@unpublished{KratzerWestnerStrahringer, author = {Kratzer, Simon and Westner, Markus and Strahringer, Susanne}, title = {Four Decades of Chief Information Officer Research}, organization = {Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)}, doi = {10.1145/3614178.3614182}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:898-opus4-54208}, abstract = {Despite the relevance and maturity of the Chief Information Officer (CIO) research field, no studies exist that exhaustively summarize the current body of knowledge, focusing on the development of the field over its entire timespan. The paper at hand addresses this research gap and presents an exhaustive literature review on the CIO research field using main path analysis. We identify the central papers in CIO research and eight main research streams by quantitatively and qualitatively analyzing 466 papers. We find that established research streams, e.g., 'Evolving role of the CIO' and 'CIO hierarchical position and relationships' as well as recently emerging research streams, e.g., 'CIO as business enabler' and 'CIOs and IT security,' draw growing attention. Based on our findings, we develop promising further avenues for research in the CIO field.}, subject = {Informationsmanager}, language = {en} } @misc{KratzerStrahringerWestner, author = {Kratzer, Simon and Strahringer, Susanne and Westner, Markus}, title = {Fractional CIOs in SMEs}, series = {2024 2nd International Conference on Management Information Systems (ICMIS 2024), September 28-30, 2024, Tokyo, Japan}, volume = {2}, journal = {2024 2nd International Conference on Management Information Systems (ICMIS 2024), September 28-30, 2024, Tokyo, Japan}, abstract = {To remain competitive, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) need to man-age information technology (IT) effectively. Unlike larger organisations, SMEs often face limited resources and challenges in attracting talent, and typically lack the need for a full-time Chief Information Officer (CIO). In response, a growing number of professionals around the world are offering CIO services on a part-time, shared basis to multiple clients. This model provides SMEs with affordable and flexible access to experienced IT leadership. Known as 'fractional CIOs', these professionals deliver significant value, yet there has been little academic re-search into this phenomenon. Our study, conducted between 2020 and 2023 with 62 Fractional CIOs in 10 countries, aims to fill this gap. It provides a clear defini-tion of fractional CIOs, outlines their engagement models and identifies the key factors that contribute to their success. The findings are intended to enlighten both academics and industry professionals.}, language = {en} } @article{KlotzKratzerWestneretal., author = {Klotz, Stefan and Kratzer, Simon and Westner, Markus and Strahringer, Susanne}, title = {Literary Sketches in Information Systems Research: Conceptualization and Guidance for Using Vignettes as a Narrative Form}, series = {Information Systems Management}, volume = {39}, journal = {Information Systems Management}, number = {4}, publisher = {Taylor\&Francis}, issn = {1934-8703}, doi = {10.1080/10580530.2021.1996661}, pages = {345 -- 362}, abstract = {This paper analyzes the usage of vignettes as a narrative form in information systems (IS) research. A review of 48 papers from IS top journals with 119 vignettes exposes the versatile usage of vignettes as a narrative form and shows their usefulness in research communication. The paper conceptualizes vignette usage through a taxonomy and archetypes. To support the future dissemination of this useful narrative technique, it further derives recommendations and guidance for scholars.}, language = {en} } @article{WestnerKratzerDrechsleretal., author = {Westner, Markus and Kratzer, Simon and Drechsler, Andreas and Strahringer, Susanne}, title = {The Fractional CIO in SMEs: conceptualization and research agenda}, series = {Information Systems and e-Business Management}, volume = {20}, journal = {Information Systems and e-Business Management}, publisher = {Springer}, doi = {10.1007/s10257-022-00557-4}, pages = {581 -- 611}, abstract = {We conceptualize the new phenomenon of the Fractional Chief InformationOfficer (CIO) as a part-time executive who usually works for more than one pri-marily small- to medium-sized enterprise (SME) and develop promising avenuesfor future research on Fractional CIOs. We conduct an empirical study by drawingon semi-structured interviews with 40 individuals from 10 different countries whooccupy a Fractional CIO role. We derive a definition for the Fractional CIO, dis-tinguish it from other forms of employment, and compare it with existing researchon CIO roles. Further, we find four salient engagement types of Fractional CIOsoffering value for SMEs in various situations: Strategic IT management, Restruc-turing, Rapid scaling, and Hands-on support. The results reveal similarities withexisting CIO roles as well as novel insights concerning the different engagementtypes. Lastly, we propose a research agenda for the Fractional CIO field, based onfour research themes derived from existing CIO research and insights from theinterviews.}, language = {en} } @article{KratzerStrahringerWestner, author = {Kratzer, Simon and Strahringer, Susanne and Westner, Markus}, title = {Der Chief Information Officer als Forschungsgegenstand: Ein Blick zur{\"u}ck auf vier Jahrzehnte Forschung und ein Ausblick auf zuk{\"u}nftige Perspektiven}, series = {HMD Praxis der Wirtschaftsinformatik}, volume = {59}, journal = {HMD Praxis der Wirtschaftsinformatik}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, doi = {10.1365/s40702-022-00878-5}, pages = {721 -- 740}, abstract = {Trotz der Relevanz und des Reifegrads des Forschungsbereichs Chief Information Officer (CIO) gibt es nur wenige Studien, die den aktuellen Wissensstand objektiv und umf{\"a}nglich zusammenfassen. Die vorliegende Arbeit schließt diese Forschungsl{\"u}cke und pr{\"a}sentiert eine umfassende Literatur{\"u}bersicht {\"u}ber das CIO-Forschungsfeld unter Verwendung der Hauptpfadanalyse. Anhand einer quantitativen und qualitativen Analyse von 438 Forschungsbeitr{\"a}gen werden die zentralen Arbeiten in der CIO-Forschung und verschiedene Forschungsrichtungen identifiziert. Es zeigt sich, dass sowohl etablierte Forschungsrichtungen, wie z. B. ‚Entwicklung der CIO-Rolle' und ‚Hierarchische Position und Beziehungen des CIOs', als auch neu entstehende Forschungsrichtungen, wie z. B. ‚CIO als Business Enabler', wachsende Aufmerksamkeit auf sich ziehen. Auf der Grundlage der Ergebnisse werden vielversprechende weitere Wege auf dem Gebiet der CIO-Forschung aufgezeigt, z. B. solche, die den Einfluss neuerer Technologien untersuchen.}, language = {de} } @article{KratzerWestnerStrahringer, author = {Kratzer, Simon and Westner, Markus and Strahringer, Susanne}, title = {Mehr als Vollzeit: Fractional CIOs in KMUs}, series = {HMD Praxis der Wirtschaftsinformatik}, journal = {HMD Praxis der Wirtschaftsinformatik}, publisher = {Springer}, issn = {2198-2775}, doi = {10.1365/s40702-023-01010-x}, pages = {23}, abstract = {Auch kleine und mittlere Unternehmen (KMUs) ben{\"o}tigen zunehmend ein effektives Informationstechnologie- (IT)-Management, um wettbewerbsf{\"a}hig zu bleiben. Im Vergleich zu großen Unternehmen verf{\"u}gen KMUs jedoch oft nicht {\"u}ber die Ressourcen, die Arbeitgeberattraktivit{\"a}t oder den Bedarf, um einen Chief Information Officer (CIO) in Vollzeit zu besch{\"a}ftigen. Um diese L{\"u}cke zu schließen, hat eine wachsende Zahl von Expertinnen und Experten weltweit damit begonnen, CIO-Dienste in Teilzeit anzubieten. Auf diese Weise erhalten KMUs Zugang zu erfahrenen und kompetenten IT-F{\"u}hrungskr{\"a}ften zu einem Bruchteil der Kosten und ohne langfristige Verpflichtungen. W{\"a}hrend diese so genannten „Fractional CIOs" in der Praxis bereits einen Mehrwert schaffen, gibt es noch kaum wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zu diesem neuen Ph{\"a}nomen. In einem gr{\"o}ßeren Forschungsprojekt mit insgesamt 62 Fractional CIOs aus 10 L{\"a}ndern wurden daher eine Definition, Typen verschiedenartiger Engagements und Erfolgsfaktoren abgeleitet. Die vorliegende Studie fasst die Ergebnisse zusammen und setzt sie in Bezug zum deutschen Markt, indem sie drei Fractional CIOs/CTOs aus Deutschland befragt. Es zeigt sich, dass die folgenden vier Engagement-Typen von Fractional CIOs f{\"u}r KMUs in verschiedenen Situationen von Nutzen sind: Strategisches IT-Management, Restrukturierung, Skalierung und Hands-on Support. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus zeigt die Studie, dass Vertrauen, die Unterst{\"u}tzung durch das Top-Management-Team und die Integrit{\"a}t des Fractional CIOs Schl{\"u}sselfaktoren f{\"u}r den Erfolg von Fractional CIO-Engagements sind. F{\"u}r den deutschen Markt werden die Ergebnisse durch drei befragte Fractional CIOs/CTOs weitgehend best{\"a}tigt. Die Fractional CIOs/CTOs k{\"o}nnen zwar keine genauen Gr{\"u}nde f{\"u}r die geringe Akzeptanz der Rolle nennen, betonen aber ihr Wertpotenzial f{\"u}r den deutschen Markt.}, language = {de} } @article{KratzerWestnerStrahringer, author = {Kratzer, Simon and Westner, Markus and Strahringer, Susanne}, title = {Factors for Fractional CIO Engagement Success}, series = {Information \& Management}, volume = {60}, journal = {Information \& Management}, publisher = {Elsevier}, issn = {0378-7206}, doi = {10.1016/j.im.2023.103793}, abstract = {As small- to medium-sized enterprises struggle with IT management, an increasing number appoint Fractional CIOs, i.e., CIOs that work part-time for multiple organizations simultaneously. We use Q-methodology to empirically evaluate the relative importance of factors for Fractional CIO engagement success and find that trust, top management team support, and the Fractional CIO's integrity are most important. Further, we identify three groups of Fractional CIOs: Strategic IT Advisors, Full-ownership CIOs, and Change Agents. Our results guide organizations when hiring and working with Fractional CIOs and provide the basis for further research on Fractional CIO archetypes.As small- to medium-sized enterprises struggle with IT management, an increasing number appoint Fractional CIOs, i.e., CIOs that work part-time for multiple organizations simultaneously. We use Q-methodology to empirically evaluate the relative importance of factors for Fractional CIO engagement success and find that trust, top management team support, and the Fractional CIO's integrity are most important. Further, we identify three groups of Fractional CIOs: Strategic IT Advisors, Full-ownership CIOs, and Change Agents. Our results guide organizations when hiring and working with Fractional CIOs and provide the basis for further research on Fractional CIO archetypes.}, language = {en} } @article{KratzerWestnerStrahringer, author = {Kratzer, Simon and Westner, Markus and Strahringer, Susanne}, title = {Four Decades of Chief Information Officer Research}, series = {ACM SIGMIS Database: the DATABASE for Advances in Information Systems}, volume = {54}, journal = {ACM SIGMIS Database: the DATABASE for Advances in Information Systems}, number = {3}, publisher = {ACM}, doi = {10.1145/3614178.3614182}, pages = {37 -- 74}, abstract = {Despite the relevance and maturity of the Chief Information Officer (CIO) research field, no studies exist that exhaustively summarize the current body of knowledge, focusing on the development of the field over its entire timespan. The paper at hand addresses this research gap and presents an exhaustive literature review on the CIO research field using main path analysis. We identify the central papers in CIO research and eight main research streams by quantitatively and qualitatively analyzing 466 papers. We find that established research streams, e.g., 'Evolving role of the CIO' and 'CIO hierarchical position and relationships' as well as recently emerging research streams, e.g., 'CIO as business enabler' and 'CIOs and IT security,' draw growing attention. Based on our findings, we develop promising further avenues for research in the CIO field.}, subject = {Informationsmanager}, language = {en} } @article{KratzerWestnerStrahringer, author = {Kratzer, Simon and Westner, Markus and Strahringer, Susanne}, title = {Traction with fraction: Strategic IS management in SMEs through Fractional CIOs}, series = {International Journal of Information Systems and Project Management}, volume = {12}, journal = {International Journal of Information Systems and Project Management}, number = {1}, issn = {2182-7788}, doi = {10.12821/ijispm120101}, pages = {5 -- 16}, abstract = {Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) increasingly need to manage nformation technology (IT) effectively in order to remain competitive. However, compared to larger organizations, SMEs often face challenges in terms of resources and employer attractiveness, and regularly do not have the need to employ a Chief Information Officer (CIO) on a full-time basis. To address this issue, a growing number of global experts have begun to provide CIO services on a part-time basis for multiple clients simultaneously. This approach allows SMEs to tap into the expertise of experienced IT leaders at a fraction of the cost and without committing to long-term arrangements. While these professionals, known as "Fractional CIOs", have proven their value in the field, there has been a lack of academic research on this emerging trend. Therefore, we carried out a comprehensive research project between 2020 and 2023, involving 62 Fractional CIOs from 10 countries. The research produced a definition, different types of engagements, and success factors for Fractional CIOs and their engagements. This paper summarizes these findings for a wider audience of academics and practitioners.}, language = {en} }