@inproceedings{TrespUdluftHeinetal., author = {Tresp, Volker and Udluft, Steffen and Hein, Daniel and Hauptmann, Werner and Leib, Martin and Mutschler, Christopher and Scherer, Daniel D. and Mauerer, Wolfgang}, title = {Workshop Summary: Quantum Machine Learning}, series = {2023 IEEE International Conference on Quantum Computing and Engineering, Bellevue, WA, United States, September 17-22, 2023}, booktitle = {2023 IEEE International Conference on Quantum Computing and Engineering, Bellevue, WA, United States, September 17-22, 2023}, publisher = {IEEE}, doi = {10.1109/QCE57702.2023.10174}, language = {en} } @article{PozzobonWeissMottoketal., author = {Pozzobon, Enrico and Weiß, Nils and Mottok, J{\"u}rgen and Matoušek, V{\´a}clav}, title = {An evolutionary fault injection settings search algorithm for attacks on safe and secure embedded systems}, series = {Neural Network World (NNW)}, volume = {33}, journal = {Neural Network World (NNW)}, number = {5}, publisher = {Czech Technical University in Prague}, doi = {10.14311/NNW.2023.33.020}, pages = {357 -- 374}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{GogeisslSafiMauerer, author = {Gogeißl, Martin and Safi, Hila and Mauerer, Wolfgang}, title = {Quantum Data Encoding Patterns and their Consequences}, series = {Q-Data '24: Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Quantum Computing and Quantum-Inspired Technology for Data-Intensive Systems and Applications, June 9 - 15, 2024, Santiago AA Chile}, booktitle = {Q-Data '24: Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Quantum Computing and Quantum-Inspired Technology for Data-Intensive Systems and Applications, June 9 - 15, 2024, Santiago AA Chile}, publisher = {ACM}, isbn = {979-8-4007-0553-3}, doi = {10.1145/3665225.3665446}, pages = {27 -- 37}, abstract = {The use of quantum processing units (QPUs) promises speed-ups for solving computational problems, in particular for discrete optimisation. While a few groundbreaking algorithmic approaches are known that can provably outperform classical computers, we observe a scarcity of programming abstractions for constructing efficient quantum algorithms. A good fraction of the literature that addresses solving concrete problems related to database management concentrates on casting them as quadratic unconstrained binary optimisation problems (QUBOs), which can then, among others, be processed on gate-based machines (using the quantum approximate optimisation algorithm), or quantum annealers. A critical aspect that affects efficiency and scalability of either of these approaches is how classical data are loaded into qubits, respectively how problems are encoded into QUBO representation. The effectiveness of encodings is known to be of crucial importance for quantum computers, especially since the amount of available qubits is strongly limited in the era of noisy, intermediate-size quantum computers. In this paper, we present three encoding patterns, discuss their impact on scalability, and their ease of use. We consider the recreational (yet computationally challenging) Sudoku problem and its reduction to graph colouring as an illustrative example to discuss their individual benefits and disadvantages. Our aim is enable database researchers to choose an appropriate encoding scheme for their purpose without having to acquire in-depth knowledge on quantum peculiarities, thus easing the path towards applying quantum acceleration on data management systems.}, language = {en} } @unpublished{JungKrumkeSchrothetal., author = {Jung, Matthias and Krumke, Sven O. and Schroth, Christof and Lobe, Elisabeth and Mauerer, Wolfgang}, title = {QCEDA: Using Quantum Computers for EDA}, abstract = {The field of Electronic Design Automation (EDA) is crucial for microelectronics, but the increasing complexity of Integrated Circuits (ICs) poses challenges for conventional EDA: Corresponding problems are often NP-hard and are therefore in general solved by heuristics, not guaranteeing optimal solutions. Quantum computers may offer better solutions due to their potential for optimization through entanglement, superposition, and interference. Most of the works in the area of EDA and quantum computers focus on how to use EDA for building quantum circuits. However, almost no research focuses on exploiting quantum computers for solving EDA problems. Therefore, this paper investigates the feasibility and potential of quantum computing for a typical EDA optimization problem broken down to the Min-k-Union problem. The problem is mathematically transformed into a Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO) problem, which was successfully solved on an IBM quantum computer and a D-Wave quantum annealer.}, language = {en} } @incollection{Mauerer, author = {Mauerer, Wolfgang}, title = {Superoperators for Quantum Software Engineering}, series = {Quantum Software: Aspects of Theory and System Design}, booktitle = {Quantum Software: Aspects of Theory and System Design}, editor = {Exman, Iaakov and Perez-Castillo, Ricardo and Piattini, Mario and Felderer, Michael}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, issn = {978-3-031-64136-7}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-031-64136-7_3}, abstract = {As implementations of quantum computers grow in size and maturity, the question of how to program this new class of machines is attracting increasing attention in the software engineering domain. Yet, many questions from how to design expressible quantum languages augmented with formal semantics via implementing appropriate optimizing compilers to abstracting details of machine properties in software systems remain challenging. Performing research at this intersection of quantum computing and software engineering requires sufficient knowledge of the physical processes underlying quantum computations, and how to model these. In this chapter, we review a superoperator-based approach to quantum dynamics, as it can provide means that are sufficiently abstract, yet concrete enough to be useful in quantum software and systems engineering, and outline how it is used in several important applications in the field.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{FalterBrunkhWessetal., author = {Falter, Sandro and Brunkh, Gerald and Wess, Max and Fischer, Sebastian}, title = {Automated Vulnerability Scanner for the Cyber Resilience Act}, series = {CLOUD COMPUTING 2024 : The Fifteenth International Conference on Cloud Computing, GRIDs, and Virtualization, 15, 2024, Venice}, booktitle = {CLOUD COMPUTING 2024 : The Fifteenth International Conference on Cloud Computing, GRIDs, and Virtualization, 15, 2024, Venice}, publisher = {IARIA}, isbn = {978-1-68558-156-5}, pages = {13 -- 18}, abstract = {This paper explores the mitigation of the compliance burdens faced by manufacturers of digital products under the Cyber Resilience Act. After providing a concise overview of the Cyber Resilience Act and pinpointing pivotal areas where tool-based interventions could reduce the regulatory strain on manufacturers, we introduce two prototypes: a digital checklist for product classification and a prototype to streamline the analysis and monitoring of the security state of software along the software development life cycle. As the second prototype is based on Static Application Software Testing and Software Component Analysis, we validate the approach through benchmark tests. While Static Application Software Testing tools show promise in identifying vulnerabilities, additional tests are needed for full compliance with the Cyber Resilience Act. In general, the prototypes serve as an entry point for identifying possible automation potential to alleviate the compliance burdens of manufacturers.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{BuchmannPeinlSchwaegerl, author = {Buchmann, Thomas and Peinl, Ren{\´e} and Schw{\"a}gerl, Felix}, title = {White-box LLM-supported Low-code Engineering: A Vision and First Insights}, series = {Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE 27th International Conference on Model Driven Engineering Languages and Systems}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE 27th International Conference on Model Driven Engineering Languages and Systems}, publisher = {ACM}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, doi = {10.1145/3652620.368780}, pages = {556 -- 560}, abstract = {Low-code development (LCD) platforms promise to empower citizen developers to define core domain models and rules for business applications. However, as domain rules grow complex, LCD platforms may fail to do so effectively. Generative AI, driven by large language models (LLMs), offers source code generation from natural language but suffers from its non-deterministic black-box nature and limited explainability. Therefore, rather than having LLMs generate entire applications from single prompts, we advocate for a white-box approach allowing citizen developers to specify domain models semi-formally, attaching constraints and operations as natural language annotations. These annotations are fed incrementally into an LLM contextualized with the generated application stub. This results in deterministic and better explainable generation of static application components, while offering citizen developers an appropriate level of abstraction. We report on a case study in manufacturing execution systems, where the implementation of the approach provides first insights.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{FuerederMottok, author = {F{\"u}reder, Lukas and Mottok, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Assessment of a MACsec-based Security System for Use in Critical Infrastructure Communication}, series = {Proceedings of the 12th Prague Embedded Systems Workshop, June 27 - 29, 2024, Horoměřice, Czech Republic}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 12th Prague Embedded Systems Workshop, June 27 - 29, 2024, Horoměřice, Czech Republic}, isbn = {978-80-01-07303-2}, pages = {51 -- 59}, abstract = {This paper investigates the integration of Media Access Control Security (MACsec) into the communication of critical infrastructure, specifically within power grid applications, such as Substation Automation Systems (SAS) using the IEC 61850 standard. Building on the principles of both standards, this study aims to determine if MACsec can meet the security and performance requirements set by IEC 62351 for power system communications. Furthermore, a test environment containing a number of Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs) supporting communication compliant to all IEC 61850 message types is established to evaluate this integration. The results of the measurements executed in this environment indicate that MACsec could secure all types of messages, such as Manufacturing Message Specification (MMS), Sampled-Value (SV) and Generic Object Oriented Substation Events (GOOSE), within the required time periods without significant delays. Even with additional encryption activated in the cipher suite, the resulting transmission times are well below the required times. This suggests that MACsec can enhance the security goals for industrial communication by providing confidentiality in addition to the already mandated assurance of authenticity and integrity to all messages without compromising performance. Only the requirement for end-to-end security cannot be met by MACsec in this configuration, as the security system re-encrypts with every hop of the transmission. For this reason, we propose a hybrid approach of Transport Layer Security (TLS) and MACsec as part of future work.}, language = {en} } @unpublished{PagelVoglIsrael, author = {Pagel, Johannes and Vogl, Stefanie and Israel, Laura}, title = {Analyzing the Impact of Redaction on Document Classification Performance of Deep CNN Models}, publisher = {OSFPreprints}, doi = {10.31219/osf.io/sntb3}, abstract = {Many companies are facing growing data archives leading to an increasing focus on the automated classification of documents in corporate processes. Due to data protection guidelines, development with clear data is often difficult. One way to overcome this difficulty is to desensitize documents using document redaction. The following study, therefore, examines the impact of redaction on the document classification performance of a deep CNN model by analyzing how the classifica- tion performance deteriorates when the model is trained on unredacted documents and evaluated on redacted data (unredacted model) or trained on redacted data and applied to unredacted documents (redacted model). For the former condition, a loss in accuracy of 2.56\%P was found and a loss of 2.08\%P for the latter. We were also able to show that the loss in performance differed greatly between document classes and was influenced by their proportion of redacted area (unredacted model: r=0.31; redacted model: r=0.87). For the model trained with redacted and evaluated on unredacted data, we also determined that the decrease in classification accu- racy was affected by the intra-class variability of the redacted area (r=0.74). From these results, recommendations for dealing with redacted data in document classification systems are derived.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{Heinz, author = {Heinz, Florian}, title = {Robust Interpolation of Arbitrary-Dimensional Moving Regions in Databases}, series = {Proceedings of the 3rd ACM SIGSPATIAL International Workshop on Searching and Mining Large Collections of Geospatial Data, October 29th, 2024, Atlanta, USA}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 3rd ACM SIGSPATIAL International Workshop on Searching and Mining Large Collections of Geospatial Data, October 29th, 2024, Atlanta, USA}, publisher = {ACM}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, doi = {10.1145/3681769.3698579}, pages = {13 -- 21}, abstract = {Moving Objects Databases are designed to store, process and efficiently search for database objects with attributes that can change over time. Examples are moving points, that change position over time, or, as a more complex data type, moving regions that can also change shape. For moving regions to be practically usable, methods for creating those objects have to be provided. The prevailing method for 2-dimensional moving regions is to create an interpolation of two static regions. Since this is a non-trivial task, this is referred to as the "Region Interpolation Problem", which still can not be considered as solved, since several unsolved questions remain. This work strives to give an overview on the Region Interpolation Problem, discuss an extension to 3d and higher dimensions and to present and discuss solutions to address some of the remaining obstacles.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{Heinz, author = {Heinz, Florian}, title = {Creating Moving Regions from Satellite Scan Data}, series = {SIGSPATIAL '24: Proceedings of the 32nd ACM International Conference on Advances in Geographic Information Systems, October 29 - November 1, 2024, Atlanta, GA, USA}, booktitle = {SIGSPATIAL '24: Proceedings of the 32nd ACM International Conference on Advances in Geographic Information Systems, October 29 - November 1, 2024, Atlanta, GA, USA}, publisher = {ACM}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, isbn = {979-8-4007-1107-7}, doi = {10.1145/3678717.3691214}, pages = {641 -- 644}, abstract = {Moving objects databases are specialized on storing and processing objects with spatial attributes that change over time. An important class of objects are moving regions that can change shape and position over time. Currently, the prevailing method for constructing moving regions is to interpolate them from snapshots. In this paper, an alternative method is proposed, that is better suitable for certain kinds of data as, for example, satellite scans of the earth surface. For instance, the NASA provides datasets with active fire data in near real-time from the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) sensor, attached to satellites as the Suomi NPP and NOAA-20. These satellites orbit earth about 14 times a day and provide full global coverage twice a day. Using these satellites, datasets are compiled that provide locations of active fires on earth as lists of positions and timestamps. This paper describes an alternative, better suitable method for creating moving regions from these lists, which can then be imported into and processed by moving objects databases.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{SchlagerSchildgen, author = {Schlager, Reinhold and Schildgen, Johannes}, title = {A Query-Rewriting-based Implementation for Temporal Data Management}, series = {LWDA'24: Lernen, Wissen, Daten, Analysen. September 23-25, 2024, W{\"u}rzburg, Germany}, booktitle = {LWDA'24: Lernen, Wissen, Daten, Analysen. September 23-25, 2024, W{\"u}rzburg, Germany}, pages = {14 Seiten}, abstract = {Temporal data management is used to query historical data, identify trends and changes, and make forecasts for the future. This paper provides a query-rewriting approach to implement temporal data management in the data-warehouse system Exasol by using so-called preprocessor scripts. Preprocessor scripts allow for executing custom Lua code and modifying SQL commands. Our approach does not need to undertake additional manual effort by the user. History tables and associated views are created in the background. Data records are automatically archived if they are updated or deleted, and the SELECT command is extended with the AS OF SYSTEM TIME clause as proposed by the SQL Standard.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HassmannWestner, author = {Hassmann, Tobias and Westner, Markus}, title = {IS executives and sustainability}, series = {26th International Conference on Business Informatics (CBI), 09-13 September 2024, Vienna, Austria}, booktitle = {26th International Conference on Business Informatics (CBI), 09-13 September 2024, Vienna, Austria}, publisher = {IEEE}, isbn = {979-8-3315-2909-3}, issn = {2378-1971}, doi = {10.1109/CBI62504.2024.00017}, pages = {1-10}, abstract = {The pressing global sustainability challenges, encapsulated in the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), require profound transformations across multiple levels. It is imperative for the Information Systems (IS) discipline to engage in addressing these challenges. This paper aims to contribute to this imperative through a scoping literature review, examining factors that enable IS executives to drive sustainability outcomes within organizations, utilizing the Input-Mediator-Outcome (IMO) framework. By analyzing 31 articles from important IS journals and conferences between 2008 and 2024, this review identifies key input factors for sustainability outcomes, such as individual IS executive inputs, the role of the Top Management Team (TMT) setting and organizational contexts, as well as external influences. In addition, it explores how team-specific processes can augment sustainability efforts. The paper concludes by proposing future research questions to address underrepresented SDGs, investigate external impact factors more thoroughly, and emphasize the role of individual IS executive inputs. These insights aspire to advance the understanding of IS executives' potential to influence sustainability in organizational settings.}, language = {en} } @unpublished{StragapedeVeraRodriguezTolosanaetal., author = {Stragapede, Giuseppe and Vera-Rodriguez, Ruben and Tolosana, Ruben and Morales, Aythami and DeAndres-Tame, Ivan and Damer, Naser and Fierrez, Julian and Ortega-Garcia, Javier and Acien, Alejandro and Gonz{\´a}lez, Nahuel and Shadrikov, Andrei and Gordin, Dmitrii and Schmitt, Leon and Wimmer, Daniel and Großmann, Christoph and Krieger, Joerdis and Heinz, Florian and Krestel, Ron and Mayer, Christoffer and Haberl, Simon and Gschrey, Helena and Yamagishi, Yosuke and Saha, Sanjay and Rasnayaka, Sanka and Wickramanayake, Sandareka and Sim, Terence and Gutfeter, Weronika and Baran, Adam and Krzyszton, Mateusz and Jask{\´o}ła, Przemysław}, title = {Kvc-Ongoing: Keystroke Verification Challenge}, doi = {10.2139/ssrn.4743934}, pages = {44}, abstract = {This article presents the Keystroke Verification Challenge - onGoing (KVC-onGoing), on which researchers can easily benchmark their systems in a common platform using large-scale public databases, the Aalto University Keystroke databases, and a standard experimental protocol. The keystroke data consist of tweet-long sequences of variable transcript text from over 185,000 subjects, acquired through desktop and mobile keyboards simulating real-life conditions. The results on the evaluation set of KVC-onGoing have proved the high discriminative power of keystroke dynamics, reaching values as low as 3.33\% of Equal Error Rate (EER) and 11.96\% of False Non-Match Rate (FNMR) @1\% False Match Rate (FMR) in the desktop scenario, and 3.61\% of EER and 17.44\% of FNMR @1\% at FMR in the mobile scenario, significantly improving previous state-of-the-art results. Concerning demographic fairness, the analyzed scores reflect the subjects' age and gender to various extents, not negligible in a few cases. The framework runs on CodaLab.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HeinzKluge, author = {Heinz, Florian and Kluge, Martin}, title = {Design and Implementation of a High Performance Domain Name Service on Commodity Hardware}, series = {Service-Oriented Computing : 18th Symposium and Summer School, SummerSOC 2024, Crete, Greece, June 24-29, 2024, Revised Selected Papers}, booktitle = {Service-Oriented Computing : 18th Symposium and Summer School, SummerSOC 2024, Crete, Greece, June 24-29, 2024, Revised Selected Papers}, editor = {Aiello, Marco and Barzen, Johanna and Dustdar, Schahram and Leymann, Frank}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, address = {Cham}, isbn = {978-3-031-72577-7}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-031-72578-4_9}, pages = {162 -- 171}, abstract = {The internet Domain Name System (DNS) is one of the essential components of the World Wide Web and the whole internet. The core concept is a large distributed and hierarchical database that translates internet domain names into host addresses and other supplemental information. Name servers can serve millions of domains and usually have to answer thousands of requests per second. Because of their vital function for any internet service, domain name servers are regularly target of Denial-of-Service attacks, where millions of queries per second are used to overload the database system. This work describes an approach on how to achieve answer rates in this dimension with a single server built from low-cost commodity hardware.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{SafiWinterspergerMauerer, author = {Safi, Hila and Wintersperger, Karen and Mauerer, Wolfgang}, title = {Influence of HW-SW-Co-Design on Quantum Computing Scalability}, series = {2023 IEEE International Conference on Quantum Software (QSW), Chicago, IL, USA, 02-08 July 2023}, booktitle = {2023 IEEE International Conference on Quantum Software (QSW), Chicago, IL, USA, 02-08 July 2023}, publisher = {IEEE}, isbn = {979-8-3503-0479-4}, doi = {10.1109/QSW59989.2023.00022}, pages = {104 -- 115}, abstract = {The use of quantum processing units (QPUs) promises speed-ups for solving computational problems. Yet, current devices are limited by the number of qubits and suffer from significant imperfections, which prevents achieving quantum advantage. To step towards practical utility, one approach is to apply hardware-software co-design methods. This can involve tailoring problem formulations and algorithms to the quantum execution environment, but also entails the possibility of adapting physical properties of the QPU to specific applications. In this work, we follow the latter path, and investigate how key figures— circuit depth and gate count—required to solve four cornerstone NP-complete problems vary with tailored hardware properties. Our results reveal that achieving near-optimal performance and properties does not necessarily require optimal quantum hardware, but can be satisfied with much simpler structures that can potentially be realised for many hardware approaches.m Using statistical analysis techniques, we additionally identify an underlying general model that applies to all subject problems. This suggests that our results may be universally applicable to other algorithms and problem domains, and tailored QPUs can find utility outside their initially envisaged problem domains. The substantial possible improvements nonetheless highlight the importance of QPU tailoring to progress towards practical deployment and scalability of quantum software.}, language = {en} } @article{WinterspergerDommertEhmeretal., author = {Wintersperger, Karen and Dommert, Florian and Ehmer, Thomas and Hoursanov, Andrey and Klepsch, Johannes and Mauerer, Wolfgang and Reuber, Georg and Strohm, Thomas and Yin, Ming and Luber, Sebastian}, title = {Neutral Atom Quantum Computing Hardware: Performance and End-User Perspective}, series = {EPJ Quantum Technology}, volume = {10}, journal = {EPJ Quantum Technology}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, doi = {10.1140/epjqt/s40507-023-00190-1}, pages = {27}, abstract = {We present an industrial end-user perspective on the current state of quantum computing hardware for one specific technological approach, the neutral atom platform. Our aim is to assist developers in understanding the impact of the specific properties of these devices on the effectiveness of algorithm execution. Based on discussions with different vendors and recent literature, we discuss the performance data of the neutral atom platform. Specifically, we focus on the physical qubit architecture, which affects state preparation, qubit-to-qubit connectivity, gate fidelities, native gate instruction set, and individual qubit stability. These factors determine both the quantum-part execution time and the end-to-end wall clock time relevant for end-users, but also the ability to perform fault-tolerant quantum computation in the future. We end with an overview of which applications have been shown to be well suited for the peculiar properties of neutral atom-based quantum computers.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{GreiweKruegerMauerer, author = {Greiwe, Felix and Kr{\"u}ger, Tom and Mauerer, Wolfgang}, title = {Effects of Imperfections on Quantum Algorithms}, series = {2023 IEEE International Conference on Quantum Software (QSW), Chicago, IL, USA, 02-08 July 2023}, booktitle = {2023 IEEE International Conference on Quantum Software (QSW), Chicago, IL, USA, 02-08 July 2023}, publisher = {IEEE}, doi = {10.1109/QSW59989.2023.00014}, pages = {31 -- 42}, abstract = {Quantum computers promise considerable speedups over classical approaches, which has raised interest from many disciplines. Since any currently available implementations suffer from noise and imperfections, achieving concrete speedups for meaningful problem sizes remains a major challenge. Yet, imperfections and noise may remain present in quantum computing for a long while. Such limitations play no role in classical software computing, and software engineers are typically not well accustomed to considering such imperfections, albeit they substantially influence core properties of software and systems. In this paper, we show how to model imperfections with an approach tailored to (quantum) software engineers. We intuitively illustrate, using numerical simulations, how imperfections influence core properties of quantum algorithms on NISQ systems, and show possible options for tailoring future NISQ machines to improve system performance in a co-design approach. Our results are obtained from a software framework that we provide in form of an easy-to-use reproduction package. It does not require computer scientists to acquire deep physical knowledge on noise, yet provide tangible and intuitively accessible means of interpreting the influence of noise on common software quality and performance indicators.}, language = {en} } @incollection{YueMauererAlietal., author = {Yue, Tao and Mauerer, Wolfgang and Ali, Shaukat and Taibi, Davide}, title = {Challenges and Opportunities in Quantum Software Architecture}, series = {Software Architecture: Research Roadmaps from the Community}, booktitle = {Software Architecture: Research Roadmaps from the Community}, isbn = {978-3-031-36847-9}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-031-36847-9_1}, pages = {1 -- 23}, abstract = {Quantum computing is a relatively new paradigm that has raised considerable interest in physics and computer science in general but has so far received little attention in software engineering and architecture. Hybrid applications that consist of both quantum and classical components require the development of appropriate quantum software architectures. However, given that quantum software engineering (QSE) in general is a new research area, quantum software architecture-a subresearch area in QSE is also understudied. The goal of this chapter is to provide a list of research challenges and opportunities for such architectures. In addition, to make the content understandable to a broader computer science audience, we provide a brief overview of quantum computing and explain the essential technical foundations.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{SchildgenHeinz, author = {Schildgen, Johannes and Heinz, Florian}, title = {Interactive SQL Queries and Program Code in Presentations}, series = {Datenbanksysteme f{\"u}r Business, Technologie und Web (BTW2023), 06.-10. M{\"a}rz 2023, Dresden}, booktitle = {Datenbanksysteme f{\"u}r Business, Technologie und Web (BTW2023), 06.-10. M{\"a}rz 2023, Dresden}, publisher = {Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Informatik e.V.}, address = {Bonn}, isbn = {978-3-88579-725-8}, doi = {10.18420/BTW2023-39}, pages = {687 -- 693}, abstract = {Nowadays, most database lectures are performed with an accompanying visual presentation that further illustrates the conveyed facts. Conventional presentation software allows dynamic elements up to a certain level, for example revealing or changing parts of the slide step by step, or even an interaction with the viewers by means of polls or similar mechanisms. Recently, HTML-and browser-based frameworks for presentations have emerged, which allow an even higher degree of flexibility due to the manifold possibilities of HTML5 and JavaScript. This paper presents an approach of how to interactively modify parts of a slide during the presentation, like SQL-based queries or program code snippets, and show the results pretty-printed on the corresponding slide in real-time. This enables the lecturer to easily show more examples, and answer and illustrate side questions, which they did not prepare in advance.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{BittnerHendricksHornetal., author = {Bittner, Dominik and Hendricks, Ricky-Ricardo and Horn, Luca and Mottok, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {In-depth Benchmarking of Transfer Learning Techniques for Improved Bottle Recognition}, series = {2023 IEEE 13th International Conference on Pattern Recognition Systems (ICPRS), Guayaquil, Ecuador, 04-07 July 2023}, booktitle = {2023 IEEE 13th International Conference on Pattern Recognition Systems (ICPRS), Guayaquil, Ecuador, 04-07 July 2023}, publisher = {IEEE}, isbn = {979-8-3503-3337-4}, doi = {10.1109/ICPRS58416.2023.10178995}, pages = {1 -- 6}, abstract = {An immense diversity in bottle types requires high accuracy during sorting for recycling purposes by breweries. This extremely complex and time-consuming procedure can result in enormous additional costs for them. This paper presents transfer learning-based algorithms for classifying beer bottle brands using camera images, applicable in individual sorting solutions for different use cases. The problem is tackled using customised EfficientNet, InceptionResNet and VGG models along with an augmented dataset. In addition, a detailed analysis of different model and parameter combinations is performed, enabling tailor-made technologies for specific conditions and resource limitations. In accompanying validations and subsequent tests, a test accuracy of 100\% in the recognition of beer brands could be achieved, proving the proposed method fully contributes to the solution of the problem.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{SchoenbergerTrummerMauerer, author = {Sch{\"o}nberger, Manuel and Trummer, Immanuel and Mauerer, Wolfgang}, title = {Quantum Optimisation of General Join Trees}, series = {Joint Workshops at 49th International Conference on Very Large Data Bases (VLDBW'23) — International Workshop on Quantum Data Science and Management (QDSM'23), August 28 - September 1, 2023, Vancouver, Canada (CEUR Workshop Proceedings)}, booktitle = {Joint Workshops at 49th International Conference on Very Large Data Bases (VLDBW'23) — International Workshop on Quantum Data Science and Management (QDSM'23), August 28 - September 1, 2023, Vancouver, Canada (CEUR Workshop Proceedings)}, publisher = {RWTH Aachen, Sun SITE Central Europe}, address = {Aachen}, pages = {1 -- 12}, abstract = {Recent advances in the manufacture of quantum computers attract much attention over a wide range of fields, as early-stage quantum processing units (QPU) have become accessible. While contemporary quantum machines are very limited in size and capabilities, mature QPUs are speculated to eventually excel at optimisation problems. This makes them an attractive technology for database problems, many of which are based on complex optimisation problems with large solution spaces. Yet, the use of quantum approaches on database problems remains largely unexplored. In this paper, we address the long-standing join ordering problem, one of the most extensively researched database problems. Rather than running arbitrary code, QPUs require specific mathematical problem encodings. An encoding for the join ordering problem was recently proposed, allowing first small-scale queries to be optimised on quantum hardware. However, it is based on a faithful transformation of a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) formulation for JO, and inherits all limitations of the MILP method. Most strikingly, the existing encoding only considers a solution space with left-deep join trees, which tend to yield larger costs than general, bushy join trees. We propose a novel QUBO encoding for the join ordering problem. Rather than transforming existing formulations, we construct a native encoding tailored to quantum systems, which allows us to process general bushy join trees. This makes the full potential of QPUs available for solving join order optimisation problems.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{SchrollWestner, author = {Schroll, Jonas and Westner, Markus}, title = {Relation between Edge Computing and the Internet of Things}, series = {2023 Portland International Conference on Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET), 23-27 July 2023, Monterrey, Mexico}, booktitle = {2023 Portland International Conference on Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET), 23-27 July 2023, Monterrey, Mexico}, publisher = {IEEE}, doi = {10.23919/PICMET59654.2023.10216820}, pages = {1 -- 9}, abstract = {The Internet of Things (IoT) is an emerging computing paradigm providing new approaches to collect and analyze environmental data. However, as specific challenges arose, the paradigm of Edge Computing with its potential solution capabilities came into place. The combination of both paradigms is currently highly discussed in industry and research. This paper aims to contribute to this field by conducting a systematic literature review to examine the differences and relation between IoT and Edge Computing on a meta-level. It first investigates conceptual backgrounds, use cases, and implementation types. After that, the differences between the paradigms are highlighted. It becomes clear that the significant distinction is in the architectural composition. However, the scientific consensus reveals that both paradigms have a common historical background, and Edge Computing is perceived as the next step in the evolution of IoT. Furthermore, Edge Computing-based systems can address common IoT challenges identified in the two paradigms' problem-solution space. Ultimately, there is a need for further research in security, edge intelligence, and standardization, with Edge Computing frameworks able to address these in practice.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HillebrandWestner, author = {Hillebrand, Patrick and Westner, Markus}, title = {Lean IT}, series = {2023 Portland International Conference on Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET), 23-27 July 2023, Monterrey, Mexico}, booktitle = {2023 Portland International Conference on Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET), 23-27 July 2023, Monterrey, Mexico}, publisher = {IEEE}, doi = {10.23919/PICMET59654.2023.10216855}, pages = {1 -- 11}, abstract = {Companies have applied Lean Management and its methods in their production functions for several decades. They also increasingly use Lean Management to improve service delivery, for example, in their IT organizations, which is referred to as "Lean IT". Lean IT finds widespread recognition in business practice, but corresponding academic research is still scarce. The paper at hand intends to shed light on the current perspectives of Lean IT from an academic point and a practitioner point of view. The paper applies an innovative quantitative approach of literature analysis using semantic entity annotator and a keyword analysis to systematically identify and compare topics academics and practitioners deem relevant in context of Lean IT. We analyze practitioner media and scholarly articles published from January 2014 to June 2019. The analysis shows that research does not seem to adequately address the topics that are highly relevant for practitioners when it comes to Lean IT, e.g., issues pertinent to Automation, DevOps, role of the CIO, IT Service Management or Scrum in context of Lean IT are under-researched. Our analysis further shows that interest in Lean IT as a field is rising in both groups. Our study can help to guide further research activities.}, language = {en} } @unpublished{GoeppelFrikelHaltmeier, author = {G{\"o}ppel, Simon and Frikel, J{\"u}rgen and Haltmeier, Markus}, title = {Data-proximal null-space networks for inverse problems}, abstract = {Inverse problems are inherently ill-posed and therefore require regularization techniques to achieve a stable solution. While traditional variational methods have wellestablished theoretical foundations, recent advances in machine learning based approaches have shown remarkable practical performance. However, the theoretical foundations of learning-based methods in the context of regularization are still underexplored. In this paper, we propose a general framework that addresses the current gap between learning-based methods and regularization strategies. In particular, our approach emphasizes the crucial role of data consistency in the solution of inverse problems and introduces the concept of data-proximal null-space networks as a key component for their solution. We provide a complete convergence analysis by extending the concept of regularizing null-space networks with data proximity in the visual part. We present numerical results for limited-view computed tomography to illustrate the validity of our framework.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{UotilaGroppeGruenwaldetal., author = {Uotila, Valter and Groppe, Sven and Gruenwald, Le and Lu, Jiaheng and Mauerer, Wolfgang}, title = {Preface QDSM}, series = {Joint Workshops at 49th International Conference on Very Large Data Bases (VLDBW'23) — International Workshop on Quantum Data Science and Management (QDSM'23), August 28 - September 1, 2023, Vancouver, Canada (CEUR Workshop Proceedings)}, booktitle = {Joint Workshops at 49th International Conference on Very Large Data Bases (VLDBW'23) — International Workshop on Quantum Data Science and Management (QDSM'23), August 28 - September 1, 2023, Vancouver, Canada (CEUR Workshop Proceedings)}, publisher = {RWTH Aachen, Sun SITE Central Europe}, address = {Aachen}, abstract = {The first international workshop on Quantum Data Science and anagement (QDSM), co-located with VLDB 2023, is centered around addressing the possibilities of quantum computing for data science and data management. Quantum computing is a relatively new and emerging field that is believed to have huge computational potential in the future. In the QDSM workshop, we want to provide a venue for discussing and publishing novel results of applying quantum computing to hard data science and data management problems. These problems include join order optimization, designing efficient quantum feature maps, studying possibilities of solving linear programs with quantum algorithms, and divergent index tuning with quantum machine learning. Besides, we include a short and visionary survey on quantum computing for databases. Theworkshop provides a platform for active discussion on these and related topics.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{ThelenEderMelzeretal., author = {Thelen, Simon and Eder, Friedrich and Melzer, Matthias and Nunes, Danilo Weber and Stadler, Michael and Rechenauer, Christian and Obergrießer, Mathias and Jubeh, Ruben and Volbert, Klaus and D{\"u}nnweber, Jan}, title = {A Slim Digital Twin For A Smart City And Its Residents}, series = {SOICT '23: Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on Information and Communication Technology, 2023, Hi Chi Minh, Vietnam}, booktitle = {SOICT '23: Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on Information and Communication Technology, 2023, Hi Chi Minh, Vietnam}, publisher = {ACM}, isbn = {979-8-4007-0891-6}, doi = {10.1145/3628797.3628936}, pages = {8 -- 15}, abstract = {In the engineering domain, representing real-world objects using a body of data, called a digital twin, which is frequently updated by "live" measurements, has shown various advantages over tradi- tional modelling and simulation techniques. Consequently, urban planners have a strong interest in digital twin technology, since it provides them with a laboratory for experimenting with data before making far-reaching decisions. Realizing these decisions involves the work of professionals in the architecture, engineering and construction (AEC) domain who nowadays collaborate via the methodology of building information modeling (BIM). At the same time, the citizen plays an integral role both in the data acquisition phase, while also being a beneficiary of the improved resource management strategies. In this paper, we present a prototype for a "digital energy twin" platform we designed in cooperation with the city of Regensburg. We show how our extensible platform de- sign can satisfy the various requirements of multiple user groups through a series of data processing solutions and visualizations, in- dicating valuable design and implementation guidelines for future projects. In particular, we focus on two example use cases concern- ing building electricity monitoring and BIM. By implementing a flexible data processing architecture we can involve citizens in the data acquisition process, meeting the demands of modern users regarding maximum transparency in the handling of their data.}, language = {en} } @book{ScheidVogl, author = {Scheid, Sandro and Vogl, Stefanie}, title = {Data Science: Grundlagen, Methode und Modelle der Statistik}, publisher = {Hanser}, isbn = {978-3-446-46663-0}, doi = {10.3139/9783446470019}, pages = {359}, subject = {Big Data}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{DieckhoffBarliebGrothetal., author = {Dieckhoff, Christina and Barlieb, Christophe and Groth, Christian and Linner, Thomas and Weininger, Florian}, title = {Erfolgsfaktor Interdisziplinarit{\"a}t: Das Lehrformat Digitalisierungskollegs an Bayerischen Hochschulen}, series = {Informatik 2023 : Designing Futures: Zuk{\"u}nfte gestalten ; Tagung vom 26.-29.2023, Berlin}, booktitle = {Informatik 2023 : Designing Futures: Zuk{\"u}nfte gestalten ; Tagung vom 26.-29.2023, Berlin}, publisher = {Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Informatik e.V.}, isbn = {978-3-88579-731-9}, issn = {1617-5468}, doi = {10.18420/inf2023_22}, pages = {241 -- 252}, abstract = {Um den zunehmenden Anforderungen an die Beherrschung digitaler Techniken und an die F{\"a}higkeit zur interdisziplin{\"a}ren Zusammenarbeit an Studierende aller Fachrichtungen zu begegnen wurde das interdisziplin{\"a}re Lehrformat Digitalisierungskollegs f{\"u}r Studierende entwickelt. Das in vielen Fachbereichen ausbauf{\"a}hige Angebot von Digitalthemen in der Hoch- schullehre wird hiermit dauerhaft erweitert. Ein Digitalisierungskolleg besteht aus einer Vorlesungs- reihe mit angrenzendem Seminar, in denen Studierende interdisziplin{\"a}re L{\"o}sungen f{\"u}r Fragen der digitalen Transformation entwickeln. Geleitet werden sie von etablierten Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftlern, aktiv betreut und ausgestaltet von ein bis zwei Coaches. Kernelement sowohl des Kollegs als auch der einzelnen Projekte ist die Interdisziplinarit{\"a}t. Eine*r der beteiligten Projekt- leiter*innen hat einen direkten Bezug zur Technik und kommt aus der Informatik, der Wirtschafts- informatik, der Elektrotechnik oder vergleichbaren Disziplinen. Zielgruppe der Projekte sind Studierende verschiedener Disziplinen im Masterstudium oder in den letzten Semestern eines Bachelorstudiums. Durch die Teilnahme erwerben auch Studierende aus digitalisierungsfernen F{\"a}chern fr{\"u}hzeitig umfangreiche IT-Kenntnisse. Als Begleiteffekt der umfangreichen Vernetzung zwischen den Digitalisierungskollegs (Studierende, Coaches und Projektleitende) entsteht bereits zu Beginn einer wissenschaftlichen Karriere eine große digitale Community. Alle Teilnehmenden lernen fr{\"u}hzeitig die interdisziplin{\"a}re Zusammenarbeit und verbessern erheblich ihre Karriere- chancen innerhalb und außerhalb der Wissenschaft.}, language = {de} } @article{DahmenWeiklBogenberger, author = {Dahmen, Victoria and Weikl, Simone and Bogenberger, Klaus}, title = {Interpretable Machine Learning for Mode Choice Modeling on Tracking-Based Revealed Preference Data}, series = {Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board}, volume = {2678}, journal = {Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board}, number = {11}, publisher = {SAGE Publications}, issn = {0361-1981}, doi = {10.1177/03611981241246973}, pages = {2075 -- 2091}, abstract = {Mode choice modeling is imperative for predicting and understanding travel behavior. For this purpose, machine learning (ML) models have increasingly been applied to stated preference and traditional self-recorded revealed preference data with promising results, particularly for extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) and random forest (RF) models. Because of the rise in the use of tracking-based smartphone applications for recording travel behavior, we address the important and unprecedented task of testing these ML models for mode choice modeling on such data. Furthermore, as ML approaches are still criticized for leading to results that are hard to understand, we consider it essential to provide an in-depth interpretability analysis of the best-performing model. Our results show that the XGBoost and RF models far outperform a conventional multinomial logit model, both overall and for each mode. The interpretability analysis using the Shapley additive explanations approach reveals that the XGBoost model can be explained well at the overall and mode level. In addition, we demonstrate how to analyze individual predictions. Lastly, a sensitivity analysis gives insight into the relative importance of different data sources, sample size, and user involvement. We conclude that the XGBoost model performs best, while also being explainable. Insights generated by such models can be used, for instance, to predict mode choice decisions for arbitrary origin-destination pairs to see which impacts infrastructural changes would have on the mode share.}, language = {en} } @article{BrosigGraeubigStrahringeretal., author = {Brosig, Christoph and Gr{\"a}ubig, Dix M. and Strahringer, Susanne and Westner, Markus}, title = {Prerequisites and Causal Recipes for Manufacturers' IT-Enabled Service Innovation Success}, series = {Communications of the Association for Information Systems}, volume = {55}, journal = {Communications of the Association for Information Systems}, publisher = {Association for Information Systems, AIS}, issn = {1529-3181}, doi = {10.17705/1CAIS.05509}, pages = {205 -- 256}, abstract = {For manufacturing firms, success in innovating IT-enabled services is a critical antecedent to benefit from digital servitization of their business models. Digital servitization literature has explored mechanisms for success in innovating IT-enabled services, indicating that the phenomenon is multifaceted and needs to be explained from multiple theoretical perspectives. We derive a conceptual model for success in innovating IT-enabled services covering its multifaceted nature by referring to knowledge-based and organizational control theory. We test this model using qualitative cases of IT-enabled service innovation initiatives in manufacturing firms and use set-theoretic analyses to account for the multifaceted nature of the phenomenon. The necessary condition analysis yields that a certain degree of service innovation capabilities is a prerequisite for success. With the results of a qualitative comparative analysis, we obtain five solution terms as causal recipes for success in innovating IT-enabled services. Our results contribute to research by offering a theory-based approach that explains the multiplicity of success in IT-enabled service innovation. Practitioners benefit from our results by understanding prerequisites and causal recipes for success while learning from unsuccessful initiatives in innovating IT-enabled services of manufacturing firms. Our study is also an example of how to rigorously calibrate qualitative data using a structured approach.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{LeglerJajjaVolbert, author = {Legler, Katharina and Jajja, Muhammad Sheheryar and Volbert, Klaus}, title = {Analysis and Design of Smart Components in Digital Energy Twins}, series = {Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Internet of Things, Big Data and Security., Porto, Portugal April 6-8, 2025}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Internet of Things, Big Data and Security., Porto, Portugal April 6-8, 2025}, publisher = {SciTePress - Science and Technology Publications}, address = {Set{\´u}bal, Portugal}, isbn = {978-989-758-750-4}, doi = {10.5220/0013289900003944}, pages = {263 -- 272}, abstract = {The energy crisis, energy demand growth, and dependence on fossil fuels worldwide have made urgent action necessary for us to seek sustainability in energy production and use. Digital technologies, especially Digital Energy Twins, have immense potential to reduce energy consumption, thereby reducing environmental impacts, particularly in the building sector. This paper presents the development of a digital energy twin that supports sustainable energy consumption analysis and optimization. Our study begins with a comprehensive analysis of the energy consumption data, the weather data, and the building plans as a solid basis for the analysis. We identify key energy consumption trends and patterns across different timescales and device-specific details that could be optimized, such as base load consumption and device-specific inefficiencies. A key part of our work is forecasting energy consumption using time series models, such as the ARIMA model, which promises to be useful in identify ing patterns for improving energy efficiency. Overall, our study provides valuable insights into energy optimization and could form the base for further advances in digital energy twins at OTH Regensburg, helping to contribute to its sustainable development goals and smart campus initiatives.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{SchildgenHeinz, author = {Schildgen, Johannes and Heinz, Florian}, title = {A Showcase of LLMs in Action: SQL Generation from Natural Language (Demo Paper)}, series = {Datenbanksysteme f{\"u}r Business, Technologie und Web - Workshopband (BTW 2025)}, booktitle = {Datenbanksysteme f{\"u}r Business, Technologie und Web - Workshopband (BTW 2025)}, publisher = {Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Informatik}, address = {Bonn}, doi = {10.18420/BTW2025-47}, pages = {819 -- 825}, abstract = {Today, large language models are a very efficient tool for human-computer interaction using natural language. Chatbots like ChatGPT and their corresponding APIs can be used to solve a large variety of tasks that are provided in human-comprehensible sentences, for example generating SQL queries. Executing spoken SQL queries in a database system poses a challenge, because the various syntactical details of SQL are usually not provided verbally. Here, the LLM can help to augment the recognized raw query with the syntax elements needed for successful execution. Furthermore, the correct spelling of table and column names can be derived from the database schema provided in the LLM prompt. This work showcases four use cases in which LLMs assist in querying database systems: (1) A plugin for phpMyAdmin for voice-query input in natural language, (2) a chart generator, (3) an Alexa skill, and (4) a speech-controlled action game SQL Invaders.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HeinzSchildgen, author = {Heinz, Florian and Schildgen, Johannes}, title = {SQLinked - A Hybrid Approach for Local and Database-Remote Program Execution}, series = {Datenbanksysteme f{\"u}r Business, Technologie und Web - Workshopband (BTW 2025)}, booktitle = {Datenbanksysteme f{\"u}r Business, Technologie und Web - Workshopband (BTW 2025)}, publisher = {Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Informatik}, address = {Bonn}, doi = {10.18420/BTW2025-128}, pages = {257 -- 263}, abstract = {When working with today's relational databases, there is usually a clear boundary between the database server and the application, that interfaces with the database system using the query language SQL. The concept of stored procedures allows to move complex parts of the business logic into the database server for various reasons, as, for instance, to reduce the latency of ELT processes that involve several database queries building on each other like distributing records into tables according to their attribute values. Creating and maintaining such stored procedures can be a challenging task, however. The idea pursued in this paper is to create a programming language, as well as a compilation and execution environment that allows the user to mark parts of the application code for being automatically compiled to and later be executed as a stored procedure in the database instead of the execution environment of the actual application. This blurs the border between database and application and provides a natural and maintenance-friendly way for offloading latency sensitive parts of the code to the database system.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{GrafNeubauerFischeretal., author = {Graf, Julian and Neubauer, Katrin and Fischer, Sebastian and Hackenberg, Rudolf}, title = {Architecture of an intelligent Intrusion Detection System for Smart Home}, series = {2020 IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications Workshops (PerCom Workshops): 2020, Austin, Texas, USA}, booktitle = {2020 IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications Workshops (PerCom Workshops): 2020, Austin, Texas, USA}, publisher = {IEEE}, isbn = {978-1-7281-4716-1}, doi = {10.1109/PerComWorkshops48775.2020.9156168}, pages = {1 -- 6}, abstract = {Increasing cyber-attacks on Internet of Things (IoT) environments are a growing problem of digitized households worldwide. The purpose of this study is to investigate how an intelligent Intrusion Detection System (iIDS) can provide more security in IoT networks with a novel architecture, combining multiple classical and machine learning approaches. By combining classical security analysis methods and modern concepts of artificial intelligence, we increase the quality of attack detection and can therefore conduct dedicated attack suppression. The architectural image of the iIDS consists of different layers, which in parts achieve self-sufficient results. The results of the different modules are calculated by means of statement variables and evaluation techniques adapted for the individual module elements and subsequently combined by limit value considerations. The architecture image combines approaches for the analysis and processing of IoT network traffic and evaluates it to an aggregated score. From this result it can be determined whether the analyzed data indicates device misuse or attempted break-ins into the network. This study answers the questions whether a connection between classical and modern concepts for monitoring and analyzing IoT network traffic can be implemented meaningfully within a reliable architecture of an iIDS.}, language = {en} } @article{HinterbergerFischerWeberetal., author = {Hinterberger, Lukas and Fischer, Sebastian and Weber, Bernhard and Neubauer, Katrin and Hackenberg, Rudolf}, title = {Extended Definition of the Proposed Open Standard for IoT Device IdentificAtion and RecoGnition (IoTAG)}, series = {International Journal on Advances in Internet Technology}, volume = {13}, journal = {International Journal on Advances in Internet Technology}, number = {3 \& 4}, publisher = {IARIA}, pages = {110 -- 121}, abstract = {Internet of Things (IoT) devices are critical to operate and maintain, because of their number and high connectivity. A lot of security issues concern IoT devices and the networks they are integrated. To help getting an overview of an IoT network, the devices and the security, we propose a scoring system to get a good impression of IT security. This system generates single scores for each device, using features like encryption, update behavior, etc. Furthermore, a summarized score for the whole network is calculated, to show the status of the network security in an easy way for the administrator. To enable the scoring system, a precise list of the existing devices and their operating status is necessary. To achieve this, we present an open standard for the IoT Device IdentificAtion and RecoGnition (short IoTAG), which requires that devices report, e.g., their name, an unique ID, the firmware version and the supported encryption. The proposed standard is described in detail and an implementation guideline is given in this paper. Additionally, information about how to realize the serialization, the integrity and the communication with IoTAG.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{NeubauerFischerHackenberg, author = {Neubauer, Katrin and Fischer, Sebastian and Hackenberg, Rudolf}, title = {Work in Progress: Security Analysis for Safety-critical Systems}, series = {ARCS Workshop 2019; 32nd International Conference on Architecture of Computing Systems, May 2019, Copenhagen, Denmark, Workshop FORMUS³IC}, booktitle = {ARCS Workshop 2019; 32nd International Conference on Architecture of Computing Systems, May 2019, Copenhagen, Denmark, Workshop FORMUS³IC}, editor = {Trinitis, Carsten and Pionteck, Thilo}, publisher = {VDE Verlag GmbH}, address = {Berlin}, isbn = {978-3-8007-4957-7}, pages = {101 -- 106}, abstract = {Internet of Thing (IoT) and Smart Grid (SG) are separate technologies. The digital transformation of the energy industry and the increasing digitalization in the private sector connect these technologies. Currently in Germany, the SG is under construction. In order to use future innovative services, SG and IoT must be combined. For this, we connect the SG Infrastructure with the IoT. A potential insecure device and network (IoT) should be able to transfer data to and from a critical infrastructure (SG). Open research question in this context are the security requirements architecture SG and IoT and the mechanism for authentication and authorisation in future application (SG and IoT). Due to the increasing networking of the systems (SG and IoT) new threats and attack vectors arise. The attacks to the architecture influence the target of authenticity, security and privacy. For the security analysis we focus on two communication points: the communication between the smart meter gateway, and the IoT device. In our example, a connected charging station with cloud services is connected with a SG infrastructure. To create a really smart service, the charging station needs a connection to the SG to get the current amount of renewable energy in the grid. With this two connections, new threats emerge. A security analysis over all the connections, including the vulnerability and the ability of an attacker, is developed in this paper. The analysis shows us challenges of the communication between IoT and SG. For this, we defined technical and organizational requirements for authentication and authorization. Current authentication and authorization mechanisms are no longer sufficient for the defined requirements. We present the Role-based trust model for Safety-critical Systems for these defined requirements. The new trust model is integrated into a role-based access control model. It defines data classes, which separate the sensitive and non-sensitive information.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{SchmidWildSchneidewindetal., author = {Schmid, Florian and Wild, Tobias and Schneidewind, Jan and Vogl, Tobias and Schuhegger, Lukas and Galka, Stefan}, title = {Simulation Based Approach for Reconfiguration and Ramp up Scenario Analysis in Factory Planning}, series = {Proceedings of the 2022 Winter Simulation Conference (WSG), 11-14 Dec. 2022, Singapore}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2022 Winter Simulation Conference (WSG), 11-14 Dec. 2022, Singapore}, publisher = {IEEE}, isbn = {978-1-6654-7661-4}, doi = {10.1109/WSC57314.2022.10015310}, pages = {2842 -- 2852}, abstract = {Structural changes in production entail a potential economic risk for manufacturing companies. It is necessary to identify a suitable strategy for the reconfiguration process and to continue to meet the demand during the change in the factory structure and ramp-up phase. A simulation offers the possibility to analyze different ramp-up scenarios for the factory structure and to select a suitable concept for the reconfiguration process. A discrete event simulation approach is presented that can be used to evaluate variants of structural changes and serves as a basis for deciding on a reconfiguration strategy. This approach is demonstrated using a specific production step of a plant producing hydrogen electrolyzers, the results and generalized conclusions are discussed.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{GoertzFischerHackenberg, author = {G{\"o}rtz, Stefan and Fischer, Sebastian and Hackenberg, Rudolf}, title = {Generation of Distributed Denial of Service Network Data with Phyton and Scapy}, series = {CLOUD COMPUTING 2023 : The Fourteenth International Conference on Cloud Computing, GRIDs, and Virtualization, June 26 - 30, 2023, Nice, France}, booktitle = {CLOUD COMPUTING 2023 : The Fourteenth International Conference on Cloud Computing, GRIDs, and Virtualization, June 26 - 30, 2023, Nice, France}, publisher = {IARIA}, isbn = {978-1-68558-044-5}, pages = {8 -- 14}, abstract = {Distributed Denial of Service attacks are among the most common and widespread network attacks. Due to their nature, they are difficult to defend. Intrusion detection systems, based on machine learning, are a promising approach to counter this threat. But to train these systems, data sets with Distributed Denial of Service attacks are needed. An implemented Python program, which creates Denial of Services packets and simulates distributed sending by multithreading, is presented. Unlike synthetically generated data with the use of simulators, real network traffic is generated. This eliminates errors and offers a better basis of data, as machine learning algorithms need data that is as error-free as possible in order to learn efficiently.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{RoehrlStauferNadimpallietal., author = {R{\"o}hrl, Simon and Staufer, Susanne and Nadimpalli, Vamsi Krishna and Bugert, Flemming and Bugert, Flemming and Hauser, Florian and Grabinger, Lisa and Bittner, Dominik and Ezer, Timur and Mottok, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {PYTHIA - AI SUGGESTED INDIVIDUAL LEARNING PATHS FOR EVERY STUDENT}, series = {INTED2024 Proceedings: 18th International Technology, Education and Development Conference, Valencia, Spain. 4-6 March, 2024}, booktitle = {INTED2024 Proceedings: 18th International Technology, Education and Development Conference, Valencia, Spain. 4-6 March, 2024}, isbn = {978-84-09-59215-9}, issn = {2340-1079}, doi = {10.21125/inted.2024.0783}, pages = {2871 -- 2880}, abstract = {During the COVID-19 pandemic, the importance of digital course rooms, where teachers provide their learning materials, increased dramatically. While these platforms are crucial for providing teaching materials, they often fall short in addressing individual student needs. A system within an academic setting, capable of creating and presenting individual learning paths for each student, can solve these issues. These paths are composed of various learning elements - defined in our previous work as units of educational content with which a learner works. Currently, there is no suitable system that enables the integration of learning path generating algorithms into a digital course room. Therefore we present an application that enables this integration into the Moodle Learning Management System (LMS). More precisely, this paper presents a Moodle plugin together with its framework. It describes the mechanism for effectively collecting data from Moodle, which AI algorithms then use to generate personalized learning paths. Subsequently these paths are visualized with the help of the Moodle plugin. We started with a set of requirements and use cases for the interface connecting Moodle to the AI system, which were established with a group of experts. Based on the requirements, various relevant technologies were assessed, and the best ones were chosen for implementation. Following that, the paper develops a strategy for software structuring as well as an architecture, focusing on performance, modularity, and ease of deployment for widespread use. Furthermore, the architecture ensures a simple method for integrating the algorithms. Afterwards, the framework's concrete implementation is described. A technique for enriching learning elements with metadata is presented, and additionally a concept for presenting these learning elements within a hierarchy. Moreover, it is shown how questionnaire responses and learning analytics are utilized for data collection. We cover in detail techniques for extracting and storing data from the Moodle database, as well as methods for customizing Moodle course rooms and a standard API for incorporating AI algorithms. Finally, the paper discusses the application of the proposed framework in an actual course and how student feedback is collected, which could enhance the framework. It concludes with an assessment of the outcomes obtained and prospects for the framework's future advancements.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{VoglWeberGrafetal., author = {Vogl, Peter and Weber, Sergei and Graf, Julian and Neubauer, Katrin and Hackenberg, Rudolf}, title = {Design and Implementation of an Intelligent and Model-based Intrusion Detection System for Iot Networks}, series = {Cloud Computing 2022: The Thirteenth International Conference on Cloud Computing, GRIDs, and Virtualization, Special Track FAST-CSP, Barcelona, Spain, 24.-28.04.2022}, booktitle = {Cloud Computing 2022: The Thirteenth International Conference on Cloud Computing, GRIDs, and Virtualization, Special Track FAST-CSP, Barcelona, Spain, 24.-28.04.2022}, publisher = {IARIA}, address = {[Wilmington, DE, USA]}, isbn = {978-1-61208-948-5}, pages = {7 -- 12}, abstract = {The ongoing digitization and digitalization entails the increasing risk of privacy breaches through cyber attacks. Internet of Things (IoT) environments often contain devices monitoring sensitive data such as vital signs, movement or surveil-lance data. Unfortunately, many of these devices provide limited security features. The purpose of this paper is to investigate how artificial intelligence and static analysis can be implemented in practice-oriented intelligent Intrusion Detection Systems to monitor IoT networks. In addition, the question of how static and dynamic methods can be developed and combined to improve net-work attack detection is discussed. The implementation concept is based on a layer-based architecture with a modular deployment of classical security analysis and modern artificial intelligent methods. To extract important features from the IoT network data a time-based approach has been developed. Combined with network metadata these features enhance the performance of the artificial intelligence driven anomaly detection and attack classification. The paper demonstrates that artificial intelligence and static analysis methods can be combined in an intelligent Intrusion Detection System to improve the security of IoT environments.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HinterbergerWeberFischeretal., author = {Hinterberger, Lukas and Weber, Bernhard and Fischer, Sebastian and Neubauer, Katrin and Hackenberg, Rudolf}, title = {IoT Device IdentificAtion and RecoGnition (IoTAG)}, series = {CLOUD COMPUTING 2020, The Eleventh International Conference on Cloud Computing, GRIDs and Virtualization}, booktitle = {CLOUD COMPUTING 2020, The Eleventh International Conference on Cloud Computing, GRIDs and Virtualization}, publisher = {IARIA}, isbn = {978-1-61208-778-8}, pages = {17 -- 23}, abstract = {To ensure the secure operation of IoT devices in the future, they must be continuously monitored. This starts with an inventory of the devices, checking for a current software version and extends to the encryption algorithms and active services used. Based on this information, a security analysis and rating of the whole network is possible. To solve this challenge in the growing network environments, we present a proposal for a standard. With the IoT Device IdentificAtion and RecoGnition (IoTAG), each IoT device reports its current status to a central location as required and provides information on security. This information includes a unique ID, the exact device name, the current software version, active services, cryptographic methods used, etc. The information is signed to make misuse more difficult and to ensure that the device can always be uniquely identified. In this paper, we introduce IoTAG in detail and describe the necessary requirements.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{GalkaSchuhegger, author = {Galka, Stefan and Schuhegger, Lukas}, title = {Integration of Discrete-event Simulation in the Planning of a Hydrogen Electrolyzer Production Facility}, series = {Proceedings of the 2022 Winter Simulation Conference (WSC), 11-14 Dec. 2022, Singapore}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2022 Winter Simulation Conference (WSC), 11-14 Dec. 2022, Singapore}, editor = {Feng, B. and Pedrielli, G. and Peng, Y. and Shashaani, S. and Song, E. and Corlu, C.G. and Lee, L.H. and Chew, E.P. and Roeder, T. and Lendermann, P.}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Singapore}, pages = {2}, abstract = {In the context of production and factory planning, the expansion of the factory must already be taken into account during initial planning. This results in an increase in planning complexity, as the involved planners have to know the expansion stages of the factory in the different time periods and have to evaluate concept modifications across all time periods. This paper presents an idea for a planning tool, which takes expansion stages into consideration. The data model contains all relevant information to generate a simulation model of the factory in an almost automated way. The aim is to enable factory planners to quickly investigate concept changes with the help of simulation, for example, to identify bottlenecks.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{WeberHinterbergerFischeretal., author = {Weber, Bernhard and Hinterberger, Lukas and Fischer, Sebastian and Hackenberg, Rudolf}, title = {How to Prevent Misuse of IoTAG?}, series = {Cloud Computing 2021: the Twelfth International Conference on Cloud Computing, GRIDs, and Virtualization: April 18-22, 2021, Porto, Portugal}, booktitle = {Cloud Computing 2021: the Twelfth International Conference on Cloud Computing, GRIDs, and Virtualization: April 18-22, 2021, Porto, Portugal}, editor = {Duncan, Bob and Lee, Yong Woo and Popescu, Manuela}, publisher = {IARIA}, address = {Wilmington, DE, USA}, isbn = {978-1-61208-845-7}, issn = {2308-4294}, abstract = {Since IoT devices are potentially insecure and offer great attack potential, in our past research we presented IoTAG, a solution where devices communicate security-related information about themselves. However, since this information can also be exploited by attackers, we present in this paper a solution against the misuse of IoTAG. In doing so, we address the two biggest problems: authentication and pairing with a trusted device. This is solved by introducing a pairing process, which uses the simultaneous authentication of equals algorithm to securely exchange and verify each others signature, and by using the server and client authentication provided by HTTP over TLS. We provide the minimum requirements and evaluate the methods used. The emphasis is on known and already proven methods. Additionally, we analyze the potential consequences of an attacker tapping the IoTAG information. Finally, we conclude that the solution successfully prevents access to IoTAG by unauthorized clients on the same network.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{StauferHauserGrabingeretal., author = {Staufer, Susanne and Hauser, Florian and Grabinger, Lisa and Bittner, Dominik and Nadimpalli, Vamsi Krishna and Bugert, Flemming and Ezer, Timur and R{\"o}hrl, Simon and Mottok, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Learning elements in LMS - a survey among students}, series = {INTED2024 Proceedings: 18th International Technology, Education and Development Conference, Valencia, Spain. 4-6 March, 2024}, booktitle = {INTED2024 Proceedings: 18th International Technology, Education and Development Conference, Valencia, Spain. 4-6 March, 2024}, publisher = {IATED}, isbn = {978-84-09-59215-9}, issn = {2340-1079}, doi = {10.21125/inted.2024.1087}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:898-opus4-71135}, pages = {4224 -- 4231}, abstract = {In higher education, improving learning and learning success are goals of general improvement. Lecturers teaches content and students acquire that content in an efficient way. To structure content, learning element categories are evaluated from the student's point of view in higher education area. The aim is to validate given definitions of ten learning element categories within a Learning Management System (LMS). This paper evaluates a categorization of learning elements for organizing learning content in online education within LMSs. Therefore, ten categories of learning elements and corresponding definitions were defined in a previous work as base for this paper. The learning elements to examine are manuscript, exercise, quiz, brief overview, learning goal, summary, collaboration tool, auditory additional material, textual additional material, and visual additional material. To validate the definitions and to get improvements to each learning element a survey is processed. Beside the demographic data questions, the survey consists of two questions to the acceptance of the definitions and asks for improvements. 148 students between the ages 19 and 35 participate in the survey in summer term 2023. The education level of the participants ranges from undergraduates to Ph.D. students. The results of this paper are that more than 80\% accept the given definitions. Some definitions of the learning elements are changed, but the changes are restricted to additions of maximal four words. This categorization of learning elements could lead to improvements in learning by giving the content more structure. With the structure students get the possibility to learn with preferred learning elements which could lead to more success in learning and to a decreasing dropout rate in universities. In the future, the learning elements allow to classify content within LMSs with the goal of generating individual learning paths. Furthermore, our project will integrate these learning elements, use them to generate learning paths, and could set a new standard in the way of personalized learning.}, language = {en} } @misc{WildGalkaWappleretal., author = {Wild, Tobias and Galka, Stefan and Wappler, Mona and Xing, Lu}, title = {Integrating supply chain aspects into factory planning, a simulation approach}, series = {The journey to sustainable supply chains: proceedings of the 26th International Symposium on Logistics (ISL 2022), 10-13th July 2022, Cork, Ireland}, journal = {The journey to sustainable supply chains: proceedings of the 26th International Symposium on Logistics (ISL 2022), 10-13th July 2022, Cork, Ireland}, editor = {Potter, A. and Pawar, K. S. and O'Reilly, S. and Jimo, A.}, publisher = {Nottingham University Business School, UK}, address = {Nottingham, UK}, isbn = {978-0-85358-350-9}, pages = {6}, abstract = {One major goal of green-field factory planning is to decide on space requirements in the plant. In this phase, detailed information about the supply chain network (e.g. which suppliers deliver which parts) is often unavailable. Nevertheless, typical decisions in supply chain management, like the definition of replenishment processes and quantities or make-or-buy decisions, impact space requirements in the factory and should therefore be considered in the factory planning. This research article proposes a simulation approach for a factory simulation in which raw material replenishment is integrated to evaluate the space requirements for raw materials.}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{StadlerCornetMazeasetal., author = {Stadler, Sebastian and Cornet, Henriette and Mazeas, Damien and Chardonnet, Jean-Remy and Frenkler, Fritz}, title = {IMPRO: IMMERSIVE PROTOTYPING IN VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENTS FOR INDUSTRIAL DESIGNERS}, series = {Proceedings of the Design Society: DESIGN Conference 2020}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Design Society: DESIGN Conference 2020}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, doi = {10.1017/dsd.2020.81}, pages = {1375 -- 1384}, abstract = {Computer-Aided Design (CAD) constitutes an important tool for industrial designers. Similarly, Virtual Reality (VR) has the capability to revolutionize how designers work with its increased sense of scale and perspective. However, existing VR CAD applications are limited in terms of functionality and intuitive control. Based on a comparison of VR CAD applications, ImPro, a new application for immersive prototyping for industrial designers was developed. The user evaluations and comparisons show that ImPro offers increased usability, functionality, and suitability for industrial designers.}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{Galka, author = {Galka, Stefan}, title = {Untersuchung von Auftragsfreigabestrategien f{\"u}r mehrzonige Kommissioniersysteme im Online-Lebensmittelhandel}, series = {ASIM SST 2022 Proceedings Langbeitr{\"a}ge, 26. ASIM Symposium Simulationstechnik: 25.07.-27.07.2022, TU Wien}, volume = {2022}, booktitle = {ASIM SST 2022 Proceedings Langbeitr{\"a}ge, 26. ASIM Symposium Simulationstechnik: 25.07.-27.07.2022, TU Wien}, publisher = {ARGESIM Verlag}, address = {Wien}, organization = {Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Informatik. Arbeitskreis f{\"u}r Simulation in der Fertigungstechnik}, isbn = {978-3-901608-97-1}, doi = {10.11128/arep.20.a2021}, pages = {23 -- 30}, abstract = {This paper briefly presents the challenges for order control and release of multi-zone order picking systems. On the one hand, the order control must ensure that all orders are processed on time, and on the other hand, the space requirements (buffer) and the utilisation of the zones must be considered. Within the framework of a case study, different strategies for order release were developed. The paper shortly describes the ideas of the strategies and presents results of a case-based simulative evaluation of the strategies. The findings of the simulation study are the basis for the development of a digital twin for the operational control of multi-zone picking systems.}, subject = {Simulation}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{GrabingerEzerHauseretal., author = {Grabinger, Lisa and Ezer, Timur and Hauser, Florian and Mottok, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {The impact of eyenalyzer}, series = {ICERI2024 Proceedings: 17th Annual International Conference of Education, Research and Innovation, 11th-13th November 2024, Seville, Spain}, booktitle = {ICERI2024 Proceedings: 17th Annual International Conference of Education, Research and Innovation, 11th-13th November 2024, Seville, Spain}, publisher = {IATED}, isbn = {978-84-09-63010-3}, issn = {2340-1095}, doi = {10.21125/iceri.2024.0271}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:898-opus4-78215}, pages = {695 -- 701}, abstract = {Empirical research poses numerous challenges for beginners. This is especially true for data analysis - a task that usually requires knowledge from two distinct areas: statistics and programming. To support prospective researchers with that task, we developed a web-based tool called eyenalyzer. It supports common activities in the data analysis phase of empirical studies in a way that is suitable for novices in both, statistics and programming. The present article describes a controlled experiment investigating the impact of this tool with a total of 20 participants. All of them are given a set of common data analysis tasks. Half of the participants complete the tasks using eyenalyzer, the other half can use anything except for eyenalyzer. For each task and participant, we record the time in minutes, the task score, and the perceived difficulty. The results confirm that our tool is a valuable support for novice researchers: With eyenalyzer, the participants are significantly faster, achieve higher scores, and perceive the tasks to be less difficult.}, language = {en} } @techreport{SchultzHauerHaugetal., type = {Working Paper}, author = {Schultz, Maximilian and Hauer, Franziska and Haug, Sonja and Weber, Karsten}, title = {KINiro, K{\"u}nstliche Intelligenz f{\"u}r Nichtregierungsorganisationen - Bedarf, Akzeptanz und Umsetzungsm{\"o}glichkeiten. 4. Arbeitspapier: K{\"u}nstliche Intelligenz in Nichtregierungsorganisationen: In-depth-Interviews}, address = {Regensburg}, organization = {Ostbayerische Technische Hochschule (OTH) Regensburg / Institut f{\"u}r Sozialforschung und Technikfolgenabsch{\"a}tzung (IST)}, doi = {10.13140/RG.2.2.25460.46720}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:898-opus4-79471}, pages = {128}, abstract = {Vor dem Hintergrund der wachsenden Bedeutung K{\"u}nstlicher Intelligenz (KI) in unterschiedlichen gesellschaftlichen Kontexten untersucht dieses Arbeitspapier aus dem Projekt KINiro den Einsatz, die Bedarfe sowie die Akzeptanz von KI in Nichtregierungsorganisationen (NROs). Im Rahmen des Projekts „KINiro - Bedarf, Akzeptanz und Umsetzungsm{\"o}glichkeiten" wurden zehn vertiefende Expert*innen-Interviews mit Vertreter*innen verschiedener NROs gef{\"u}hrt. Ziel war es, ein differenziertes und vertiefendes Verst{\"a}ndnis von Wissen, ben{\"o}tigten und vorhandenen Ressourcen, organisatorischen Strukturen, Umsetzungsm{\"o}glichkeiten und das Erheben von Akzeptanz und die Gr{\"u}nde f{\"u}r Nicht-Akzeptanz zu erheben. Das Arbeitspapier ist das vierte in dem Projekt und baut auf den Erkenntnissen des Scoping Reviews, der ersten qualitativen Studie und der großen quantitativen Studie auf. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass das Interesse an KI in NROs stark zugenommen hat, insbesondere nach der breiten Verf{\"u}gbarkeit von KI-Anwendungen wie ChatGPT. Die befragten Organisationen experimentieren aktuell mit KI vorwiegend in den Bereichen Textproduktion, Datenanalyse, Wissensmanagement und Prozessoptimierung. Es werden auch spezielle KI-Anwendungen f{\"u}r die Bedarfe der NROs entwickelt und eingesetzt. Zugleich bestehen jedoch große Herausforderungen, insbesondere begrenzte finanzielle und personelle Ressourcen, fehlendes Know-how und der Mangel an Digitalisierung. Datenschutz und ethische Fragestellungen sowie m{\"o}gliche Verzerrungen (Bias) sind zentrale Bedenken. Dennoch lassen sich erste erfolgreiche Umsetzungsstrategien erkennen, etwa die Bildung interner Arbeitsgruppen, die Unterst{\"u}tzung durch F{\"u}hrungskr{\"a}fte, auch gezielte Schulungen sowie die Entwicklung von Leitlinien werden positiv bewertet. Diese Ans{\"a}tze tragen dazu bei, Vorbehalte abzubauen und Akzeptanz zu f{\"o}rdern. Das Arbeitspapier zeigt damit, wie die vorherigen Arbeitspapiere, dass KI im gemeinwohlorientierten Sektor grunds{\"a}tzlich auf Offenheit trifft, zugleich aber ein breites Spektrum an Voraussetzungen wie Ressourcen, Know-how, rechtliche Rahmenbedingungen und nutzbare Anwendungen ben{\"o}tigt werden, um das volle Potenzial von KI verantwortungsvoll auszunutzen.}, language = {de} }