@unpublished{LinzMottok, author = {Linz, Tilo and Mottok, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Application of Causal Models in Scenario-based Testing}, doi = {10.13140/RG.2.2.34160.06402}, abstract = {This paper presents a new methodology for scenario-based testing of automated driving functions in the context of ISO 21448 (safety of the target function). By using structural causal models (SCMs), the evaluation process of highly automated vehicle systems is to be improved, thus increasing their safety and reliability. Using SCMs, the presented methodology systematically analyzes causal relationships between various risk factors of the investigated system and its operating environment and automatically identifies potential parameter combinations that influence system safety. This approach makes it possible to safeguard automated driving functions, such as an emergency brake assistant, by determining foreseeable risks and providing them as test parameters for relevant scenarios. The HolmeS3 approach combines expert knowledge with probabilistic data analysis to develop robust causal models that can be validated through both simulation and real-world testing. The use of causal inference enables the generation of critical test cases, known as "edge and corner cases", which are essential for testing vehicle systems under investigation. This focused testing approach helps to limit the test case explosion that occurs with conventional approaches by specifically identifying highly relevant parameter combinations that potentially (negatively) influence system performance. The methodology presented, which was developed as part of the HolmeS3 R\&D project, offers transparency, comparability, explainability and traceability in the modeling and testing processes. It supports compliance with the ISO 21448 standard and lays the foundation for the causality-driven development of safe and reliable automotive technology. The project's tools and methods can be applied beyond the automotive sector to all cyber-physical systems that require rigorous safety validation.}, language = {en} }