@misc{Westner, author = {Westner, Markus}, title = {Rezension "Designed for Digital".}, series = {HMD Praxis Der Wirtschaftsinformatik}, journal = {HMD Praxis Der Wirtschaftsinformatik}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, doi = {10.1365/s40702-022-00877-6}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:898-opus4-38626}, language = {de} } @article{WulfWestnerStrahringer, author = {Wulf, Frederik and Westner, Markus and Strahringer, Susanne}, title = {We have a platform, but nobody builds on it - what influences Platform-as-a-Service post-adoption?}, series = {International Journal of Information Systems and Project Management}, volume = {10}, journal = {International Journal of Information Systems and Project Management}, number = {1}, issn = {2182-7788}, doi = {10.12821/ijispm100103}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:898-opus4-33778}, pages = {49 -- 70}, abstract = {When higher-level management of a company has strategically decided to adopt Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) as a Cloud Computing (CC) delivery model, decision-makers at lower hierarchy levels still need to decide whether they want to post-adopt PaaS for building or running an information system (IS) - a decision that numerous companies are currently facing. This research analyzes the influential factors of this managerial post-adoption decision on the IS-level. A survey of 168 business and Information Technology (IT) professionals investigated the influential factors of this PaaS post-adoption decision. The results show that decision-makers' perceptions of risks inhibit post-adoption. Vendor trust and trialability reduce these perceived risks. While competitive pressure increases perceived benefits, it does not significantly influence PaaS post-adoption. Controversially, security and privacy, cost savings, and top management support do not influence post-adoption, as opposed to findings on company-level adoption. Subsamples constructed by the form of post-adoptive use (migration of IS, enhancement of IS, new IS development) exhibit better goodness-of-fit measures than the full sample. Future research should explore this interrelation of the form of post-adoptive use and the post-adoption influence factors.}, language = {en} } @article{StrahringerWestner, author = {Strahringer, Susanne and Westner, Markus}, title = {Von der IT-Leitung zur (Mit-)Gestaltung der digitalen Transformation}, series = {HMD Praxis der Wirtschaftsinformatik}, volume = {59}, journal = {HMD Praxis der Wirtschaftsinformatik}, publisher = {Springer}, doi = {10.1365/s40702-022-00875-8}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:898-opus4-39922}, pages = {717 -- 720}, abstract = {Die entsprechenden Antworten, wie die IT-F{\"u}hrung in Unternehmen auszugestalten sei, ist Gegenstand vielf{\"a}ltiger Forschung und im Ergebnis situativ aber nicht abschließend zu beantworten. Das vorliegende Schwerpunktheft greift diesen Aspekt auf und beleuchtet die Zukunft der F{\"u}hrung in der IT.}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{SchwertsikWestner, author = {Schwertsik, Andreas and Westner, Markus}, title = {Produktorientierte IT-Leistungsverrechnung als Br{\"u}ckenschlag zwischen IT-Leistungserstellung und -verwendung}, series = {Prozesse, Technologie, Anwendungen, Systeme und Management : Tagungsband zur 27. AKWI-Fachtagung vom 07. bis 10.09.2014 an der Oberbayerischen Technischen Hochschule Regensburg / hrsg. von Thomas Barton}, booktitle = {Prozesse, Technologie, Anwendungen, Systeme und Management : Tagungsband zur 27. AKWI-Fachtagung vom 07. bis 10.09.2014 an der Oberbayerischen Technischen Hochschule Regensburg / hrsg. von Thomas Barton}, organization = {Angewandte Forschung in der Wirtschaftsinformatik}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:898-opus4-928}, pages = {78 -- 91}, abstract = {Das vorliegende Paper untersucht anhand einer Fallstudie die Implementierung einer produktorientierten Leistungsverrechnung f{\"u}r IT-Services im Kontext eines international f{\"u}hrenden Industrieg{\"u}terunternehmens. Zun{\"a}chst werden die {\"o}konomischen und regulatorischen Anforderungen, die zur Ein-f{\"u}hrung des Systems gef{\"u}hrt haben, skizziert. Danach wird der Aufbau und Ablauf des Verrechnungsverfahrens geschildert: auf IT-Leistungserstellungs-seite werden die angefallenen Kosten {\"u}ber die Bildung sogenannter modularer „Service-Bausteine" den organisatorisch verantwortlichen Stellen als auch IT-Services zugeordnet. Auf Basis der geplanten Nachfragemenge werden diese IT-Services bepreist und in einem IT-Servicekatalog verzeichnet. Dort k{\"o}nnen sie von den Fachbereichen nachgefragt werden. Im Sinne von Vorteilen werden u.a. eine verursachungsgerechte Kostenverteilung erm{\"o}glicht, Kostentransparenz und -vergleichbarkeit geschaffen sowie das Kostenbewusstsein bei Leistungsempf{\"a}ngern und -erstellern gef{\"o}rdert. Als Nachteil erweist sich der administrative Aufwand zur Durchf{\"u}hrung der Kalkulation und in der Folge eine gewisse Statik des Systems, da unterj{\"a}hrige {\"A}nderungen nur unter Inkaufnahme von Zusatzaufwand nachgesteuert werden k{\"o}nnen.}, subject = {IT-Abteilung}, language = {de} } @misc{KratzerStrahringerWestner, author = {Kratzer, Simon and Strahringer, Susanne and Westner, Markus}, title = {Fractional CIOs in SMEs}, series = {2024 2nd International Conference on Management Information Systems (ICMIS 2024), September 28-30, 2024, Tokyo, Japan}, volume = {2}, journal = {2024 2nd International Conference on Management Information Systems (ICMIS 2024), September 28-30, 2024, Tokyo, Japan}, abstract = {To remain competitive, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) need to man-age information technology (IT) effectively. Unlike larger organisations, SMEs often face limited resources and challenges in attracting talent, and typically lack the need for a full-time Chief Information Officer (CIO). In response, a growing number of professionals around the world are offering CIO services on a part-time, shared basis to multiple clients. This model provides SMEs with affordable and flexible access to experienced IT leadership. Known as 'fractional CIOs', these professionals deliver significant value, yet there has been little academic re-search into this phenomenon. Our study, conducted between 2020 and 2023 with 62 Fractional CIOs in 10 countries, aims to fill this gap. It provides a clear defini-tion of fractional CIOs, outlines their engagement models and identifies the key factors that contribute to their success. The findings are intended to enlighten both academics and industry professionals.}, language = {en} } @article{BaryWestnerStrahringer2019, author = {Bary, Benedikt von and Westner, Markus and Strahringer, Susanne}, title = {How decision maker's personal preferences influence the decision to backsource IT services}, series = {Journal of Information Technology Management (JITM)}, volume = {30}, journal = {Journal of Information Technology Management (JITM)}, number = {3}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:898-opus4-233}, pages = {1 -- 22}, year = {2019}, abstract = {To prepare their IT landscape for future business challenges, companies are changing their IT sourcing arrangements by using selective sourcing approaches as well as multi-sourcing with more but smaller sourcing contracts. Companies therefore have to reconsider and re-evaluate their IT sourcing setup more frequently. Collecting data from 251 global experts, we empirically tested the effect of service quality, relationship quality, and switching costs on IT sourcing decisions using partial least squares (PLS) analysis. Drawing on previously conducted expert interviews, our model extends previous studies and introduces a decision maker's sourcing preferences as a not yet examined moderator on IT sourcing decisions. This allows us to investigate the influence of the decision maker's beliefs on the decision process. We were able to confirm the negative effect of switching costs on a decision in favor of backsourcing, however we could not find significant support for the remaining hypotheses. We further discuss potential reasons for our findings and suggest future research opportunities based on our contribution.}, subject = {Outsourcing}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{StrasserWestner, author = {Strasser, Artur and Westner, Markus}, title = {Knowledge Transfer in IS Offshoring}, series = {Proceedings of the 19th Pacific Asia Conference on Information Systems (PACIS 2015) Singapore, July 5-9}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 19th Pacific Asia Conference on Information Systems (PACIS 2015) Singapore, July 5-9}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:898-opus4-835}, pages = {1 -- 15}, abstract = {IS offshoring research regarding knowledge transfer processes, roles involved, as well as influencing factors is characterized by its diverse and heterogeneous nature. Covering the last fifteen years of IS offshoring research, this paper provides a consolidated view of the field of study. It presents a generic knowledge transfer process consisting of four stages and five milestones. These stages are characterized and evaluated according to their relevance for knowledge transfer, the types of knowledge transferred, the main activities and methods for transfer and testing, as well as the goals pursued. Furthermore, we aggregate the diverse literature findings relating to individuals who facilitate knowledge transfer processes into a general role. We label this role "offshore coordinator" and present its core tasks and necessary skills. In addition, we identify and cluster core factors that influence success or failure of knowledge transfer. In summary, our study answers calls to discontinue with empirically derived definitions in favor of theory-based conceptualization of the IS offshoring research field with respect to knowledge transfer processes, roles, and success factors. Future studies can build on these results and examine questions with respect to particular characteristics of knowledge transfer processes and their influencing success and failure factors.}, subject = {Betriebliches Informationssystem}, language = {en} } @article{KoenningStrahringerWestner, author = {K{\"o}nning, Michael and Strahringer, Susanne and Westner, Markus}, title = {Unraveling the impact of cultural distance on IT outsourcing success}, series = {Journal of Enterprise Information Management}, volume = {34}, journal = {Journal of Enterprise Information Management}, number = {3}, publisher = {Emerald}, doi = {10.1108/JEIM-06-2019-0151}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:898-opus4-8708}, pages = {811 -- 837}, abstract = {PURPOSE IT outsourcing (ITO) has developed into an established practice for organizations but the interorganizational and oftentimes international collaboration it involves comes at a price: Reports from academia and practice suggest that more than 25\% of all ITO projects fail, many because of cultural differences between client and provider organizations. Against this background, this paper analyzes the complex nature of cultural distance and its multi-faceted effect on ITO success. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH This paper builds upon extant literature on culture on the national, organizational and team level, conceptualizes its effect on relationship quality and ITO success, and hypothesizes a model on potential moderators and management techniques to offset culture-induced challenges. It then evaluates and refines the model by means of an interpretive qualitative research design for an in-depth single-case study of ProSiebenSat.1 Media SE (P7S1), a leading European media company that reconfigured its IT sourcing model three times in 10 years. FINDINGS The results from interviews with top managers from client and provider organizations represent one of the first integrated views on the critical importance of cultural compatibility on multiple levels, provide manifold examples for its complex effect on ITO success, as well as moderators and potential management techniques to promote ITO success. RESEARCH LIMITATIONS/IMPLICATIONS This paper contributes relevant empirical insights to the growing body of literature on culture and its underestimated role in ITO success. It builds on tentative theory that is confirmed and refined. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS The paper helps in substantiating the complex and intangible nature of culture and demonstrates means for its effective management. ORIGINALITY/VALUE The results from interviews with top managers from client and provider organizations represent one of the first integrated views on the critical importance of cultural compatibility on multiple levels, provide manifold examples for its complex effect on ITO success, as well as moderators and potential management techniques to promote ITO success.}, language = {en} } @article{KaessStrahringerWestner, author = {K{\"a}ss, Sebastian and Strahringer, Susanne and Westner, Markus}, title = {Practitioners' Perceptions on the Adoption of Low Code Development Platforms}, series = {IEEE Access}, journal = {IEEE Access}, publisher = {IEEE}, issn = {2169-3536}, doi = {10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3258539}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:898-opus4-59170}, pages = {30}, abstract = {Organizations are under increasing pressure to develop applications within budget and time at high quality. Therefore, multiple organizations adopt Low Code Development Platforms (LCDP) to develop applications faster and cheaper compared to traditional application development. However, current research on LCDP adoption lacks empirical grounding as well as a deeper understanding of the importance of adoption drivers and inhibitors. We conducted semi-structured interviews and a Delphi study with seventeen experts to address these gaps. As a result, we identified twelve drivers and nineteen inhibitors for adopting LCDPs. We show that the experts have a consensus on the most and the least important drivers and inhibitors for LCDP adoption. Yet, the ranking of the drivers and inhibitors between the most and least important is highly context dependent. For some drivers and inhibitors, the experts' ranking is similar to academic literature, whereas, for others, it differs. In conclusion, the study at hand empirically validates drivers and inhibitors for LCDP adoption, adds six new drivers and six new inhibitors to the body of knowledge, and analyses the importance of these factors.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HantschWestner, author = {Hantsch, Carolin and Westner, Markus}, title = {Governance of IT/OT Convergence: A Review of Academic and Practitioner Literature}, series = {16th Mediterranean Conference on Information Systems (MCIS) 2024, Proceedings, October 3rd to 5th, 2024, Porto, Portugal}, booktitle = {16th Mediterranean Conference on Information Systems (MCIS) 2024, Proceedings, October 3rd to 5th, 2024, Porto, Portugal}, publisher = {AIS eLibrary}, isbn = {978-989-33-6886-2}, doi = {10.35096/othr/pub-7833}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:898-opus4-78335}, pages = {16}, abstract = {The convergence, i.e., integration, of Information Technology (IT) and Operational Technology (OT) is a critical aspect of digital transformation in industries, driving efficiency, innovation, and competitive advantage. However, this integration also introduces significant challenges, particularly in governance. This paper presents a comprehensive literature review of IT/OT convergence, focusing on the governance challenges and strategies drawn from both academic and practitioner literature. The findings reveal that effective governance is crucial for successful IT/OT convergence, requiring clear definitions of roles and responsibilities, cross-functional collaboration, and a unified approach to mitigate risks and align organizational goals. Key IT/OT convergence governance strategies include establishing a Center of Excellence, adopting a risk-based approach, and fostering a culture of change. The paper highlights the need for further research to develop comprehensive governance frameworks and empirically examine the impact of governance on IT/OT convergence success. This paper provides valuable insights for both researchers and practitioners navigating the complexities of IT/OT convergence and governance in the era of Industry 4.0.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{SpaethWestner, author = {Sp{\"a}th, Carina and Westner, Markus}, title = {Challenges in Agile Transformations: A Comprehensive Review}, series = {16th Mediterranean Conference on Information Systems (MCIS) 2024, Proceedings, October 3rd to 5th, 2024, Porto, Portugal}, booktitle = {16th Mediterranean Conference on Information Systems (MCIS) 2024, Proceedings, October 3rd to 5th, 2024, Porto, Portugal}, publisher = {AIS eLibrary}, doi = {10.35096/othr/pub-7832}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:898-opus4-78320}, pages = {18}, abstract = {This paper investigates the challenges organizations face during agile transformations, a critical adaptation in today's fast-paced business environment. Despite the potential benefits, many companies struggle with the implementation of agile methodologies. Through a systematic literature review of recent publications, we identify and categorize 19 challenges into three main areas: people, leadership, and organisation/processes. Our findings highlight that the most significant issues arise within the 'people' category, including plan-driven thinking, lack of knowledge, and inefficient collaboration. Leadership challenges involve insufficient management support and cultural mismatches, while organisation/process-related issues encompass inadequate planning and coordination. By synthesizing these challenges, this study provides a comprehensive overview aimed at helping practitioners anticipate and mitigate potential obstacles, thereby increasing the likelihood of successful agile transformations. These insights extend existing knowledge and emphasize the need for a holistic approach to manage the people, the leadership, and the organisation/process challenges of agile transformation.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{WestnerCuestaGorostidiGutierrezRodriguezetal., author = {Westner, Markus and Cuesta Gorostidi, Irene and Gutierrez Rodriguez, Uxue and Oyarbide-Zubillaga, Aitor and Fern{\´a}ndez Rodr{\´i}guez, Isabel}, title = {Enhancing work-based learning through the i-wobal project and its digital school of work-based learning (WBL) facilitators}, series = {17th annual International Conference of Education, Research and Innovation (ICERI2024), Seville, Spain. 11-13 November, 2024}, booktitle = {17th annual International Conference of Education, Research and Innovation (ICERI2024), Seville, Spain. 11-13 November, 2024}, publisher = {IATED}, address = {Sevilla}, isbn = {978-84-09-63010-3}, issn = {2340-1095}, doi = {10.21125/iceri.2024}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:898-opus4-78459}, pages = {10}, abstract = {The i-WOBAL project, supported by Erasmus+, strategically enhances work-based learning (WBL) in higher education and vocational training across Europe, with a particular focus on supporting the professional development of company and academic facilitators of students engaged in WBL environments. This initiative launches the i-WOBAL didactical guide, together with the establishment of the digital school of WBL facilitators, a digital learning space designed to translate the theoretical framework of the guide into practical, actionable strategies for facilitators. The project is the result of the coordinated work of a consortium of 7 higher education and vocational training institutions from 5 different European countries. The digital school of WBL facilitators serves as a training hub where facilitators from both academic institutions and the business sector receive specialised training to effectively guide and support students. The digital school offers a structured curriculum, including modules on relevant soft skills, to ensure that facilitators are well equipped to manage and enhance the WBL experience for students. This paper describes the curriculum and pedagogical approaches of the digital school of WBL facilitators, its role in facilitating the practical application of WBL strategies and the collaboration of the partners to bring in their unique expertise. The collaborative nature of the i-WOBAL project, involving a consortium of European educational and corporate institutions, promotes a shared culture of best practice and continuous innovation in WBL. The potential scalability of this model offers significant implications for future educational policies aimed at standardising and improving the facilitation of WBL across different educational systems and market environments.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{SpaethWestner, author = {Sp{\"a}th, Carina and Westner, Markus}, title = {Navigating Agile Transformations}, series = {SaudiCIS 2024 Proceedings:1st Saudi Conference on Information Systems, November 19 to 21, 2024, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia}, booktitle = {SaudiCIS 2024 Proceedings:1st Saudi Conference on Information Systems, November 19 to 21, 2024, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia}, publisher = {Association for Information Systems Electronic Library}, address = {Dhahran}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:898-opus4-78700}, pages = {1-9}, abstract = {This study investigates how companies overcome challenges in agile transformations. Through interviews with ten experts from German companies across different industries, we identify key drivers, challenges, and success factors. Our findings reveal inefficiency, mimetic isomorphism, and competitive pressure as primary transformation drivers. We categorize challenges and solutions into people, organizational, and process-related factors, emphasizing the central role of human elements. The study presents 14 key success factors, with management involvement, commitment to agility, and strategic staffing emerging as crucial. These insights provide a framework for understanding and implementing agile transformations, offering guidance for organizations. Our results contribute to both theoretical understanding and practical application of agile methodologies in corporate settings.}, language = {en} } @article{WestnerReichenederMatschi, author = {Westner, Markus and Reicheneder, Matthias and Matschi, Markus}, title = {From Captive Centers to Global Integration}, series = {Information Resources Management Journal}, volume = {38}, journal = {Information Resources Management Journal}, number = {1}, publisher = {IGI Global}, issn = {1533-7979}, doi = {10.4018/IRMJ.373322}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:898-opus4-80406}, pages = {25}, abstract = {Contemporary developments in virtual work and global talent management are transforming information technology (IT) nearshoring and offshoring practices, yet research on organizational responses remains limited. Through expert interviews with 33 IT executives (76\% chief information officers) from Germany's top 500 companies, this article examines organizational models, strategies, and good practices in IT nearshoring and offshoring. It reveals a shift from traditional captive centers toward fully integrated global teams, enabling high-value task delivery and reflecting increased workforce maturity. Companies are expanding their operations driven by talent needs rather than cost savings, with success factors including employee integration and robust on-site management. This study contributes to theory and practice by providing a framework for understanding organizational models in global IT delivery and offering actionable insights for executives, emphasizing workforce integration over geographical separation.}, subject = {Offshoring}, language = {en} } @article{Westner, author = {Westner, Markus}, title = {Low-Code/No-Code: Citizen Developers and the Surprising Future of Business Applications}, series = {HMD Praxis der Wirtschaftsinformatik}, journal = {HMD Praxis der Wirtschaftsinformatik}, publisher = {Springer Fachmedien}, address = {Wiesbaden}, issn = {1436-3011}, doi = {10.1365/s40702-024-01106-y}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:898-opus4-74906}, pages = {1067 -- 1069}, language = {en} } @article{StrasserWestnerStrahringer, author = {Strasser, Artur and Westner, Markus and Strahringer, Susanne}, title = {Knowledge transfer in IS offshoring}, series = {Journal of Systems and Information Technology}, volume = {21}, journal = {Journal of Systems and Information Technology}, number = {1}, issn = {1328-7265}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:898-opus4-294}, pages = {36 -- 62}, abstract = {Purpose This paper aims to investigate the main tasks, necessary skills, and the implementation of the offshore coordinator's role to facilitate knowledge transfer in information systems (IS) offshoring. Design/methodology/approach This empirical exploratory study uses the classical Delphi method that includes one qualitative and two quantitative rounds to collect data on IS experts' perceptions to seek a consensus among them. Findings The participants agreed, with strong consensus, for a set of 16 tasks and 15 skills. The tasks focused primarily on relationship management and facilitating knowledge transfer on different levels. The set of skills consists of approximately 25 per cent "hard" skills, e.g. professional language skills and project management skills, and approximately 75 per cent "soft" skills, e.g. interpersonal and communication skills and the ability to deal with conflict. Two factors mainly influence implementing the offshore coordinator role: project size and the number of projects to be supported simultaneously. Practical implications The findings provide indications of how to define and fulfill this crucial role in practice to facilitate the knowledge transfer process in a positive way. Originality/value Similarities in previous research findings are aggregated to examine the intermediate role in detail from a consolidated perspective. This results in the first comprehensive set of critical tasks and skills assigned to the competency dimensions of the universal competency framework, demonstrating which and how many competency dimensions are critical.}, subject = {Betriebliches Informationssystem}, language = {en} } @article{KoenningWestnerStrahringer, author = {K{\"o}nning, Michael and Westner, Markus and Strahringer, Susanne}, title = {A Systematic Review of Recent Developments in IT Outsourcing Research}, series = {Information Systems Management}, volume = {36}, journal = {Information Systems Management}, number = {1}, publisher = {Taylor \& Francis}, pages = {78 -- 96}, abstract = {Incomplete conceptualization of the information technology outsourcing (ITO) literature represents a challenge for navigating extant research and engaging into purposeful academic discourse. We extend the analysis of empirical findings on determinants of ITO decisions, outcomes, and governance. We identify increasing levels of research maturity, analyze effects of 38 new independent variables, highlight contradictory findings, and observe increasing interest in emerging topics such as innovation through ITO and multisourcing.}, subject = {Outsourcing}, language = {en} } @article{KobusWestnerStrahringer, author = {Kobus, J{\"o}rn and Westner, Markus and Strahringer, Susanne}, title = {Enabling digitization by implementing Lean IT}, series = {The TQM Journal}, volume = {30}, journal = {The TQM Journal}, number = {6}, publisher = {Emerald insight}, pages = {764 -- 778}, abstract = {Purpose With the rise of digitization, IT organizations are challenged to provide efficient service delivery and offer innovative digital solutions while maintaining a constant resource capacity. To address this challenge, some IT organizations have adopted Lean Management (LM). Although LM is a standard production mode in manufacturing, it is less familiar to IT organizations. The purpose of this paper is to identify 12 lessons learned from companies who implemented LM in their IT organization (Lean IT) to free up their IT resource capacity from existing day-to-day operations so they could use it to enable their digitization strategy. Design/methodology/approach A case study of two major international companies from different industries. Data were collected from 25 structured interviews. Findings The lessons learned provide insights into how these companies implemented Lean IT, the potential outcomes they aimed for, what they did to achieve those outcomes, how they facilitated the implementation of Lean IT, and restrictions they encountered during the implementation. Research limitations/implications The findings are based on a limited range of IT organizations. Practical implications The lessons learned inform those implementing Lean IT because they explain how companies have implemented Lean IT to facilitate digitization and the benefits and pitfalls they encountered. A comparison of Lean IT and Lean Production shows that LM is transferable to IT organizations if domain specific requirements are respected. Originality/value This paper reports the unique experience of companies implementing Lean IT, which can inform other companies in a similar situation.}, subject = {Unternehmen}, language = {en} } @article{KopperWestnerStrahringer, author = {Kopper, Andreas and Westner, Markus and Strahringer, Susanne}, title = {Kontrollierte Nutzung von Schatten-IT}, series = {HMD Praxis der Wirtschaftsinformatik}, volume = {54}, journal = {HMD Praxis der Wirtschaftsinformatik}, publisher = {Springer}, doi = {10.1365/s40702-016-0286-x}, pages = {97 -- 110}, abstract = {Basierend auf einer systematischen und umfangreichen Analyse von Praxisbeitr{\"a}gen zum Thema Schatten-IT, die zwischen September 2015 und August 2016 erschienen sind, beschreibt der vorliegende Artikel Governance-Aspekte zu diesem Ph{\"a}nomen. Er erg{\"a}nzt damit vorhergehende akademische Studien. Es zeigt sich, dass unter Praktikern der Eindruck vorherrscht, dass IT-Abteilungen unter zunehmendem Druck stehen, schneller auf sich {\"a}ndernde Anforderungen aus den Fachbereichen reagieren zu m{\"u}ssen. K{\"o}nnen IT-Abteilungen diesen Erwartungen nicht entsprechen, beschaffen sich Fachbereiche und Nutzer selbst L{\"o}sungen in Form von Schatten-IT. Als m{\"o}gliche Antwort darauf kann sich die IT-Abteilung agiler organisieren und die IT-Architektur im Unternehmen modernisieren. Eine weitere M{\"o}glichkeit besteht darin, sich das innovative Potenzial von Schatten-IT zunutze zu machen und deren Umsetzung aktiv durch organisatorische und technische Maßnahmen zu unterst{\"u}tzen. IT-Sicherheitsmanagement und technische Schutzmechanismen k{\"o}nnen helfen, die so entstandenen L{\"o}sungen abzusichern und die Risiken zu minimieren. Nach vorherrschender Ansicht entwickelt sich die IT-Abteilung als Konsequenz aus all diesen Maßnahmen zu einem nutzerorientierten, internen Service-Provider und strategischen Partner f{\"u}r die Fachbereiche.}, subject = {IT-Abteilung}, language = {de} } @article{KobusWestnerStrahringer, author = {Kobus, J{\"o}rn and Westner, Markus and Strahringer, Susanne}, title = {Einf{\"u}hrung von Lean Management in IT-Organisationen}, series = {HMD Praxis der Wirtschaftsinformatik}, volume = {53}, journal = {HMD Praxis der Wirtschaftsinformatik}, number = {6}, pages = {879 -- 893}, abstract = {In der Produktion gilt „Lean Management" als einer der de-facto Standardmanagementans{\"a}tze. Lean Management in IT-Organisationen (Lean IT) ist dahingegen in der Praxis weniger verbreitet und in der Wissenschaft kaum erforscht. Dieser Beitrag aggregiert und erweitert die Ergebnisse mehrerer Forschungsarbeiten. Dabei werden vorrangig zwei Aspekte diskutiert: (1) Ein m{\"o}gliches Einf{\"u}hrungsmodell f{\"u}r Lean IT. Dieses verkn{\"u}pft f{\"u}nf Rollen (Sponsor, Programmleiter, Navigator, Linienf{\"u}hrungskraft und Linienexperte) mit vier Phasen (Vorbereitung, Analyse, Gestaltung und Implementierung). (2) Besondere Herausforderungen f{\"u}r Linienf{\"u}hrungskr{\"a}fte, die aufgrund der „bottom up"-Ausrichtung bei Lean-IT-Einf{\"u}hrungen stark gefordert werden. Neben einer klaren Vision f{\"u}r die Organisationseinheit und dem Verst{\"a}ndnis, an welcher Stelle Lean IT die Organisationseinheit konkret unterst{\"u}tzen kann, ben{\"o}tigen sie Offenheit, Ver{\"a}nderungswillen und die Bereitschaft Verantwortung an Mitarbeiter zu delegieren. Außerdem sollten sie {\"u}ber ein ausreichendes Zeitbudget f{\"u}r die Einf{\"u}hrung verf{\"u}gen, um ihrer gestaltenden und qualit{\"a}tssichernden Funktion nachkommen zu k{\"o}nnen.}, subject = {Betriebliches Informationssystem}, language = {de} } @article{StrasserWestner, author = {Strasser, Artur and Westner, Markus}, title = {Information systems offshoring}, series = {Journal of Information Technology Management}, volume = {26}, journal = {Journal of Information Technology Management}, number = {2}, pages = {70 -- 142}, abstract = {An increasing amount of IS offshoring research has been published during the last four years. This paper presents a comprehensive view of the field of study from a managerial point of view. It provides a consolidated view of the field of study between 2010 and 2013 based on a manual search comprising 69 selected journals and 9 conferences, as well as a search using 6 journal databases. The literature review ensures continuity of research by connecting to a comprehensive literature analysis covering the years 1999 to 2009. This way it consolidates and critically reflects the state of the research of the last 14 years. Overall, we compiled 95 relevant publications originating from leading IS journals and IS conference proceedings. The results indicate that IS offshoring research is largely non-theory based, using almost entirely empirical data and interpretive research methods and -to a smaller extent -positivist research designs. The ISO research of the last 14 years focuses on the implementation stages "how" and "outcome" while the pre-implementation-stages "why", "what", and "which" are comparatively sparsely researched. Future studies should apply a more theory-driven approach with a greater attention on pre-implementation aspects of information systems offshoring. In addition, future research should investigate the special nature of near- and onshoring, captive offshoring as well asagile (project) management techniques suitable for ISO.}, subject = {Betriebliches Informationssystem}, language = {en} } @article{BaryWestner, author = {Bary, Benedikt von and Westner, Markus}, title = {Information Systems Backsourcing}, series = {Journal of Information Technology Management}, volume = {29}, journal = {Journal of Information Technology Management}, number = {1}, publisher = {University of Tehran}, pages = {62 -- 78}, abstract = {Information systems backsourcing describes the transferof previously outsourced activities, assets, or personnel back to the originating companyto regain ownership and control. While there is much research on information systems outsourcing, the topic of backsourcing information systemsis still an emerging research area. Therefore, ourpaper aims to explore and synthesizethe existing literature on information systemsbacksourcing, since there is no exhaustiveliteraturereview of the state of the research to our knowledge available yet. In this paper, wecreate a framework to structure the existing research along the overallbacksourcing process. We identifydifferent motivators, such asexpectation gaps, orinternal and external organizational changes, leading towards a backsourcing decision, and factors positively or negatively influencing this decision. Additionally, we derive implementation success factors based on the existing literature to guide companies through the backsourcing process.We also differentiate the term backsourcing from related, sometimes synonymously used terms, by emphasizing the change of ownership back to the company of originas the main criterion.Additionally, we discuss opportunities for future research in the field of information systems backsourcing.}, subject = {Betriebliches Informationssystem}, language = {en} } @article{KobusWestnerStrahringer, author = {Kobus, J{\"o}rn and Westner, Markus and Strahringer, Susanne}, title = {Change management lessons learned for Lean IT implementations}, series = {International Journal of Information Systems and Project Management}, volume = {5}, journal = {International Journal of Information Systems and Project Management}, number = {1}, pages = {47 -- 60}, abstract = {Lean Management is a standard production mode that has been familiar to production organizations for several decades. To date, however, academic literature has presented surprisingly little information about the application of Lean Management in Information Technology (IT) organizations, or what is called Lean IT. Drawing upon an empirical qualitative case study of the IT departments of two multinational companies, in this paper we identify change management lessons learned for Lean IT implementations, as well as seven characteristics of a corresponding change management approach. As an extension of our work, researchers should validate and expand our initial findings, preferably in a quantitative setting.}, subject = {Betriebliches Informationssystem}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{KoenningHeinrichLeyhetal., author = {K{\"o}nning, Michael and Heinrich, Kai and Leyh, Christian and Westner, Markus}, title = {A quantitative analysis of culture-induced differences in pivotal IT outsourcing contract features}, series = {Proceedings of the 27th European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS 2019): Stockholm \& Uppsala, Sweden, June 8-14}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 27th European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS 2019): Stockholm \& Uppsala, Sweden, June 8-14}, pages = {1 -- 15}, abstract = {More than 30 years after its first implementation, IT outsourcing (ITO) is unanimously considered a critical component of corporate strategy for private and public institutions alike. While implementations of ITO around the world share some common characteristics like typical reasons for outsourcing, key success factors, or dimensions along which they can be classified, extant research also points to regional differences. However, research on this topic, specifically regarding pivotal contract features like contract value, contract length, or pricing methods, is still in its infancy, and quantitative analyses on the subject are particularly scarce. We address this research gap by analyzing data on 14,917 ITO contracts closed between 2007 and 2017 through the lens of cultural regions and three statistical methods. The contribution of our paper is threefold. First, our descriptive analysis points to globally decreasing contract lengths and contract values, confirming previous studies and practice reports. Second, an ANOVA with independent post-hoc testing provides quantitative supportfor the degree of dissimilarity among individual regions in pivotal ITO contract features. Finally, our quantitative replication of a previous study identifies culture-induced regional differences between USA and Japan regarding the effect of influence factors on ITO contract features.}, subject = {Betriebliches Informationssytem}, language = {en} } @article{WestnerStrahringer, author = {Westner, Markus and Strahringer, Susanne}, title = {Determinants of success in IS offshoring projects}, series = {Information \& Management}, volume = {47}, journal = {Information \& Management}, number = {5-6}, pages = {291 -- 299}, abstract = {High labor cost in western countries allows cost savings by companies engaging in IS offshoring. However, studies worldwide indicate that a large number of companies that engaged in IS offshoring are not satisfied with the outcome. Our study examined the determinants of IS offshore project success: We developed a model and empirically tested it with data collected from 304 experts who reported on projects offshored from Germany to a wide range of near and distant countries. The model posited a direct effect of offshoring expertise and trust in offshore service provider (OSP) on success, as well as an indirect effect mediated by project suitability, knowledge transfer, and liaison quality. An analysis using partial least squares (PLSs) provided significant support for almost all these relationships. However, it showed that offshoring expertise played a minor role in explaining success and the mediating constructs. Trust in OSP had a small direct effect on success and a medium to large effect on the mediating constructs. Project suitability, knowledge transfer, and liaison quality all had small direct effects on success.}, subject = {Betriebliches Informationssystem}, language = {en} } @article{WestnerStrahringer, author = {Westner, Markus and Strahringer, Susanne}, title = {The current state of IS offshoring in Germany}, series = {Journal of Information Technology Management}, volume = {21}, journal = {Journal of Information Technology Management}, number = {1}, pages = {49 -- 70}, abstract = {This paper empirically examines the current state of the IS offshoring phenomenon in Germany regarding project characteristics and success patterns. Relying on a sample of 304 projects conducted at various industry sectors and companies, results show that IS offshoring primarily occurs in sectors Telecommunications and IT at large corporations. Cost reduction is the main reason for going offshore and offshore projects are executed as part of a larger program at companies. Noticeably, most projects are delivered from India. Additionally, neither captive offshoring nor offshore outsourcing dominates as a de-livery option. Comparing different project subgroups regarding project success, the results reveal that projects delivered by an internal or partially owned service provider are more successful. Other project characteristics such as a project's embedded-ness in a larger offshoring program, a project's size, or a project's offshoring degree in terms of relatively offshored labor hours show few significant differences. The paper addresses the paucity of empirical research on the current state of the IS offshoring phenomenon in Germany.}, subject = {Betriebliches Informationssystem}, language = {en} }