@incollection{WalterSchwanzerHagenetal., author = {Walter, Stefanie and Schwanzer, Peter and Hagen, Gunter and Haft, Gerhard and Dietrich, Markus and Rabl, Hans-Peter and Moos, Ralf}, title = {Hochfrequenzsensorik zur direkten Beladungserkennung von Benzinpartikelfiltern}, series = {Automobil-Sensorik 3}, booktitle = {Automobil-Sensorik 3}, editor = {Tille, Thomas}, publisher = {Springer Vieweg}, address = {Berlin}, isbn = {978-3-662-61259-0}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-662-61260-6_7}, pages = {185 -- 208}, abstract = {In Folge der Versch{\"a}rfung der gesetzlichen Abgasnormen wurden f{\"u}r direkt-einspritzende Benzinmotoren Partikelfilter notwendig. Zur Beladungs{\"u}berwachung k{\"o}nnen aufgrund stark unterschiedlicher Rahmenbedingungen die aus Dieselmotoren bekannten Systeme, wie dem Differenzdrucksensor, nur eingeschr{\"a}nkt {\"u}bernommen werden. Ein hochfrequenzbasiertes Verfahren koppelt mittels Antennen elektromagnetische Wellen in das Filtergeh{\"a}use ein, deren Ausbreitungsverhalten durch die dielektrischen Eigenschaften des eingelagerten Rußes beeinflusst wird. Hierdurch kann bei Auswertung von Transmissionsd{\"a}mpfung oder Resonanzfrequenzen die Rußbeladung direkt detektiert werden.}, language = {en} } @misc{SchwanzerMieslingerRabletal., author = {Schwanzer, Peter and Mieslinger, Johann and Rabl, Hans-Peter and Dietrich, Markus and Haft, Gerhard and Walter, Stefanie and Hagen, Gunter and Moos, Ralf and Gaderer, Matthias}, title = {Monitoring of a Particulate Filter for Gasoline Direct Injection Engines with a Radio-Frequency-Sensor}, series = {11th International Exhaust Gas and Particulate Emissions Forum, 3.-4.3.2020, Ludwigsburg, Germany}, journal = {11th International Exhaust Gas and Particulate Emissions Forum, 3.-4.3.2020, Ludwigsburg, Germany}, abstract = {In order to comply with future emission regulations, the use of particulate filters in vehicles with direct injection gasoline engines is essential. The current amount of soot and ash in the filter is calculated by a soot load model in the electronic control unit in combination with a differential pressure sensor determining the pressure drop over the particulate filter. Active regeneration is initiated if the calculated amount of soot or the measured differential pressure is too high. This is associated with additional fuel consumption. An on-board diagnosis for the particulate filter is currently not part of the Euro 6d emission standard. For future exhaust emission standards, on-board diagnosis or active monitoring of the particulate filter is conceivable. One of the benefits of monitoring is the fact that unnecessary active regenerations can be avoided. As a result, there is no additional fuel consumption due to misinterpretations of the amount of soot in the filter. For active monitoring of the particulate filter, a radiofrequency (RF-) sensor, that detects the soot loading of the filter with electromagnetic waves directly, can be used. Such a system has the advantage that by utilizing the filter as a sensor more precise information about the current state of the filter, e.g. a possible damage, can be provided. Worst-case considerations of filter damages, tested at an engine test bench show the advantages which are entailed by a system like that. By means of partial regeneration of the particulate filter it is demonstrated how the remaining amount of soot in the filter can be detected in a better way in comparison to the differential pressure sensor by using the RF-sensor.}, language = {en} } @article{WalterSchwanzerSteineretal., author = {Walter, Stefanie and Schwanzer, Peter and Steiner, Carsten and Hagen, Gunter and Rabl, Hans-Peter and Dietrich, Markus and Moos, Ralf}, title = {Mixing Rules for an Exact Determination of the Dielectric Properties of Engine Soot Using the Microwave Cavity Perturbation Method and Its Application in Gasoline Particulate Filters}, series = {Sensors}, volume = {22}, journal = {Sensors}, number = {9}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, doi = {10.3390/s22093311}, pages = {1 -- 17}, abstract = {In recent years, particulate filters have become mandatory in almost all gasoline-powered vehicles to comply with emission standards regarding particulate number. In contrast to diesel applications, monitoring gasoline particulate filters (GPFs) by differential pressure sensors is challenging due to lower soot masses to be deposited in the GPFs. A different approach to determine the soot loading of GPFs is a radio frequency-based sensor (RF sensor). To facilitate sensor development, in previous work, a simulation model was created to determine the RF signal at arbitrary engine operating points. To ensure accuracy, the exact dielectric properties of the soot need to be known. This work has shown how small samples of soot-loaded filter are sufficient to determine the dielectric properties of soot itself using the microwave cavity perturbation method. For this purpose, mixing rules were determined through simulation and measurement, allowing the air and substrate fraction of the sample to be considered. Due to the different geometry of filter substrates compared to crushed soot samples, a different mixing rule had to be derived to calculate the effective filter properties required for the simulation model. The accuracy of the determined mixing rules and the underlying simulation model could be verified by comparative measurements on an engine test bench.}, language = {en} } @article{WalterSchwanzerHagenetal., author = {Walter, Stefanie and Schwanzer, Peter and Hagen, Gunter and Haft, Gerhard and Rabl, Hans-Peter and Dietrich, Markus and Moos, Ralf}, title = {Modelling the Influence of Different Soot Types on the Radio-Frequency-Based Load Detection of Gasoline Particulate Filters}, series = {Sensors}, volume = {20}, journal = {Sensors}, number = {9}, publisher = {MDPI}, doi = {10.3390/s20092659}, pages = {1 -- 19}, abstract = {Gasoline particulate filters (GPFs) are an appropriate means to meet today's emission standards. As for diesel applications, GPFs can be monitored via differential pressure sensors or using a radio-frequency approach (RF sensor). Due to largely differing soot properties and engine operating modes of gasoline compared to diesel engines (e.g., the possibility of incomplete regenerations), the behavior of both sensor systems must be investigated in detail. For this purpose, extensive measurements on engine test benches are usually required. To simplify the sensor development, a simulation model was developed using COMSOL Multiphysics((R)) that not only allowed for calculating the loading and regeneration process of GPFs under different engine operating conditions but also determined the impact on both sensor systems. To simulate the regeneration behavior of gasoline soot accurately, an oxidation model was developed. To identify the influence of different engine operating points on the sensor behavior, various samples generated at an engine test bench were examined regarding their kinetic parameters using thermogravimetric analysis. Thus, this compared the accuracy of soot mass determination using the RF sensor with the differential pressure method. By simulating a typical driving condition with incomplete regenerations, the effects of the soot kinetics on sensor accuracy was demonstrated exemplarily. Thereby, the RF sensor showed an overall smaller mass determination error, as well as a lower dependence on the soot kinetics.}, language = {en} } @article{WalterSchwanzerHagenetal., author = {Walter, Stefanie and Schwanzer, Peter and Hagen, Gunter and Rabl, Hans-Peter and Dietrich, Markus and Moos, Ralf}, title = {Soot Monitoring of Gasoline Particulate Filters Using a Radio-Frequency-Based Sensor}, series = {Sensors}, volume = {23}, journal = {Sensors}, number = {18}, publisher = {MDPI}, issn = {1424-8220}, doi = {10.3390/s23187861}, pages = {1 -- 19}, abstract = {Owing to increasingly stringent emission limits, particulate filters have become mandatory for gasoline-engine vehicles. Monitoring their soot loading is necessary for error-free operation. The state-of-the-art differential pressure sensors suffer from inaccuracies due to small amounts of stored soot combined with exhaust gas conditions that lead to partial regeneration. As an alternative approach, radio-frequency-based (RF) sensors can accurately measure the soot loading, even under these conditions, by detecting soot through its dielectric properties. However, they face a different challenge as their sensitivity may depend on the engine operation conditions during soot formation. In this article, this influence is evaluated in more detail. Various soot samples were generated on an engine test bench. Their dielectric properties were measured using the microwave cavity perturbation (MCP) method and compared with the corresponding sensitivity of the RF sensor determined on a lab test bench. Both showed similar behavior. The values for the soot samples themselves, however, differed significantly from each other. A way to correct for this cross-sensitivity was found in the influence of exhaust gas humidity on the RF sensor, which can be correlated with the engine load. By evaluating this influence during significant humidity changes, such as fuel cuts, it could be used to correct the influence of the engineon the RF sensor.}, language = {en} } @article{SchwanzerSchillingerMieslingeretal., author = {Schwanzer, Peter and Schillinger, Maximilian and Mieslinger, Johann and Walter, Stefanie and Hagen, Gunter and Maerkl, Susanne and Haft, Gerhard and Dietrich, Markus and Moos, Ralf and Gaderer, Matthias and Rabl, Hans-Peter}, title = {A Synthetic Ash-Loading Method for Gasoline Particulate Filters with Active Oil Injection}, series = {SAR International Journal of Engines}, volume = {14}, journal = {SAR International Journal of Engines}, number = {4}, publisher = {SAE International}, issn = {1946-3936}, doi = {10.4271/03-14-04-0029}, pages = {493 -- 506}, abstract = {To reduce particulate emissions, the use of particulate filters in diesel engines is meanwhile state of the art, while the integration of such systems in gasoline engines is now also necessary in order to comply with today's regulations. Over its lifetime, a gasoline particulate filter (GPF) collects ash components of fuel, lubrication oil, and materials originating from the catalytic coating and from engine abrasion. In the development and application process, synthetic ashing from GPFs is challenging. The ash of the lubrication oil can be increased in various ways, like oil-doped fuel, a separate oil burner, or changes in the piston-cylinder system of the engine. However, these methods show major disadvantages. For this reason, an improved approach is presented in this study, which allows a quick response to changes in combustion (e.g., engine knocking) and producing ash, which is more realistic due to its primary particle size and the density of ash plugs, in a shorter time. Therefore, an approach to accelerate ash loading by active oil injection using a multi-point injection (MPI) system is introduced. With the help of this methodology, an ashing capacity of 1.21 g/h is implemented, which is a high rate compared to other investigations. The primary particle size (evaluated by means of a transmission electron microscope), is in the same size range as those detected at the full-load curve during regular operation. A computer tomographic (CT) analysis of the incinerated particulate filter also shows that a very high density of ash plugs can be realized, which has also been found in the literature for real applications. In addition, with the help of a mass spectrometer (MS) and an intermediate weighing of the particulate filter, the current ash loading of the GPF could be determined with an accuracy of 1\%.}, language = {en} } @misc{WeberDendorferSuessetal., author = {Weber, Karsten and Dendorfer, Sebastian and S{\"u}ß, Franz and Kubowitsch, Simone and Schratzenstaller, Thomas and Haug, Sonja and Mohr, Christa and Kiesl, Hans and Drechsler, J{\"o}rg and Westner, Markus and Kobus, J{\"o}rn and Schubert, Martin J. W. and Zenger, Stefan and Pietsch, Alexander and Weiß, Josef and Hinterseer, Sebastian and Schieck, Roland and Scherzinger, Stefanie and Klettke, Meike and Ringlstetter, Andreas and St{\"o}rl, Uta and Bissyand{\´e}, Tegawend{\´e} F. and Seeburger, Achim and Schindler, Timo and Ramsauer, Ralf and Kiszka, Jan and K{\"o}lbl, Andreas and Lohmann, Daniel and Mauerer, Wolfgang and Maier, Johannes and Scorna, Ulrike and Palm, Christoph and Soska, Alexander and Mottok, J{\"u}rgen and Ellermeier, Andreas and V{\"o}gele, Daniel and Hierl, Stefan and Briem, Ulrich and Buschmann, Knut and Ehrlich, Ingo and Pongratz, Christian and Pielmeier, Benjamin and Tyroller, Quirin and Monkman, Gareth J. and Gut, Franz and Roth, Carina and Hausler, Peter and Bierl, Rudolf and Prommesberger, Christian and Ławrowski, Robert Damian and Langer, Christoph and Schreiner, Rupert and Huang, Yifeng and She, Juncong and Ottl, Andreas and Rieger, Walter and Kraml, Agnes and Poxleitner, Thomas and Hofer, Simon and Heisterkamp, Benjamin and Lerch, Maximilian and Sammer, Nike and Golde, Olivia and Wellnitz, Felix and Schmid, Sandra and Muntschick, Claudia and Kusterle, Wolfgang and Paric, Ivan and Br{\"u}ckl, Oliver and Haslbeck, Matthias and Schmidt, Ottfried and Schwanzer, Peter and Rabl, Hans-Peter and Sterner, Michael and Bauer, Franz and Steinmann, Sven and Eckert, Fabian and Hofrichter, Andreas}, title = {Forschungsbericht 2017}, editor = {Baier, Wolfgang}, address = {Regensburg}, organization = {Ostbayerische Technische Hochschule Regensburg}, isbn = {978-3-9818209-3-5}, doi = {10.35096/othr/pub-1383}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:898-opus4-13835}, subject = {Forschung}, language = {de} } @article{SchnitzerRichterWalteretal., author = {Schnitzer, Susanne and Richter, Stefanie and Walter, Andreas and Balke, Klaus and Kuhlmey, Adelheid}, title = {Die Bewertung der ambulanten Gesundheitsversorgung aus Versichertensicht}, series = {Gesundheits- und Sozialpolitik}, volume = {62}, journal = {Gesundheits- und Sozialpolitik}, number = {6}, publisher = {Nomos}, pages = {19 -- 27}, abstract = {In der Ausgabe 5/2008 von „Gesundheits- und Sozialpolitik" wurden erste Ergebnisse der zweiten Versichertenbefragung der Kassen{\"a}rztlichen Bundesvereinigung (KBV) vorgestellt. Der Fokus der Darstellung lag im ersten Teil auf dem Inanspruchnahmeverhalten und der Zufriedenheit der Versicherten mit der {\"a}rztlichen Versorgung, wobei der Aspekt der Wartezeiten auf einen Termin und in der Arztpraxis ausf{\"u}hrlich behandelt wurde. Insgesamt ist eine hohe Inanspruchnahme der haus- und fach{\"a}rztlichen ambulanten Versorgung zu konstatieren sowie eine {\"u}berwiegende Zufriedenheit mit der {\"a}rztlichen Betreuung. Die Ergebnisse zu den Wartezeiten auf einen Arzttermin spiegeln im Vergleich zu {\"o}ffentlich gef{\"u}hrten Debatten ein differenziertes Bild wider. Im zweiten Teil werden folgende Fragen vertiefend diskutiert: Welche Kriterien sind neben der fachlichen Kompetenz (f{\"u}r die Versicherten) f{\"u}r die Wahl der Arztpraxis relevant? Welche Bedeutung haben G{\"u}tesiegel als Qualit{\"a}tsmarker f{\"u}r die Versicherten? Welche Erfahrungen haben die Versicherten mit {\"A}nderungen in der Medikamentenverordnung gemacht? Nehmen die Versicherten an Hausarztmodellen teil und wie bewerten sie die Versorgungsqualit{\"a}t? Welche Akzeptanz haben unterschiedliche Wahltarife bei den gesetzlich Versicherten?}, language = {de} } @article{SchnitzerRichterWalteretal., author = {Schnitzer, Susanne and Richter, Stefanie and Walter, Andreas and Balke, Klaus and Kuhlmey, Adelheid}, title = {Die Bewertung der ambulanten Gesundheitsversorgung aus Versichertensicht}, series = {Gesundheits- und Sozialpolitik}, volume = {62}, journal = {Gesundheits- und Sozialpolitik}, number = {5}, publisher = {Nomos}, pages = {11 -- 20}, abstract = {In den letzten Jahren haben verschiedene Institutionen bev{\"o}lkerungsrepr{\"a}sentative Befragungen zur Bewertung von Einzelaspekten der Gesundheitsversorgung durchgef{\"u}hrt (Bertelsmann Gesundheitsmonitor, Commonwealth Fund, Gesundheitssurvey des Robert Koch-Instituts, BKK-Befragung, WIdO-monitor). Hierzu z{\"a}hlt auch die Kassen{\"a}rztliche Bundesvereinigung (KBV), die im Jahr 2006 die Forschungsgruppe Wahlen Telefonfeld (FGW) in Mannheim beauftragte, repr{\"a}sentativ gesetzlich und privat Versicherte zur Zufriedenheit mit der ambulanten Versorgung sowie zum Bedarf an neuen Dienstleistungsangeboten zu befragen (KBV 2006; Rieser 2006). Eine zweite Versichertenbefragung der KBV erfolgte im Zeitraum Mai und Juni 2008, wiederum von der FGW durchgef{\"u}hrt. Die Ergebnisse dieser repr{\"a}sentativen Erhebung werden im Rahmen von zwei Artikeln in Gesundheits- und Sozialpolitik vorgestellt. Im Zentrum des hier vorliegenden ersten Beitrags stehen die Inanspruchnahme der ambulanten haus- und fach{\"a}rztlichen Versorgung, die Erfahrungen mit Terminvergabe und Wartezeiten sowie die Bewertungen der Versorgung durch die Versicherten. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus wird die Bedeutung von Individuellen Gesundheitsleistungen (IgeL) in der ambulanten Versorgung gesetzlich Versicherter diskutiert. Der zweite Artikel wird sich schwerpunktm{\"a}ßig mit den Qualit{\"a}tskriterien f{\"u}r die Wahl eines Arztes, mit den Erfahrungen von Ver{\"a}nderungen in der Medikamentenverordnung sowie mit der Akzeptanz neuer Versorgungsformen und Wahltarife befassen.}, language = {de} } @article{BalkeSchnitzerWalteretal., author = {Balke, Klaus and Schnitzer, Susanne and Walter, Andreas and Richter, Stefanie and Kuhlmey, Adelheid}, title = {Wartezeit ist ein wichtiges Kriterium bei der Wahl der Arztpraxis}, series = {Deutsches {\"A}rzteblatt}, volume = {105}, journal = {Deutsches {\"A}rzteblatt}, number = {34-35}, publisher = {Deutscher {\"A}rzteverlag}, pages = {A1766 -- A1768}, abstract = {{\"A}ltere Patienten und Frauen warten l{\"a}nger auf einen Arzttermin als junge Versicherte und M{\"a}nner, gesetzlich Versicherte l{\"a}nger als Privatpatienten. Die meisten Patienten sind aber keineswegs unzufrieden. 90 Prozent bekommen entweder am selben Tag einen Termin oder halten die Wartezeit f{\"u}r angemessen.}, language = {de} }