@misc{RueckBierlLechneretal., author = {R{\"u}ck, Thomas and Bierl, Rudolf and Lechner, Alfred and Graf, Antonia and Dams, Florian and Schreiner, Rupert and Auchter, Eberhard and Kriz, Willy and Deubzer, MIchael and Schiller, Frank and Mottok, J{\"u}rgen and Niemetz, Michael and Margull, Ulrich and Hagel, Georg and Utesch, Matthias and Waldherr, Franz and B{\"o}hm, Matthias and Fraunhoffer, Judith and Gardeia, Armin and Schneider, Ralph and Streubel, Janet and Landes, Dieter and Studt, Reimer and Peuker, Dominik and Scharfenberg, Georg and Hook, Christian and Schuster, Dietwald and Ehrlich, Ingo and Dinnebier, Heinrich and Briem, Ulrich and L{\"a}mmlein, Stephan and Koder, Alexander and Bialek, Adam and Genewsky, Axel and Neumeier, Michael and Schlosser, Philipp and Rabl, Hans-Peter and Paule, Matthias and Galster, Christoph and Schiedermeier, Michael and Zwickel, Andreas and Hobmeier, Christoph and Bischoff, Tobias and Rill, Georg and Schaeffer, Thomas and Arbesmeier, Martin and Groß, Andreas and Schlegl, Thomas and Becker, Mark and Senn, Konrad and Schliekmann, Claus and Scholz, Peter and Sippl, Christian and Grill, Martin}, title = {Forschungsbericht 2011 / Hochschule f{\"u}r Angewandte Wissenschaften - Fachhochschule Regensburg}, editor = {Eckstein, Josef}, address = {Regensburg}, organization = {Hochschule f{\"u}r Angewandte Wissenschaften Regensburg}, issn = {1868-3533}, doi = {10.35096/othr/pub-732}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:898-opus4-7321}, language = {de} } @article{KoderSchwanzerZacherletal., author = {Koder, Alexander and Schwanzer, Peter and Zacherl, Florian and Rabl, Hans-Peter and Mayer, Wolfgang and Gruber, Georg and Dotzer, Thomas}, title = {Combustion and emission characteristics of a 2.2L common-rail diesel engine fueled with jatropha oil, soybean oil, and diesel fuel at various EGR-rates}, series = {Fuel}, volume = {228}, journal = {Fuel}, number = {September}, publisher = {Elsevier}, doi = {10.1016/j.fuel.2018.04.147}, pages = {23 -- 29}, abstract = {To investigate the combustion and emission behavior of straight vegetable oils (SVO), jatropha oil, soybean oil, and diesel fuel were tested. For this research, a 2.2L common-rail engine with a two-stage turbocharging concept was equipped with a cylinder pressure indication system, an exhaust-gas analyzer, an AVL Micro Soot sensor and a Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer 3936 (SMPS) device to detect the particle-size-distribution (PSD). At a low and mid-load engine-operating point (EOP), the thermodynamic and emissions were investigated under various exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) rates with respect to the PSD. Moreover, the injection behavior of the three test fuels was analyzed separately using an injection rate analyzer. This procedure facilitates the thermodynamic investigations of the engine process and allows the calculation of the hydraulic delay (HD) as well as the ignition delay (ID). The ID of the SVO fuels compared to diesel fuel was found to be lower at all engine-operating modes, while jatropha oil always showed the shortest ID. In the particulate-nitrogen oxide (NOX) trade-off, the SVO fuels showed higher particulate matter (PM) emissions at the low-load EOP, whereas the PM emissions of diesel fuel overtop the SVO fuels at a higher engine load. With increased EGR-rates, a rise in the particle size was observed for all fuels. At the low-load EOP, the SVO fuels showed larger particles for high EGR-rates. This effect also changed by increasing the engine-load to the mid-load EOP, wherein the particle size of the diesel fuel emissions is higher by applying elevated EGR-rates.}, language = {en} } @article{EmbergerAltmannGebhardetal., author = {Emberger, Peter and Altmann, Robert and Gebhard, J{\"u}rgen and Thuneke, Klaus and Winkler, Markus and T{\"o}pfer, Georg and Rabl, Hans-Peter and Remmele, Edgar}, title = {Combustion characteristics of pure rapeseed oil fuel after injection in a constant volume combustion chamber with a non-road mobile machinery engine solenoid injector}, series = {Fuel}, journal = {Fuel}, number = {320}, publisher = {Elsevier}, doi = {10.1016/j.fuel.2022.123979}, abstract = {Pure rapeseed oil fuel (R100) according to standard DIN 51605 is a greenhouse gas saving option for the mobility sector. With its high energy density close to diesel fuel, R100 is suitable to operate non-road mobile machinery with a high power demand and long operating time, where electric drives reach their limits. Advantages are indicated for its use in environmentally sensitive areas like agriculture since R100 is highly biodegradable and non-toxic. However, R100 is characterised by differing physical and chemical properties compared to diesel. The objective of the research is to investigate the differences in the ignition and combustion behaviour of R100 compared to diesel fuel (DF). For this purpose, a constant volume combustion chamber is used, which is equipped with a modern solenoid injector for engines of non-road mobile machinery. The researched injector shows a different hydraulic behaviour when using R100 compared to DF in that the injected fuel mass is lower with R100 than with DF. In combination with the 14 \% by mass lower calorific value, less energy output is determined with R100. When varying the injection pressure, the impact on the ignition delay and combustion behaviour is much higher for R100 than for DF. Specifically, an increase of the injection pressure supports mixture preparation and thus partially compensates the differing physical properties of R100. The results of ignition delay measurements and net heat release analysis are as follows: At low load conditions with low injection pressure as well as a low combustion chamber temperature and pressure, R100 ignites later and shows a further delayed combustion compared to diesel. The opposite is observed for medium and high load conditions, where R100 ignites faster and without delayed combustion in comparison to DF. Thus, an adjustment of the heat release of R100 at the same level as for DF is possible by modifying the injection strategy. The research shows that for an optimised combustion of R100 the injection settings must be adjusted for every operation point separately. The results indicate how the injection parameters should be adjusted for different load conditions to realise a high-quality engine calibration for R100.}, language = {en} } @techreport{GerhardsWeberKlafkaetal., author = {Gerhards, Christoph and Weber, Urban and Klafka, Peter and Golla, Stefan and Hagedorn, Gregor and Baumann, Franz and Brendel, Heiko and Breyer, Christian and Clausen, Jens and Creutzig, Felix and Daub, Claus-Heinrich and Helgenberger, Sebastian and Hentschel, Karl-Martin and von Hirschhausen, Christian and Jordan, Ulrike and Kemfert, Claudia and Krause, Harald and Linow, Sven and Oei, Pao-Yu and Pehnt, Martin and Pfennig, Andreas and Pr{\"a}ger, Fabian and Quaschning, Volker and Schneider, Jens and Spindler, Uli and Stelzer, Volker and Sterner, Michael and Wagener-Lohse, Georg and Weinsziehr, Theresa}, title = {Klimavertr{\"a}gliche Energieversorgung f{\"u}r Deutschland - 16 Orientierungspunkte}, series = {Diskussionsbeitr{\"a}ge der Scinetists for Future ; 7}, journal = {Diskussionsbeitr{\"a}ge der Scinetists for Future ; 7}, doi = {10.5281/zenodo.4409334}, abstract = {Als fairer Beitrag Deutschlands zur Einhaltung der globalen 1,5-Grad-Grenze werden 16 Orientierungspunkte f{\"u}r eine klimavertr{\"a}gliche Energieversorgung vorgestellt. Es wird davon ausgegangen, dass hierf{\"u}r die deutschen energiebedingten CO2-Emissio­nen in etwa 15 Jahren weitgehend auf Null sinken m{\"u}ssen. Energieeinsparung hilft, den notwendigen Ausbau von regenerativen Erzeugungskapazit{\"a}ten zu verringern. Der Verkehrssektor kann ebenso wie die Bereiche Prozess- und Geb{\"a}udew{\"a}rme hier­zu wesentlich beitragen. Die Kernenergie ist mit großen Risiken belastet und kann nicht hinreichend schnell aufgebaut werden. Biomasse in Form von Energie­pflan­zen zu nutzen, ist ineffizient und steht im Konflikt mit anderen Arten der Land­nut­zung. Importe klimaneutral erzeugter Energietr{\"a}ger in sehr großem Umfang er­for­dern extrem große Investitionen im Ausland. Sie sind eine ungesicherte Option auf die Zukunft. Entscheidend ist daher der ausreichend schnelle Ausbau von Photovoltaik (PV) und Wind­kraft in Deutschland. Sch{\"a}tzungsweise kann der Elektrizit{\"a}tsbedarf im Jahr 2030 z.B. durch den Ausbau auf ca. 350 GW PV und ca. 150 GW Windkraft nahe­zu voll­st{\"a}ndig regenerativ gedeckt werden. Damit ließe sich eine zum großen Teil elek­tri­fizierte Mobilit{\"a}t und W{\"a}rmeversorgung betreiben und ein Teil des ben{\"o}­tig­ten "gr{\"u}­nen" Wasserstoffs in Deutschland bereitstellen. Hierf{\"u}r ist ein j{\"a}hr­licher Zu­bau von durchschnittlich ca. 30 GW PV und ca. 9 GW Windkraft n{\"o}tig. Dies ist ca. sechs- (PV) bzw. dreimal (Wind) so hoch wie bisher vorgesehen und verlangt eine ge­sell­schaft­liche Kraftanstrengung. Ein weiter verz{\"o}gerter Ausbau m{\"u}sste mit noch deut­lich gr{\"o}ßeren gesellschaftlichen Anstrengungen f{\"u}r drastische Energieeinspa­run­gen oder Importe erneuerbarer Energie ausgeglichen werden. Insgesamt k{\"o}nnte dies noch deutlich schwieriger zu realisieren sein, als ein ambitionierter Ausbau. Da der Auf­bau der Kapazit{\"a}ten mehrere Jahre erfordert, ist es m{\"o}glich nachzusteuern, z. B. wenn erkennbar wird, dass sich ein ausreichend großer globaler Markt f{\"u}r Importe ent­wi­ckelt. Bis dahin ist es aus Verantwortung gegen­{\"u}ber der Zukunft und im Sinne des Pariser Vertrages empfehlenswert, die hier genannten Ausbauziele zu verfol­gen. Gr{\"u}ner, also aus erneuerbaren Energien hergestellter Wasserstoff und daraus abge­lei­tete Syntheseprodukte sind f{\"u}r die Dekarbonisierung von Industrieprozessen, den Flug- und Schiffsverkehr sowie f{\"u}r die Absicherung der Energieversorgung bei Dun­kel­flauten n{\"o}tig. Ohne die genannten Ausbauziele f{\"u}r Wind und Solar noch drastisch weiter zu erh{\"o}hen, stehen diese Produkte f{\"u}r Straßenverkehr und W{\"a}rmeversor­gung jedoch nicht in ausreichenden Mengen zur Verf{\"u}gung. Techniken zum Aus­gleich zwischen Elektrizit{\"a}tsangebot und -nachfrage sind verf{\"u}gbar und sollten recht­zeitig auf- bzw. ausgebaut werden. Hierzu geh{\"o}ren: Stromaustausch mit den Nach­barl{\"a}ndern, Flexibilisierung des Verbrauchs und Energiespeicherung. F{\"u}r deren Inte­gration sowie den Ausbau der Netze sollten z{\"u}gig verbesserte rechtliche Rah­men­bedingungen geschaffen werden. Die Kosten eines klimavertr{\"a}glichen Energiesystems sind mittel- bis langfristig nicht h{\"o}­her als im derzeitigen System. Gleichzeitig entstehen Arbeitspl{\"a}tze und Export­chan­cen durch Aufbau, Betrieb und Wartung einer regenerativen Energieversorgung in Deutschland und die energetische Geb{\"a}udesanierung. Die politischen Rahmenbe­din­gungen entscheiden, ob eine klimavertr{\"a}gliche Energieversorgung Deutschlands ge­lingt.}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{KoderZacherlRabletal., author = {Koder, Alexander and Zacherl, Florian and Rabl, Hans-Peter and Mayer, Wolfgang and Gruber, Georg and Dotzer, Thomas}, title = {Jatropha Oil as an Alternative Fuel for Modern Diesel Engines - Injection Characteristics and EGR-Compatibility}, series = {WCX 17: SAE World Congress 2017}, booktitle = {WCX 17: SAE World Congress 2017}, publisher = {SAE International}, doi = {10.4271/2017-01-5000}, abstract = {An effective way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) is to use rurally produced straight jatropha oil as a substitute for diesel fuel. However, the different physical and chemical properties of straight vegetable oils (SVOs) require a customized setup of the combustion engine, particularly of the injection timing and quantity. Therefore, this study demonstrates the differences in the injection and combustion processes of jatropha oil compared to diesel fuel, particularly in terms of its compatibility with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). A 2.2 l common-rail diesel engine with a two-stage turbocharging concept was used for testing. To examine the differences in injection rate shaping of diesel fuel and jatropha oil, the injector was tested with an injection rate analyzer using both the fuels. To investigate the combustion process, the engine was mounted at an engine test bench and equipped with a cylinder pressure indication system. All limited emissions, as well as fuel consumption, were measured. Various injection strategies, boost and rail pressure levels were tested at different EGR rates in terms of their impact on the combustion process. EGR in particular offers a great potential in the case of jatropha oil combustion due to its oxygen content. In addition, the investigation of injection rate shaping in combination with cylinder pressure analysis allowed a detailed thermodynamic evaluation of the combustion process. Ignition delay (ID) was also analyzed using a new method to calculate the start of combustion (SOC)}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{AltmannGebhardTroegeretal., author = {Altmann, Robert and Gebhard, J{\"u}rgen and Troeger, Adrian and Winkler, Markus and T{\"o}pfer, Georg and Remmele, Edgar and Gaderer, Matthias and Rabl, Hans-Peter}, title = {Engine performance and emission analysis of a NRMM CI engine with common rail injection system operated with diesel fuel and rapeseed oil fuel}, series = {Proceedings of the 6th Commercial Vehicle Technology Symposium 2020/2021}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 6th Commercial Vehicle Technology Symposium 2020/2021}, editor = {Berns, Karsten and Dressler, Klaus and Kalmar, Ralf and Stephan, Nicole and Teutsch, Roman and Thul, Martin}, publisher = {Springer Vieweg}, address = {Wiesbaden}, isbn = {978-3-658-29716-9}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-658-29717-6_16}, pages = {231 -- 242}, abstract = {The use of alternative fuels in high-power non-road mobile machinery (NRMM) combustion engines is a possible way to substitute fossil fuel. By using pure vegetable oil fuels, like rapeseed oil fuel (DIN 51605), the greenhouse gases can be reduced effectively. Due to the differences in physical and chemical properties, a modification of the engine control unit calibration is necessary to adapt the working process on the fuel. Without modifications, the engine power output with rapeseed oil fuel is lower than with diesel fuel because of the smaller energy content. By adapting the engine settings, like the injection fuel mass, the power loss can be compensated but it accompanies with a higher fuel consumption. The engine emissions at part load conditions show, that there are benefits in particle emissions by using rapeseed oil at similar NOx emissions. Therefore, a design of experiment setup was initiated on a selected engine operation point to determine the effects of further parameters, like rail pressure, manifold pressure and injection pattern, on the process and to see the potential of an optimized calibration.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{DuennweberStadlerWeikletal., author = {D{\"u}nnweber, Jan and Stadler, Timo and Weikl, Sandra and Sch{\"a}fer, Andreas and Georg, Peter and Wein, Simon}, title = {Bus Route Classification for Rural Areas using Graph Convolutional Networks}, series = {Proceedings of the 22th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Soft Computing, Zakopane, Poland}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 22th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Soft Computing, Zakopane, Poland}, pages = {15}, abstract = {In this paper, we present a new approach to determine the estimated time of arrival (ETA) for bus routes using (Deep) Graph Convolutional Networks (DGCNs). In addition we use the same DGCN to detect detours within a route. In our application, a classification of routes and their underlying graph structure is performed using Graph Learning. Our model leads to a fast prediction and avoids solving the vehicle routing problem (VRP) through expensive computations. Moreover, we describe how to predict travel time for all routes using the same DGCN Model. This method makes it possible not to use a more computationally intensive approximation algorithm when determining long travel times with many intermediate stops, but to use our network for an early estimate of the quality of a route. Long travel times, in our case result from the use of a call-bus system, which must distribute many passengers among several vehicles and can take them to places without a regular stop. For a case study, the rural town of Roding in Bavaria is used. Our training data for this area results from an approximation algorithm that we implemented to optimize routes, and to generate an archive of routes of varying quality simultaneously.}, language = {en} } @misc{AppelhansKampmannMottoketal., author = {Appelhans, Marie-Luise and Kampmann, Matthias and Mottok, J{\"u}rgen and Riederer, Michael and Nagl, Klaus and Steffens, Oliver and D{\"u}nnweber, Jan and Wildgruber, Markus and Roth, Julius and Stadler, Timo and Palm, Christoph and Weiß, Martin Georg and Rochholz, Sandra and Bierl, Rudolf and Gschossmann, Andreas and Haug, Sonja and Schmidbauer, Simon and Koch, Anna and Westner, Markus and Bary, Benedikt von and Ellermeier, Andreas and V{\"o}gele, Daniel and Maiwald, Frederik and Hierl, Stefan and Schlamp, Matthias and Ehrlich, Ingo and Siegl, Marco and H{\"u}ntelmann, Sven and Wildfeuer, Matthias and Br{\"u}ckl, Oliver and Sterner, Michael and Hofrichter, Andreas and Eckert, Fabian and Bauer, Franz and Dawoud, Belal and Rabl, Hans-Peter and Gamisch, Bernd and Schmidt, Ottfried and Heberl, Michael and Thema, Martin and Mayer, Ulrike and Eller, Johannes and Sippenauer, Thomas and Adelt, Christian and Haslbeck, Matthias and Vogl, Bettina and Mauerer, Wolfgang and Ramsauer, Ralf and Lohmann, Daniel and Sax, Irmengard and Gabor, Thomas and Feld, Sebastian and Linnhoff-Popien, Claudia and Ławrowski, Robert Damian and Langer, Christoph and Schreiner, Rupert and Sellmair, Josef}, title = {Forschung 2019}, editor = {Baier, Wolfgang}, address = {Regensburg}, organization = {Ostbayerische Technische Hochschule Regensburg}, isbn = {978-3-9818209-7-3}, doi = {10.35096/othr/pub-789}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:898-opus4-7890}, pages = {72}, abstract = {Bericht mit Forschungsprojekten aus verschiedenen Bereichen der OTH Regensburg mit dem Schwerpunktthema "K{\"u}nstliche Intelligenz" und einem Gespr{\"a}ch zur "Medizin der Zukunft"}, subject = {Forschung}, language = {de} }