@book{Westner, author = {Westner, Markus}, title = {IS offshoring}, publisher = {Gabler}, address = {Wiesbaden}, isbn = {978-3-8349-2046-1}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-8349-8407-4}, abstract = {Information systems (IS) offshoring describes the transfer of IS services to an offshoring service provider in a near or far away country. It has received growing attention in the past and there is a strong momentum in shifting IS services abroad. Markus Westner examines the IS offshoring phenomenon from the perspective of German companies. He first provides an overview of the current literature in the field of IS offshoring. Based on interviews with 47 industry experts, evaluation criteria for selecting projects for offshoring are identified. Finally, the author examines determinants of IS offshore project success in German companies based on a statistical analysis of 304 projects using structural equation modeling (PLS).}, subject = {Informationssystem}, language = {en} } @techreport{Westner, type = {Working Paper}, author = {Westner, Markus}, title = {Information systems offshoring}, address = {Dresden}, subject = {Informationstechnik}, language = {en} } @incollection{Westner, author = {Westner, Markus}, title = {{\"U}bersicht {\"u}ber aktuelle Weblog-Skripte und -Services}, series = {Weblogs professionell : Grundlagen, Konzepte und Praxis im unternehmerischen Umfeld}, booktitle = {Weblogs professionell : Grundlagen, Konzepte und Praxis im unternehmerischen Umfeld}, editor = {Picot, Arnold and Fischer, Tim}, isbn = {978-3898643757}, pages = {175 -- 190}, subject = {Kommunikation}, language = {de} } @article{StrahringerWestnerKobus, author = {Strahringer, Susanne and Westner, Markus and Kobus, J{\"o}rn}, title = {Lean IT}, series = {WISU - Das Wirtschaftsstudium}, journal = {WISU - Das Wirtschaftsstudium}, number = {1}, pages = {87 -- 92}, subject = {Informationstechnik}, language = {de} } @article{WestnerStrasser, author = {Westner, Markus and Strasser, Artur}, title = {IT-Offshoring}, series = {WISU - Das Wirtschaftsstudium}, journal = {WISU - Das Wirtschaftsstudium}, number = {5}, pages = {650 -- 652}, subject = {Informationsmanagement}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{WestnerStrahringer, author = {Westner, Markus and Strahringer, Susanne}, title = {Current state of IS offshoring research}, series = {M{\"a}ki{\"o}, Juho; Betz, Stefanie; Stephan, Rolf (Eds.): Offshoring of software development. Methods and tools for risk management. Karlsruhe: Universit{\"a}tsverlag Karlsruhe}, booktitle = {M{\"a}ki{\"o}, Juho; Betz, Stefanie; Stephan, Rolf (Eds.): Offshoring of software development. Methods and tools for risk management. Karlsruhe: Universit{\"a}tsverlag Karlsruhe}, pages = {7 -- 22}, abstract = {This paper empirically examines the current state of the IS offshoring phenomenon in Germany regarding project characteristics and success patterns. Relying on a sample of 304 projects conducted at various industry sectors and companies, results show that IS offshoring primarily occurs in sectors Telecommunications and IT at large corporations. Cost reduction is the main reason for going offshore and offshore projects are executed as part of a larger program at companies. Noticeably, most projects are delivered from India. Additionally, neither captive offshoring nor offshore outsourcing dominates as a de-livery option. Comparing different project subgroups regarding project success, the results reveal that projects delivered by an internal or partially owned service provider are more successful. Other project characteristics such as a project's embedded-ness in a larger offshoring program, a project's size, or a project's offshoring degree in terms of relatively offshored labor hours show few significant differences. The paper addresses the paucity of empirical research on the current state of the IS offshoring phenomenon in Germany.}, subject = {Informationsmanagement}, language = {en} } @article{vonBaryWestnerStrahringer, author = {von Bary, Benedikt and Westner, Markus and Strahringer, Susanne}, title = {IT Backsourcing}, series = {International Journal of IT/Business Alignment and Governance}, volume = {10}, journal = {International Journal of IT/Business Alignment and Governance}, number = {2}, publisher = {IGI Global}, doi = {10.4018/IJITBAG.2019070102}, pages = {15}, abstract = {With the growing importance of IT as competitive advantage, companies aim to increase their digital transformation activities. Consequently, companies are also revisiting their existing IT sourcing arrangements. In the article at hand, the authors explore the concept of IT backsourcing by presenting the results from a quantitative online survey with global IT practitioners. The authors confirm that backsourcing is frequently applied in practice, with key reasons being dissatisfaction with service or relationship quality and higher than expected costs. Further, the authors identify IT services with an increased likelihood of being backsourced, e.g., application development or data center, and discuss the effect of a CIO change on the backsourcing decision. In addition, the authors show that there are differences in the perceptions on the antecedents and the results of backsourcing decisions between management and operational level. The authors conclude with practical implications for IT managers based on their findings.}, subject = {Outsourcing}, language = {en} } @article{KopperWestnerStrahringer, author = {Kopper, Andreas and Westner, Markus and Strahringer, Susanne}, title = {From Shadow IT to Business-managed IT: A qualitative comparative analysis to determine configurations for successful management of IT by business entities}, series = {Information Systems and e-Business Management}, volume = {18}, journal = {Information Systems and e-Business Management}, number = {2}, doi = {10.1007/s10257-020-00472-6}, pages = {209 -- 257}, abstract = {Shadow IT describes covert/hidden IT systems that are managed by business entities themselves. Additionally, there are also overt forms in practice, so-called Business-managed IT, which share most of the characteristics of Shadow IT. To better understand this phenomenon, we interviewed 29 executive IT managers about positive and negative cases of Shadow IT and Business-managed IT. By applying qualitative comparative analysis (QCA), we derived four conditions that characterize these cases: Aligned, local, simple, and volatile. The results show that there are three sufficient configurations of conditions that lead to a positive outcome; one of them even encompasses Shadow IT. The most important solution indicates that IT systems managed by business entities are viewed as being positive if they are aligned with the IT department and limited to local requirements. This allows to balance local responsiveness to changing requirements and global standardization. In contrast, IT systems that are not aligned and permanent (and either organization-wide or simple) are consistently considered as negative. Our study is the first empirical quantitative-qualitative study to shed light on the success and failure of Shadow IT and Business-managed IT.}, subject = {Informationsmanagement}, language = {en} } @article{vonBaryWestnerStrahringer, author = {von Bary, Benedikt and Westner, Markus and Strahringer, Susanne}, title = {IT-Backsourcing}, series = {HMD Praxis der Wirtschaftsinformatik}, volume = {57}, journal = {HMD Praxis der Wirtschaftsinformatik}, number = {4}, publisher = {Springer}, doi = {10.1365/s40702-020-00591-1}, pages = {849 -- 865}, abstract = {IT-Backsourcing bezeichnet die Re-Integration vormals outgesourcter IT-Services zur{\"u}ck zum auslagernden Unternehmen. Die vorliegende Studie stellt die Ergebnisse einer Umfrage unter IT-Managern zu Einflussfaktoren von IT-Backsourcing-Entscheidungen vor. Es l{\"a}sst sich feststellen, dass IT-Backsourcing von Unternehmen in unterschiedlichen Branchen und f{\"u}r eine Vielzahl an unterschiedlichen IT-Services, wie z. B. Applikationsentwicklung oder Infrastruktur-Leistungen, durchgef{\"u}hrt wird. Hauptgr{\"u}nde f{\"u}r die Entscheidung f{\"u}r ein IT-Backsourcing sind mangelnde Qualit{\"a}t, hohe Kosten sowie eine schlechte Beziehung zum IT-Dienstleister. Die Ergebnisse der Umfrage zeigen, dass diejenigen Unternehmen, die sich f{\"u}r ein Backsourcing entschieden haben, nach der Entscheidung insgesamt zufriedener waren als diejenigen, die in einer Outsourcing-Beziehung geblieben sind. Zudem werden verschiedene Handlungsempfehlungen f{\"u}r IT-Manager aufgezeigt. Zur Ausarbeitung einer zukunftsorientieren IT-Sourcing-Strategie empfiehlt es sich, eine service-spezifische Sourcing-Strategie zu verfolgen und entsprechend spezialisierte Dienstleister einzusetzen. Im Falle einer Entscheidung f{\"u}r ein IT-Backsourcing sollten verschiedene Erfolgsfaktoren beachtetet werden, wie z. B. eine fr{\"u}hzeitige Neubesetzung von Schl{\"u}sselstellen sowie ein l{\"u}ckenloser Wissenstransfer.}, subject = {Betriebliches Informationssystem}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{BrosigWestnerStrahringer, author = {Brosig, Christoph and Westner, Markus and Strahringer, Susanne}, title = {Revisiting the Concept of IT Capabilities in the Era of Digitalization}, series = {2020 IEEE 22nd Conference on Business Informatics (CBI 2020): Antwerp, Belgium, 22-24 June 2020, proceedings}, booktitle = {2020 IEEE 22nd Conference on Business Informatics (CBI 2020): Antwerp, Belgium, 22-24 June 2020, proceedings}, publisher = {IEEE}, doi = {10.1109/CBI49978.2020.00017}, pages = {84 -- 93}, abstract = {In the era of digitalization, companies review how to build competitive advantage drawing on their capabilities. In this context, the paper revisits the concept of IT capabilities. We summarize the "canonical" body of literature to characterize how leading scholars conceptualized and differentiated IT capabilities and then we show how new types of IT capabilities (for example, rising from SMACIT technologies) relate to this. We find that the resource-based view is still leading in how to conceptualize IT capabilities. However, an alternative perspective on IT assets is emerging, looking at it from the angle of digital technologies as stacks. Digital technologies form the foundation for a new technology-driven perspective on IT capabilities. This new view complements the established differentiation of IT capabilities considering IT infrastructure flexibility, IT management, and IT personnel capability. Both perspectives describe the explorative and exploitative nature of IT capabilities. This paper helps scholars and practitioners to clearly distinguish different perspectives of IT capabilities on how to build a competitive advantage from IT today.}, subject = {Informationstechnik}, language = {en} } @article{HillebrandWestner, author = {Hillebrand, Patrick and Westner, Markus}, title = {Success factors of long-term CIOs}, series = {Information Systems and e-Business Management}, volume = {20}, journal = {Information Systems and e-Business Management}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, doi = {10.1007/s10257-021-00546-z}, pages = {79 -- 122}, abstract = {Although the average tenure of CIOs has increased over the last years, the majority of CIOs have been in their positions for only three years or less. Nevertheless, some CIOs have been successful in their position for a long time. In this study, we use tenure as a proxy for success as a CIO. The goal of this paper is to examine factors that are critical to the success of long-term CIOs. For this purpose, we created and analyzed resumes of 384 CIOs. Out of these 384, we conducted 19 interviews with CIOs from top-tier companies and collected and analyzed both qualitative and quantitative data. In the process, we were able to identify nine factors that are critical for the success (CSF) of CIOs. These factors fall into three categories. Category "Personality" includes "Accepting and embracing change" (CSF \#1), "Being perseverant to pursue long-term goals" (CSF \#2), "Anticipating the future through visionary thinking" (CSF \#3), and "Being empathetic to deal with uncertainty felt by co-workers" (CSF \#4). The "Role Fulfilment" category includes "Cross-functional involvement and integration of the IT organization" (CSF \#5), "Positioning and restructuring of the IT organization" (CSF \#6), and "Well-connected and communicative leadership" (CSF \#7). The "Organizational Environment" category consists of "Availability of skilled workforce" (CSF \#8) and "Reporting line to the CEO" (CSF \#9). CSFs 1, 2, and 3 were perceived as most important by the participating CIOs. The results may be of particular interest both to aspiring CIOs and equally their employing organizations, as they reflect what long-term CIOs value during their time in office.}, language = {en} } @article{WulfWestnerStrahringer, author = {Wulf, Frederik and Westner, Markus and Strahringer, Susanne}, title = {Cloud Computing Adoption: A Literature Review on What Is New and What We Still Need to Address}, series = {Communications of the Association for Information Systems}, volume = {48}, journal = {Communications of the Association for Information Systems}, number = {1}, publisher = {Association for Information Systems, AIS}, issn = {1529-3181}, doi = {10.17705/1CAIS.04843}, pages = {523 -- 561}, abstract = {Research on cloud computing (CC) recently emerged congruently with the technology's importance for organizations at a fast pace. This makes it difficult for practitioners to obtain a consolidated overview of what determines CC adoption based on the numerous papers in this regard. Moreover, for further research in the field to add value, it is necessary to identify what still needs to be addressed. In this vein, we conducted a descriptive review of 39 papers, integrating the results of a previous review on 23 papers from 2014, to compare findings across studies. We identify 44 determinant factors that exhibit consistent directional influence on the dependent meta-variable "CC adoption", extending previous literature reviews with regard to asset, client, and environmental characteristics. We then critically reviewed the research landscape to identify what is there, and what is not yet covered: Future research should specifically regard the adoption of Infrastructure-, Platform-, and Everything-as-a-Service, private, hybrid, and multi-cloud deployment, investigate vendor, solution, and individual characteristics, analyzing information systems, or the decision-maker.}, subject = {Cloud Computing}, language = {en} } @article{WulfWestnerSchoenetal., author = {Wulf, Frederik and Westner, Markus and Sch{\"o}n, Maximilian and Strahringer, Susanne and Loebbecke, Claudia}, title = {Cloud-Computing-Nutzung bei der Continental AG}, series = {Wirtschaftsinformatik \& Management}, volume = {13}, journal = {Wirtschaftsinformatik \& Management}, number = {4}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, issn = {1867-5905}, doi = {10.1365/s35764-021-00342-x}, pages = {302 -- 309}, abstract = {Dieser Artikel richtet sich an IT-F{\"u}hrungskr{\"a}fte, die die Nutzung von Cloud Computing (CC) in ihren Unternehmen f{\"o}rdern wollen. Eine Fallstudie des Konzerns Continental AG zeigt, wie Continental CC in großem Maßstab f{\"u}r die Organisation nutzbar machte. Das Unternehmen ging dabei in drei Schritten vor: Nach einer Experimentierphase wurde der Einsatz zunehmend professionalisiert und CC abschließend umfangreich nutzbar gemacht. Hieraus k{\"o}nnen drei Hand-lungsempfehlungen f{\"u}r F{\"u}hrungskr{\"a}fte abgeleitet werden: (1) die CC-Strategie nach dem Delivery-Modell differenzieren, (2) in die Integration von Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS)- und Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS)-Anbietern investieren und (3) den Wissenstransfer innerhalb des Unternehmens f{\"o}rdern, um Ver{\"a}nderungen zu erm{\"o}glichen.}, subject = {Cloud Computing}, language = {de} } @article{KlotzKratzerWestneretal., author = {Klotz, Stefan and Kratzer, Simon and Westner, Markus and Strahringer, Susanne}, title = {Literary Sketches in Information Systems Research: Conceptualization and Guidance for Using Vignettes as a Narrative Form}, series = {Information Systems Management}, volume = {39}, journal = {Information Systems Management}, number = {4}, publisher = {Taylor\&Francis}, issn = {1934-8703}, doi = {10.1080/10580530.2021.1996661}, pages = {345 -- 362}, abstract = {This paper analyzes the usage of vignettes as a narrative form in information systems (IS) research. A review of 48 papers from IS top journals with 119 vignettes exposes the versatile usage of vignettes as a narrative form and shows their usefulness in research communication. The paper conceptualizes vignette usage through a taxonomy and archetypes. To support the future dissemination of this useful narrative technique, it further derives recommendations and guidance for scholars.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HassmannWestner, author = {Hassmann, Tobias and Westner, Markus}, title = {Conceptualizing sustainability in the context of ICT. A literature review analysis}, series = {Communication Papers of the 18th Conference on Computer Science and Intelligence Systems (FedCSIS 2023), Warsaw, Poland, 17-20 September, 2023}, booktitle = {Communication Papers of the 18th Conference on Computer Science and Intelligence Systems (FedCSIS 2023), Warsaw, Poland, 17-20 September, 2023}, editor = {Ganzha, M. and Maciaszek, L. and Paprzycki, M. and Ślęzak, D.}, publisher = {Warsaw University of Technology}, isbn = {978-83-967447-8-4}, issn = {2300-5963}, doi = {10.15439/2023F5720}, pages = {121 -- 129}, abstract = {This paper examines the conceptualization of sustainability in the context of information and communication technology (ICT) research. Through an inductive text analysis of sixteen literature reviews spanning from 2014 to 2023, key themes and concepts are identified, highlighting the complex relationship between ICT and sustainability. ICT is perceived both as an enabler and a problem for sustainability. Furthermore, the terminology and concept of sustainability in the context of ICT remain unclear. The emergence of digitalization as a novel socio-technical phenomenon poses additional challenges for conceptual alignment. While a holistic view of sustainability in ICT is desired, business and social implications receive less attention. The paper summarizes and discusses the developments in research on this topic over the past decade.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{WestnervonBaryStrahringer, author = {Westner, Markus and von Bary, Benedikt and Strahringer, Susanne}, title = {Do Researchers Investigate what Practitioners Deem Relevant? Gaps Between Research and Practice in the Field of Information Systems Backsourcing}, series = {20th IEEE International Conference on Business Informatics (CBI)}, booktitle = {20th IEEE International Conference on Business Informatics (CBI)}, publisher = {IEEE}, doi = {10.1109/CBI.2018.00014}, pages = {40 -- 49}, abstract = {There is a common understanding amongst academics that information systems (IS) research sometimes has limited relevance for practitioners. This can be explained by the fact that research lags behind the fast moving IS environment, has limited practical applicability and is hard to access. We have focused on the research area of IS backsourcing, and analyzed practitioner literature to increase our understanding of topics of interest for practitioners, to determine a potential gap between academic and practitioner literature, and to identify future research directions in this field. We observed that most publications are either news or background articles, focusing on describing backsourcing cases. Additionally, we identified four recurring themes, namely reasons for backsourcing, presentation of survey results, discussion of industry trends, and backsourcing success stories. The main reasons identified to trigger backsourcing decisions are cost savings, quality improvements, and increasing control and flexibility. By comparing our findings with academic literature on IS backsourcing, we conclude that generally both literature types cover similar topics. However, researchers have a more formulative or interpretive focus than the often descriptive practitioner literature. Academic literature also examines a broader range of topics, while practitioner literature has a narrower focus. Additionally, we observe one difference regarding applied terminology: while researchers employ the term backsourcing, practitioners mostly use back in-house or insourcing. Our paper contributes to facilitating the exchange between academics and practitioners, presents topics to consider when aiming to increase practical relevance and provides researchers with concrete directions for future research within the field of IS backsourcing.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{KopperFurstenauZimmermannetal., author = {Kopper, Andreas and Furstenau, Daniel and Zimmermann, Stephan and Rentrop, Christopher and Rothe, Hannes and Strahringer, Susanne and Westner, Markus}, title = {Business-managed IT: A conceptual framework and empirical illustration}, series = {26. European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS 2018), Protsmouth, UK}, booktitle = {26. European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS 2018), Protsmouth, UK}, abstract = {Research on Shadow IT is facing a conceptual dilemma in cases where previously "covert" systems developed by business entities (individual users, business workgroups, or business units) are integrated in the organizational IT management. These systems become visible, are therefore not "in the shadows" anymore, and subsequently do not fit to existing definitions of Shadow IT. Practice shows that some information systems share characteristics of Shadow IT, but are created openly in alignment with the IT department. This paper therefore proposes the term "Business- managed IT" to describe "overt" information systems developed or managed by business entities. We distinguish Business- managed IT from Shadow IT by illustrating case vignettes. Accordingly, our contribution is to suggest a concept and its delineation against other concepts. In this way, IS researchers interested in IT originated from or maintained by business entities can construct theories with a wider scope of application that are at the same time more specific to practical problems. In addition, value-laden terminology is complemented by a vocabulary that values potentially innovative developments by business entities more adequately. From a practical point of view, the distinction can be used to discuss the distribution of task responsibilities for information systems.}, language = {en} } @article{WestnerKratzerDrechsleretal., author = {Westner, Markus and Kratzer, Simon and Drechsler, Andreas and Strahringer, Susanne}, title = {The Fractional CIO in SMEs: conceptualization and research agenda}, series = {Information Systems and e-Business Management}, volume = {20}, journal = {Information Systems and e-Business Management}, publisher = {Springer}, doi = {10.1007/s10257-022-00557-4}, pages = {581 -- 611}, abstract = {We conceptualize the new phenomenon of the Fractional Chief InformationOfficer (CIO) as a part-time executive who usually works for more than one pri-marily small- to medium-sized enterprise (SME) and develop promising avenuesfor future research on Fractional CIOs. We conduct an empirical study by drawingon semi-structured interviews with 40 individuals from 10 different countries whooccupy a Fractional CIO role. We derive a definition for the Fractional CIO, dis-tinguish it from other forms of employment, and compare it with existing researchon CIO roles. Further, we find four salient engagement types of Fractional CIOsoffering value for SMEs in various situations: Strategic IT management, Restruc-turing, Rapid scaling, and Hands-on support. The results reveal similarities withexisting CIO roles as well as novel insights concerning the different engagementtypes. Lastly, we propose a research agenda for the Fractional CIO field, based onfour research themes derived from existing CIO research and insights from theinterviews.}, language = {en} } @article{BrosigStrahringerWestner, author = {Brosig, Christoph and Strahringer, Susanne and Westner, Markus}, title = {From selling machinery to hybrid offerings}, series = {International Journal of Information Systems and Project Management}, volume = {10}, journal = {International Journal of Information Systems and Project Management}, number = {3}, publisher = {SciKA}, issn = {2182-7788}, doi = {10.12821/ijispm100301}, pages = {5 -- 27}, abstract = {The transition towards services has been imperative for manufacturing firms for years. The change from a productoriented to a more service-dominant business model affects the organizational structure of firms. However, literature provides limited insights into how manufacturing firms organize themselves in this transition. Even though digital technologies are critical for the transition, it is unclear how to orchestrate digital and traditional Information Technology (IT) resources in manufacturing firms accordingly. We analyze the case of a typical manufacturing firm that has adjusted its structure to reorganize for solution offerings based on product, service, and digital components. Our results describe a hybrid organizational structure that splits front- and back-end units. The back-end units are split along solution components. Digital IT resources are internalized and governed decentrally, with traditional IT resources being outsourced and steered centrally. Our findings contribute to digital servitization research by clarifying the overarching as well as the digital and traditional IT-related organization for manufacturing firms.}, language = {en} } @article{WestnerFuhrmann, author = {Westner, Markus and Fuhrmann, Thomas}, title = {Internationale Gastdozierende virtuell und vor Ort}, series = {Die Neue Hochschule}, journal = {Die Neue Hochschule}, publisher = {hlb Hochschullehrerbund e.V.}, pages = {6}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{KaessGodefroidBorghoffetal., author = {K{\"a}ss, Sebastian and Godefroid, Marie and Borghoff, Vincent and Strahringer, Susanne and Westner, Markus and Plattfaut, Ralf}, title = {Towards a taxonomy of concepts describing IT outside the IT department}, series = {Australasian Conference on Information Systems 2021, Sydney}, booktitle = {Australasian Conference on Information Systems 2021, Sydney}, abstract = {Due to technological advances, IT is increasingly introduced and managed outside of (or even hidden from) an organisation's IT department. As a result, researchers and practitioners have created multiple concepts describing different facets and trends of this development. While the individual concepts typically focus on different aspects, there are overlaps between these concepts. This effect hampers research progress as it creates redundancies and separate streams of knowledge development. We propose a taxonomy of the concepts Lightweight IT, IT Consumerisation, Bring Your Own Device, Shadow IT, and Business-Managed IT to solve this research problem based on a systematic literature review. For this purpose, we derive characterising dimensions of each concept from existing studies and analyse literature according to the usage of terms. As a result, we can describe and delineate the concepts. Thus, we contribute a taxonomy of IT outside the IT department to improve the transfer of research results between research streams.}, language = {en} } @incollection{KopperStrahringerWestner, author = {Kopper, Andreas and Strahringer, Susanne and Westner, Markus}, title = {Kontrollierte Nutzung von Schatten-IT}, series = {IT-GRC-Management - Governance, Risk und Compliance}, booktitle = {IT-GRC-Management - Governance, Risk und Compliance}, publisher = {Springer Vieweg}, address = {Wiesbaden}, isbn = {978-3-658-20058-9}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-658-20059-6_9}, pages = {129 -- 150}, abstract = {Basierend auf einer systematischen und umfangreichen Analyse von Praxisbeitr{\"a}gen zum Thema Schatten-IT und einer Interviewstudie mit 16 IT-F{\"u}hrungskr{\"a}ften beschreibt der vorliegende Artikel Governance-Aspekte zu diesem Ph{\"a}nomen. Er erg{\"a}nzt damit vorhergehende akademische Studien. Es zeigt sich, dass unter Praktikern der Eindruck vorherrscht, dass IT-Abteilungen unter zunehmendem Druck stehen, schneller auf sich {\"a}ndernde Anforderungen aus den Fachbereichen reagieren zu m{\"u}ssen. K{\"o}nnen IT-Abteilungen diesen Erwartungen nicht entsprechen, beschaffen sich Fachbereiche und Nutzer selbst L{\"o}sungen in Form von Schatten-IT. Als m{\"o}gliche Antwort darauf kann sich die IT-Abteilung agiler organisieren und die IT-Architektur im Unternehmen modernisieren. Eine weitere M{\"o}glichkeit besteht darin, sich das innovative Potenzial von Schatten-IT zunutze zu machen und deren Umsetzung aktiv durch organisatorische und technische Maßnahmen zu unterst{\"u}tzen. IT-Sicherheitsmanagement und technische Schutzmechanismen k{\"o}nnen helfen, die so entstandenen L{\"o}sungen abzusichern und die Risiken zu minimieren. Die IT-Abteilung k{\"o}nnte sich als Konsequenz aus all diesen Maßnahmen zu einem nutzerorientierten, internen Service-Provider und strategischen Partner f{\"u}r die Fachbereiche entwickeln.}, language = {de} } @article{KratzerStrahringerWestner, author = {Kratzer, Simon and Strahringer, Susanne and Westner, Markus}, title = {Der Chief Information Officer als Forschungsgegenstand: Ein Blick zur{\"u}ck auf vier Jahrzehnte Forschung und ein Ausblick auf zuk{\"u}nftige Perspektiven}, series = {HMD Praxis der Wirtschaftsinformatik}, volume = {59}, journal = {HMD Praxis der Wirtschaftsinformatik}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, doi = {10.1365/s40702-022-00878-5}, pages = {721 -- 740}, abstract = {Trotz der Relevanz und des Reifegrads des Forschungsbereichs Chief Information Officer (CIO) gibt es nur wenige Studien, die den aktuellen Wissensstand objektiv und umf{\"a}nglich zusammenfassen. Die vorliegende Arbeit schließt diese Forschungsl{\"u}cke und pr{\"a}sentiert eine umfassende Literatur{\"u}bersicht {\"u}ber das CIO-Forschungsfeld unter Verwendung der Hauptpfadanalyse. Anhand einer quantitativen und qualitativen Analyse von 438 Forschungsbeitr{\"a}gen werden die zentralen Arbeiten in der CIO-Forschung und verschiedene Forschungsrichtungen identifiziert. Es zeigt sich, dass sowohl etablierte Forschungsrichtungen, wie z. B. ‚Entwicklung der CIO-Rolle' und ‚Hierarchische Position und Beziehungen des CIOs', als auch neu entstehende Forschungsrichtungen, wie z. B. ‚CIO als Business Enabler', wachsende Aufmerksamkeit auf sich ziehen. Auf der Grundlage der Ergebnisse werden vielversprechende weitere Wege auf dem Gebiet der CIO-Forschung aufgezeigt, z. B. solche, die den Einfluss neuerer Technologien untersuchen.}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{BrosigBleyStrahringeretal., author = {Brosig, Christoph and Bley, Katja and Strahringer, Susanne and Westner, Markus}, title = {The Missing Piece - Calibration of Qualitative Data for Qualitative Comparative Analyses in IS Research}, series = {Thirtieth European Conference on Information Systems, New Horizons in Digitally United Societies (ECIS 2022): 18. - 24.06.2022, Timisoara, Romania}, booktitle = {Thirtieth European Conference on Information Systems, New Horizons in Digitally United Societies (ECIS 2022): 18. - 24.06.2022, Timisoara, Romania}, publisher = {Association for Information Systems}, pages = {1 -- 16}, abstract = {Over the last years, configurational research has become increasingly popular in the Information Systems (IS) discipline. Researchers value configurational methods like Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) as their application contributes to a better understanding of complex phenomena. QCA helps to uncover interrelations of conditions that lead to an outcome, building on the principles of equifinality, conjunctural causation, and asymmetry. More recently, IS researchers have started to analyze qualitative data, like case study data, with QCA. However, there is a lack of methodological guidance on how to calibrate qualitative data into set membership values for QCA. Therefore, this paper structures methodological steps and the associated options to calibrate qualitative data from an interdisciplinary perspective and critically reviews the observed methodological choices in IS research. This paper also gives recommendations for calibrating qualitative data to support informed methodological choices for future research.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HeldWestner, author = {Held, Tobias and Westner, Markus}, title = {IT Business Value Measurement and Communication among German CIOs: A Conceptual Framework}, series = {2022 IEEE 24th Conference on Business Informatics (CBI): 15-17 June 2022, Amsterdam, Netherlands}, booktitle = {2022 IEEE 24th Conference on Business Informatics (CBI): 15-17 June 2022, Amsterdam, Netherlands}, publisher = {IEEE}, doi = {10.1109/CBI54897.2022.00023}, pages = {146 -- 155}, abstract = {This paper applies design science research methodology to iteratively develop a framework for measuring and communicating IT business value from a CIO perspective. The framework design is based on analysis and integration of literature combined with empirical findings. The framework was evaluated by CIO interviews and a practical feasibility study. The results show that IT business value can be measured and communicated using our framework by applying six consecutive process steps. Thereby, IT business value is not a single number but a set of quantitative and qualitative metrics relevant to stakeholders. Our framework represents a novel and integrated approach on how CIOs can select appropriate metrics, measure, and communicate IT business value to stakeholders. In addition, the paper provides insights for CIOs on how to be successful in IT business value management.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{KaessStrahringerWestner, author = {K{\"a}ss, Sebastian and Strahringer, Susanne and Westner, Markus}, title = {Drivers and Inhibitors of Low Code Development Platform Adoption}, series = {2022 IEEE 24th Conference on Business Informatics (CBI): 15.06. - 17.06.2022, Amsterdam}, booktitle = {2022 IEEE 24th Conference on Business Informatics (CBI): 15.06. - 17.06.2022, Amsterdam}, publisher = {IEEE}, doi = {10.1109/CBI54897.2022.00028}, pages = {196 -- 205}, abstract = {When done right, the use of low code development promises a significant competitive advantage in the software development process for organizations. Thus, multiple vendors have created low code development platforms to ease the use of low code development. However, current research on low code development platforms mainly focuses on the technological aspects of the platforms but not on their adoption. Hence, it remains unclear what drives and inhibits the adoption of low code development platforms. We conducted a literature review and identified thirteen factors that inhibit the adoption and seven factors that drive it. We structure these factors along with the diffusion of innovation framework that helps to disentangle drivers and inhibitors. As a result, we provide an initial explanation of the adoption of low code development platforms. Nevertheless, we conclude that existing research on the adoption of low code development platforms is not specific enough to understand the phenomenon substantially. Further, for some factors (e.g., cost), there is a disagreement in the academic literature on whether they are drivers or inhibitors. Hence, we identify gaps and derive avenues for future research.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HassmannWestner, author = {Hassmann, Tobias and Westner, Markus}, title = {Enhancing Expert Interviews: Insights from Information Systems and Digital Transformation Research}, series = {32nd International conference on information systems development (ISD 2024), August 26-28, 2024, Gdańsk, Poland}, booktitle = {32nd International conference on information systems development (ISD 2024), August 26-28, 2024, Gdańsk, Poland}, editor = {Marcinkowski, Bartosz and Przybyłek, Adam and Jarzębowicz, Aleksander and Iivari, Netta and Insfran, Emilio and Lang, Michael and Linger, Henry and Schneider, Christoph}, publisher = {AIS eLibrary}, isbn = {978-83-972632-0-8}, doi = {10.62036/ISD.2024.48}, abstract = {Expert interviews, a commonly employed qualitative data collection procedure in information systems (IS) research, lack consistent conceptualization. This paper aims to address this gap by providing a conceptual framework and comprehensive guidelines for a rigorous implementation of expert interviews, supported by real-world examples. After a systematic selection of method-relevant literature, a thematic analysis of twenty-eight articles, books, and book chapters is conducted to elicit the distinctive characteristics and rigorous conduct of expert interviews. Validation is provided by analyzing nineteen studies published in important IS outlets that use expert interviews. A particular focus is on a subset of five studies that cover digital transformation topics. The analysis reveals expert interviews' flexibility as data collection procedure and shows the wide range of application opportunities for IS researchers. Lastly, we discuss theoretical and practical implications of our findings to enhance the rigor, systematic use, and relevance of expert interviews in IS research.}, language = {en} } @article{HollerWestner, author = {Holler, Nathalie and Westner, Markus}, title = {Factors Influencing Cloud Computing Adoption in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises: A Systematic Review}, series = {Informatica}, volume = {49}, journal = {Informatica}, number = {1}, publisher = {Slovenian Association Informatika}, issn = {1854-3871}, doi = {10.31449/inf.v49i1.6971}, abstract = {This paper investigates the factors influencing cloud computing adoption in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) through a systematic literature review. The analysis identified twelve key factors influencing the adoption of cloud computing in SMEs. Based on the Technology-Organisation-Environment (TOE) model and the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), a conceptual framework was developed for future research. The most important factors are cost, organisational readiness, compatibility, relative advantage and top management support. Other influential factors include security, perceived usefulness, firm size, government support, perceived ease of use, vendor support and competitive pressure. The majority of studies were conducted in Asian countries, including developing countries, limiting the generalisability of the findings to SMEs in more developed economies. This research highlights the need for cloud computing solutions that not only reduce costs and ensure high levels of security and privacy, but are also easy to use and integrate. Further research is recommended to explore these factors within SMEs in more developed economies.}, language = {en} } @incollection{HassmannWestner, author = {Hassmann, Tobias and Westner, Markus}, title = {A Framework for Rigorous Execution and Presentation of Expert Interviews in IS and Digital Transformation Research}, series = {Advances in Information Systems Development: Exploring New Horizons and Opportunities}, booktitle = {Advances in Information Systems Development: Exploring New Horizons and Opportunities}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, address = {Cham}, isbn = {9783031878794}, issn = {2195-4968}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-031-87880-0_4}, pages = {63 -- 86}, abstract = {This article addresses the inconsistent conceptualization of expert interviews in information systems (IS) research by providing a structured framework for their rigorous execution and presentation. Through a thematic analysis of 28 method-relevant papers, key characteristics and good practices for executing expert interviews are identified. Additionally, 39 highly cited IS studies were reviewed to examine expert interview utilization in IS research and to identify good practices for presenting expert interview outcomes, which are further validated on nine digital transformation (DT) studies. Our findings highlight the adaptability and varied applications of expert interviews in IS research and offer recommendations to strengthen rigor in their preparation, execution, and presentation of outcomes. Theoretical and practical implications are provided to guide a more systematic and rigorous use of expert interviews in IS research.}, language = {en} } @article{StrasserStrahringerWestner, author = {Strasser, Artur and Strahringer, Susanne and Westner, Markus}, title = {Determinants of success and failure of knowledge transfer in information systems offshoring}, series = {International Journal of Information Technology and Management}, volume = {22}, journal = {International Journal of Information Technology and Management}, number = {1/2}, publisher = {Inderscience}, issn = {1741-5179}, doi = {10.1504/IJITM.2023.10055151}, abstract = {The transfer of knowledge from client to service provider poses major challenges in information systems (IS) offshoring projects. Knowledge transfer directly affects IS offshoring success. Therefore, associated challenges must be overcome. Our study examines the determinants of success and failure of knowledge transfer in IS offshoring projects based on a ranking-type Delphi study. We questioned 32 experts from Germany, each with more than ten years of experience in near- or offshore initiatives to seek a consensus among them. We identified 19 success and 20 failure determinants. These determinants are ranked in order of importance using best-worst scaling. Aspects of closer cooperation are critical for effective knowledge transfer. This includes regular collaboration, willingness to help and support, and mutual trust. In contrast, critical determinants of failure are concerned with fears and fluctuation of human resources. Hidden ambiguities or knowledge gaps, an unwillingness and disability to share knowledge, and high fluctuation of human resources negatively impact knowledge transfer.}, language = {en} } @article{KratzerWestnerStrahringer, author = {Kratzer, Simon and Westner, Markus and Strahringer, Susanne}, title = {Mehr als Vollzeit: Fractional CIOs in KMUs}, series = {HMD Praxis der Wirtschaftsinformatik}, journal = {HMD Praxis der Wirtschaftsinformatik}, publisher = {Springer}, issn = {2198-2775}, doi = {10.1365/s40702-023-01010-x}, pages = {23}, abstract = {Auch kleine und mittlere Unternehmen (KMUs) ben{\"o}tigen zunehmend ein effektives Informationstechnologie- (IT)-Management, um wettbewerbsf{\"a}hig zu bleiben. Im Vergleich zu großen Unternehmen verf{\"u}gen KMUs jedoch oft nicht {\"u}ber die Ressourcen, die Arbeitgeberattraktivit{\"a}t oder den Bedarf, um einen Chief Information Officer (CIO) in Vollzeit zu besch{\"a}ftigen. Um diese L{\"u}cke zu schließen, hat eine wachsende Zahl von Expertinnen und Experten weltweit damit begonnen, CIO-Dienste in Teilzeit anzubieten. Auf diese Weise erhalten KMUs Zugang zu erfahrenen und kompetenten IT-F{\"u}hrungskr{\"a}ften zu einem Bruchteil der Kosten und ohne langfristige Verpflichtungen. W{\"a}hrend diese so genannten „Fractional CIOs" in der Praxis bereits einen Mehrwert schaffen, gibt es noch kaum wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zu diesem neuen Ph{\"a}nomen. In einem gr{\"o}ßeren Forschungsprojekt mit insgesamt 62 Fractional CIOs aus 10 L{\"a}ndern wurden daher eine Definition, Typen verschiedenartiger Engagements und Erfolgsfaktoren abgeleitet. Die vorliegende Studie fasst die Ergebnisse zusammen und setzt sie in Bezug zum deutschen Markt, indem sie drei Fractional CIOs/CTOs aus Deutschland befragt. Es zeigt sich, dass die folgenden vier Engagement-Typen von Fractional CIOs f{\"u}r KMUs in verschiedenen Situationen von Nutzen sind: Strategisches IT-Management, Restrukturierung, Skalierung und Hands-on Support. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus zeigt die Studie, dass Vertrauen, die Unterst{\"u}tzung durch das Top-Management-Team und die Integrit{\"a}t des Fractional CIOs Schl{\"u}sselfaktoren f{\"u}r den Erfolg von Fractional CIO-Engagements sind. F{\"u}r den deutschen Markt werden die Ergebnisse durch drei befragte Fractional CIOs/CTOs weitgehend best{\"a}tigt. Die Fractional CIOs/CTOs k{\"o}nnen zwar keine genauen Gr{\"u}nde f{\"u}r die geringe Akzeptanz der Rolle nennen, betonen aber ihr Wertpotenzial f{\"u}r den deutschen Markt.}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{HillebrandWestner, author = {Hillebrand, Patrick and Westner, Markus}, title = {Tenure and Background of CIOs in Germany - Influencing Factors and International Comparison}, series = {Proceedings of the of the 18th Conference on Computer Science and Intelligence Systems (FedCSIS 2023), Warsaw, Poland, 17-20 September, 2023}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the of the 18th Conference on Computer Science and Intelligence Systems (FedCSIS 2023), Warsaw, Poland, 17-20 September, 2023}, publisher = {Warsaw University of Technology}, doi = {10.15439/2023F5836}, pages = {557 -- 566}, abstract = {The average tenure of Chief Information Officers (CIOs) has increased over the past few years. Nevertheless, the average tenure of CIOs is shorter than that of Chief Executive Officers (CEOs). While most studies on tenure and background are based on data from US IT executives, studies on German CIOs are missing. This study analyzes the tenure of German CIOs as a proxy for management effectiveness and how certain factors influence it. An original and unique dataset of 384 IT executives from German companies is examined. The data include the size and industry sector of the companies, educational and professional backgrounds of the CIOs, and the CIOs' reporting lines. Data were analyzed using the chi-square test and Fisher's exact test. The German CIOs had a median tenure of 4.0 years. However, if we examine executives who are currently in office and executives with a completed term of office separately , the median tenure differs. The results also show that German CIOs do not have shorter tenures than German CEOs. When compared with US CIOs, the results depend on the values selected for comparison. In addition, the analysis shows that neither the size and industry sector of the companies nor the educational and professional backgrounds of the CIOs and managers of the CIO reports have a statistically significant influence on the tenure of IT executives. The factors examined in this study can be considered as preconditions for the CIO position. In the future, factors that play a role during tenure should be examined.}, language = {en} } @article{WinklerWestner, author = {Winkler, Fabian and Westner, Markus}, title = {A Systematic Literature Review of DevOps Success Factors and Adoption Models}, series = {SOICT '23: Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on Information and Communication Technology. Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, 7-8 December 2023}, journal = {SOICT '23: Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on Information and Communication Technology. Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, 7-8 December 2023}, publisher = {ACM}, isbn = {979-8-4007-0891-6}, doi = {10.1145/3628797.3628883}, pages = {525 -- 532}, abstract = {This paper investigates DevOps adoption, emphasizing its cultural dimensions in the context of the information systems domain. Utilizing a robust systematic literature review methodology, we discerned nine salient success factors and delineated three stage models instrumental for a smooth transition into DevOps-centric projects. Despite the increasing breadth of research in the DevOps area, the absence of a consolidated definition remains a challenge, underscoring the importance of a unified interpretative framework. This research notably extends the current body of knowledge by focusing on the cultural dynamics of DevOps adoption. As a result, it offers a refined lens through which both practitioners involved in the adoption process and academic researchers can comprehend the nuances and implications of cultural shifts in the evolving landscape of DevOps within information systems.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HassmannWestner, author = {Hassmann, Tobias and Westner, Markus}, title = {IS executives and sustainability}, series = {26th International Conference on Business Informatics (CBI), 09-13 September 2024, Vienna, Austria}, booktitle = {26th International Conference on Business Informatics (CBI), 09-13 September 2024, Vienna, Austria}, publisher = {IEEE}, isbn = {979-8-3315-2909-3}, issn = {2378-1971}, doi = {10.1109/CBI62504.2024.00017}, pages = {1-10}, abstract = {The pressing global sustainability challenges, encapsulated in the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), require profound transformations across multiple levels. It is imperative for the Information Systems (IS) discipline to engage in addressing these challenges. This paper aims to contribute to this imperative through a scoping literature review, examining factors that enable IS executives to drive sustainability outcomes within organizations, utilizing the Input-Mediator-Outcome (IMO) framework. By analyzing 31 articles from important IS journals and conferences between 2008 and 2024, this review identifies key input factors for sustainability outcomes, such as individual IS executive inputs, the role of the Top Management Team (TMT) setting and organizational contexts, as well as external influences. In addition, it explores how team-specific processes can augment sustainability efforts. The paper concludes by proposing future research questions to address underrepresented SDGs, investigate external impact factors more thoroughly, and emphasize the role of individual IS executive inputs. These insights aspire to advance the understanding of IS executives' potential to influence sustainability in organizational settings.}, language = {en} } @article{KratzerWestnerStrahringer, author = {Kratzer, Simon and Westner, Markus and Strahringer, Susanne}, title = {Factors for Fractional CIO Engagement Success}, series = {Information \& Management}, volume = {60}, journal = {Information \& Management}, publisher = {Elsevier}, issn = {0378-7206}, doi = {10.1016/j.im.2023.103793}, abstract = {As small- to medium-sized enterprises struggle with IT management, an increasing number appoint Fractional CIOs, i.e., CIOs that work part-time for multiple organizations simultaneously. We use Q-methodology to empirically evaluate the relative importance of factors for Fractional CIO engagement success and find that trust, top management team support, and the Fractional CIO's integrity are most important. Further, we identify three groups of Fractional CIOs: Strategic IT Advisors, Full-ownership CIOs, and Change Agents. Our results guide organizations when hiring and working with Fractional CIOs and provide the basis for further research on Fractional CIO archetypes.As small- to medium-sized enterprises struggle with IT management, an increasing number appoint Fractional CIOs, i.e., CIOs that work part-time for multiple organizations simultaneously. We use Q-methodology to empirically evaluate the relative importance of factors for Fractional CIO engagement success and find that trust, top management team support, and the Fractional CIO's integrity are most important. Further, we identify three groups of Fractional CIOs: Strategic IT Advisors, Full-ownership CIOs, and Change Agents. Our results guide organizations when hiring and working with Fractional CIOs and provide the basis for further research on Fractional CIO archetypes.}, language = {en} } @article{KratzerWestnerStrahringer, author = {Kratzer, Simon and Westner, Markus and Strahringer, Susanne}, title = {Four Decades of Chief Information Officer Research}, series = {ACM SIGMIS Database: the DATABASE for Advances in Information Systems}, volume = {54}, journal = {ACM SIGMIS Database: the DATABASE for Advances in Information Systems}, number = {3}, publisher = {ACM}, doi = {10.1145/3614178.3614182}, pages = {37 -- 74}, abstract = {Despite the relevance and maturity of the Chief Information Officer (CIO) research field, no studies exist that exhaustively summarize the current body of knowledge, focusing on the development of the field over its entire timespan. The paper at hand addresses this research gap and presents an exhaustive literature review on the CIO research field using main path analysis. We identify the central papers in CIO research and eight main research streams by quantitatively and qualitatively analyzing 466 papers. We find that established research streams, e.g., 'Evolving role of the CIO' and 'CIO hierarchical position and relationships' as well as recently emerging research streams, e.g., 'CIO as business enabler' and 'CIOs and IT security,' draw growing attention. Based on our findings, we develop promising further avenues for research in the CIO field.}, subject = {Informationsmanager}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{SchrollWestner, author = {Schroll, Jonas and Westner, Markus}, title = {Relation between Edge Computing and the Internet of Things}, series = {2023 Portland International Conference on Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET), 23-27 July 2023, Monterrey, Mexico}, booktitle = {2023 Portland International Conference on Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET), 23-27 July 2023, Monterrey, Mexico}, publisher = {IEEE}, doi = {10.23919/PICMET59654.2023.10216820}, pages = {1 -- 9}, abstract = {The Internet of Things (IoT) is an emerging computing paradigm providing new approaches to collect and analyze environmental data. However, as specific challenges arose, the paradigm of Edge Computing with its potential solution capabilities came into place. The combination of both paradigms is currently highly discussed in industry and research. This paper aims to contribute to this field by conducting a systematic literature review to examine the differences and relation between IoT and Edge Computing on a meta-level. It first investigates conceptual backgrounds, use cases, and implementation types. After that, the differences between the paradigms are highlighted. It becomes clear that the significant distinction is in the architectural composition. However, the scientific consensus reveals that both paradigms have a common historical background, and Edge Computing is perceived as the next step in the evolution of IoT. Furthermore, Edge Computing-based systems can address common IoT challenges identified in the two paradigms' problem-solution space. Ultimately, there is a need for further research in security, edge intelligence, and standardization, with Edge Computing frameworks able to address these in practice.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HillebrandWestner, author = {Hillebrand, Patrick and Westner, Markus}, title = {Lean IT}, series = {2023 Portland International Conference on Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET), 23-27 July 2023, Monterrey, Mexico}, booktitle = {2023 Portland International Conference on Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET), 23-27 July 2023, Monterrey, Mexico}, publisher = {IEEE}, doi = {10.23919/PICMET59654.2023.10216855}, pages = {1 -- 11}, abstract = {Companies have applied Lean Management and its methods in their production functions for several decades. They also increasingly use Lean Management to improve service delivery, for example, in their IT organizations, which is referred to as "Lean IT". Lean IT finds widespread recognition in business practice, but corresponding academic research is still scarce. The paper at hand intends to shed light on the current perspectives of Lean IT from an academic point and a practitioner point of view. The paper applies an innovative quantitative approach of literature analysis using semantic entity annotator and a keyword analysis to systematically identify and compare topics academics and practitioners deem relevant in context of Lean IT. We analyze practitioner media and scholarly articles published from January 2014 to June 2019. The analysis shows that research does not seem to adequately address the topics that are highly relevant for practitioners when it comes to Lean IT, e.g., issues pertinent to Automation, DevOps, role of the CIO, IT Service Management or Scrum in context of Lean IT are under-researched. Our analysis further shows that interest in Lean IT as a field is rising in both groups. Our study can help to guide further research activities.}, language = {en} } @article{KratzerWestnerStrahringer, author = {Kratzer, Simon and Westner, Markus and Strahringer, Susanne}, title = {Traction with fraction: Strategic IS management in SMEs through Fractional CIOs}, series = {International Journal of Information Systems and Project Management}, volume = {12}, journal = {International Journal of Information Systems and Project Management}, number = {1}, issn = {2182-7788}, doi = {10.12821/ijispm120101}, pages = {5 -- 16}, abstract = {Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) increasingly need to manage nformation technology (IT) effectively in order to remain competitive. However, compared to larger organizations, SMEs often face challenges in terms of resources and employer attractiveness, and regularly do not have the need to employ a Chief Information Officer (CIO) on a full-time basis. To address this issue, a growing number of global experts have begun to provide CIO services on a part-time basis for multiple clients simultaneously. This approach allows SMEs to tap into the expertise of experienced IT leaders at a fraction of the cost and without committing to long-term arrangements. While these professionals, known as "Fractional CIOs", have proven their value in the field, there has been a lack of academic research on this emerging trend. Therefore, we carried out a comprehensive research project between 2020 and 2023, involving 62 Fractional CIOs from 10 countries. The research produced a definition, different types of engagements, and success factors for Fractional CIOs and their engagements. This paper summarizes these findings for a wider audience of academics and practitioners.}, language = {en} } @article{BrosigGraeubigStrahringeretal., author = {Brosig, Christoph and Gr{\"a}ubig, Dix M. and Strahringer, Susanne and Westner, Markus}, title = {Prerequisites and Causal Recipes for Manufacturers' IT-Enabled Service Innovation Success}, series = {Communications of the Association for Information Systems}, volume = {55}, journal = {Communications of the Association for Information Systems}, publisher = {Association for Information Systems, AIS}, issn = {1529-3181}, doi = {10.17705/1CAIS.05509}, pages = {205 -- 256}, abstract = {For manufacturing firms, success in innovating IT-enabled services is a critical antecedent to benefit from digital servitization of their business models. Digital servitization literature has explored mechanisms for success in innovating IT-enabled services, indicating that the phenomenon is multifaceted and needs to be explained from multiple theoretical perspectives. We derive a conceptual model for success in innovating IT-enabled services covering its multifaceted nature by referring to knowledge-based and organizational control theory. We test this model using qualitative cases of IT-enabled service innovation initiatives in manufacturing firms and use set-theoretic analyses to account for the multifaceted nature of the phenomenon. The necessary condition analysis yields that a certain degree of service innovation capabilities is a prerequisite for success. With the results of a qualitative comparative analysis, we obtain five solution terms as causal recipes for success in innovating IT-enabled services. Our results contribute to research by offering a theory-based approach that explains the multiplicity of success in IT-enabled service innovation. Practitioners benefit from our results by understanding prerequisites and causal recipes for success while learning from unsuccessful initiatives in innovating IT-enabled services of manufacturing firms. Our study is also an example of how to rigorously calibrate qualitative data using a structured approach.}, language = {en} } @article{KopperFuerstenauZimmermannetal., author = {Kopper, Andreas and F{\"u}rstenau, Daniel and Zimmermann, Stephan and Klotz, Stefan and Rentrop, Christopher and Rothe, Hannes and Strahringer, Susanne and Westner, Markus}, title = {Shadow IT and Business-Managed IT: A Conceptual Framework and Empirical Illustration}, series = {International Journal of IT/Business Alignment and Governance (IJITBAG)}, volume = {9}, journal = {International Journal of IT/Business Alignment and Governance (IJITBAG)}, number = {2}, publisher = {IGI Global}, doi = {10.4018/IJITBAG.2018070104}, pages = {53 -- 71}, abstract = {Research on Shadow IT is facing a conceptual dilemma in cases where previously "covert" systems developed by business entities are integrated in the organizational IT management. These systems become visible, are thus not "in the shadows" anymore, and subsequently do not fit to existing definitions of Shadow IT. Practice shows that some information systems share characteristics of Shadow IT but are created openly in alignment with the IT organization. This paper proposes the term "Business-managed IT" to describe "overt" information systems developed or managed by business entities and distinguishes it from Shadow IT by illustrating case vignettes. Accordingly,our contribution is to suggest a concept and its delineation against other concepts. In this way, IS researchers interested in IT originated from or maintained by business entities can construct theories with a wider scope of application that are at the same time more specific to practical problems. In addition, the terminology allows to value potentially innovative developments by business entities more adequately.}, subject = {Unternehmen}, language = {en} } @article{KaessStrahringerWestner, author = {K{\"a}ss, Sebastian and Strahringer, Susanne and Westner, Markus}, title = {A Multiple Mini Case Study on the Adoption of Low Code Development Platforms in Work Systems}, series = {IEEE Access}, journal = {IEEE Access}, publisher = {IEEE}, issn = {2169-3536}, doi = {10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3325092}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:898-opus4-65634}, pages = {118762 -- 118786}, abstract = {Although adopting Low Code Development Platforms (LCDPs) promises significant efficiency and effectiveness improvements for application development, its adoption still needs further empirical research. This paper uses a combinatorial approach to research LCDP adoption and presents the results of a multiple mini case study with 36 cases on LCDP adoption. A combination of the Socio-Technical Systems theory and the Technology-Organisational-Environment model is used as a theoretical lens. In this paper, we show that LCDP adoption is a multifaceted phenomenon and identify three archetypes for LCDP adoption (i.e., IT Resource Shortage Mitigators, Application Development Democratisers, and Synergy Realisers) and one archetype for LCDP non-adoption (i.e., Intricacy Adversaries). Each archetype can be interpreted as an individual path towards LCDP (non-)adoption. Based on these archetypes, we derive seven starting points for practitioners to adopt LCDPs in work systems. Moreover, by using the theoretical lenses, the paper shows that for an LCDP adoption to occur, an optimisation of the social and technical sub-systems is required.}, language = {en} } @article{KopperKlotzWestneretal., author = {Kopper, Andreas and Klotz, Stefan and Westner, Markus and Strahringer, Susanne}, title = {Shadow IT and Business-managed IT}, series = {Journal of Information Technology Management (JITM)}, volume = {30}, journal = {Journal of Information Technology Management (JITM)}, number = {4}, issn = {1042-1319}, pages = {25}, abstract = {Two concepts describe the autonomous deployment of IT by business entities: Shadow IT and Business-managed IT. Shadow IT is deployed covertly, that is, software, hardware, or IT services created/procured or managed by business entities without alignment with the IT organization. In contrast, Business-managed IT describes the overt deployment of IT, that is, in alignment with the IT organization or in a split responsibility model. The purpose of this paper is to extend the conceptual understanding of Shadow IT and Business-managed IT, comparing the perceptions of 29 CIOs and senior IT managers with the results of a systematic literature review. By doing so, this paper presents a structured and comprehensive view of causing factors, outcomes, and governance of Shadow IT and Business-managed IT in practice. A comparison of academic literature and practitioner perceptions reveals the limitations and gaps of the current research and highlights avenues for future research. The authors find three category-spanning themes occurring as causing factors, outcomes, and—as part of governance measures—factors to improve the IT organization: (1) (Poor) business-IT alignment (2) (lack of) agility, and (3) (lack of) policies. This study is innovative with its comprehensive qualitative interview data that the authors compare to the existing literature. Therefore, the paper brings together theoretical and practical insights into Shadow IT and Businessmanaged IT, which should aid practitioners and scholars in decision making and future research.}, subject = {Corporate Governance}, language = {en} } @article{KaessBrosigWestneretal., author = {K{\"a}ss, Sebastian and Brosig, Christoph and Westner, Markus and Strahringer, Susanne}, title = {Short and sweet: multiple mini case studies as a form of rigorous case study research}, series = {Information Systems and e-Business Management}, journal = {Information Systems and e-Business Management}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, doi = {10.1007/s10257-024-00674-2}, pages = {34}, abstract = {Case study research is one of the most widely used research methods in Information Systems (IS). In recent years, an increasing number of publications have used case studies with few sources of evidence, such as single interviews per case. While there is much methodological guidance on rigorously conducting multiple case studies, it remains unclear how researchers can achieve an acceptable level of rigour for this emerging type of multiple case study with few sources of evidence, i.e., multiple mini case studies. In this context, we synthesise methodological guidance for multiple case study research from a cross-disciplinary perspective to develop an analytical framework. Furthermore, we calibrate this analytical framework to multiple mini case studies by reviewing previous IS publications that use multiple mini case studies to provide guidelines to conduct multiple mini case studies rigorously. We also offer a conceptual definition of multiple mini case studies, distinguish them from other research approaches, and position multiple mini case studies as a pragmatic and rigorous approach to research emerging and innovative phenomena in IS.}, language = {en} } @article{KlotzKopperWestneretal., author = {Klotz, Stefan and Kopper, Andreas and Westner, Markus and Strahringer, Susanne}, title = {Von Schatten-IT zu Business-managed IT: Fachbereichs-IT gezielt gestalten}, series = {Wirtschaftsinformatik \& Management}, volume = {14}, journal = {Wirtschaftsinformatik \& Management}, number = {4}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, issn = {1867-5913}, doi = {10.1365/s35764-022-00421-7}, pages = {282 -- 287}, abstract = {Fachbereichs-IT, Schatten-IT, Business-managed IT. All diese Begriffe beschreiben IT, die neben den eigentlichen, regul{\"a}ren IT-Systemen oder -Prozessen in Unternehmen existieren und von Mitarbeiterinnen und Mitarbeitern der Fachbereiche genutzt werden. Im Fall von„Schatten-IT" handelt es sich um IT-Systeme und -Prozesse (IT-Instanzen), die sich ohne Kenntnis der IT-Verantwortlichen etabliert haben; im Fall von„Business-managed IT" entstehen die IT-Systeme und -Prozesse in Kenntnis der bzw. in Abstimmung mit den IT-Verantwortlichen im Unternehmen.„Fachbereichs-IT" subsumiert Schatten-IT und Business-managed IT. Welche Ursachen f{\"u}hren zu solchen IT-Instanzen, welche Potenziale und Risiken haben diese IT-Instanzen und wie lassen sie sich steuern?}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{KlotzWestnerStrahringer, author = {Klotz, Stefan and Westner, Markus and Strahringer, Susanne}, title = {From Shadow IT to Business-managed IT and Back Again}, series = {Pacific Asia Conference on Information Systems (PACIS): 2020, Dubai}, booktitle = {Pacific Asia Conference on Information Systems (PACIS): 2020, Dubai}, pages = {14}, abstract = {Today, information technology (IT) is not anymore solely deployed and maintained by the IT organization, but also by business units. IT deployed or managed by business units is called Shadow IT (without alignment with the IT organization) or Business-managed IT (in alignment or a split responsibility model with the IT organization), contrasting "classical" IT. However, the responsibility for deployed IT might change over time. Therefore, this paper conceptualizes the progression of the responsibility for IT as a trajectory through initialization, potential transitions, and discontinuance. The paper illustrates this conceptual framework using four exemplary case vignettes of IT instances. Empirical findings of the case vignettes determine indications when employees initialize an IT instance as Shadow IT, Business-managed IT, or IT-managed systems and reasons why the responsibility for an IT instance changes over time. The results suggest that scholars and practitioners should add a temporal dimension to the governance of IT instances.}, subject = {IT-Governance}, language = {en} } @article{KlotzKopperWestneretal., author = {Klotz, Stefan and Kopper, Andreas and Westner, Markus and Strahringer, Susanne}, title = {Causing factors, outcomes, and governance of Shadow IT and business-managed IT}, series = {International Journal of Information Systems and Project Management}, volume = {7}, journal = {International Journal of Information Systems and Project Management}, number = {1}, issn = {2182-7796}, doi = {10.12821/ijispm070102}, pages = {15 -- 43}, abstract = {Shadow IT and Business-managed IT describe the autonomous deployment/procurement or management of Information Technology (IT) instances, i.e., software, hardware, or IT services, by business entities. For Shadow IT, this happens covertly, i.e., without alignment with the IT organization; for Business-managed IT this happens overtly, i.e., in alignment with the IT organization or in a split responsibility model. We conduct a systematic literature review and structure the identified research themes in a framework of causing factors, outcomes, and governance. As causing factors, we identify enablers, motivators, and missing barriers. Outcomes can be benefits as well as risks/shortcomings of Shadow IT and Business-managed IT. Concerning governance, we distinguish two subcategories: general governance for Shadow IT and Business-managed IT and instance governance for overt Business-managed IT. Thus, a specific set of governance approaches exists for Business-managed IT that cannot be applied to Shadow IT due to its covert nature. Hence, we extend the existing conceptual understanding and allocate research themes to Shadow IT, Business-managed IT, or both concepts and particularly distinguish the governance of the two concepts. Besides, we find that governance themes have been the primary research focus since 2016, whereas older publications (until 2015) focused on causing factors.}, subject = {Betriebliches Informationssystem}, language = {en} } @article{KlotzWestnerStrahringer, author = {Klotz, Stefan and Westner, Markus and Strahringer, Susanne}, title = {Critical Success Factors of Business-managed IT: It Takes Two to Tango}, series = {Information Systems Management}, volume = {39}, journal = {Information Systems Management}, number = {3}, publisher = {Taylor\&Francis}, doi = {10.1080/10580530.2021.1938300}, pages = {220 -- 240}, abstract = {This paper identifies critical success factors of Business-managed IT based on case study results. Four groups of critical success factors emerge: (1) general approach to Business-managed IT/Business-managed IT strategy, (2) Business-managed IT project prerequisites/Business-managed IT team, (3) Business-managed IT project execution and outcome, and (4) information technology management for Business-managed IT. The results suggest that bilateral responsibility between the business unit and the IT organization is the most favorable governance option for Business-managed IT.}, subject = {Betriebliches Informationssystem}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{KlotzWestnerStrahringeretal., author = {Klotz, Stefan and Westner, Markus and Strahringer, Susanne and Schieder, Christian}, title = {Transformed Knowledge Sharing Through Business-managed IT and Shadow IT}, series = {Proceedings of the 25th Americas Conference on Information Systems (AMCIS 2019), Canc{\´u}n, Mexiko, August 15-17}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 25th Americas Conference on Information Systems (AMCIS 2019), Canc{\´u}n, Mexiko, August 15-17}, publisher = {AIS}, pages = {1 -- 10}, abstract = {Business-managed IT and Shadow IT describe the autonomous deployment/management of IT instances by business units. For the former, this happens in alignment with the IT organization of the enterprise, for the latter, without alignment. We analyze why and how Business-managed IT and Shadow IT transform knowledge sharing with two case studies drawing on the theoretical lens of the knowledge-based view. Several motivators lead to the autonomous implementation of knowledge management systems (KMSs), for example, shortcomings of existing systems. The implemented KMSs have multiple benefits for knowledge sharing, such as a reduction of knowledge sharing barriers. However, we notice that the Shadow IT KMS leads to challenges for cross-unit knowledge sharing due to the covert nature of Shadow IT. Based on the findings of our case studies, we develop a mid-range theory to explain the transformation of knowledge sharing in enterprises supported by Business-managed IT and Shadow IT.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{KoenningHeinrichLeyhetal., author = {K{\"o}nning, Michael and Heinrich, Kai and Leyh, Christian and Westner, Markus}, title = {A quantitative analysis of regional differences in pivotal IT outsourcing contract features}, series = {Proceedings of the 27th European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS), Stockholm \& Uppsala, Sweden, June 8-14, 2019 (ECIS 2019 proceedings)}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 27th European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS), Stockholm \& Uppsala, Sweden, June 8-14, 2019 (ECIS 2019 proceedings)}, publisher = {Association for Information Systems}, isbn = {978-1-7336325-0-8}, pages = {1 -- 15}, abstract = {More than 30 years after its first implementation, IT outsourcing (ITO) is unanimously considered a critical component of corporate strategy for private and public institutions alike. While implementations of ITO around the world share some common characteristics like typical reasons for outsourcing, key success factors, or dimensions along which they can be classified, extant research also points to regional differences. However, research on this topic, specifically regarding pivotal contract features like contract value, contract length, or pricing methods, is still in its infancy, and quantitative analyses on the subject are particularly scarce. We address this research gap by analyzing data on 14,917 ITO contracts closed between 2007 and 2017 through the lens of cultural regions and three statistical methods. The contribution of our paper is threefold. First, our descriptive analysis points to globally decreasing contract lengths and contract values, confirming previous studies and practice reports. Second, an ANOVA with independent post-hoc testing provides quantitative support for the degree of dissimilarity among individual regions in pivotal ITO contract features. Finally, our quantitative replication of a previous study identifies culture-induced regional differences between USA and Japan regarding the effect of influence factors on ITO contract features}, language = {en} }