiche Grafiken und Beispiele veranschaulichen das gesamte Feld der Energiespeicher und sind als Erg{\"a}nzung mehrsprachig online in Farbe verf{\"u}gbar. Die 2. Auflage enth{\"a}lt ein neues Kapitel zu den rechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen, neue Studien zum Speicherbedarf, Power-to-X f{\"u}r die chemische Industrie, neue LOHC- und Lageenergiespeicher sowie neueste Trends zu Kostenentwicklung und Batterieanwendungen. „Endlich ein umfassendes Buch zur Energiewende, das auch f{\"u}r technische Laien verst{\"a}ndlich und inspirierend geschrieben ist." Franz Alt, Journalist und Buchautor „Das großartige Werk sei allen empfohlen, die sich wirklich f{\"u}r die Zukunft unseres Landes interessieren. Es zeigt auf eindrucksvolle Weise: Es wird nicht einfach, aber wir schaffen das." Prof. Dr. Harald Lesch, Physiker und Fernsehmoderator}, language = {de} } @book{OPUS4-4024, title = {Energiespeicher - Bedarf, Technologien, Integration}, editor = {Sterner, Michael and Stadler, Ingo}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Berlin, Heidelberg}, isbn = {978-3-642-37379-4}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-642-37380-0}, abstract = {Im Kontext der Energiewende sind Energiespeicher ein zentrales technisches, wirtschaftliches und energiepolitisches Thema.Die Autoren dieses kompakten Werkes geben einen umfassenden Uberblick Uber die verschiedenen Aspekte der Energiespeicherung. Sie beschreiben zunachst die Bedeutung von Energiespeichern in der Energieversorgung und definieren ihre Rolle darin. Dann gehen sie auf den Speicherbedarf in der Strom-, Warme- und Kraftstoffversorgung im Kontext der Energiewende ein. Im Hauptteil werden die verschiedenen Speichertechnologien ausfUhrlich vorgestellt sowie ihre Vor- und Nachteile diskutiert. Praktische Anwendungsbeispiele und die Integration von Speichern Uber alle Energiesektoren hinweg runden das Buch ab. Zahlreiche Grafiken und Beispiele veranschaulichen das gesamte Feld der Energiespeicher und sind als Erganzung samt Animationen online in Farbe verfUgbar.Die ZielgruppenDas Lehr- und Fachbuch wendet sich an Ingenieure, Wissenschaftler, Energieplaner und Energiewirtschaftler in Forschung und Industrie sowie an Studierende an Hochschulen und Universitaten in den Bereichen Maschinenbau, Verfahrenstechnik, Elektrotechnik und Energietechnik.}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{HaslbeckBrueckl, author = {Haslbeck, Matthias and Br{\"u}ckl, Oliver}, title = {Netzplanungsprozess zur dezentralen Nutzung von Blindleistungsquellen in Verteilungsnetzen}, series = {Tagungsband der Fachtagung "Zuk{\"u}nftige Stromnetze f{\"u}r erneuerbare Energien" am 30./31. Januar 2018 in Berlin}, booktitle = {Tagungsband der Fachtagung "Zuk{\"u}nftige Stromnetze f{\"u}r erneuerbare Energien" am 30./31. Januar 2018 in Berlin}, abstract = {Das vom BMWi gef{\"o}rderte Forschungsprojekt SyNErgie (03/2015 bis 05/2018) besch{\"a}ftigt sich mit der Weiterentwicklung von Netzplanungsprozessen [1]. Im Fokus steht dabei die Modellierung von Blindleistungsfl{\"u}ssen und die dezentrale Nutzung von Blindleistungsquellen (z. B. Wechselrichter, Ladedrosseln, Kondensatoren) in Mittelspannungsnetzen, {\"u}ber welche der Blindleistungshaushalt letztendlich beeinflusst werden soll. Diese Ver{\"o}ffentlichung konzentriert sich auf die konzipierte Erweiterung des Netzplanungsprozesses zur Einbindung von Blindleistungsquellen im Verteilungsnetz in ein Blindleistungsmanagement. Deren einzelne Phasen werden erl{\"a}utert und anschließend die Netz-Sensitivit{\"a}ts- und -Restriktionsanalyse anhand eines realen Mittelspannungsnetzes demonstriert. Abschließend werden m{\"o}gliche Abschw{\"a}chungs- und Verst{\"a}rkungseffekte im Hinblick auf einen Blindleistungsabruf {\"u}ber mehrere Spannungsebenen hinweg diskutiert.}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{BerlingHaslbeckBrueckl, author = {Berling, Andreas and Haslbeck, Matthias and Br{\"u}ckl, Oliver}, title = {Interpretation und Relevanz verschiedener Blindleistungsarten f{\"u}r die Modellierung von Niederspannungsnetzen in der Netzplanung}, series = {Tagungsband der Fachtagung "Zuk{\"u}nftige Stromnetze f{\"u}r erneuerbare Energien" am 30./31. Januar 2018 in Berlin}, booktitle = {Tagungsband der Fachtagung "Zuk{\"u}nftige Stromnetze f{\"u}r erneuerbare Energien" am 30./31. Januar 2018 in Berlin}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{RauchKlitsmanHaslbecketal.2019, author = {Rauch, Johannes and Klitsman, Maksym and Haslbeck, Matthias and Br{\"u}ckl, Oliver}, title = {Entwicklung von Methoden zur Prognose der Blindleistungsbilanz von Mittelspannungsnetzen zur Steuerungeines dezentralen Blindleistungsabrufs}, series = {Tagungsband der Fachtagung Zuk{\"u}nftige Stromnetze 2019, Berlin}, booktitle = {Tagungsband der Fachtagung Zuk{\"u}nftige Stromnetze 2019, Berlin}, pages = {524 -- 535}, year = {2019}, language = {de} } @incollection{StrohmayerBrueckl, author = {Strohmayer, Bernhard and Br{\"u}ckl, Oliver}, title = {Systemvergleich von Netzausbauoptionen in Niederspannungsnetzen}, series = {3. OTTI-Konferenz : zuk{\"u}nftige Stromnetze f{\"u}r Erneuerbare Energien, Berlin, 26./27. Januar 2016}, booktitle = {3. OTTI-Konferenz : zuk{\"u}nftige Stromnetze f{\"u}r Erneuerbare Energien, Berlin, 26./27. Januar 2016}, address = {Regensburg}, organization = {Ostbayerisches Technologie-Transfer-Institut (OTTI)}, isbn = {978-3-943891-63-8}, pages = {256 -- 261}, abstract = {Die Einhaltung der Spannungsbandgrenzen im Niederspannungsnetz durch die dezentrale Emspeisung von Erzeugungsanlagen ist oft der Grund f{\"u}r Netzausbaumaßnahmen. Dem Netzbetreiber stehen mittlerweile viele Losungsmaßnahmen zur Behebung des Spannungsbandproblems zur Verf{\"u}gung Innovative Konzepte wie der regelbare Ortsnetztransformator (RONT) oder Blindleistungsregelung sind bereits serienreif und werden eingesetzt. Unklarheit herrscht oft noch dar{\"u}ber, welche Maßnahmen bzw Kombinationen langfristig wirtschaftlich g{\"u}nstig sind und sich hinsichtlich der Netzplanung als vorteilhaft erweisen. Ein Forschungsprojekt an der Ostbayerischen Technischen Hochschule Regensburg untersucht verschiedene L{\"o}sungsmaßnahmen systematisch, um sie wirtschaftlich, technisch und energetisch bewerten zu k{\"o}nnen. In 20 Netzen wird in diskreten Schritten die Integration von Erzeugungskapazit{\"a}t am Beispiel der PV simuliert. Der Zubau umfasst den Bereich von 0-100\% des m{\"o}glichen Dachfl{\"a}chenpotenzials. Nach jedem Zubauschritt wird die maximale Spannungsanhebung berechnet. Bei {\"U}berschreiten einer Spannungsanhebung in H{\"o}he der in [VDE, FNN Erzeugungsanlagen am Niederspannungsnetz, VDE-AR-N 4105:2011-08] verankerten drei Prozentpunkte, oder der Stromtragf{\"a}higkeitsgrenze eines Betriebsmittels erfolgt ein Netzausbau. Dabei werden die Optionen RONT, die Parallelverkabelung, drei Stufen des Einspeisemanagements (Spitzenkappung auf 85\%, 70\% und 55\%), die Blindleistungsregelung (cosφ(P)), der Zubau von zus{\"a}tzlichen Ortsnetzstationen und die Verwendung von Strangreglern untersucht. Je kleiner das Ortsnetz, desto st{\"a}rker bedingt sich die Kostenentwicklung durch die gew{\"a}hlte Prim{\"a}rmaßnahme. Klassischer Netzausbau ist in kleinen Netzen meist teurer als der Einsatz von RONT oder Strangreglern. In gr{\"o}ßeren Netzen k{\"o}nnen Parallelverkabelung oder zus{\"a}tzliche ONS zu g{\"u}nstigen Ausbaupfaden f{\"u}hren. Maßnahmen die anfangs nahezu keine Investition in Netzbetriebsmittel ben{\"o}tigen (Einspeisemanagement, Blindleistungsregelung) sind initial mit Abstand am g{\"u}nstigsten. Im Mittel g{\"u}nstiger als RONT sind anfangs auch Verkabelung und Strangregler, jedoch bei h{\"o}herer Ergebnisstreuung. Bereits nach f{\"u}nf Perioden liegen die mittleren Gegenwartswerte f{\"u}r starke Spitzenkappung, Blindleistungsregelung und zus{\"a}tzliche ONS h{\"a}ufig {\"u}ber der Maßnahme RONT. Die geringste Kostenstreuung tritt beim Einsatz von RONT auf. Mittel- und langfristig liegen die Mediane fast aller Prim{\"a}rmaßnahmen {\"u}ber den wahrscheinlich auftretenden Kosten f{\"u}r Strangregler und RONT. Bei Erschließung von zus{\"a}tzlichen 25\% des theoretisch maximalen Potenzials nach Erreichen der NAK betragen die Kosten bei RONT-Einsatz ca. 125/kWp. Parallelverkabelung verursacht rd. 45, Blindleistungsregelung rd. 55 €/kWp Mehrkosten. Bei 50\% des Ausbaupotenzials f{\"u}hren Parallelverkabelung und Blindleistungsregelung mit im Mittel 50 bzw. 75 €/kWp sogar zu noch h{\"o}heren Mehrkosten. F{\"u}r 20 GW PV-Leistung in der Niederspannung bedeutet dies {\"u}ber 1 Mrd. Zusatzkosten. RONT und Strangregler erweisen sich zudem kostenrobust gegen{\"u}ber unerwartet ausbleibendem Kapazit{\"a}tszubau. Analysen dazu und Ergebnisse f{\"u}r andere Zinss{\"a}tze und Zeitskalen befinden sich in [INA, Informationsportal: Regelbare Ortsnetztransformatoren, 2015. http://ront.info].}, language = {de} } @incollection{JentschTrostSterner, author = {Jentsch, Mareike and Trost, Tobias and Sterner, Michael}, title = {Optimal Use of Power-to-Gas Energy Storage Systems in an 85\% Renewable Energy Scenario}, series = {Energy Procedia}, volume = {46}, booktitle = {Energy Procedia}, publisher = {Elsevier}, issn = {1876-6102}, doi = {10.1016/j.egypro.2014.01.180}, pages = {254 -- 261}, abstract = {In future energy systems with high shares of fluctuating renewable energy generation, electricity storage will become increasingly important for the utilization of surplus energy. The Power-to-Gas (PtG) technology is one promising option for solving the challenge of long-term electricity storage and is theoretically able to ease situations of grid congestion at the same time. This article presents the perspectives of PtG in an 85\% renewable energy scenario for Germany, quantifying an economic optimum for the PtG capacity as well as an optimized spatial PtG deployment.}, language = {en} } @incollection{StadlerBauerBudtetal., author = {Stadler, Ingo and Bauer, Franz and Budt, Marcus and Heindl, Eduard and Wolf, Daniel}, title = {Mechanische Energiespeicher}, series = {Energiespeicher - Bedarf, Technologien, Integration}, booktitle = {Energiespeicher - Bedarf, Technologien, Integration}, edition = {2. Auflage}, publisher = {Springer Vieweg}, address = {Berlin ; Heidelberg}, isbn = {978-3-662-48893-5}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-662-48893-5_9}, pages = {495 -- 577}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{ThemaBellackWeidlichetal., author = {Thema, Martin and Bellack, Annett and Weidlich, Tobias and Huber, Harald and Karl, J{\"u}rgen and Sterner, Michael}, title = {Optimizing biological CO2-methanation in a trickle-bed reactor}, series = {6th International Conference on Renewable Energy Gas Technology, 20-21 May 2019, Malm{\"o}, Sweden. Conference proceedings}, booktitle = {6th International Conference on Renewable Energy Gas Technology, 20-21 May 2019, Malm{\"o}, Sweden. Conference proceedings}, editor = {Held, J{\"o}rgen}, publisher = {Renewable Energy Technology International AB}, address = {Lund, Sweden}, pages = {93 -- 94}, language = {en} } @misc{SternerThema, author = {Sterner, Michael and Thema, Martin}, title = {Technologies status and perspectives of Power-to-Gas in connection with seasonal underground storage}, series = {European Workshop on Underground Energy Storage, Paris 07.11.2019}, journal = {European Workshop on Underground Energy Storage, Paris 07.11.2019}, language = {en} } @misc{Sterner, author = {Sterner, Michael}, title = {Megathema Wasserstoff: Power-to-X im Kontext der Energiewende und des Klimaschutzes in Deutschland}, series = {IRES Symposium, Berlin 18.11.2020}, journal = {IRES Symposium, Berlin 18.11.2020}, language = {de} } @misc{Sterner, author = {Sterner, Michael}, title = {The role of green H 2 + Power-to-X in the German Energy Transition}, series = {First Brazilian-German Green Hydrogen Congress, Brasilia 06.10.2020}, journal = {First Brazilian-German Green Hydrogen Congress, Brasilia 06.10.2020}, language = {en} } @misc{Sterner, author = {Sterner, Michael}, title = {Die Grenzen des Wasserstoff-Hypes}, series = {1. Mitteldeutscher Wasserstoffkongress, 2. November 2021, Leuna CCE Kulturhaus}, journal = {1. Mitteldeutscher Wasserstoffkongress, 2. November 2021, Leuna CCE Kulturhaus}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{AltmannGebhardTroegeretal., author = {Altmann, Robert and Gebhard, J{\"u}rgen and Troeger, Adrian and Winkler, Markus and T{\"o}pfer, Georg and Remmele, Edgar and Gaderer, Matthias and Rabl, Hans-Peter}, title = {Engine performance and emission analysis of a NRMM CI engine with common rail injection system operated with diesel fuel and rapeseed oil fuel}, series = {Proceedings of the 6th Commercial Vehicle Technology Symposium 2020/2021}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 6th Commercial Vehicle Technology Symposium 2020/2021}, editor = {Berns, Karsten and Dressler, Klaus and Kalmar, Ralf and Stephan, Nicole and Teutsch, Roman and Thul, Martin}, publisher = {Springer Vieweg}, address = {Wiesbaden}, isbn = {978-3-658-29716-9}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-658-29717-6_16}, pages = {231 -- 242}, abstract = {The use of alternative fuels in high-power non-road mobile machinery (NRMM) combustion engines is a possible way to substitute fossil fuel. By using pure vegetable oil fuels, like rapeseed oil fuel (DIN 51605), the greenhouse gases can be reduced effectively. Due to the differences in physical and chemical properties, a modification of the engine control unit calibration is necessary to adapt the working process on the fuel. Without modifications, the engine power output with rapeseed oil fuel is lower than with diesel fuel because of the smaller energy content. By adapting the engine settings, like the injection fuel mass, the power loss can be compensated but it accompanies with a higher fuel consumption. The engine emissions at part load conditions show, that there are benefits in particle emissions by using rapeseed oil at similar NOx emissions. Therefore, a design of experiment setup was initiated on a selected engine operation point to determine the effects of further parameters, like rail pressure, manifold pressure and injection pattern, on the process and to see the potential of an optimized calibration.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{ButtnerAlonsoVillaBohigasBoladerasetal., author = {Buttner, Johannes and Alonso-Villa, Cristina and Bohigas Boladeras, Pere and Kucera, Markus and Waas, Thomas}, title = {The Need for New Software Architectures for Next-generation Vehicle}, series = {Proceedings of the 5th International E-Conference on Advances in Engineering, Technology and Management (ICETM 2021)}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 5th International E-Conference on Advances in Engineering, Technology and Management (ICETM 2021)}, isbn = {978-1-63248-192-4}, pages = {58 -- 61}, abstract = {Assuming that future connected cars with automated driving functions will require even more computing power and communication bandwidth, the current network infrastructure as well as the existing individualized control units are not a profitable option for such vehicles. In addition, changing user expectations demand flexible architectural patterns and upgradeability of software components without the need to visit the workshop. However, the current statically developed and configured ECU architecture does not offer any practicable possibilities for this. For these reasons, the research for a new dynamic and flexible architecture is necessary. This new type of system architecture is expected to meet future requirements in terms of space, cost, performance, energy efficiency and number of required computing units in the vehicle, which will arise as a result of the implementation/inclusion of new automated driving functionalities, and due to the changes in user expectations. Solutions to this issue can be found in the field of enterprise IT (cluster computing), in which technologies such as Ethernet, container-based virtualization and flexible software architectures have proven themselves to be very efficient for years. Relevant infrastructures, for example from cloud computing providers, have commonly been used in high-performance or high-availability applications. Thus, in the research project A 3F has been investigated which of these concepts and methods can be applied to modern vehicle system architectures. One of the main goals is to assess the synergy potential of the two sectors, information technology and automotive industry, which to date have very different orientations. However, this synergy is expected to grow strongly in the course of the developments mentioned above. In the following pages, the necessary changes related to hardware and software will be discussed briefly und will be compared to concepts and possible solutions from the IT world.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{MuehlbauerRablRottengruber, author = {M{\"u}hlbauer, Christian and Rabl, Hans-Peter and Rottengruber, Hermann}, title = {Akustische Optimierung von mechatronischen Direkteinspritzsystemen und Analyse der Auswirkungen auf die Robustheit im Systembetrieb}, series = {Motor- und Aggregate-Akustik: 11. Magdeburger Symposium, Tagungsband}, volume = {11}, booktitle = {Motor- und Aggregate-Akustik: 11. Magdeburger Symposium, Tagungsband}, publisher = {Otto-von-Guericke-Universit{\"a}t}, address = {Magdeburg}, doi = {10.25673/36611}, pages = {32 -- 51}, abstract = {The tightening of the emission legislation and political and social demands for sustainable mobility are forcing the automotive industry to develop complex, high precision mechatronic drive systems. The increasing precision of mechatronic components generally leads to an increase in structural excitation and thus to a rise in noise. The socalled ticking of the fuel injection system has a rather low sound pressure level compared to the residual engine noise. Nevertheless, the impulsive and high frequency noise character leads to a decline concerning the perception of comfort and sound quality. In order to identify the sound quality of fuel injection systems as a frontloading measure, a system test bench has been developed which represents the structureborne and airborne sound radiation of the stand-alone injection system in a close to series configuration. In this paper, measures for the acoustic optimization of injection systems and their effects on the robustness of the system are discussed. The focus is on engine idling, since at this operating point the ticking of the injectors and the high-pressure pump can be perceived most clearly due to the low masking effects of other noise sources. For this purpose, the injection parameters were measured during full engine operation and transferred to the system test bench. By using a special development control unit, it was possible to modify the parameters, quantify their influence on the acoustic behavior and, based on this, define NVH optimized control strategies. For the robustness evaluation of the NVH optimized control strategies, key functions of the injection system were analyzed under varying boundary conditions in system operation on an injection rate test bench.}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{SchneiderMuehlbauerSittletal., author = {Schneider, Sebastian and M{\"u}hlbauer, Christian and Sittl, Christopher and Rottengruber, Hermann and Rabl, Hans-Peter and Wagner, Marcus and Verhey, Jesko L.}, title = {Tickerger{\"a}uschanalyse an einem Otto-DI-Motor mittels empirischer Bewertungsformel}, series = {Motor- und Aggregate-Akustik: 11. Magdeburger Symposium, Tagungsband}, booktitle = {Motor- und Aggregate-Akustik: 11. Magdeburger Symposium, Tagungsband}, editor = {Rottengruber, Hermann and Luft, Tommy and Schneider, Sebastian}, publisher = {Otto-von-Guericke-Universit{\"a}t}, address = {Magdeburg}, isbn = {978-3-948749-02-6}, doi = {10.25673/36611}, pages = {65 -- 86}, abstract = {Beim Kauf eines Pkw wird der akustische Qualit{\"a}tseindruck eines Fahrzeugantriebstrangs stetig relevanter. Die wahrgenommene Ger{\"a}uschqualit{\"a}t des Motoraggregates nimmt hierbei eine Schl{\"u}sselrolle ein. Aufgrund der Auspr{\"a}gung einzelner St{\"o}rger{\"a}usche wird jene Ger{\"a}uschqualit{\"a}t negativ beeinflusst. Diese als unangenehm empfundenen Ger{\"a}uschkomponenten gilt es im Rahmen der Fahrzeugentwicklung weiter zu reduzieren, wobei die Identifikation und Bewertung st{\"o}render Ger{\"a}uschanteile am Motorgesamtger{\"a}usch Voraussetzungen f{\"u}r eine effektive Akustikoptimierung sind. Vor allem das impulshafte Tickerger{\"a}usch wird bei Otto-DI-Motoren als besonders l{\"a}stig eingestuft, weswegen dieser Beitrag darauf abzielt, die tickernden Ger{\"a}uschanteile aus dem Gesamtger{\"a}usch zu analysieren und zu bewerten. Hierzu wurde eine empirische Formel entwickelt, welche die tickernden Ger{\"a}uschanteile in ihrer Intensit{\"a}t in Grenzen einstufen kann. Diese ist rein empfindungsbasiert und besteht aus der Impulshaftigkeit, der Lautheit sowie der Sch{\"a}rfe des Motorgesamtger{\"a}usches. Wie auch bei anderen psychoakustischen Bewertungsskalen wurde die Benotung von 1 (sehr tickernd) bis 10 (nicht tickernd) vorgenommen. Anhand von H{\"o}rversuchen mithilfe einer Expertenjury konnte die Tickerger{\"a}uschbewertungsformel anschließend verifiziert werden. Hiernach kann pr{\"a}zise ausgesagt werden, in welchen Motorkennfeldbereichen das Tickerger{\"a}usch die Angenehmheit des Motorgesamtger{\"a}usches untergr{\"a}bt.}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{BruecklWildfeuerSchaechinger, author = {Br{\"u}ckl, Oliver and Wildfeuer, M. and Sch{\"a}chinger, J.}, title = {Systemdienstleistungen durch Biogasanlagen}, series = {Biogas in der Landwirtschaft - Stand und Perspektiven: 7. FNR/KTBL-Onlinetagung 29.-30.09.2021, Darmstadt}, booktitle = {Biogas in der Landwirtschaft - Stand und Perspektiven: 7. FNR/KTBL-Onlinetagung 29.-30.09.2021, Darmstadt}, address = {Darmstadt}, isbn = {978-3-945088-83-8}, pages = {92 -- 101}, subject = {Biogasanlage}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{JupkeReindlMeieretal., author = {Jupke, Michael and Reindl, Andrea and Meier, Hans and Niemetz, Michael}, title = {Bidirectional DC-DC Converter with Digital Droop Parameterization}, series = {26th 2021 International Conference on Applied Electronics (AE): 7-8 Sept. 2021 Pilsen, Czech Republic}, booktitle = {26th 2021 International Conference on Applied Electronics (AE): 7-8 Sept. 2021 Pilsen, Czech Republic}, editor = {Pinker, Jiř{\´i}}, publisher = {Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers}, isbn = {978-80-261-0972-3}, doi = {10.23919/AE51540.2021.9542920}, pages = {1 -- 6}, abstract = {The key for decentralized battery systems is a robust and communication-less control strategy for autonomous power sharing of parallel-connected DC-DC converters. Battery systems improve the reliability and quality of power supply in renewable energy systems and enable power supply for off-grid, mobile applications, including islanded grids, home storage, and electric vehicles. In many cases, components with different electrical properties require different voltage levels. An adaptation is consequently essential and is normally implemented in DC grids for the batteries via bidirectional DC-DC converters. The power flow in both directions can thus be ensured. To achieve a power distribution in parallel connected DC-DC converters, a droop control in the form of a virtual internal resistor can be used. This paper presents a novel approach of a DC-DC converter with a digitally parameterizable droop resistor, whose voltage regulation is based on an analog operational amplifier circuit to ensure low delays and robustness. The droop resistor is adjusted with a microcontroller, which offers the possibility to apply a higher-level control for load sharing via an interface. Mathematical correlations are used to clearly define the parameters of the control. Furthermore, the circuit was completely simulated and tested in the hardware setup. The shown results verify the functionality and indicate only minor deviations. Therefore, this circuit is important for future use in distributed battery systems.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{ReindlSingerMeieretal., author = {Reindl, Andrea and Singer, Thomas and Meier, Hans and Niemetz, Michael and Park, Sangyoung}, title = {Framework to Test DC-DC Converters Developed for a Decentralized Battery Management System}, series = {2021 International Conference on Applied Electronics (AE): 7-8 Sept. 2021, Pilsen, Czech Republic}, booktitle = {2021 International Conference on Applied Electronics (AE): 7-8 Sept. 2021, Pilsen, Czech Republic}, publisher = {IEEE}, doi = {10.23919/AE51540.2021.9542882}, pages = {1 -- 6}, abstract = {DC- DC converters control the power flow and thus the power distribution between the components on different voltage levels. They are essential for (dis)charging batteries and influence the safety and stability of the entire battery management system (BMS). Therefore, testing the functionality and the reliability of DC-DC converters is crucial. This is especially true for decentralized battery management systems (DBMS), where multiple nodes communicate to collectively control the system. The used DC-DC converters are modified to parameterize them during operation via microcontroller interfaces. Integrating the communication into the control loop requires an analysis of the control behavior due to additional delays. Therefore, this paper proposes a framework to test DC-DC converters considering the control and communication perspectives. The response time, the control accuracy and stability of these DC-DC converters, e.g., under continuous and abrupt load changes, are measured in automated tests. The dedicated software framework simulates the DBMS and stimulates the hardware components (e.g. electronic loads, data acquisition) via respective interfaces (CAN, RS232). This allows the test of various DC-DC converters with flexibly adaptable load and power generation profiles. An initial application validates the test framework by verifying the aforementioned aspects and thus the applicability of a DC-DC converter within the DBMS.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{ReindlMeierNiemetzetal., author = {Reindl, Andrea and Meier, Hans and Niemetz, Michael and Park, Sangyoung}, title = {Decentralized Battery Management System with Customized Hardware Components}, series = {IEEE 19th Student Conference on Research and Development (SCOReD), Sustainable Engineering and Technology towards Industry Revolution: 23-25 Nov. 2021, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia}, booktitle = {IEEE 19th Student Conference on Research and Development (SCOReD), Sustainable Engineering and Technology towards Industry Revolution: 23-25 Nov. 2021, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia}, publisher = {IEEE}, doi = {10.1109/SCOReD53546.2021.9652737}, pages = {350 -- 355}, abstract = {With an increasing number of sold electric vehicles (EVs), a large number of used batteries will be at disposal. How to deal with these resources is one of the major challenges in reducing the environmental impact of batteries throughout their entire life cycle. Heterogeneous cell parameters due to the different usage histories are a challenge for second-life use. The effort and cost of remanufacturing required to test and assemble a new battery pack is a further concern. Systems that combine battery packs/modules without full reassembly offer advantages such as cost and reusability. A decentralized battery management system (DBMS) provides a suitable architecture for such systems involving different types of batteries. In this paper, an architecture for a decentralized, battery state-dependent control is shown. The proposed DBMS supports various types of batteries, is scalable and flexibly adaptable for a wide range of applications. Despite the significant advantages, there are increased requirements to meet for the hardware implementation and the applied control strategies. Therefore, the necessary hardware components and their requirements are described and the hardware implementations are provided.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{SchubertLeeOoi, author = {Schubert, Martin J. W. and Lee, Wai-Kong and Ooi, Boon Yaik}, title = {Quantization and Sampling Effects in Fast Digitally Controlled Switch-Mode DC/DC Buck Converters}, series = {2021 IEEE Industrial Electronics and Applications Conference (IEACon): 22.11.2021 - 23.11.2021, Penang, Malaysia}, booktitle = {2021 IEEE Industrial Electronics and Applications Conference (IEACon): 22.11.2021 - 23.11.2021, Penang, Malaysia}, publisher = {IEEE}, isbn = {978-1-7281-9253-6}, doi = {10.1109/IEACon51066.2021.9654272}, pages = {56 -- 61}, abstract = {Software-defined control of DC/DC switch mode power converters features unequaled flexibility compared to analog control. For fast switching converters as recently used for low power applications, digital control may cause steady-state oscillations known as limit cycles. This effect based on a quantized duty cycle is compared to other aberrations such as output ripple voltage, which is inherent to any pulse-width modulator. A distinction is made between DC and AC errors. The latter are divided into synchronous and asynchronous output voltage disturbances. Synchronous AC errors are composed of the switching frequency and its harmonics.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{CroceDiamantidisSykora, author = {Croce, Valeria and Diamantidis, Dimitris and S{\´y}kora, Miroslav}, title = {Planning post earthquake surveys: assessments and reconstruction of small historical centres}, series = {1st IABSE Online Symposium 2020, Synergy of culture and civil engineering - history and challenges: Wrocław, Poland, 7-9 October 2020, Proceedings}, booktitle = {1st IABSE Online Symposium 2020, Synergy of culture and civil engineering - history and challenges: Wrocław, Poland, 7-9 October 2020, Proceedings}, editor = {Bien, Jan}, publisher = {Curran Associates Inc}, address = {Red Hook, NY}, isbn = {978-1-7138-2387-2}, pages = {332 -- 339}, abstract = {The contribution presents a methodological procedure for the management and planning of interventions after earthquake events in small historic centres. Reference is made to the case study of Castelluccio di Norcia, a village in the Apennine Mountains affected by the seismic sequence that hit Central Italy in 2016. The earthquake risk of the area and the damaging events of 2016 are critically reviewed. The implementation of cognitive analysis and the application of advanced survey techniques involving the use of nmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) for the purposes of emergency management and monitoring of damaged areas are analysed. The outcomes, combined with the direct involvement of the local population, represent a complete and integrated approach allowing the definition of a) possible intervention strategies, b) related decision criteria and c) practical recommendations for the reconstruction and regeneration of Castelluccio, and, in general, of small historic centres damaged by catastrophic events.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HaenninenNiemetzSchoepe, author = {H{\"a}nninen, Risto and Niemetz, Michael and Schoepe, Wilfried}, title = {Transition to turbulence in oscillatory superflows}, series = {ETC 2013 - 14th European Turbulence Conference 2020: 2 September 2013 - 4 September 2013, Lyon, France}, booktitle = {ETC 2013 - 14th European Turbulence Conference 2020: 2 September 2013 - 4 September 2013, Lyon, France}, abstract = {The flow of superfluid helium-4 at very low temperatures around an oscillating microsphere has been studied in detail. At small oscillation amplitudes the drag force is linear in velocity amplitude. Above a critical velocity amplitude vc a transition from potential flow to turbulent flow is signaled by a large and nonlinear drag force that scales as (v2 - v2 c ), where vc is found to be independent of temperature (below 1 K) and of driving force. Interestingly, the critical velocity is found to scale as vc ~ √κω, where κ = h/m ≈ 10-7 m2/s (h is Planck's constant and m is the mass of a helium-4 atom) is the circulation quantum of the superfluid vortices and ω/2π is the oscillation frequency ranging from about 120 Hz to 700 Hz. We also observe slightly above vc that the flow pattern is unstable and switches intermittently between potential flow and turbulence. From time series recorded at constant drive and temperature we have investigated the statistical properties of this switching phenomenon. In this talk the universal law vc ~ √κω will be discussed in detail. It can be derived theoretically in various ways: firstly, from a qualitative but very general argument based on the "superfluid Reynolds number" Rs = vl/κ where v is the flow velocity and l is a characteristic length scale, secondly, and in more detail, from Kopnin's equation of the time dependence of the vortex line density, and, finally, we have obtained this law rigorously by dynamical scaling of the equations of motion of vortex dynamics.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{RiegerMuehlbauerRabletal., author = {Rieger, Anna and M{\"u}hlbauer, Christian and Rabl, Hans-Peter and Weber, Rainer}, title = {Dissonanz als Bewertungskriterium multi-tonalen Schalls}, series = {Fortschritte der Akustik - DAGA 2020: 46. Deutsche Jahrestagung f{\"u}r Akustik}, booktitle = {Fortschritte der Akustik - DAGA 2020: 46. Deutsche Jahrestagung f{\"u}r Akustik}, publisher = {Deutsche Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Akustik e.V.}, pages = {788 -- 791}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{MuehlbauerRablRottengruber, author = {M{\"u}hlbauer, Christian and Rabl, Hans-Peter and Rottengruber, Herrmann}, title = {Development of a Methodology for Acoustic Analysis and Optimization of Mechatronic Fuel Injection Systems}, series = {Automotive Acoustics Conference 2019: Proceedings, 5. Internationale ATZ-Fachtagung Fahrzeugakustik}, booktitle = {Automotive Acoustics Conference 2019: Proceedings, 5. Internationale ATZ-Fachtagung Fahrzeugakustik}, editor = {Siebenpfeiffer, Wolfgang}, publisher = {Springer Vieweg}, address = {Wiesbaden}, isbn = {978-3-658-27668-3}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-658-27669-0_15}, pages = {211 -- 225}, abstract = {To identify the sound quality of fuel injection systems as a frontloading measure, a system test bench has been developed that simulates the structure and airborne noise emission. The setup of the system test bench includes an assembly of the acoustical relevant engine parts and an encapsulated drive for the high-pressure pump. A specific control unit enables a high variability for the operation strategy of the injection system. The focus of this study is on the development of a methodology to analyze and optimize the sound quality of gasoline direct injectors in critical operation points by suitable active means. For this, the injection parameters in engine idle have been identified and subsequently transferred to the system test bench. Additionally, the injection parameters have been optimized acoustically and the impacts on the key functions regarding injection rating and shot-to-shot scattering of the injected fuel mass are discussed.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{ReindlMeierNiemetz, author = {Reindl, Andrea and Meier, Hans and Niemetz, Michael}, title = {Scalable, Decentralized Battery Management System Based on Self-organizing Nodes}, series = {Architecture of computing systems - ARCS 2020: 33rd international conference, Aachen, Germany, May 25-28, 2020, proceedings}, volume = {12155}, booktitle = {Architecture of computing systems - ARCS 2020: 33rd international conference, Aachen, Germany, May 25-28, 2020, proceedings}, editor = {Brinkmann, Andr{\´e} and Karl, Wolfgang and Lankes, Stefan and Tomforde, Sven and Pionteck, Thilo and Trinitis, Carsten}, publisher = {Springer International Publishing}, address = {Cham}, isbn = {978-3-030-52793-8}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-52794-5_13}, pages = {171 -- 184}, abstract = {Due to the transition to renewable energy sources and the increasing share of electric vehicles and smart grids, batteries are gaining in importance. Battery management systems (BMSs) are required for optimal, reliable operation. In this paper, existing BMS topologies are presented and evaluated in terms of reliability, scalability and flexibility. The decentralisation of BMSs and associated advantages are shown. A scalable, reconfigurable BMS based on a distributed architecture of self-organized, locally controlled nodes is proposed. For distributed system control, producers, batteries and consumers each are equipped with a local microcontroller based control unit, which monitors and controls the local parameters with its own computing and communication resources. Features, advantages and challenges to overcome of the proposed approach are described.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{AndersBriemNovaketal., author = {Anders, M. and Briem, Ulrich and Novak, G. and Steinbach, G.}, title = {Neue VDI-Richtlinie f{\"u}r die Seiltriebauslegung}, series = {28. Internationale Kranfachtagung 2020 "Kran 4.0: Potenziale der Digitalisierung", 4. und 5. M{\"a}rz 2020, Magdeburg}, booktitle = {28. Internationale Kranfachtagung 2020 "Kran 4.0: Potenziale der Digitalisierung", 4. und 5. M{\"a}rz 2020, Magdeburg}, editor = {Katterfeld, Andr{\´e} and Krause, Friedrich and Pfeiffer, Dagmar and Richter, Klaus}, publisher = {LOGiSCH GmbH}, address = {Magdeburg}, isbn = {978-3-947068-08-1}, pages = {59 -- 72}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{DiamantidisSykora, author = {Diamantidis, Dimitris and S{\´y}kora, Miroslav}, title = {Reliability Differentiation and Uniform Risk in Standards}, series = {Scientific Symposium Future Trends in Civil Engineering, Zagreb,Croatia, 17 October 2029}, booktitle = {Scientific Symposium Future Trends in Civil Engineering, Zagreb,Croatia, 17 October 2029}, doi = {10.5592/CO/FTCE.2019.11}, pages = {241 -- 260}, abstract = {Reliability of structures and infrastructures is a major issue in structural engineering. Structural standards have traditionally been mainly concerned with public safety preventing loss of life or injury; this view has been shifting in recent years towards minimisation of economic loss. This contribution discusses the reliability differentiation principle in modern standards. Its aim is to achieve uniform risk levels for the various classes of structures. Codified criteria for reliability differentiation and risk informed decisions inherent in standards and especially in the Eurocodes are critically reviewed. It is shown that the classification of structures based on consequences of failure is an approach that has not been widely implemented in everyday design. Practical rules for the classification and implementation in design are needed and related proposals are presented.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{WagnerAlAbadiBuchner, author = {Wagner, Marcus and Al-Abadi, Ali and Buchner, Stefan}, title = {A Numerical-Based Model to Determine the Resonance of the Steel Cores of Transformers}, series = {ARWtr 2022 proceedings : 2022 7th Advanced Research Workshop on Transformers (ARWtr), October (23)24-26, 2022, Baiona, Spain}, booktitle = {ARWtr 2022 proceedings : 2022 7th Advanced Research Workshop on Transformers (ARWtr), October (23)24-26, 2022, Baiona, Spain}, editor = {L{\´o}pez-Fern{\´a}ndez, Xose M.,}, publisher = {IEEE}, isbn = {978-84-09-45157-9}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.23919/ARWtr54586.2022.9959938}, pages = {36 -- 41}, abstract = {The laminated steel core of transformers is one of the main sources of the generated sound, as it is excited by different electromagnetic effects during its normal operation. If the core is excited in its eigenfrequencies, the sound generated by a transformer will increase significantly. Therefore, knowledge of the core's eigenmodes and -frequencies in an early design stage can decrease expenses by avoiding costly modifications that might be required to avoid the sound levels exceeding the specified values after the final factory acceptance test. The current study focuses on developing a core resonance model to determine the eigenmodes and -frequencies of a transformer core. The core's geometry was simplified to a connected-beam structure and a numerical-based approach was applied. The accuracy of the developed model was validated against finite element method (FEM), using ANSYS on a reference core model.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{GrabRauchGoetzetal., author = {Grab, Robin and Rauch, Johannes and G{\"o}tz, Rebekka and Br{\"u}ckl, Oliver and Eichner, Stefan and Engel, Bernd}, title = {Q-Dynamik: Blindleistungsstellgeschwindigkeiten im Verteilnetz}, series = {Zuk{\"u}nftige Stromnetze: 27.-28. Januar 2021, 03.-04. Februar 2021, Tagungsunterlagen}, booktitle = {Zuk{\"u}nftige Stromnetze: 27.-28. Januar 2021, 03.-04. Februar 2021, Tagungsunterlagen}, publisher = {Conexio-PSE GmbH}, address = {Pforzheim}, isbn = {978-3-948176-12-9}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:898-opus4-58762}, pages = {46 -- 55}, abstract = {Mit der Energiewende geht eine starke Dezentralisierung der Energieeinspeisung einher. So sind im Deutschland des Jahres 2020 rund 31.000 Windenergieanlagen (WEA) in Betrieb, w{\"a}hrend bei der Solarenergie vor kurzem die zweimillionste Photovoltaik-Anlage (PVA) installiert wurde. Fast alle diese dezentralen Energieressourcen (DER) sind nach den Einspeiserichtlinien der Vergangenheit und der Gegenwart in der Lage, Blindleistung bereitzustellen, um die Spannung im Netz zu regeln und zum Blindleistungsausgleich beizutragen. Weitere potentielle dezentrale Blindleistungsquellen wie Blockheizkraftwerke, Kompensationsanlagen und perspektivisch sogar Verbraucher und Speicher sind im Verteilnetz zu finden. Durch den stetigen R{\"u}ckbau konventioneller Großkraftwerke, welche dem {\"U}bertragungsnetz bisher als Blindleistungsquellen zur Verf{\"u}gung standen, bedarf es einer Untersuchung mit der Fragestellung, in welchem Maß die neue Erzeugungslandschaft auch in diesem Feld als Ersatz dienen kann. Ein m{\"o}gliches Hindernis f{\"u}r einen breitangelegten Einsatz von DER zu Zwecken des spannungsebenen{\"u}bergreifenden Blindleistungsmanagements ist mangelndes Wissen {\"u}ber die Regeldynamik dieser verteilten Blindleistungsquellen. {\"U}bertragungs- und Verteilnetzbetreiber, die DER aktiv f{\"u}r Blindleistungsausgleich oder statische Spannungsregelung einsetzen, geben in der Regel ihre Blindleistungsanforderungen in kleineren Stufen mit erheblichen Latenzzeiten zwischen zwei Schritten weiter. Bef{\"u}rchtet wird, dass schnellere Spr{\"u}nge in der Blindleistungsvorgabe zu instabilen Betriebszust{\"a}nden oder anderweitigen Fehlfunktionen im Netz f{\"u}hren k{\"o}nnen. Eine genauere Kenntnis der dynamischen F{\"a}higkeiten vorhandener Blindleistungsquellen sowie der Auswirkungen auf die Netzstabilit{\"a}t und den Netzschutz k{\"o}nnte dazu beitragen, die Geschwindigkeit der Blindleistungsbereitstellung zu optimieren und somit tempor{\"a}re Spannungsschwankungen und -verluste zu minimieren und die Spannungsstabilit{\"a}t insgesamt zu verbessern. Durch eine entsprechende Regelungs- und Einsatzstrategie kann ein optimales Zusammenspiel der verschiedenen Technologien zur Deckung der Blindleistungsbedarfe f{\"u}r unterschiedliche Zeitbereiche erzielt werden. Hierf{\"u}r ist eine genaue Kenntnis der Blindleistungsstellgeschwindigkeiten und des dynamischen Regelverhaltens erforderlich. Dieser Beitrag stellt dazu Ergebnisse aus dem Forschungsprojekt „Q-Integral" vor. Um die relevanten Zeitkonstanten der Blindleistungsbereitstellung vollst{\"a}ndig aufzuf{\"u}hren, werden zun{\"a}chst typische Kommunikationszeiten f{\"u}r die {\"U}bermittlung von Sollwerten diskutiert. Anschließend werden Untersuchungen zu theoretischen und praktischen Reaktionszeiten verschiedener Blindleistungsquellen vorgestellt. Daf{\"u}r werden verschiedene Technologien wie Umrichter f{\"u}r PVA, Batteriespeicher und WEA sowie Synchrongeneratoren, die bei thermischen Kraftwerken die dominierende Technologie sind, betrachtet. Abschließend werden diese Werte mit realen Blindleistungsstellgeschwindigkeiten von ausgedehnten Wind- und Solarkraftwerken verglichen.}, language = {de} }