@misc{Sterner, author = {Sterner, Michael}, title = {Gr{\"u}ner Wasserstoff - wo wir ihn brauchen f{\"u}r die Klimaneutralit{\"a}t}, series = {Energiewendeforum Wasserstoff (Gr{\"u}ner Strom Label e. V.), Bonn, 21. September 2021}, journal = {Energiewendeforum Wasserstoff (Gr{\"u}ner Strom Label e. V.), Bonn, 21. September 2021}, language = {de} } @misc{Sterner, author = {Sterner, Michael}, title = {Die Grenzen des Wasserstoff-Hypes}, series = {1. Mitteldeutscher Wasserstoffkongress, 2. November 2021, Leuna CCE Kulturhaus}, journal = {1. Mitteldeutscher Wasserstoffkongress, 2. November 2021, Leuna CCE Kulturhaus}, language = {de} } @techreport{ThemaKaulSterneretal., author = {Thema, Martin and Kaul, Anja and Sterner, Michael and Heberl, Michael}, title = {Optimierung eines Rieselbett-Bioreaktors f{\"u}r die dynamische mikrobielle Biosynthese von Methan mit Archaeen-Mikroorganismen in Power-to-Gas-Anlagen}, doi = {10.2314/KXP:1815321555}, abstract = {Das {\"u}bergeordnete Ziel des Vorhabens war die Entwicklung neuer technologischer M{\"o}glichkeiten f{\"u}r den biologischen Methanisierungsprozess mit Archaeen1 in Power-to-Gas-Anwendungen. Im Gegensatz zur technisch ausgereiften chemisch-katalytischen Methanisierung sind hier noch Potenziale zur Optimierung verfahrenstechnischer und biologischer Prozesse f{\"u}r das Speicherkonzept Power-to-Gas [7] vorhanden. Dabei sollte zum einen ein Rieselbett-Bioreaktor optimiert, simuliert und f{\"u}r die Hochskalierung vorbereitet werden. Zum anderen sollte eine Kombination optimal geeigneter Mikroorganismen und Packungsmaterialien selektiert und deren Verhalten und Eignung im Reaktor analysiert werden. Das Verhalten des entwickelten Systems sollte zun{\"a}chst im Labor- und Technikumsmaßstab und anschließend im Feldtest an einer bestehenden Power-to-Gas-Anlage untersucht werden. Hauptziel w{\"a}hrend des Feldtests war die Produktion von einspeisef{\"a}higem Methan sowie dessen Einspeisung ins Gasnetz. Ein Hauptziel des Projektes war es, die Normung und Standardisierung notwendiger Systemparameter und Semantik zur Beschreibung und Einbindung biologischer Methanisierungseinheiten in Power-to-Gas-Anlagen voranzutreiben. Dies sollte zum einen die Vergleichbarkeit der wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnisse verbessern und zum anderen unterst{\"u}tzend bei der Kommerzialisierung der Technologie wirken. Aus dem Projekt heraus wurde so die neue Normungsreihe VDI 4635 Power-to-X beim Verein Deutscher Ingenieure angestoßen.}, language = {de} } @unpublished{KaulBoellmannThemaetal., author = {Kaul, Anja and B{\"o}llmann, Andrea and Thema, Martin and Kalb, Larissa and St{\"o}ckl, Richard and Huber, Harald and Sterner, Michael and Bellack, Annett}, title = {Identification of Robust Thermophilic Methanogenic Archaea and Packing Material for High Liquid Hold-Up at Low Volumetric Gas Flow Rates for Use in Trickle-Bed Reactors for Biological Methanation}, series = {SSRN Electronic Journal}, journal = {SSRN Electronic Journal}, doi = {10.2139/ssrn.3940878}, abstract = {he hydrogen gas-to-liquid mass transfer is the limiting factor in biological methanation. In a trickle-bed reactor, mass transfer can be increased by high flow velocities in the liquid phase, by adding a packing material with high liquid hold-up, or by choosing methanogenic archaea with a high methane productivity. This study analyzed various packings and methanogenic strains from a hydrodynamic and microbial perspective. By analyzing twelve pure cultures of thermophilic methanogens for their ability to produce high quality methane and to form biofilms on different packings, strains of Methanothermobacter were found to perform better than thus of the genus Methanothermococcus. Best methane production and adherence was observed on DuraTop®, Bioflow 9, and filter foam. DuraTop® and Bioflow 9 had also a high dynamic liquid hold-up, but the maximum hold-up was determined for expanded clay. The ideal combination for use in the ORBIT-trickle-bed reactor was identified as Methanothermobacter thermoautotrophicus IM5 and DuraTop®.}, language = {en} } @article{ThemaWeidlichKauletal., author = {Thema, Martin and Weidlich, Tobias and Kaul, Anja and B{\"o}llmann, Andrea and Huber, Harald and Bellack, Annett and Karl, J{\"u}rgen and Sterner, Michael}, title = {Optimized biological CO2-methanation with a pure culture of thermophilic methanogenic archaea in a trickle-bed reactor}, series = {Bioresource Technology}, journal = {Bioresource Technology}, number = {333}, publisher = {Elsevier}, doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125135}, abstract = {In this study, a fully automated process converting hydrogen and carbon dioxide to methane in a high temperature trickle-bed reactor was developed from lab scale to field test level. The reactor design and system performance was optimized to yield high methane content in the product gas for direct feed-in to the gas grid. The reaction was catalyzed by a pure culture of Methanothermobacter thermoautotrophicus IM5, which formed a biofilm on ceramic packing elements. During 600 h in continuous and semi-continuous operation in countercurrent flow, the 0.05 m3 reactor produced up to 95.3 \% of methane at a methane production rate of 0.35 mCH43mR-3h-1. Adding nitrogen as carrier gas during startup, foam control and dosing of ammonium and sodium sulfide as nitrogen and sulfur source were important factors for process automation.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{JupkeReindlMeieretal., author = {Jupke, Michael and Reindl, Andrea and Meier, Hans and Niemetz, Michael}, title = {Bidirectional DC-DC Converter with Digital Droop Parameterization}, series = {26th 2021 International Conference on Applied Electronics (AE): 7-8 Sept. 2021 Pilsen, Czech Republic}, booktitle = {26th 2021 International Conference on Applied Electronics (AE): 7-8 Sept. 2021 Pilsen, Czech Republic}, editor = {Pinker, Jiř{\´i}}, publisher = {Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers}, isbn = {978-80-261-0972-3}, doi = {10.23919/AE51540.2021.9542920}, pages = {1 -- 6}, abstract = {The key for decentralized battery systems is a robust and communication-less control strategy for autonomous power sharing of parallel-connected DC-DC converters. Battery systems improve the reliability and quality of power supply in renewable energy systems and enable power supply for off-grid, mobile applications, including islanded grids, home storage, and electric vehicles. In many cases, components with different electrical properties require different voltage levels. An adaptation is consequently essential and is normally implemented in DC grids for the batteries via bidirectional DC-DC converters. The power flow in both directions can thus be ensured. To achieve a power distribution in parallel connected DC-DC converters, a droop control in the form of a virtual internal resistor can be used. This paper presents a novel approach of a DC-DC converter with a digitally parameterizable droop resistor, whose voltage regulation is based on an analog operational amplifier circuit to ensure low delays and robustness. The droop resistor is adjusted with a microcontroller, which offers the possibility to apply a higher-level control for load sharing via an interface. Mathematical correlations are used to clearly define the parameters of the control. Furthermore, the circuit was completely simulated and tested in the hardware setup. The shown results verify the functionality and indicate only minor deviations. Therefore, this circuit is important for future use in distributed battery systems.}, language = {en} } @article{MonkmanSindersbergerPremetal., author = {Monkman, Gareth J. and Sindersberger, Dirk and Prem, Nina and Diermeier, Andreas and Szecsey, Tamara}, title = {Dielectric behaviour of magnetic hybrid materials}, series = {Physical Sciences Reviews}, volume = {7}, journal = {Physical Sciences Reviews}, number = {10}, publisher = {de Gruyter}, doi = {10.1515/psr-2019-0121}, pages = {1169 -- 1185}, abstract = {The objectives of this work include the analysis of electrical and magnetic properties of magneto-elastic hybrid materials with the intention of developing new techniques for sensor and actuator applications. This includes the investigation of dielectric properties at both low and high frequencies. The behaviour of capacitors whose dielectrics comprise magnetic hybrid materials is well known. Such interfacial magnetocapacitance can be varied according to magnetic content, magnetic flux density and the relative permittivity of the polymer matrix together with other dielectric content. The basic function of trapping electrical charges in polymers (electrets) is also established technology. However, the combination of magnetoactive polymers and electrets has led to the first electromagnetic device capable of adhering to almost any material, whether magnetically susceptible or not. During the course of this research, in addition to dielectrics, electrically conductive polymers based on (PDMS) matrices were developed in order to vary the electrical properties of the material in a targeted manner. In order to ensure repeatable results, this demanded new fabrication techniques hitherto unavailable. The 3D printing of silicones is far from being a mature technology and much pioneering work was necessary before extending the usual 3 d.o.f. to include orientation about and diffusion of particles in these three axes, thus leading to the concept of 6D printing. In 6D printing, the application of a magnetic field can be used during the curing process to control the particulate distribution and thus the spatial filler particle density as desired. Most of the devices (sensors and actuators) produced by such methods contain levels of carbonyl iron powder (CIP) embedded magnetic filler of up to 70 wt\%. Contrary to this, a hitherto neglected research area, namely magnetoactive polymers (MAPs) having significantly lower magnetic particle concentrations (1 to 3 wt\% CIP) were also investigated. With filler concentrations lower than 3 wt\%, structures are formed which are completely absent at higher filler levels. CIP concentrations in the range of 1wt\% demonstrate the formation of toroidal structures. Further development of coherent rings with a compact order results as filler concentrations increase towards 2 wt\%. Above 3 wt\% the structure eventually disintegrates to the usual random order found in traditional MAP with higher CIP content. Structured samples containing 1\%-3 wt\% CIP were investigated with the aid of X-ray tomography where solitary ring structures can be observed and eventually the formation of capillary doubles. Over wavelengths ranging from 1 to 25 µm, spectroscopic analysis of thin film MAP samples containing 2 wt\% CIP revealed measurable magnetic-field-dependent changes in IR absorption at a wavenumber 2350 (λ = 4.255 µm). This was found to be due to the diamagnetic susceptibility of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). Consequently, the first potential application for sparse matrix MAPs was found.}, language = {en} } @article{GamischGadererDawoud, author = {Gamisch, Bernd and Gaderer, Matthias and Dawoud, Belal}, title = {On the Development of Thermochemical Hydrogen Storage: An Experimental Study of the Kinetics of the Redox Reactions under Different Operating Conditions}, series = {Applied Sciences}, volume = {11}, journal = {Applied Sciences}, number = {4}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, doi = {10.3390/app11041623}, pages = {1 -- 15}, abstract = {This work aims at investigating the reduction/oxidation (redox) reaction kinetics on iron oxide pellets under different operating conditions of thermochemical hydrogen storage. In order to reduce the iron oxide pellets (90\% Fe2O3, 10\% stabilizing cement), hydrogen (H2) is applied in different concentrations with nitrogen (N2), as a carrier gas, at temperatures between between 700 ∘C and 900 ∘C, thus simulating the charging phase. The discharge phase is triggered by the flow of a mixture out of steam (H2O) and N2 at different concentrations in the same temperature range, resulting in the oxidizing of the previously reduced pellets. All investigations were carried out in a thermo-gravimetric analyzer (TGA) with a flow rate of 250mL/min. To describe the obtained kinetic results, a simplified analytical model, based on the linear driving force model, was developed. The investigated iron oxide pellets showed a stable redox performance of 23.8\% weight reduction/gain, which corresponds to a volumetric storage density of 2.8kWh/(L bulk), also after the 29 performed redox cycles. Recalling that there is no H2 stored during the storage phase but iron, the introduced hydrogen storage technology is deemed very promising for applications in urban areas as day-night or seasonal storage for green hydrogen.}, language = {en} } @article{SteiningerGadererDawoud, author = {Steininger, Peter and Gaderer, Matthias and Dawoud, Belal}, title = {Assessment of the Annual Transmission Heat Loss Reduction of a Refurbished Existing Building with an Advanced Solar Selective Thermal Insulation System}, series = {Sustainability}, volume = {13}, journal = {Sustainability}, number = {13}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, doi = {10.3390/su13137336}, pages = {1 -- 19}, abstract = {A numerical parameter sensitivity analysis of the design parameters of the recently published solar selective thermal insulation system (SATIS) has been carried out to enhance its thermal and optical properties. It turned out that the insulation properties of SATIS can be effectively improved by reducing the length of the glass closure element. Increasing the area share of the light conducting elements (LCEs) and decreasing their length-to-diameter (L/D) ratio were identified as key parameters in order to increase the solar gain. Two SATIS variants were compared with the same wall insulation without SATIS in a yearly energetic performance assessment. The SATIS variant with 10 mm length of the closure element, 44.2\% area share of LCE, as well as front and rear diameters of 12 mm/9 mm shows an 11.8\% lower transmission heat loss over the heating period than the wall insulation without SATIS. A new methodology was developed to enable the implementation of the computed solar gains of SATIS in 1D simulation tools. The result is a radiant heat flow map for integration as a heat source in 1D simulation models. A comparison between the 1D and 3D models of the inside wall heat fluxes showed an integral yearly agreement of 98\%.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{ButtnerAlonsoVillaBohigasBoladerasetal., author = {Buttner, Johannes and Alonso-Villa, Cristina and Bohigas Boladeras, Pere and Kucera, Markus and Waas, Thomas}, title = {The Need for New Software Architectures for Next-generation Vehicle}, series = {Proceedings of the 5th International E-Conference on Advances in Engineering, Technology and Management (ICETM 2021)}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 5th International E-Conference on Advances in Engineering, Technology and Management (ICETM 2021)}, isbn = {978-1-63248-192-4}, pages = {58 -- 61}, abstract = {Assuming that future connected cars with automated driving functions will require even more computing power and communication bandwidth, the current network infrastructure as well as the existing individualized control units are not a profitable option for such vehicles. In addition, changing user expectations demand flexible architectural patterns and upgradeability of software components without the need to visit the workshop. However, the current statically developed and configured ECU architecture does not offer any practicable possibilities for this. For these reasons, the research for a new dynamic and flexible architecture is necessary. This new type of system architecture is expected to meet future requirements in terms of space, cost, performance, energy efficiency and number of required computing units in the vehicle, which will arise as a result of the implementation/inclusion of new automated driving functionalities, and due to the changes in user expectations. Solutions to this issue can be found in the field of enterprise IT (cluster computing), in which technologies such as Ethernet, container-based virtualization and flexible software architectures have proven themselves to be very efficient for years. Relevant infrastructures, for example from cloud computing providers, have commonly been used in high-performance or high-availability applications. Thus, in the research project A 3F has been investigated which of these concepts and methods can be applied to modern vehicle system architectures. One of the main goals is to assess the synergy potential of the two sectors, information technology and automotive industry, which to date have very different orientations. However, this synergy is expected to grow strongly in the course of the developments mentioned above. In the following pages, the necessary changes related to hardware and software will be discussed briefly und will be compared to concepts and possible solutions from the IT world.}, language = {en} } @article{KurzweilScheuerpflug, author = {Kurzweil, Peter and Scheuerpflug, Wolfgang}, title = {State-of-charge monitoring and battery diagnosis of different lithium ion chemistries using impedance spectroscopy}, series = {Batteries}, volume = {7}, journal = {Batteries}, number = {1}, doi = {10.3390/batteries7010017}, pages = {16}, abstract = {For lithium iron phosphate batteries (LFP) in aerospace applications, impedance spectroscopy is applicable in the flat region of the voltage-charge curve. The frequency-dependent pseudocapacitance at 0.15 Hz is presented as useful state-of-charge (SOC) and state-of-health (SOH) indicator. For the same battery type, the prediction error of pseudocapacitance is better than 1\% for a quadratic calibration curve, and less than 36\% for a linear model. An approximately linear correlation between pseudocapacitance and Ah battery capacity is observed as long as overcharge and deep discharge are avoided. We verify the impedance method in comparison to the classical constant-current discharge measurements. In the case of five examined lithium-ion chemistries, the linear trend of impedance and SOC is lost if the slope of the discharge voltage curve versus SOC changes. With nickel manganese cobalt (NMC), high impedance modulus correlates with high SOC above 70\%.}, language = {en} } @article{SchmidtStraubSindersbergeretal., author = {Schmidt, Henrik and Straub, Benedikt B. and Sindersberger, Dirk and Br{\"o}ckel, Ulrich and Monkman, Gareth J. and Auernhammer, G{\"u}nter}, title = {Collision and separation of nickel particles embedded in a Poly dimethylsiloxan matrix under a rotating magnetic field: A strong magneto active function}, series = {Colloid and Polymer Science}, volume = {299}, journal = {Colloid and Polymer Science}, publisher = {Springer}, doi = {10.1007/s00396-020-04784-4}, pages = {955 -- 967}, abstract = {In order to function as soft actuators, depending on their field of use, magnetorheological elastomers (MREs) must fulfill certain criteria. To name just a few, these can include rapid response to external magnetic fields, mechanical durability, mechanical strength, and/or large deformation. Of particular interest are MREs which produce macroscopic deformation for small external magnetic field variations. This work demonstrates how this can be achieved by just a small change in magnetic field orientation. To achieve this, (super)paramagnetic nickel particles of size ≈ 160 μm were embedded in a non-magnetic polydimethylsiloxan (PDMS) (661-1301 Pa) and their displacement in a stepwise rotated magnetic field (170 mT) recorded using a video microscope. Changes in particle aggregation resulting from very small variations in magnetic field orientation led to the observation of a new strongly magneto-active effect. This configuration is characterized by an interparticle distance in relation to the angle difference between magnetic field and particle axis. This causes a strong matrix deformation which in turn demonstrates hysteresis on relaxation. It is shown that the occurrence strongly depends on the particle size, particle distance, and stiffness of the matrix. Choosing the correct parameter combination, the state can be suppressed and the particle-matrix system demonstrates no displacement or hysteresis. In addition, evidences of non-negligible higher order magnetization effects are experimentally ascertained which is qualitatively in agreement with similar, already theoretically described, particle systems. Even at larger particle geometries, the new strongly magneto-active configuration is preserved and could create macroscopic deformation changes.}, language = {en} } @article{RillBauerTopcagic, author = {Rill, Georg and Bauer, Florian and Topcagic, Edin}, title = {Performance of leaf spring suspended axles in model approaches of different complexities}, series = {Vehicle System Dynamics}, volume = {60}, journal = {Vehicle System Dynamics}, number = {8}, publisher = {Taylor\&Francis}, doi = {10.1080/00423114.2021.1928249}, pages = {2871 -- 2889}, abstract = {Axles with leaf spring suspension systems are still a popular choice in many commercial vehicles. However, leaf springs are not in perfect conformity to standard multibody vehicle models because they combine guidance and suspension in one single element. Combining standard multibody vehicle models with sophisticated finite element leaf spring models results in rather complex and computing time-consuming solutions. Purely kinematic models, defined by lookup tables or the design kinematics approach, cover only some but not all features of the leaf spring suspension. As shown here, the five-link model, which incorporates a quasi-static solution of the leaf spring compliance, provides a very practical model. It is comparatively lean and provides results of sufficient accuracy in the whole application range.}, language = {en} } @article{VerezBorriCrespoetal., author = {V{\´e}rez, David and Borri, Emiliano and Crespo, Alicia and Zsembinszki, Gabriel and Dawoud, Belal and Cabeza, Luisa F.}, title = {Experimental Study of a Small-Size Vacuum Insulated Water Tank for Building Applications}, series = {Sustainability}, volume = {13}, journal = {Sustainability}, number = {10}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, doi = {10.3390/su13105329}, pages = {1 -- 11}, abstract = {Insulation of thermal energy storage tanks is fundamental to reduce heat losses and to achieve high energy storage efficiency. Although water tanks were extensively studied in the literature, the enhancement of the insulation quality is often overlooked. The use of vacuum insulation has the potential to significantly reduce heat losses without affecting the dimension of the storage system. This paper shows for the first time the results of the heat losses tests done for a 0.535 m3 water tank for residential building applications built with a double wall vacuum insulation. The different tests show that the rate of heat losses strictly depends on the temperature distribution inside the tank at the beginning of the experiment. Compared to a conventional water tank insulated with conventional materials, the U-value of the lateral surface was reduced by almost three times (from 1.05 W/K·m2 to 0.38 W/K·m2) using vacuum insulation. However, the bottom part, which is usually used to place the support parts and the piping, is the critical design part of those tanks acting as a thermal bridge with the ambient and enhancing heat losses.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{ReindlMeierNiemetzetal., author = {Reindl, Andrea and Meier, Hans and Niemetz, Michael and Park, Sangyoung}, title = {Decentralized Battery Management System with Customized Hardware Components}, series = {IEEE 19th Student Conference on Research and Development (SCOReD), Sustainable Engineering and Technology towards Industry Revolution: 23-25 Nov. 2021, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia}, booktitle = {IEEE 19th Student Conference on Research and Development (SCOReD), Sustainable Engineering and Technology towards Industry Revolution: 23-25 Nov. 2021, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia}, publisher = {IEEE}, doi = {10.1109/SCOReD53546.2021.9652737}, pages = {350 -- 355}, abstract = {With an increasing number of sold electric vehicles (EVs), a large number of used batteries will be at disposal. How to deal with these resources is one of the major challenges in reducing the environmental impact of batteries throughout their entire life cycle. Heterogeneous cell parameters due to the different usage histories are a challenge for second-life use. The effort and cost of remanufacturing required to test and assemble a new battery pack is a further concern. Systems that combine battery packs/modules without full reassembly offer advantages such as cost and reusability. A decentralized battery management system (DBMS) provides a suitable architecture for such systems involving different types of batteries. In this paper, an architecture for a decentralized, battery state-dependent control is shown. The proposed DBMS supports various types of batteries, is scalable and flexibly adaptable for a wide range of applications. Despite the significant advantages, there are increased requirements to meet for the hardware implementation and the applied control strategies. Therefore, the necessary hardware components and their requirements are described and the hardware implementations are provided.}, language = {en} } @article{SchwanzerSchillingerMieslingeretal., author = {Schwanzer, Peter and Schillinger, Maximilian and Mieslinger, Johann and Walter, Stefanie and Hagen, Gunter and Maerkl, Susanne and Haft, Gerhard and Dietrich, Markus and Moos, Ralf and Gaderer, Matthias and Rabl, Hans-Peter}, title = {A Synthetic Ash-Loading Method for Gasoline Particulate Filters with Active Oil Injection}, series = {SAR International Journal of Engines}, volume = {14}, journal = {SAR International Journal of Engines}, number = {4}, publisher = {SAE International}, issn = {1946-3936}, doi = {10.4271/03-14-04-0029}, pages = {493 -- 506}, abstract = {To reduce particulate emissions, the use of particulate filters in diesel engines is meanwhile state of the art, while the integration of such systems in gasoline engines is now also necessary in order to comply with today's regulations. Over its lifetime, a gasoline particulate filter (GPF) collects ash components of fuel, lubrication oil, and materials originating from the catalytic coating and from engine abrasion. In the development and application process, synthetic ashing from GPFs is challenging. The ash of the lubrication oil can be increased in various ways, like oil-doped fuel, a separate oil burner, or changes in the piston-cylinder system of the engine. However, these methods show major disadvantages. For this reason, an improved approach is presented in this study, which allows a quick response to changes in combustion (e.g., engine knocking) and producing ash, which is more realistic due to its primary particle size and the density of ash plugs, in a shorter time. Therefore, an approach to accelerate ash loading by active oil injection using a multi-point injection (MPI) system is introduced. With the help of this methodology, an ashing capacity of 1.21 g/h is implemented, which is a high rate compared to other investigations. The primary particle size (evaluated by means of a transmission electron microscope), is in the same size range as those detected at the full-load curve during regular operation. A computer tomographic (CT) analysis of the incinerated particulate filter also shows that a very high density of ash plugs can be realized, which has also been found in the literature for real applications. In addition, with the help of a mass spectrometer (MS) and an intermediate weighing of the particulate filter, the current ash loading of the GPF could be determined with an accuracy of 1\%.}, language = {en} } @article{SchorrZentnerZimmermannetal., author = {Schorr, Philipp and Zentner, Lena and Zimmermann, Klaus and B{\"o}hm, Valter}, title = {Jumping locomotion system based on a multistable tensegrity structure}, series = {Mechanical systems and signal processing}, journal = {Mechanical systems and signal processing}, number = {152}, publisher = {Elsevier}, doi = {10.1016/j.ymssp.2020.107384}, abstract = {All known locomotion principles are limited respective to environmental conditions. Often, the occurrence of obstacles or gaps means the break-off for the operating motion systems. For such circumstances, a controllable jumping locomotion is required to cross these barriers. However, this locomotion demands sophisticated requirements to the actuation. The abrupt actuation is commonly realized by high dynamic actuators or complex mechanisms. In this work, a simple solution utilizing the multistability of a compliant tensegrity structure is described. Therefore, a two-dimensional tensegrity structure featuring four stable equilibria is considered. Based on bifurcation analyses a feasible actuation to control the current equilibrium configuration is derived. Changing between selected equilibrium states enables a great difference in potential energy, which yields a jumping motion of the structure. Based on numerical simulations a suitable actuation strategy is chosen to overcome obstacle and steps by jumping forward or backward, respectively. The theoretical approach is examined experimentally with a prototype of the multistable tensegrity structure. (c) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. All known locomotion principles are limited respective to environmental conditions. Often, the occurrence of obstacles or gaps means the break-off for the operating motion systems. For such circumstances, a controllable jumping locomotion is required to cross these barriers. However, this locomotion demands sophisticated requirements to the actuation. The abrupt actuation is commonly realized by high dynamic actuators or complex mechanisms. In this work, a simple solution utilizing the multistability of a compliant tensegrity structure is described. Therefore, a two-dimensional tensegrity structure featuring four stable equilibria is considered. Based on bifurcation analyses a feasible actuation to control the current equilibrium configuration is derived. Changing between selected equilibrium states enables a great difference in potential energy, which yields a jumping motion of the structure. Based on numerical simulations a suitable actuation strategy is chosen to overcome obstacle and steps by jumping forward or backward, respectively. The theoretical approach is examined experimentally with a prototype of the multistable tensegrity structure.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{ReindlSingerMeieretal., author = {Reindl, Andrea and Singer, Thomas and Meier, Hans and Niemetz, Michael and Park, Sangyoung}, title = {Framework to Test DC-DC Converters Developed for a Decentralized Battery Management System}, series = {2021 International Conference on Applied Electronics (AE): 7-8 Sept. 2021, Pilsen, Czech Republic}, booktitle = {2021 International Conference on Applied Electronics (AE): 7-8 Sept. 2021, Pilsen, Czech Republic}, publisher = {IEEE}, doi = {10.23919/AE51540.2021.9542882}, pages = {1 -- 6}, abstract = {DC- DC converters control the power flow and thus the power distribution between the components on different voltage levels. They are essential for (dis)charging batteries and influence the safety and stability of the entire battery management system (BMS). Therefore, testing the functionality and the reliability of DC-DC converters is crucial. This is especially true for decentralized battery management systems (DBMS), where multiple nodes communicate to collectively control the system. The used DC-DC converters are modified to parameterize them during operation via microcontroller interfaces. Integrating the communication into the control loop requires an analysis of the control behavior due to additional delays. Therefore, this paper proposes a framework to test DC-DC converters considering the control and communication perspectives. The response time, the control accuracy and stability of these DC-DC converters, e.g., under continuous and abrupt load changes, are measured in automated tests. The dedicated software framework simulates the DBMS and stimulates the hardware components (e.g. electronic loads, data acquisition) via respective interfaces (CAN, RS232). This allows the test of various DC-DC converters with flexibly adaptable load and power generation profiles. An initial application validates the test framework by verifying the aforementioned aspects and thus the applicability of a DC-DC converter within the DBMS.}, language = {en} } @article{PalombaNowakDawoudetal., author = {Palomba, Valeria and Nowak, Sebastian and Dawoud, Belal and Frazzica, Andrea}, title = {Dynamic modelling of Adsorption systems: a comprehensive calibrated dataset for heat pump and storage applications}, series = {Journal of energy storage}, volume = {33}, journal = {Journal of energy storage}, publisher = {Elsevier}, doi = {10.1016/j.est.2020.102148}, abstract = {The growing efforts for the development of clean and efficient energy systems require the use of a multi-disciplinary approach and the integration of multiple generation appliances. Among the fields that can be considered enabling technologies, adsorption systems for air conditioning and thermal energy storages, are constantly increasing their maturity. However, for a proper design and integration of such systems, there is the need for a simulation framework that is reliable and computationally convenient. In the present paper, the implementation of a dynamic model for adsorption systems is presented, which includes different components (adsorber, phase changer, sorption materials) and is structured as a library. Modelica language and the commercial software Dymola (R) are used for the analysis. Data for different heat exchangers and working pairs are calibrated using experimental results and the calibrated model is subsequently used for the design of an adsorber based on a plate heat exchanger for thermal energy storage applications. The results proved that the model is fast and can reproduce experimental results with good accuracy, thus being a useful tool for the design and optimization of the different components of sorption systems.}, language = {en} } @article{RillBauerKirchbeck, author = {Rill, Georg and Bauer, Florian and Kirchbeck, Mathias}, title = {VTT - a virtual test truck for modern simulation tasks}, series = {Vehicle system dynamics}, volume = {59}, journal = {Vehicle system dynamics}, number = {4}, publisher = {Taylor\&Francis}, doi = {10.1080/00423114.2019.1705356}, pages = {635 -- 656}, abstract = {The development of new technologies like advanced driver assistance systems or automated driving requires a flexible simulation environment of sufficient complexity. In general this flexibility is not provided by commercial software packages. This paper presents a three-dimensional and nonlinear hand-made model for heavy commercial vehicles including tractor and trailer as well as tractor and semitrailer combinations that can be used in different simulation environments, as well as in real-time applications. As typical for trucks, the torsional flexibility of the frame and a suspended driver's cabin are taken into account. The design kinematics makes it possible to handle different and quite complex axle suspensions very efficiently. Appropriate force elements are used to model various couplings between tractor and trailer or tractor and semitrailer, respectively. The virtual test truck environment (VTT) coded in ANSI C is extremely portable and can easily be embedded in commercial simulation packages like MATLAB/Simulink. It includes the TMeasy tyre model and offers flexible interfaces to third-party software tools.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{SchubertLeeOoi, author = {Schubert, Martin J. W. and Lee, Wai-Kong and Ooi, Boon Yaik}, title = {Quantization and Sampling Effects in Fast Digitally Controlled Switch-Mode DC/DC Buck Converters}, series = {2021 IEEE Industrial Electronics and Applications Conference (IEACon): 22.11.2021 - 23.11.2021, Penang, Malaysia}, booktitle = {2021 IEEE Industrial Electronics and Applications Conference (IEACon): 22.11.2021 - 23.11.2021, Penang, Malaysia}, publisher = {IEEE}, isbn = {978-1-7281-9253-6}, doi = {10.1109/IEACon51066.2021.9654272}, pages = {56 -- 61}, abstract = {Software-defined control of DC/DC switch mode power converters features unequaled flexibility compared to analog control. For fast switching converters as recently used for low power applications, digital control may cause steady-state oscillations known as limit cycles. This effect based on a quantized duty cycle is compared to other aberrations such as output ripple voltage, which is inherent to any pulse-width modulator. A distinction is made between DC and AC errors. The latter are divided into synchronous and asynchronous output voltage disturbances. Synchronous AC errors are composed of the switching frequency and its harmonics.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{SchneiderMuehlbauerSittletal., author = {Schneider, Sebastian and M{\"u}hlbauer, Christian and Sittl, Christopher and Rottengruber, Hermann and Rabl, Hans-Peter and Wagner, Marcus and Verhey, Jesko L.}, title = {Tickerger{\"a}uschanalyse an einem Otto-DI-Motor mittels empirischer Bewertungsformel}, series = {Motor- und Aggregate-Akustik: 11. Magdeburger Symposium, Tagungsband}, booktitle = {Motor- und Aggregate-Akustik: 11. Magdeburger Symposium, Tagungsband}, editor = {Rottengruber, Hermann and Luft, Tommy and Schneider, Sebastian}, publisher = {Otto-von-Guericke-Universit{\"a}t}, address = {Magdeburg}, isbn = {978-3-948749-02-6}, doi = {10.25673/36611}, pages = {65 -- 86}, abstract = {Beim Kauf eines Pkw wird der akustische Qualit{\"a}tseindruck eines Fahrzeugantriebstrangs stetig relevanter. Die wahrgenommene Ger{\"a}uschqualit{\"a}t des Motoraggregates nimmt hierbei eine Schl{\"u}sselrolle ein. Aufgrund der Auspr{\"a}gung einzelner St{\"o}rger{\"a}usche wird jene Ger{\"a}uschqualit{\"a}t negativ beeinflusst. Diese als unangenehm empfundenen Ger{\"a}uschkomponenten gilt es im Rahmen der Fahrzeugentwicklung weiter zu reduzieren, wobei die Identifikation und Bewertung st{\"o}render Ger{\"a}uschanteile am Motorgesamtger{\"a}usch Voraussetzungen f{\"u}r eine effektive Akustikoptimierung sind. Vor allem das impulshafte Tickerger{\"a}usch wird bei Otto-DI-Motoren als besonders l{\"a}stig eingestuft, weswegen dieser Beitrag darauf abzielt, die tickernden Ger{\"a}uschanteile aus dem Gesamtger{\"a}usch zu analysieren und zu bewerten. Hierzu wurde eine empirische Formel entwickelt, welche die tickernden Ger{\"a}uschanteile in ihrer Intensit{\"a}t in Grenzen einstufen kann. Diese ist rein empfindungsbasiert und besteht aus der Impulshaftigkeit, der Lautheit sowie der Sch{\"a}rfe des Motorgesamtger{\"a}usches. Wie auch bei anderen psychoakustischen Bewertungsskalen wurde die Benotung von 1 (sehr tickernd) bis 10 (nicht tickernd) vorgenommen. Anhand von H{\"o}rversuchen mithilfe einer Expertenjury konnte die Tickerger{\"a}uschbewertungsformel anschließend verifiziert werden. Hiernach kann pr{\"a}zise ausgesagt werden, in welchen Motorkennfeldbereichen das Tickerger{\"a}usch die Angenehmheit des Motorgesamtger{\"a}usches untergr{\"a}bt.}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{RiegerOetjenvandeParetal., author = {Rieger, Anna and Oetjen, Arne and van de Par, Steven and Rabl, Hans-Peter}, title = {Geh{\"o}rbezogene Modellierung der Dissonanz}, series = {Tagungsband DAGA 2021: 47. Jahrestagung f{\"u}r Akustik, 15.-18. August 2021, Wien und Online}, volume = {47}, booktitle = {Tagungsband DAGA 2021: 47. Jahrestagung f{\"u}r Akustik, 15.-18. August 2021, Wien und Online}, publisher = {Deutsche Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Akustik e.V.}, pages = {1034 -- 1037}, language = {de} } @misc{AltmannGadererRabl, author = {Altmann, Robert and Gaderer, Matthias and Rabl, Hans-Peter}, title = {Pr{\"u}fstandsuntersuchungen an einem DEUTZ NRMM Motor mit Raps{\"o}lkraftstoff und Optimierung des Betriebs- und Emissionsverhaltens durch statistische Versuchsplanung}, series = {18. Internationaler Fachkongress "Kraftstoffe der Zukunft 2021" - digital \& international vernetzt!, online}, journal = {18. Internationaler Fachkongress "Kraftstoffe der Zukunft 2021" - digital \& international vernetzt!, online}, language = {de} } @incollection{MuehlbauerRablRottengruber, author = {M{\"u}hlbauer, Christian and Rabl, Hans-Peter and Rottengruber, Hermann}, title = {Acoustic Optimization of Mechatronic Direct Injection Systems and Analysis of the Effects on Robustness in System Operation}, series = {SAE International Journal of Advances and Current Practices in Mobility}, volume = {4}, booktitle = {SAE International Journal of Advances and Current Practices in Mobility}, number = {1}, publisher = {SAE International, Warrendale, PA, United States}, issn = {2641-9645}, doi = {10.4271/2021-01-0671}, pages = {68 -- 77}, abstract = {The tightening of the emission legislation and political and social demands for sustainable mobility are forcing the automotive industry to develop complex, high precision mechatronic drive systems. The increasing precision of mechatronic components generally leads to an increase in structural excitation and thus to a rise in noise. The so-called ticking of the fuel injection system has a rather low sound pressure level compared to the residual engine noise. Nevertheless, the impulsive and high frequency noise character leads to a decline concerning the perception of comfort and sound quality. In order to identify the sound quality of fuel injection systems as a frontloading measure, a system test bench has been developed which represents the structure-borne and airborne sound radiation of the stand-alone injection system in a close to series configuration. In this paper, measures for the acoustic optimization of injection systems and their effects on the robustness of the system are discussed. The focus is on engine idling, since at this operating point the ticking of the injectors and high-pressure pump can be perceived most clearly due to the low masking effects of other noise sources. For this purpose, the injection parameters were measured during full engine operation and transferred to the system test bench. By using a special development control unit, it was possible to modify the parameters, quantify their influence on the acoustic behavior and, based on this, define NVH optimized control strategies. For the robustness evaluation of the NVH optimized control strategies, key functions of the injection system were analyzed under varying boundary conditions in system operation on an injection rate test bench.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{CroceDiamantidisSykora, author = {Croce, Valeria and Diamantidis, Dimitris and S{\´y}kora, Miroslav}, title = {Planning post earthquake surveys: assessments and reconstruction of small historical centres}, series = {1st IABSE Online Symposium 2020, Synergy of culture and civil engineering - history and challenges: Wrocław, Poland, 7-9 October 2020, Proceedings}, booktitle = {1st IABSE Online Symposium 2020, Synergy of culture and civil engineering - history and challenges: Wrocław, Poland, 7-9 October 2020, Proceedings}, editor = {Bien, Jan}, publisher = {Curran Associates Inc}, address = {Red Hook, NY}, isbn = {978-1-7138-2387-2}, pages = {332 -- 339}, abstract = {The contribution presents a methodological procedure for the management and planning of interventions after earthquake events in small historic centres. Reference is made to the case study of Castelluccio di Norcia, a village in the Apennine Mountains affected by the seismic sequence that hit Central Italy in 2016. The earthquake risk of the area and the damaging events of 2016 are critically reviewed. The implementation of cognitive analysis and the application of advanced survey techniques involving the use of nmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) for the purposes of emergency management and monitoring of damaged areas are analysed. The outcomes, combined with the direct involvement of the local population, represent a complete and integrated approach allowing the definition of a) possible intervention strategies, b) related decision criteria and c) practical recommendations for the reconstruction and regeneration of Castelluccio, and, in general, of small historic centres damaged by catastrophic events.}, language = {en} } @article{FrazzicaPalombaDawoud, author = {Frazzica, Andrea and Palomba, Valeria and Dawoud, Belal}, title = {Thermodynamic Performance of Adsorption Working Pairs for Low-Temperature Waste Heat Upgrading in Industrial Applications}, series = {Applied Sciences}, volume = {11}, journal = {Applied Sciences}, number = {8}, publisher = {MDPI}, doi = {10.3390/app11083389}, abstract = {The present work aims at the thermodynamic analysis of different working pairs in adsorption heat transformers (AdHT) for low-temperature waste heat upgrade in industrial processes. Two different AdHT configurations have been simulated, namely with and without heat recovery between the adsorbent beds. Ten working pairs, employing different adsorbent materials and four different refrigerants, have been compared at varying working boundary conditions. The effects of heat recovery and the presence of a temperature gradient for heat transfer between sinks/sources and the AdHT components have been analyzed. The achieved results demonstrate the possibility of increasing the overall performance when internal heat recovery is implemented. They also highlight the relevant role played by the existing temperature gradient between heat transfer fluids and components, that strongly affect the real operating cycle of the AdHT and thus its expected performance. Both extremely low, i.e., 40-50 degrees C, and low (i.e., 80 degrees C) waste heat source temperatures were investigated at variable ambient temperatures, evaluating the achievable COP and specific energy. The main results demonstrate that optimal performance can be achieved when 40-50 K of temperature difference between waste heat source and ambient temperature are guaranteed. Furthermore, composite sorbents demonstrated to be the most promising adsorbent materials for this application, given their high sorption capacity compared to pure adsorbents, which is reflected in much higher achievable specific energy.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{AltmannGebhardTroegeretal., author = {Altmann, Robert and Gebhard, J{\"u}rgen and Troeger, Adrian and Winkler, Markus and T{\"o}pfer, Georg and Remmele, Edgar and Gaderer, Matthias and Rabl, Hans-Peter}, title = {Engine performance and emission analysis of a NRMM CI engine with common rail injection system operated with diesel fuel and rapeseed oil fuel}, series = {Proceedings of the 6th Commercial Vehicle Technology Symposium 2020/2021}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 6th Commercial Vehicle Technology Symposium 2020/2021}, editor = {Berns, Karsten and Dressler, Klaus and Kalmar, Ralf and Stephan, Nicole and Teutsch, Roman and Thul, Martin}, publisher = {Springer Vieweg}, address = {Wiesbaden}, isbn = {978-3-658-29716-9}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-658-29717-6_16}, pages = {231 -- 242}, abstract = {The use of alternative fuels in high-power non-road mobile machinery (NRMM) combustion engines is a possible way to substitute fossil fuel. By using pure vegetable oil fuels, like rapeseed oil fuel (DIN 51605), the greenhouse gases can be reduced effectively. Due to the differences in physical and chemical properties, a modification of the engine control unit calibration is necessary to adapt the working process on the fuel. Without modifications, the engine power output with rapeseed oil fuel is lower than with diesel fuel because of the smaller energy content. By adapting the engine settings, like the injection fuel mass, the power loss can be compensated but it accompanies with a higher fuel consumption. The engine emissions at part load conditions show, that there are benefits in particle emissions by using rapeseed oil at similar NOx emissions. Therefore, a design of experiment setup was initiated on a selected engine operation point to determine the effects of further parameters, like rail pressure, manifold pressure and injection pattern, on the process and to see the potential of an optimized calibration.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{MuehlbauerRablRottengruber, author = {M{\"u}hlbauer, Christian and Rabl, Hans-Peter and Rottengruber, Hermann}, title = {Akustische Optimierung von mechatronischen Direkteinspritzsystemen und Analyse der Auswirkungen auf die Robustheit im Systembetrieb}, series = {Motor- und Aggregate-Akustik: 11. Magdeburger Symposium, Tagungsband}, volume = {11}, booktitle = {Motor- und Aggregate-Akustik: 11. Magdeburger Symposium, Tagungsband}, publisher = {Otto-von-Guericke-Universit{\"a}t}, address = {Magdeburg}, doi = {10.25673/36611}, pages = {32 -- 51}, abstract = {The tightening of the emission legislation and political and social demands for sustainable mobility are forcing the automotive industry to develop complex, high precision mechatronic drive systems. The increasing precision of mechatronic components generally leads to an increase in structural excitation and thus to a rise in noise. The socalled ticking of the fuel injection system has a rather low sound pressure level compared to the residual engine noise. Nevertheless, the impulsive and high frequency noise character leads to a decline concerning the perception of comfort and sound quality. In order to identify the sound quality of fuel injection systems as a frontloading measure, a system test bench has been developed which represents the structureborne and airborne sound radiation of the stand-alone injection system in a close to series configuration. In this paper, measures for the acoustic optimization of injection systems and their effects on the robustness of the system are discussed. The focus is on engine idling, since at this operating point the ticking of the injectors and the high-pressure pump can be perceived most clearly due to the low masking effects of other noise sources. For this purpose, the injection parameters were measured during full engine operation and transferred to the system test bench. By using a special development control unit, it was possible to modify the parameters, quantify their influence on the acoustic behavior and, based on this, define NVH optimized control strategies. For the robustness evaluation of the NVH optimized control strategies, key functions of the injection system were analyzed under varying boundary conditions in system operation on an injection rate test bench.}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{GrauvoglStauderHopfenspergeretal., author = {Grauvogl, Dominik and Stauder, Peter and Hopfensperger, Bernhard and Gerling, Dieter}, title = {Multiphysics Design of a Wound Field Synchronous Machine with Magnetic Asymmetry}, series = {Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE International Electric Machines \& Drives Conference (IEMDC): 17-20 May 2021, Hartford, CT, USA}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE International Electric Machines \& Drives Conference (IEMDC): 17-20 May 2021, Hartford, CT, USA}, doi = {10.1109/IEMDC47953.2021.9449564}, abstract = {In this paper a multiphysics development method is used for designing a novel wound field synchronous machine of the future generation of high voltage traction drives. This method covers the domains of electromagnetics, the mechanical strength, thermal behavior and the magnetic noise. It is shown that the proposed novel asymmetric design with a circular flux barrier in combination with an asymmetric pole offset is fulfilling the requirements according to performance and torque ripple. A fatigue strength rotor mechanic concept is included. A hybrid cooling concept consisting of a water jacket cooled stator and air cooled rotor ensures the needed continuous power. Unacceptable noise levels are excluded by investigating the equivalent radiated power (ERP) level due to radial forces in the air gap. Finally, the multi-physical workflow resulted in a fully developed component with a high degree of maturity.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{GrauvoglKrabinskiStauderetal., author = {Grauvogl, Dominik and Krabinski, Jeffrey and Stauder, Peter and Hopfensperger, Bernhard and Gerling, Dieter}, title = {NVH Comparison of a Novel Wound Field Synchronous Machine with Magnetic Asymmetry with a PSM for a HV Electric Drive}, series = {2021 JSAE Annual Congress (Spring) Proceedings; online meeting (No.76-21)}, booktitle = {2021 JSAE Annual Congress (Spring) Proceedings; online meeting (No.76-21)}, publisher = {JSAE}, abstract = {This paper shows how magnetic noises can be reduced with a wound field synchronous machine (WFSM) with magnetic asymmetry compared to a permanent magnet synchronous machine (PSM), operating at base speed range and full load. In order to reproduce a real noise behavior, the two rotor types are operated in a complete electric drive unit (EDU) consisting of an electric motor, gearbox, inverter and overall housing. In the concept study, the noise characteristics of the two electric machines is evaluated and compared via mechanical finite element method (FEM) simulations using the equivalent radiated power (ERP) level and Campbell diagrams. Furthermore, it is shown that critical frequency orders can already be identified by the analysis of the magnetic force density from the electromagnetic design without computationally intensive ERP calculations. In this context, the ERP investigations have shown that the unique feature of the magnetically asymmetric WFSM is the reduction of the slot harmonics. At the current state of the art, the slot harmonics can only be reduced with a rotor skewing. The disadvantage of this is a reduction in performance and a more expensive production. It is also remarkable that the magnetic asymmetry reduces the slot harmonics more than the rotor skewing in the PSM. In addition, both machines are still considered with a short-pitched stator winding to optimize the overall noise level by reducing the 24th frequency order.}, subject = {Elektroantrieb}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{SteiningerGadererDawoud, author = {Steininger, Peter and Gaderer, Matthias and Dawoud, Belal}, title = {Transient performance of a solar selective thermal insulation system}, series = {16th Advanced Building Skins Conference \& Expo, 21 - 22/10/2021, Bern, Switzerland}, booktitle = {16th Advanced Building Skins Conference \& Expo, 21 - 22/10/2021, Bern, Switzerland}, publisher = {Advanced Buidling Skins GmbH}, abstract = {A prototype of a thermal insulation system to offer high selectivity of the solar gain regarding the solar incidence angle (SATIS) was applied to a typical solid brick masonry for existing buildings in Germany. Light conducting elements (LCEs) inclined at 19 ° were incorporated in SATIS, which equals the average solar noon angle in southern Germany during winter. The entire wall construction was experimentally investigated in a differential climatic chamber test bench at four different irradiation angles according to a dynamic test procedure. In addition, a conventional wall construction (CWC) has been measured. At SATIS' design angle of 19 °, the SATIS wall construction shows a solar gain (SG) of 394.5 Wh/m², while the SG of the CWC amounts to only 25.4 Wh/m². The validated transient model of the SATIS wall construction showed that, at the end of the irradiation period of the dynamic test procedure (8 h), the solar heat penetrates to a depth of 253 mm and 111 mm inside the 385 mm thick brick wall masonry at the irradiation angles of 19 ° and 50 °, respectively. During the same time, the stored solar energy at 50 ° amounts to only 24.4 \% of that stored at 19 °.}, language = {en} } @article{BelyaevaKleppLemmeletal., author = {Belyaeva, Inna A. and Klepp, J{\"u}rgen and Lemmel, Hartmut and Shamonin (Chamonine), Mikhail}, title = {Feasibility of Probing the Filler Restructuring in Magnetoactive Elastomers by Ultra-Small-Angle Neutron Scattering}, series = {Applied Sciences}, volume = {11}, journal = {Applied Sciences}, number = {10}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, doi = {10.3390/app11104470}, pages = {1 -- 9}, abstract = {Ultra-small-angle neutron scattering (USANS) experiments are reported on isotropic magnetoactive elastomer (MAE) samples with different concentrations of micrometer-sized iron particles in the presence of an in-plane magnetic field up to 350 mT. The effect of the magnetic field on the scattering curves is observed in the scattering vector range between 2.5 x 10(-5) and 1.85 x 10(-4) angstrom(-1). It is found that the neutron scattering depends on the magnetization history (hysteresis). The relation of the observed changes to the magnetic-field-induced restructuring of the filler particles is discussed. The perspectives of employing USANS for investigations of the internal microstructure and its changes in magnetic field are considered.}, language = {en} } @incollection{BauerGawlikSterneretal., author = {Bauer, Franz and Gawlik, Julia and Sterner, Michael and Hamacher, Thomas}, title = {{\"U}bergreifende Energiesystemmodellierung}, series = {Optionen f{\"u}r ein nachhaltiges Energiesystem mit Power-to-X-Technologien: Transformation - Anwendungen - Potentiale. 3. Roadmap des Kopernikus-Projektes P2X, Phase II}, booktitle = {Optionen f{\"u}r ein nachhaltiges Energiesystem mit Power-to-X-Technologien: Transformation - Anwendungen - Potentiale. 3. Roadmap des Kopernikus-Projektes P2X, Phase II}, editor = {Ausfelder, Florian and Dura, Hanna Ewy}, publisher = {DECHEMA Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Chemische Technik und Biotechnologie e.V.}, address = {Frankfurt a.M.}, isbn = {978-3-89746-236-6}, pages = {19 -- 33}, language = {de} } @article{LindnerPipaKarpenetal., author = {Lindner, Matthias and Pipa, Andrei V. and Karpen, Norbert and Hink, R{\"u}diger and Berndt, Dominik and Foest, R{\"u}diger and Bonaccurso, Elmar and Weichwald, Robert and Friedberger, Alois and Caspari, Ralf and Brandenburg, Ronny and Schreiner, Rupert}, title = {Icing Mitigation by MEMS-Fabricated Surface Dielectric Barrier Discharge}, series = {Applied Sciences}, volume = {11}, journal = {Applied Sciences}, number = {23}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, doi = {10.3390/app112311106}, pages = {1 -- 17}, abstract = {Avoiding ice accumulation on aerodynamic components is of enormous importance to flight safety. Novel approaches utilizing surface dielectric barrier discharges (SDBDs) are expected to be more efficient and effective than conventional solutions for preventing ice accretion on aerodynamic components. In this work, the realization of SDBDs based on thin-film substrates by means of micro-electro-mechanical-systems (MEMS) technology is presented. The anti-icing performance of the MEMS SDBDs is presented and compared to SDBDs manufactured by printed circuit board (PCB) technology. It was observed that the 35 mu m thick electrodes of the PCB SDBDs favor surface icing with an initial accumulation of supercooled water droplets at the electrode impact edges. This effect was not observed for 0.3 mu m thick MEMS-fabricated electrodes indicating a clear advantage for MEMS-technology SDBDs for anti-icing applications. Titanium was identified as the most suitable material for MEMS electrodes. In addition, an optimization of the MEMS-SDBDs with respect to the dielectric materials as well as SDBD design is discussed.}, language = {en} } @techreport{MartererKemeterLangetal., author = {Marterer, Verena and Kemeter, Dominik and Lang, Andreas and Dischner, Alexander and Huber, Stephanie and Obermeier, Maximilian and Langer, Tobias}, title = {FMS-Berichte Sommersemester 2021}, editor = {Meier, Hans and Niemetz, Michael and Reindl, Andrea}, address = {Regensburg}, doi = {10.35096/othr/pub-2104}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:898-opus4-21040}, pages = {VI, 37}, abstract = {Dieser Bericht entstand auf Initiative der Studierenden des 2020 neu gegr{\"u}ndeten Masterstudiengangs „Elektro- und Informationstechnik (MEI)", die an der Pflichtlehrveranstaltung „Forschungsmethoden und Seminar (FMS)" im Sommersemester 2021 teilnahmen. Diese Lehrveranstaltung hat das Ziel, systematisch an das wissenschaftliche Arbeiten, speziell die Wissenschaftskommunikation, heranzuf{\"u}hren. Daher war geeignete Literatur zu einem individuellen Thema zu recherchieren, Ver{\"o}ffentlichungen auf ihre Relevanz hin zu beurteilen und letztendlich eine eigene Ausarbeitung basierend auf der Literaturrecherche zu erarbeiten und diese in einem Vortrag zu pr{\"a}sentieren. Parallel dazu erfolgte im Theorieteil die entsprechende Hinf{\"u}hrung zu den verschiedenen Elementen der Wissenschaftskommunikation: • Bedeutung der Wissenschaftskommunikation f{\"u}r die Arbeit der Ingenieure in Forschung und Entwicklung • Literaturrecherche, Suchmaschinen, Sichtung und Analyse vorhandener Publikationen, Bewertung der Qualit{\"a}t aufgefundener Fachliteratur, Auswahl geeigneter Materialien f{\"u}r die eigene Arbeit • Aufbereitung und Darstellung der recherchierten technischer Inhalte in Form einer seitenanzahlbegrenzten wissenschaftlichen Ausarbeitung • Einhalten formaler Randbedingungen bzgl. Strukturierung, einschl. Bildnachweise und Zitationsstile • Peer-review-Prozess bei wertsch{\"a}tzender Beurteilung der Leistung anderer • Publikumsangepasstes Aufbereiten komplexer fachlicher Inhalte mit hochschul{\"o}ffentlicher Pr{\"a}sentation der Ergebnisse • F{\"u}hren m{\"u}ndlicher wissenschaftlicher Diskurse Nachdem die Masterstudierenden in der Regel {\"u}ber noch keine eigene wissenschaftliche Forschungserfahrung bzw. -inhalte verf{\"u}gen, lag der w{\"a}hlbare Schwerpunkt der Literatursuche auf der Bearbeitung von vorgegeben aktuellen technischen oder gesellschaftspolitischen Forschungsthemen.}, subject = {Elektrotechnik}, language = {de} } @article{GaertnerRankHeberletal., author = {G{\"a}rtner, Sebastian and Rank, Daniel and Heberl, Michael and Gaderer, Matthias and Dawoud, Belal and Haumer, Anton and Sterner, Michael}, title = {Simulation and Techno-Economic Analysis of a Power-to-Hydrogen Process for Oxyfuel Glass Melting}, series = {Energies}, volume = {14}, journal = {Energies}, number = {24}, publisher = {MDPI}, doi = {10.3390/en14248603}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:898-opus4-22713}, abstract = {As an energy-intensive industry sector, the glass industry is strongly affected by the increasingly stringent climate protection targets. As established combustion-based production systems ensure high process stability and glass quality, an immediate switch to low greenhouse gas emission processes is difficult. To approach these challenges, this work investigates a step-by-step integration of a Power-to-Hydrogen concept into established oxyfuel glass melting processes using a simulation approach. This is complemented by a case study for economic analysis on a selected German glass industry site by simulating the power production of a nearby renewable energy park and subsequent optimization of the power-to-hydrogen plant performance and capacities. The results of this study indicate, that the proposed system can reduce specific carbon dioxide emissions by up to 60\%, while increasing specific energy demand by a maximum of 25\%. Investigations of the impact of altered combustion and furnace properties like adiabatic flame temperature (+25 °C), temperature efficiency (∆ξ = -0.003) and heat capacity flow ratio (∆zHL = -0.009) indicate that pure hydrogen-oxygen combustion has less impact on melting properties than assumed so far. Within the case study, high CO2 abatement costs of 295 €/t CO2-eq. were determined. This is mainly due to the insufficient performance of renewable energy sources. The correlations between process scaling and economic parameters presented in this study show promising potential for further economic optimization of the proposed energy system in the future.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{GrabRauchGoetzetal., author = {Grab, Robin and Rauch, Johannes and G{\"o}tz, Rebekka and Br{\"u}ckl, Oliver and Eichner, Stefan and Engel, Bernd}, title = {Q-Dynamik: Blindleistungsstellgeschwindigkeiten im Verteilnetz}, series = {Zuk{\"u}nftige Stromnetze: 27.-28. Januar 2021, 03.-04. Februar 2021, Tagungsunterlagen}, booktitle = {Zuk{\"u}nftige Stromnetze: 27.-28. Januar 2021, 03.-04. Februar 2021, Tagungsunterlagen}, publisher = {Conexio-PSE GmbH}, address = {Pforzheim}, isbn = {978-3-948176-12-9}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:898-opus4-58762}, pages = {46 -- 55}, abstract = {Mit der Energiewende geht eine starke Dezentralisierung der Energieeinspeisung einher. So sind im Deutschland des Jahres 2020 rund 31.000 Windenergieanlagen (WEA) in Betrieb, w{\"a}hrend bei der Solarenergie vor kurzem die zweimillionste Photovoltaik-Anlage (PVA) installiert wurde. Fast alle diese dezentralen Energieressourcen (DER) sind nach den Einspeiserichtlinien der Vergangenheit und der Gegenwart in der Lage, Blindleistung bereitzustellen, um die Spannung im Netz zu regeln und zum Blindleistungsausgleich beizutragen. Weitere potentielle dezentrale Blindleistungsquellen wie Blockheizkraftwerke, Kompensationsanlagen und perspektivisch sogar Verbraucher und Speicher sind im Verteilnetz zu finden. Durch den stetigen R{\"u}ckbau konventioneller Großkraftwerke, welche dem {\"U}bertragungsnetz bisher als Blindleistungsquellen zur Verf{\"u}gung standen, bedarf es einer Untersuchung mit der Fragestellung, in welchem Maß die neue Erzeugungslandschaft auch in diesem Feld als Ersatz dienen kann. Ein m{\"o}gliches Hindernis f{\"u}r einen breitangelegten Einsatz von DER zu Zwecken des spannungsebenen{\"u}bergreifenden Blindleistungsmanagements ist mangelndes Wissen {\"u}ber die Regeldynamik dieser verteilten Blindleistungsquellen. {\"U}bertragungs- und Verteilnetzbetreiber, die DER aktiv f{\"u}r Blindleistungsausgleich oder statische Spannungsregelung einsetzen, geben in der Regel ihre Blindleistungsanforderungen in kleineren Stufen mit erheblichen Latenzzeiten zwischen zwei Schritten weiter. Bef{\"u}rchtet wird, dass schnellere Spr{\"u}nge in der Blindleistungsvorgabe zu instabilen Betriebszust{\"a}nden oder anderweitigen Fehlfunktionen im Netz f{\"u}hren k{\"o}nnen. Eine genauere Kenntnis der dynamischen F{\"a}higkeiten vorhandener Blindleistungsquellen sowie der Auswirkungen auf die Netzstabilit{\"a}t und den Netzschutz k{\"o}nnte dazu beitragen, die Geschwindigkeit der Blindleistungsbereitstellung zu optimieren und somit tempor{\"a}re Spannungsschwankungen und -verluste zu minimieren und die Spannungsstabilit{\"a}t insgesamt zu verbessern. Durch eine entsprechende Regelungs- und Einsatzstrategie kann ein optimales Zusammenspiel der verschiedenen Technologien zur Deckung der Blindleistungsbedarfe f{\"u}r unterschiedliche Zeitbereiche erzielt werden. Hierf{\"u}r ist eine genaue Kenntnis der Blindleistungsstellgeschwindigkeiten und des dynamischen Regelverhaltens erforderlich. Dieser Beitrag stellt dazu Ergebnisse aus dem Forschungsprojekt „Q-Integral" vor. Um die relevanten Zeitkonstanten der Blindleistungsbereitstellung vollst{\"a}ndig aufzuf{\"u}hren, werden zun{\"a}chst typische Kommunikationszeiten f{\"u}r die {\"U}bermittlung von Sollwerten diskutiert. Anschließend werden Untersuchungen zu theoretischen und praktischen Reaktionszeiten verschiedener Blindleistungsquellen vorgestellt. Daf{\"u}r werden verschiedene Technologien wie Umrichter f{\"u}r PVA, Batteriespeicher und WEA sowie Synchrongeneratoren, die bei thermischen Kraftwerken die dominierende Technologie sind, betrachtet. Abschließend werden diese Werte mit realen Blindleistungsstellgeschwindigkeiten von ausgedehnten Wind- und Solarkraftwerken verglichen.}, language = {de} } @incollection{Rill, author = {Rill, Georg}, title = {Vehicle Dynamics in Real-Time Simulation}, series = {The dynamics of vehicles on roads and on tracks}, booktitle = {The dynamics of vehicles on roads and on tracks}, editor = {Apetaur, Milan}, publisher = {CRC Press}, address = {Boca Raton}, isbn = {9781003210894}, doi = {10.1201/9781003210894-40}, pages = {337 -- 347}, abstract = {This paper presents some ideas on a new concept, named COMPACT (Computer Simulation of Passenger Cars and Trucks). COMPACT was developed for the mathematical description of vehicles in all driving situations. As COMPACT is completely adopted to the particular problems in road vehicle dynamics, it results in a computer code where execution time is minimized. Thus, even real-time application at the Daimler-Benz driving simulator is possible. Previous Chapter Next Chapter}, language = {en} } @article{SavelevFetisovChashinetal., author = {Savelev, Dmitrii V. and Fetisov, Leonid Y. and Chashin, Dmitri V. and Fetisov, Yuri K. and Khon, Anastasia and Shamonin (Chamonine), Mikhail}, title = {Effects of ferromagnetic-material thickness on magnetoelectric voltage transformation in a multiferroic heterostructure}, series = {Smart Materials and Structures}, volume = {30}, journal = {Smart Materials and Structures}, number = {6}, publisher = {IOP PUBLISHING}, doi = {10.1088/1361-665X/abf6c0}, abstract = {A magnetoelectric (ME) voltage transformer is fabricated on the basis of a ferromagnetic (FM)-piezoelectric (PE) heterostructure comprising two equally thick laminated layers of an amorphous FM alloy and a piezoceramic lead zirconate-titanate layer sandwiched between them. The structure, placed inside an excitation coil, is electrically poled and magnetized in the direction of the long axis. The primary voltage is applied to the coil and the secondary voltage is measured between the electrodes of the PE material. It is shown for the first time that the change in the total thickness of magnetic layers significantly influences the transformer ' s characteristics. At the largest total thickness of FM layers of 138 mu m, the open-circuit voltage transformation ratio K has a maximum value of about 20, and the power transfer efficiency eta at a matched resistive load of about 20 k omega reaches 45\%. The variation of the control magnetic field in the range of 0-21.6 kA m(-1) makes it possible to change the voltage transformation ratio K from zero to the maximum value. A simple model allows one to calculate the dependence of the characteristics of the ME transformer on the frequency of the primary voltage, thickness of the FM layers, control magnetic field, and the load.}, language = {en} } @misc{PershinaSavelevGlavanetal., author = {Pershina, K. V. and Savelev, Dmitrii V. and Glavan, Gašper and Chashin, Dmitri V. and Belyaeva, Inna A. and Fetisov, Leonid Y. and Shamonin (Chamonine), Mikhail}, title = {The voltage response of a structure comprising a magnetoactive-elastomer cylinder and a piezoelectric material to magnetic field step excitations}, series = {The 4th International Baltic Conference on Magnetism (IBCM 2021) : Svetlogorsk, Russia August 29 - September 2, 2021 : Book of Abstracts}, journal = {The 4th International Baltic Conference on Magnetism (IBCM 2021) : Svetlogorsk, Russia August 29 - September 2, 2021 : Book of Abstracts}, publisher = {Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad, Russia}, pages = {182}, language = {en} } @misc{SternerSchumm, author = {Sterner, Michael and Schumm, Leon}, title = {Netzpuffer - Speicher \& Kraftwerke als virtuelle Leitungen f{\"u}r mehr Versorgungssicherheit und EE-Integration in Nord und S{\"u}d}, series = {7. Smart-Grid-Fachtagung WAGO, Hannover, 29. Sept. 2021}, journal = {7. Smart-Grid-Fachtagung WAGO, Hannover, 29. Sept. 2021}, language = {de} } @techreport{SternerSchummRanketal., author = {Sterner, Michael and Schumm, Leon and Rank, Daniel and Hofrichter, Andreas}, title = {Intelligente Netzpuffer : Abschlussbericht (24.01.2021)}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Thema, author = {Thema, Martin Jiř{\´i}}, title = {Process optimization for microbial biosynthesis of methane in a trickle-bed reactor for Power-to-Gas applications: the ORBIT-process}, isbn = {978-3-8440-7656-1}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:bvb:29-opus4-150567}, pages = {XVIII, 211}, abstract = {This thesis identifes Power-to-Gas in general and biological CO2-methanation in trickle-bed reactors in particular as promising energy storage and sector coupling technology ready for application but with further optimization potential. It reviews the global status and development of Power-to-Gas technology as to be of exponentially growing importance in energy systems changing towards renewable power supply and analyzes optimization and standardization potential for biological CO2-methanation in tricklebed reactors deriving an improved methanation process. Process development and experiments on hydrodynamical and biological improvement of such a setup were performed, leading to an optimized combination of a packing and microorganisms in pure culture embedded in the new ORBIT-process. First experimental results give evidence of successful application of different optimization approaches implemented in a technical center scale setup.}, language = {en} } @article{MonkmanStrieglPremetal., author = {Monkman, Gareth J. and Striegl, Birgit and Prem, Nina and Sindersberger, Dirk}, title = {Electrical Properties of Magnetoactive Boron-Organo-Silicon Oxide Polymers}, series = {Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics}, volume = {221}, journal = {Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics}, number = {4}, publisher = {Wiley}, doi = {10.1002/macp.201900342}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:898-opus4-26488}, pages = {1 -- 8}, abstract = {The electrical properties of rheopectic magnetoactive composites comprising boron-organo-silicon oxide dielectric matrices containing carbonyl iron microparticles are presented for the first time. The increase in interfacial magnetocapacitance is seen to greatly exceed that experienced when using conventional elastomeric matrices such as polydimethylsiloxane. In addition to the increase in capacitance, a simultaneous and sharp decrease in the parallel electrical resistance over several orders of magnitude is also observed. The effects are time dependent but repeatable. Potential applications include magnetically controlled frequency dependent devices, magnetic sensor systems, weighting elements for neural networks, etc.}, language = {en} } @article{PremSindersbergerMonkman, author = {Prem, Nina and Sindersberger, Dirk and Monkman, Gareth J.}, title = {Infrared spectral analysis of low concentration magnetoactive polymers}, series = {Journal of Applied Polymer Science}, volume = {137}, journal = {Journal of Applied Polymer Science}, number = {7}, publisher = {Wiley}, organization = {WILEY}, issn = {1097-4628}, doi = {10.1002/app.48366}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:898-opus4-25913}, pages = {1 -- 7}, abstract = {This work concerns an area of magnetoactive polymer (MAP) research seldom considered. Traditionally only MAP with high concentrations of magnetic filler (typically between 10 and 90 wt\%) have been investigated. This article deals with a hitherto neglected aspect of research, namely MAP containing lower magnetic filler concentrations (1 to 3 wt\%). This article utilizes a range of spectroscopic analysis methods (Raman and FTIR) and their applicability to MAP characterization at wavelengths ranging from 2.5 to 25 mu m. Particular attention is paid to low carbonyl iron particle (CIP) concentrations in MAP for which the emergence of capillary doublets at a critical 2 wt\% concentration is revealed. This results in measurable magnetic field-dependent changes in IR absorption at a wavelength of 4.255 mu m together with a detectable CO2 susceptibility. (c) 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 48366.}, language = {en} } @article{MalzKrenkelSteffens, author = {Malz, Sebastian and Krenkel, Walter and Steffens, Oliver}, title = {Infrared Reflective Wall Paint in Buildings: Energy Saving Potentials and Thermal Comfort}, series = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {224}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, number = {October}, publisher = {Elsevier}, issn = {0378-7788}, doi = {10.1016/j.enbuild.2020.110212}, abstract = {The reduction of the energy demand of existing buildings is the main objective of building refurbishment. Managing the heat radiation properties of the wall construction is a possible way to develop highly effective and resource efficient insulation materials and concepts. The application of infrared reflective wall paints and coatings has been studied since the latter half of the 20th century. A brief review of the literature gives an account of the current research status. One has to realise that the conclusions are not uniformly consistent but depend strongly on the specific boundary conditions and investigated parameters. The study presented here discusses the usage of infrared reflective wall paint in conjunction with heat insulation for historic brick masonry. The possible energy savings are linked to the resulting thermal comfort. We identify critical parameters that must be taken into account when using infrared reflective wall paint and derive recommended design rules for the refurbishment of such building types. The findings prove that infrared reflective wall paint can decrease heat losses by 18\% and up to 22\% if comfort conditions are considered. Increasing energy savings can also cause the negative effect of high radiative asymmetry. Thus, each configuration must be observed in detail.}, language = {en} } @misc{SchwanzerDietrichGadereretal., author = {Schwanzer, Peter and Dietrich, Markus and Gaderer, Matthias and Rabl, Hans-Peter}, title = {Detektion unterschiedlicher Medien in Gasoline Particulate Filter (GPF) mit Hilfe eines Radio-Frequenz (RF-) Sensors}, series = {Bayerische Wissenschaftsforum - BayWISS 2020}, journal = {Bayerische Wissenschaftsforum - BayWISS 2020}, language = {de} } @misc{OetjenRiegerRabletal., author = {Oetjen, Arne and Rieger, Anna and Rabl, Hans-Peter and van de Par, Steven}, title = {The role of dissonance in the sound quality perception for electric vehicles}, series = {The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America}, volume = {148}, journal = {The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America}, number = {4}, publisher = {Acoustical Society of America}, doi = {10.1121/1.5147356}, abstract = {Tonal components can be regarded as one of the most relevant components for interior sound quality of electric vehicles, especially at low speeds. Sources for these tones are for example the vehicles' drivetrains but also other technical components. Depending on the driving conditions, due to the interaction of various dominant sources, audible tone complexes can occur. Similar to musical intervals, the different frequency ratios within these complexes can result in consonant or dissonant sensations. The strength of this sensation does not only depend on the frequency relation of the tones but also on their relative levels. In this study, different musical intervals were subjectively rated in terms of their specific consonant or dissonant character. Using an adaptive procedure, sound pairs, each consisting of a two-tone signal, where adjusted to equal dissonance by varying the level of the second tone of one of the two-tone signals. Using the same paradigm, also pairs of equal vehicle sound quality were obtained. With these results, it is possible to quantify dissonance, and theinfluence of dissonance on sound quality expressed in terms of level differences of two-tone signals. These results can help to make the concept of dissonance more useful for sound-engineering applications.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{FrauenschlaegerDentgenMottok, author = {Frauenschl{\"a}ger, Tobias and Dentgen, Manuel and Mottok, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Systemarchitektur eines Sicherheitsmoduls im Energiesektor}, series = {Tagungsband 2. Symposium Elektronik und Systemintegration ESI 2020: "Intelligente Systeme und ihre Komponenten: Forschung und industrielle Anwendung"}, booktitle = {Tagungsband 2. Symposium Elektronik und Systemintegration ESI 2020: "Intelligente Systeme und ihre Komponenten: Forschung und industrielle Anwendung"}, address = {Landshut}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:860-opus4-2092}, pages = {29 -- 38}, abstract = {Aufgrund der immer weiter anwachsenden Vernetzung der Stromnetze wird die Kommunikation zwischen der Leitstelle des Energieversorgers und den Infrastrukturkomponenten innerhalb eines Umspannwerks immer bedeutsamer. Dabei werden sowohl Steuerbefehle als auch Daten f{\"u}r {\"U}berwachungsfunktionen {\"u}bertragen. In den aktuellen Netzwerkarchitekturen findet diese Kommunikation ohne eine kryptografische Absicherung statt, was einen Angriffspunkt f{\"u}r gezielte Attacken und damit eine potenzielle Gef{\"a}hrdung der Energieversorgung darstellt. Um solchen Angriffen in Zukunft entgegenzuwirken, wird das ES³M-Sicherheitsmodul entwickelt. Dieses soll in das Netzwerk zwischen den beiden Kommunikationspartnern eingesetzt werden und so den Datenverkehr absichern. Mithilfe einer Bedrohungsanalyse wurden Anforderungen abgeleitet, die neben kryptografischen Maßnahmen auch Themen wie funktionale Sicherheit und Langlebigkeit umfassen. Um diese zu erf{\"u}llen, wurde eine spezielle Systemarchitektur auf Basis einer Aufgabenteilung entworfen. Diese Architektur und korrespondierende Designentscheidungen werden pr{\"a}sentiert.}, language = {de} }