@inproceedings{ReindlLangerMeieretal., author = {Reindl, Andrea and Langer, Tobias and Meier, Hans and Niemetz, Michael}, title = {Comparative Reliability Analysis for Single and Dual CAN (FD) Systems}, series = {27th 2022 International Conference on Applied Electronics (AE): 6-7 September 2022, Pilsen, Czech Republic}, booktitle = {27th 2022 International Conference on Applied Electronics (AE): 6-7 September 2022, Pilsen, Czech Republic}, publisher = {IEEE}, isbn = {9781665494816}, doi = {10.1109/AE54730.2022.9920078}, pages = {1 -- 6}, abstract = {Modern cyber-physical systems, such as autonomous vehicles, advanced driver assistance systems, automation systems and battery management systems, result in extended communication requirements regarding the reliability and the availability. The Controller Area Network (CAN) is a broadcast-based protocol which is still used as a standard for serial communication between individual microcontrollers due to its reliability and low power consumption. In addition, it provides mechanisms for detecting transmission errors and retransmitting messages in the event of an error. The enhancement CAN Flexible Data-Rate (CAN FD) offers increased data rates and transmission rates in order to meet the data throughput requirements. In this paper, the mechanisms for reliable data transmission in a CAN FD network are analyzed. To improve reliability, a second identical CAN-FD network is added to the system, using the additional CAN interface already available on common microcontrollers. The redundant communication network is examined in terms of failure rates and the mean time to failure. The reliability over the operation time is calculated for the single and the redundant version of the CAN FD network using the failure rate limits of the ASIL levels.}, language = {en} } @article{Unold, author = {Unold, Heiko}, title = {„Analog Discovery 2" mobiles Praktikum OTH Regensburg}, series = {strategie digital. Magazin f{\"u}r Hochschulstrategien im digitalen Zeitalter}, journal = {strategie digital. Magazin f{\"u}r Hochschulstrategien im digitalen Zeitalter}, number = {Ausgabe \#05: Kooperative Curriculumentwicklung}, editor = {Hochschulforum Digitalisierung,}, issn = {2750-0993}, pages = {1}, abstract = {Allen Studierenden wird zu Beginn des zweiten Semesters ein elektronisches Experimentierset mit einem Analog Discovery als „mobiles Praktikum" f{\"u}r die gesamte Dauer des Studiums ausgeliehen. Im Rahmen der Lehrinnovationsprofessur (LIP) wird Material f{\"u}r m{\"o}glichst viele verschiedene Module des Studiengangs entwickelt, um Fachwissen praktisch erfahrbar zu machen und gleichzeitig die Module inhaltlich zu verkn{\"u}pfen.}, subject = {Elektroniktechnologie}, language = {de} } @article{LiLange, author = {Li, Liwen and Lange, Klaus W.}, title = {Planning Principles for Integrating Community Empowerment into Zero-Net Carbon Transformation}, series = {smart cities}, volume = {2023}, journal = {smart cities}, number = {6}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, doi = {10.3390/smartcities6010006}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:898-opus4-57765}, pages = {100 -- 122}, abstract = {The adoption of the UN 2030 Agenda and the Sustainable Development Goals is a landmark in international sustainability politics. For example, Europe has set ambitious targets to achieve 100 climate-neutral and smart cities by 2030. However, numerous case studies from different countries have found that accelerating the transition to net-zero carbon emissions is easily hampered by the lack of a coherent systems framework, and that implementation gaps remain at the community level. These barriers are often due to a lack of an adequate end-user (i.e., household) input and early planning participation. This work therefore aims to improve on conventional planning methods that do not reflect innovative technologies with uncertainty and may not be applicable due to the lack of community empowerment, which is a dynamic learning and intervention opportunity for end-users at different planning stages (i.e., outreach, survey, planning, implementation, management, and maintenance). Using the lessons learned from participatory action research, whereby the author was involved as a project director throughout the planning and design process, we identified a six-step cycle principle. The steps are (1) collective action commitments, (2) local values and resource identification, (3) carbon footprint inventory, (4) optimized integration of environment, economy, and energy action plans, (5) Flexible strategic energy system plans, and (6) digital performance monitoring. Ultimately, the outcomes provide application support for policymakers and planners and stimulate community engagement to contribute to the achievement of zero net carbon emissions.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{BockMottokKoehler, author = {Bock, T. and Mottok, J{\"u}rgen and K{\"o}hler, Thorsten}, title = {A gesture-based human-machine interface using stereoscopic depth images}, series = {2nd Applied Research Conference 2012 (ARC 2012), 25./26. June 2012, Nuremberg}, booktitle = {2nd Applied Research Conference 2012 (ARC 2012), 25./26. June 2012, Nuremberg}, editor = {Mottok, J{\"u}rgen and Ziemann, Olaf}, publisher = {Shaker}, address = {Aachen}, pages = {166 -- 169}, abstract = {Reasonable integration of gesture-based automotive HMI-functionality offers potential safety benefits by reducing driver distractions and glance times to operate tertiary in-car devices. Stereo camera systems are a well investigated choice to perform the task of generating depth data for spatial gesture recognition. This paper describes the functionality of our stereo vision software, which is intended for application in a target system based on CMOS wafer-level cameras. The retrieved point cloud data was passed to a gesture-based sample application.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{MaierMottok, author = {Maier, Robert and Mottok, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {BayesianSafety - an Open-Source Package for Causality-Guided, Multi-Model Safety Analysis}, series = {Computer Safety, Reliability, and Security, 41st International Conference (SAFECOMP 2022): Munich, Germany, September 6-9, 2022, Proceedings}, booktitle = {Computer Safety, Reliability, and Security, 41st International Conference (SAFECOMP 2022): Munich, Germany, September 6-9, 2022, Proceedings}, editor = {Trapp, Mario and Saglietti, Francesca and Spisl{\"a}nder, Marc and Bitsch, Friedemann}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, address = {Cham}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-031-14835-4_2}, pages = {17 -- 30}, abstract = {Development and verification of modern, dependable automotive systems require appropriate modelling approaches. Classic automotive safety is described by the normative regulations ISO 26262, its relative ISO/PAS 21448, and their respective methodologies. In recent publications, an emerging demand to combine environmental influences, machine learning, or reasoning under uncertainty with standard-compliant analysis techniques can be noticed. Therefore, adapting established methods like FTA and proper tool support is necessary. We argue that Bayesian Networks (BNs) can be used as a central component to address and merge these demands. In this paper, we present our Open-Source Python package BayesianSafety. First, we review how BNs relate to data-driven methods, model-to-model transformations, and causal reasoning. Together with FTA and ETA, these models form the core functionality of our software. After describing currently implemented features and possibilities of combining individual modelling approaches, we provide an informal view of the tool's architecture and of the resulting software ecosystem. By comparing selected publicly available safety and reliability analysis libraries, we outline that many relevant methodologies yield specialized implementations. Finally, we show that there is a demand for a flexible, unifying analysis tool that allows researching system safety by using multi-model and multi-domain approaches.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{MaierGrabingerUrlhartetal., author = {Maier, Robert and Grabinger, Lisa and Urlhart, David and Mottok, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Towards Causal Model-Based Engineering in Automotive System Safety}, series = {Model-Based Safety and Assessment, 8th International Symposium, IMBSA 2022: Munich, Germany, September 5-7, 2022, Proceedings}, booktitle = {Model-Based Safety and Assessment, 8th International Symposium, IMBSA 2022: Munich, Germany, September 5-7, 2022, Proceedings}, editor = {Seguin, Christel and Zeller, Marc and Prosvirnova, Tatiana}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, address = {Cham}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-031-15842-1_9}, pages = {116 -- 129}, abstract = {Engineering is based on the understanding of causes and effects. Thus, causality should also guide the safety assessment of complex systems such as autonomous driving cars. To ensure the safety of the intended functionality of these systems, normative regulations like ISO 21448 recommend scenario-based testing. An important task here is to identify critical scenarios, so-called edge and corner cases. Data-driven approaches to this task (e.g. based on machine learning) cannot adequately address a constantly changing operational design domain. Model-based approaches offer a remedy - they allow including different sources of knowledge (e.g. data, human experts) into safety considerations. With this paper, we outline a novel approach for ensuring automotive system safety. We propose to use structural causal models as a probabilistic modelling language to combine knowledge about an open-context environment from different sources. Based on these models, we investigate parameter configurations that are candidates for critical scenarios. In this paper, we first discuss some aspects of scenario-based testing. We then provide an informal introduction to causal models and relate their development lifecycle to the established V-model. Finally, we outline a generic workflow for using causal models to identify critical scenarios and highlight some challenges that arise in the process.}, language = {en} } @article{MaierGrabingerUrlhartetal., author = {Maier, Robert and Grabinger, Lisa and Urlhart, David and Mottok, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Causal Models to Support Scenario-Based Testing of ADAS}, series = {IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems}, journal = {IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems}, publisher = {IEEE}, issn = {1524-9050}, doi = {10.1109/TITS.2023.3317475}, pages = {1 -- 17}, abstract = {In modern vehicles, system complexity and technical capabilities are constantly growing. As a result, manufacturers and regulators are both increasingly challenged to ensure the reliability, safety, and intended behavior of these systems. With current methodologies, it is difficult to address the various interactions between vehicle components and environmental factors. However, model-based engineering offers a solution by allowing to abstract reality and enhancing communication among engineers and stakeholders. Applying this method requires a model format that is machine-processable, human-understandable, and mathematically sound. In addition, the model format needs to support probabilistic reasoning to account for incomplete data and knowledge about a problem domain. We propose structural causal models as a suitable framework for addressing these demands. In this article, we show how to combine data from different sources into an inferable causal model for an advanced driver-assistance system. We then consider the developed causal model for scenario-based testing to illustrate how a model-based approach can improve industrial system development processes. We conclude this paper by discussing the ongoing challenges to our approach and provide pointers for future work.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{MaierMottok, author = {Maier, Robert and Mottok, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Causality and Functional Safety - How Causal Models Relate to the Automotive Standards ISO 26262, ISO/PAS 21448, and UL 4600}, series = {27th International Conference on Applied Electronics (AE): 06-07 September 2022, Pilsen, CZ}, booktitle = {27th International Conference on Applied Electronics (AE): 06-07 September 2022, Pilsen, CZ}, publisher = {IEEE}, doi = {10.1109/AE54730.2022.9920053}, pages = {6}, abstract = {With autonomous driving, the system complexity of vehicles will increase drastically. This requires new approaches to ensure system safety. Looking at standards like ISO 26262 or ISO/PAS 21448 and their suggested methodologies, an increasing trend in the recent literature can be noticed to incorporate uncertainty. Often this is done by using Bayesian Networks as a framework to enable probabilistic reasoning. These models can also be used to represent causal relationships. Many publications claim to model cause-effect relations, yet rarely give a formal introduction of the implications and resulting possibilities such an approach may have. This paper aims to link the domains of causal reasoning and automotive system safety by investigating relations between causal models and approaches like FMEA, FTA, or GSN. First, the famous "Ladder of Causation" and its implications on causality are reviewed. Next, we give an informal overview of common hazard and reliability analysis techniques and associate them with probabilistic models. Finally, we analyse a mixed-model methodology called Hybrid Causal Logic, extend its idea, and build the concept of a causal shell model of automotive system safety.}, language = {en} } @article{LohmeyerShamoninChamonineHertel, author = {Lohmeyer, Manfred and Shamonin (Chamonine), Mikhail and Hertel, Peter}, title = {Boundary conditions for the finite difference beam propagation method based on plane wave solutions of the Fresnel equation}, series = {IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics}, volume = {33}, journal = {IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics}, number = {2}, issn = {0018-9197}, doi = {10.1109/3.552269}, pages = {279 -- 286}, abstract = {Each particular implementation of the beam propagation method (BPM) requires a special procedure allowing for radiation to leave the computational window. We propose a new approach to constructing the finite difference schemes of the BPM at the boundary of the computational window. These schemes are independent of the computed fields and allow for a similar treatment of both interior and boundary points. The new approach can be further improved by correcting the field values at the boundary points according to Hadley's method. The algorithm is easy to implement for both two- and three-dimensional structures. The new method considerably reduces computation times because the propagation matrices remain constant in longitudinally invariant sections, thus avoiding repeated LU-decompositions. The basic idea-establishing the finite difference scheme such that locally exact, approximate, or plausible solutions are recovered-may be of interest for other efforts to solve partial differential equations by the finite difference method.}, language = {en} } @article{ShamoninChamonineLohmeyerHertel, author = {Shamonin (Chamonine), Mikhail and Lohmeyer, Manfred and Hertel, Peter}, title = {Analysis of power-dependent switching between radiatively coupled planar waveguides}, series = {Journal of Lightwave Technology}, volume = {15}, journal = {Journal of Lightwave Technology}, number = {6}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {New York}, doi = {10.1109/50.588671}, pages = {983 -- 989}, abstract = {Effective coupling between two remote optical waveguides without branching sections can be achieved in a three-guide system with multimode central waveguide. We investigate the nonlinear power switching of c.w. laser radiation by such radiatively coupled waveguides. It is shown that effective all-optical switches with spatially well separated input/output channels can be realized although the influence of multimode interference on the switching characteristics becomes more pronounced for increasing thickness of the central guide. Different coupling regimes are specified, and the changes in switching characteristics during the transformation from one regime to another is studied. Numerical calculations for the critical power are compared with an approximate analytical expression. It is also shown that, at a moderate input power, a small number of modes determines the switching behavior.}, language = {en} } @article{LohmeyerShamoninChamonineBahlmannetal., author = {Lohmeyer, Manfred and Shamonin (Chamonine), Mikhail and Bahlmann, N. and Hertel, Peter and Dotsch, H.}, title = {Radiatively Coupled Waveguide Concept for an Integrated Magneto-Optic Circulator}, series = {MRS Online Proceedings Library}, journal = {MRS Online Proceedings Library}, number = {517}, issn = {1946-4274}, doi = {10.1557/PROC-517-519}, pages = {519 -- 524}, abstract = {Three-guide couplers with multimode central waveguides allow for remote coupling between optical channels. A simple three mode approximation turns out to be sufficient for the description of the main features of the power transfer behavior. The specific form of the relevant modes suggests the design of integrated optical isolators and circulators based on magnetic garnet materials. These novel devices are superior to conventional nonreciprocal couplers with respect to the total length and admissible fabrication tolerances. We characterize the isolation performance and the transmission loss for the proposed devices by propagating mode simulations and estimate the influence of geometry parameter deviations.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{MonkmanDragoiEgersdoerferetal., author = {Monkman, Gareth J. and Dragoi, Daniel and Egersd{\"o}rfer, Stefan and F{\"u}chtmeier, Bernd and Nerlich, Michael}, title = {Der Roboter als Hilfsmittel in der Chirurgie // International Mechatronik Forum, Linz, October 2006}, series = {International Mechatronik Forum, Linz}, booktitle = {International Mechatronik Forum, Linz}, language = {de} }