@inproceedings{BartelSoskaWolffetal., author = {Bartel, Alexander and Soska, Alexander and Wolff, Christian and Hagel, Georg and Mottok, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Entwicklung eines Manifests f{\"u}r spielifizierte Hochschullehre}, series = {Mensch und Computer 2017, Tagungsband}, booktitle = {Mensch und Computer 2017, Tagungsband}, editor = {Burghardt, M. and Wimmer, R. and Wolff, Christian and Womser-Hacker, C.}, address = {Regensburg}, doi = {10.18420/muc2017-mci-0277}, pages = {299 -- 304}, abstract = {In dieser Ver{\"o}ffentlichung pr{\"a}sentieren die Autoren erste Ergebnisse Ihrer Forschungsarbeit an einem Manifest f{\"u}r spielifizierte Hochschullehre. Ausgehend von einer Literaturrecherche {\"u}ber den aktuellen Forschungsstand werden erste Ausz{\"u}ge der aktuellen Arbeit dargestellt, auf deren Basis ein aktiver wissenschaftlicher Diskurs angeregt werden soll.}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{KnietzschMuckelbauerReuteretal., author = {Knietzsch, Marco and Muckelbauer, Daniel and Reuter, Rebecca and Mottok, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Experimental Verification of Indicated Benefits Of Integrating Augmented Reality into Academic Software Engineering Classes}, series = {IATED, 11th International Conference of Education, Research and Innovation (ICERI 2018), 12-14 November 2018, Seville, Spain}, booktitle = {IATED, 11th International Conference of Education, Research and Innovation (ICERI 2018), 12-14 November 2018, Seville, Spain}, editor = {Chova, L. G. and Mart{\´i}nez, A. L. and Torres, I. C.}, isbn = {978-84-09-05948-5}, issn = {2340-1095}, doi = {10.21125/iceri.2018.1057}, pages = {243 -- 252}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{SeidlKraemerMottok, author = {Seidl, M. and Kr{\"a}mer, Stefan and Mottok, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Improving the reliability of an embedded real-time system by applying coded processing}, series = {4th Applied Research Conference, 5th July 2014, Ingolstadt}, booktitle = {4th Applied Research Conference, 5th July 2014, Ingolstadt}, publisher = {Shaker}, address = {Aachen}, isbn = {978-3-8440-2875-1}, pages = {70 -- 74}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HanschStaudteGerhageretal., author = {Hansch, G. and Staudte, Ch. and Gerhager, S. and Hackenberg, Rudolf and Mottok, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Migration path for secure and economic smart power grid devices with transitional smart metering support}, series = {Applied Research Conference 2012 (ARC 2012), 25./26. June 2012 Nuremberg}, booktitle = {Applied Research Conference 2012 (ARC 2012), 25./26. June 2012 Nuremberg}, editor = {Mottok, J{\"u}rgen and Ziemann, Olaf}, publisher = {Shaker}, address = {Aachen}, isbn = {2012 978-3-8440-1093-0}, pages = {63 -- 69}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{RennerMottok, author = {Renner, Sebastian and Mottok, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Towards Key Management Challenges in the Smart Grid}, series = {ARCS Workshop 2019 - 32nd International Conference on Architecture of Computing Systems, 20-21 May 2019, Copenhagen, Denmark}, booktitle = {ARCS Workshop 2019 - 32nd International Conference on Architecture of Computing Systems, 20-21 May 2019, Copenhagen, Denmark}, editor = {Trinitis, Carsten and Pionteck, Thilo}, publisher = {VDE-Verlag}, address = {Berlin}, isbn = {978-3-8007-4957-7}, abstract = {The used technology in the power system is subject of great change. Through the use of smart devices, the systems in the power grid get interconnected between each other and remote networks. Especially the remote access to the critical smart grid environment involves new challenges in the area of security. To ensure the transmitted data and the access to the system is secured, cryptographic mechanisms have to be implemented. One critical part in this task is the management of cryptographic keys. This paper explains and defines a set of basic requirements for cryptographic key management in the smart grid. These requirements are derived from challenges present in common corporate environments. Then, basic approaches in the field of key management are stated and evaluated for the applicability in the power system. Different protocols for the implementation of key management strategies are shown and an assessment regarding their suitability for the defined requirements is conducted.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{DeMottokBrada, author = {De, Sangita and Mottok, J{\"u}rgen and Brada, Premek}, title = {Design Approach to Platform Agnostic Service API Modeling for Interoperability of Cross-enterprise Vehicle Applications}, series = {26th 2021 International Conference on Applied Electronics (AE): 7-8 September 2021, University of West Bohemia, Pilsen, Czech Republik}, booktitle = {26th 2021 International Conference on Applied Electronics (AE): 7-8 September 2021, University of West Bohemia, Pilsen, Czech Republik}, editor = {Pinker, Jiř{\´i}}, publisher = {IEEE}, isbn = {978-80-261-0973-0}, doi = {10.23919/AE51540.2021.9542890}, pages = {1 -- 6}, abstract = {In the last few years, the collaboration of services between the service-oriented, cross-enterprise vehicle application frameworks has gradually increased to generate novel and more complicated vehicle services for the automotive industry. In these service collaboration scenarios, where heterogeneous application frameworks participate to realize complex vehicle services, a source of discord that emerges is that the service providers must always check, before the service deployment, whether the clients or service consumers on the other side of the communication link are compatible with a given service's API (Application Program Interface). While using standardized templates like ontologies for API's semantic specifications are crucial for a service discovery and semantic interoperability, nevertheless, accessing these service APIs' semantic data using a standardized and understandable syntactical specification template is also equally substantial to ease services interoperability. In fact, such complex service collaboration scenarios motivate this research work which proposes a design approach towards standardized, domain-specific, platform-agnostic semantic and syntactic specification of vehicle services API models. This paper also uses a typical vehicle domain case study to illustrate the design approach and a reference mapping between the platform-agnostic semantics specifications of a vehicle service API ontological model and its corresponding language-neutral, syntactic representation using the OpenAPI standard.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{DeNiklasMottoketal., author = {De, Sangita and Niklas, Michael and Mottok, J{\"u}rgen and Brada, Přemek}, title = {A Semantic Analysis of Interface Description Models of Heterogeneous Vehicle Application Frameworks: An Approach Towards Synergy Exploration}, series = {MODELSWARD 2019: Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Model-Driven Engineering and Software Development, 20.02.2019 - 22.02.2019, Prague, Czech Republic}, booktitle = {MODELSWARD 2019: Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Model-Driven Engineering and Software Development, 20.02.2019 - 22.02.2019, Prague, Czech Republic}, publisher = {SCITEPRESS}, isbn = {978-989-758-358-2}, pages = {394 -- 401}, abstract = {As the world is getting more connected, the demands of services in automotive industry are increasing with the requirements such as IoT (Internet of Things) in cars, automated driving, etc. Eventually, the automotive industry has evolved to a complex network of servi ces, where each organization depends on the other organizations, to satisfy its service requirements in different phases of the vehicle life cycle. Because of these heterogeneous and complex development environments, most of the vehicle component interface models need to be specified in various manifest ations to satisfy the semantic and syntactic requirements, specific to different application development environments or frameworks. This paperdescribes an approach to semantic analysis of components interfaces description models of heterogeneous frameworks, that are used for vehicle applications. The proposed approach intends to ensure that interface description models of different service-based vehicle frameworks can be compared, correlated and re-used based on semantic synergies, across different vehicle platforms, development environments and organizations. The approach to semantic synergy exploration could further provide the knowledge base for the increase in interoperability, overall efficiency and development of an automotive domain specific general software solutions, by facilitating coexistence of components of heterogeneous frameworks in the same high-performance ECU for future vehicle software.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{DeMottokNiklasetal., author = {De, Sangita and Mottok, J{\"u}rgen and Niklas, Michael and Brada, Premek}, title = {Semantic Synergy Exploration in Interface Description Models of Heterogeneous Vehicle Frameworks: Towards Automotive Meta Interface Description Model}, series = {ARCS 2019: 32nd GI/ITG International Conference on Architecture of Computing Systems May 20 - 21, 2019, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark Workshop, Proceedings}, booktitle = {ARCS 2019: 32nd GI/ITG International Conference on Architecture of Computing Systems May 20 - 21, 2019, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark Workshop, Proceedings}, editor = {Trinitis, Carsten and Pionteck, Thilo}, publisher = {VDE VERLAG}, address = {Berlin}, isbn = {978-3-8007-4957-7}, pages = {63 -- 70}, abstract = {This The vehicle is evolving to a complex network of heterogeneous subsystems of ECUs, sensors and actuators, each with different computational requirements. These sub-systems are connected via bus systems following different communication paradigms like e.g. signal based or service-oriented communications. This has led to the heterogeneous syntax of describing interfaces even though the semantics of the interfaces are similar. The wide variety of Interface Description Languages (IDLs) in automotive industry hinders partly with the efficient collaboration between different suppliers and the OEMs in the automotive industry. Given this wide variety of automotive IDLs, what could be more beneficial, from a software engineering point of view, is a generic automotive domain specific IDL that can satisfy all the fundamental requirements of the heterogeneous subsystems. This paper describes an approach to compare and correlate IDLs based on semantic similarities of the languages, considering the two aspects: application description and underlying message frameworks used in the different domains of given automotive subsystems. With the exploration of semantic synergies between the IDLs, various domain specific and domain-agnostic frameworks can be compared and correlated. The results can be generalized and abstracted to define a generic Meta IDL which could support use cases like e.g. domain-agnostic functional models and migration of software components between different kinds of automotive subsystems.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{ThomeczekAttenbergerKolbetal., author = {Thomeczek, Ludwig and Attenberger, Andreas and Kolb, Johannes and Matoušek, Vaclav and Mottok, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Measuring Safety Critical Latency Sources using Linux Kernel eBPF Tracing}, series = {ARCS 2019: 32nd International Conference on Architecture of Computing Systems : workshop proceedings, May 20- 21, 2019, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark}, booktitle = {ARCS 2019: 32nd International Conference on Architecture of Computing Systems : workshop proceedings, May 20- 21, 2019, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark}, editor = {Trinitis, Carsten and Pionteck, Thilo}, publisher = {VDE VERLAG GMBH}, address = {Berlin}, isbn = {978-3-8007-4957-7}, pages = {8}, language = {en} } @article{SchmidFritzMottok, author = {Schmid, Michael and Fritz, Florian and Mottok, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Fine-Grained Parallel Applications in Real-Time Multiprocessor Systems}, series = {Journal of Systems Architecture}, volume = {124}, journal = {Journal of Systems Architecture}, publisher = {Elsevier}, doi = {10.1016/j.sysarc.2022.102393}, abstract = {Lately, parallel task models have received much attention in the development of real-time multiprocessor systems, as they allow highly compute-intensive tasks to have shorter deadlines which is very much required in modern reactive systems. However, missing modularity and portability can make parallel programming a cumbersome endeavor. As a consequence, compute-intensive sectors in the desktop and server segment have relied on parallelism frameworks such as Intel Threading Building Blocks, Cilk and OpenMP. These parallelism frameworks, however, are optimized for decent average case performance and consequently, do not meet the strict requirements imposed by real-time systems. In this paper, we present a proof-of-concept parallelism framework which was implemented in particular for soft real-time systems and having tight timing and safety requirements of such critical systems in mind. The proposed runtime system implements static memory allocation in a work-stealing environment that conforms to the strict space and tight probabilistic time bounds of work-stealing schedulers. Furthermore, we evaluate the performance of this framework by conducting multiprogrammed benchmarks on a real-time embedded multicore architecture.}, language = {en} } @article{WeissPozzobonMottoketal., author = {Weiss, Nils and Pozzobon, Enrico and Mottok, J{\"u}rgen and Matoušek, V{\´a}clav}, title = {Automated Reverse Engineering of CAN Protocols}, series = {Neural Network World}, volume = {31}, journal = {Neural Network World}, number = {4}, issn = {1210-0552}, doi = {10.14311/NNW.2021.31.015}, pages = {279 -- 295}, abstract = {Car manufacturers define proprietary protocols to be used inside their vehicular networks, which are kept an industrial secret, therefore impeding independent researchers from extracting information from these networks. This article describes a statistical and a neural network approach that allows reverse engineering proprietary controller area network (CAN)-protocols assuming they were designed using the data base CAN (DBC) file format. The proposed algorithms are tested with CAN traces taken from a real car. We show that our approaches can correctly reverse engineer CAN messages in an automated manner.}, language = {en} } @article{DeNiklasBrianetal., author = {De, Sangita and Niklas, Michael and Brian, Rooney and Mottok, J{\"u}rgen and Brada, Premek}, title = {Semantic Mapping of Component Framework Interface Ontologies for Interoperability of Vehicle Applications}, series = {Procedia Computer Science}, volume = {170}, journal = {Procedia Computer Science}, number = {2}, publisher = {Elsevier}, doi = {10.1016/j.procs.2020.03.151}, pages = {813 -- 818}, abstract = {Over the past few years, ontology merging, and ontology semantic alignment has gained significant interest as research topics in automotive application domain for finding solutions to semantic data heterogeneity. To accomplish the complex and novel vehicle service requirements such as autonomous driving, V2X (Vehicle-to-Vehicle communication), etc. the automotive applications involve collaborations of several platform-specific data from heterogeneous enterprises component frameworks and consequently there has been increase in data interoperability issues. At the application component level, data interoperability relies on the semantic alignment or mapping between the various component framework interfaces data models represented as XML schemas (XSD). With the XML schemas being the preferred standard for the interface description exchange between most of the automotive application domain components, however, the data interoperability between the semantically equivalent but structurally different data constructs of multiple heterogeneous XSDs stands as a challenge in the absence of an ontology-based approach. To confront this crucial requirement for data interoperability and to increase in effect the reuse of existing components through their interfaces, we propose an approach to semantically map the various component framework interface data models when expressed as ontology schemas, based on the exploration of semantic synergies. The transformation between XSD and RDF (Resource Description Framework) schema representations and the use of queries over the ontology schemas for semantic mapping are demonstrated including a real-world case study.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{SchmidMottok, author = {Schmid, Michael and Mottok, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Response Time Analysis of Parallel Real-Time DAG Tasks Scheduled by Thread Pools}, series = {29th International Conference on Real-Time Networks and Systems (RTNS 2021): 07.04. - 09 04 2021, Nantes, France}, booktitle = {29th International Conference on Real-Time Networks and Systems (RTNS 2021): 07.04. - 09 04 2021, Nantes, France}, editor = {Queudet, Audrey}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery}, address = {New York}, isbn = {9781450390019}, doi = {10.1145/3453417.3453419}, pages = {173 -- 183}, abstract = {Modern high-end embedded systems nowadays have to process enormous amounts of data. In order to speed up the computations and fully exploit the resources of the underlying hardware architectures, software developers can avail parallelism frameworks such as Intel Threading Building Blocks or compiler extensions as OpenMP. They ease the development of parallel applications by providing interfaces for common parallel design patterns and by internally distributing the work among the workers of a thread pool. However, such frameworks and compiler extensions do not yet support the stringent timing requirements of real-time systems and therefore, an adaption of their computation model to the sector of real-time systems needs to be conducted. In this paper, we address the problem of scheduling parallel real-time directed acyclic graphs tasks on multiprocessor architectures where the subtasks are dispatched among and executed by the workers of a thread pool. In contrast to existing work in the state-of-the-art, we limit the maximum parallelism of real-time tasks not by the number of processors in the system, but by the number of worker threads used in the thread pool of each real-time application. For this model, we derive a worst-case response time analysis for task sets scheduled by a preemptive global fixed-priority scheduler. In order to evaluate the performance of our response time analysis, we further perform schedulability tests on generated task sets and compare the results to existing feasibility analyses in the current state-of-the-art.}, language = {en} } @article{FuhrmannMottok, author = {Fuhrmann, Thomas and Mottok, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Ethical, intercultural and professional impulses integrated into a transmission systems lecture}, series = {2017 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON), 25-28 April 2017, Athens, Greece}, journal = {2017 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON), 25-28 April 2017, Athens, Greece}, publisher = {IEEE}, doi = {10.1109/EDUCON.2017.7942829}, pages = {92 -- 95}, abstract = {In the sixth semester of the bachelor study course "Electrical Engineering and Information Technology", a lecture "Transmission Systems" is given. It explains basic principles, circuits and systems of electrical and optical transmission systems. Short intellectual impulses, which address professional, intercultural and ethical issues of engineers' working life are integrated into this regular lecture. In each lecture unit, an impulse with one specific topic is given approximately in the middle of the lecture hour. An evaluation was done at the end of the semester, which shows that most of the students remember the discussed topics and state high interest due to high importance for their professional life. Due to these encouraging results, this concept will be developed further.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{KoppKoehlerMottok, author = {Kopp, Felix and K{\"o}hler, Thorsten and Mottok, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Bildgebende Verfahren zur dreidimensionalen Rekonstruktion aus Bildsequenzen basierend auf der Bundler SFM Toolchain}, series = {4. Landshuter Symposium Mikrosystemtechnik : Mikrosystemtechnik als Schl{\"u}sseltechnologie der Systemintegration, Tagungsband zum Symposium 12./13. M{\"a}rz 2014, Hochschule Landshut}, booktitle = {4. Landshuter Symposium Mikrosystemtechnik : Mikrosystemtechnik als Schl{\"u}sseltechnologie der Systemintegration, Tagungsband zum Symposium 12./13. M{\"a}rz 2014, Hochschule Landshut}, editor = {Ivanov, Artem and Bicker, Marc and Patzelt, Peter}, address = {Landshut}, isbn = {978-3-9812696-5-9}, pages = {118 -- 125}, abstract = {Vorgestellt wird der Structure from Motion (SFM)Toolchain Bundler zur Erzeugung von Punktwolken aus unkalibrierten Kameraaufnahmen und deren Optimierungsm{\"o}glichkeiten durch zeitnahe Verfahren zur Interessenpunktextraktion. Das Extrahieren markanter Punkte aus Bildern beinhaltet eines der zeitintensivsten sowie herausforderndsten Aufgaben im dreidimensionalen Rekonstruktionsprozess. Vor allem im Hinblick auf die Integration von Structure from Motion Verfahren auf eingebettete Systeme sind Rechenzeit und Speicherverbrauch von hohem Interesse. F{\"u}r dreidimensionale Rekonstruktionsalgorithmen ist das Finden akkurater Punktkorrespondenzen von hoher Priorit{\"a}t. Die Anforderungen an Punktdetektor, -deskriptor und -matcher sind dementsprechend hoch. Untersucht wurden die Ans{\"a}tze zur Interessenpunktextraktion. Hierzu geh{\"o}ren, der von der Bundler SFM Toolchain genutzte, Scale-invariant feature transform (SIFT) sowie Speeded Up Robust Features (SURF), Binary Robust Invariant Scalable Keypoints (BRISK) und Fast Retina Keypoint (FREAK). Es wird gezeigt, dass das Ersetzen von SIFT in der Toolchain vor allem durch die bin{\"a}ren Deskriptoren BRISK und FREAK zu wesentlich k{\"u}rzeren Laufzeiten f{\"u}hren kann. Dies ist vor allem f{\"u}r eingebettete Systeme mit eingeschr{\"a}nkter Rechenleistung von Bedeutung. In Bezug auf die Genauigkeit der gefundenen Punktkorrespondenzen {\"u}bertreffen sowohl FREAK als auch BRISK die nicht bin{\"a}ren Ans{\"a}tze im Anwendungsprofil. Zur Beschreibung von Interessenpunkten sind die bin{\"a}ren Ans{\"a}tze eine sinnvolle Optimierungsm{\"o}glichkeit hinsichtlich Laufzeit und Genauigkeit, w{\"a}hrend der in BRISK enthaltene Detektor nicht an die Performance der nicht bin{\"a}ren Alternativen herankommt. Insgesamt betrachtet wurden die besten Ergebnisse (Laufzeit und Genauigkeit) mit den Kombinationen SURF/FREAK und SURF/BRISK erreicht. Die evaluierten Algorithmen(SIFT,SURF,BRISK,FREAK) sollen k{\"u}nftig in der Umgebung einer kompletten 3D-Rekonstruktions-Toolchain getestet und ausgewertet werden. Hierbei ist auch auf die Abh{\"a}ngigkeit von verschiedenen Matching-Verfahren zu achten. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus sollen weitere Optimierungsm{\"o}glichkeiten f{\"u}r Anwendungen basierend auf B{\"u}ndelausgleichung untersucht werden.}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{BayerNoebauerMottok, author = {Bayer, Michael and Noebauer, Josef and Mottok, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Weiterentwicklung eines portablen OSEK-OS basierten Echtzeitbetriebssystems zu einem konfigurierbaren AUTOSAR-OS}, series = {4. Landshuter Symposium Mikrosystemtechnik, Mikrosystemtechnik als Schl{\"u}sseltechnologie der Systemintegration, Tagungsband zum Symposium 12./13. M{\"a}rz 2014, Hochschule Landshut}, booktitle = {4. Landshuter Symposium Mikrosystemtechnik, Mikrosystemtechnik als Schl{\"u}sseltechnologie der Systemintegration, Tagungsband zum Symposium 12./13. M{\"a}rz 2014, Hochschule Landshut}, address = {Landshut}, isbn = {978-3-9812696-5-9}, pages = {154 -- 161}, abstract = {AUTOSAR spezifiziert ein statisches Echtzeitbetriebssystem (AUTOSAR-OS), welches auf die Bed{\"u}rfnisse der Automobilindustrie zugeschnitten ist. Dabei stellt die AUTOSAR-OS-Spezifikation im Wesentlichen eine Weiterentwicklung von OSEK-OS dar. Die Unterschiede zu einem OSEK-OS sind im Wesentlichen eine erweiterte Programmierschnittstelle f{\"u}r Counter, Schedule Tables zur Abbildung komplexer zeitgesteuerter Abl{\"a}ufe und Stack Monitoring. Der Scheduler arbeitet priorit{\"a}tsbasiert und unterst{\"u}tzt unterbrechbare und nicht unterbrechbare Tasks. Eine Ressourcenverwaltung mit Priority Ceiling Protokoll verhindert Deadlocks und Priorit{\"a}teninversion. Tasks sind entweder als "Basic Tasks" oder "Extended Tasks" konfiguriert. Nach einer kurzen Vorstellung der OS-Spezifikation wird eine darauf basierte Architektur f{\"u}r das Betriebssystem hergeleitet. Die konkrete Implementierung ist aufgeteilt in einen konfigurationsabh{\"a}ngigen Teil und einen statischen Quellcodeteil. Der konfigurationsabh{\"a}ngige Teil wird von einem Quellcodegenerator erzeugt. Der statische Teil wird in einer Schichtenarchitektur erstellt, um eine Trennung zwischen plattformabh{\"a}ngigem und plattformunabh{\"a}ngigem Quellcode zu erreichen, da die hierf{\"u}r vorgesehene AUTOSAR-Methode nicht ausreicht. Die Portierung des OS auf eine neue Hardwareplattform zeigt, dass nur die plattormabh{\"a}ngige Quellcodeschicht des Betriebssystems ge{\"a}ndert werden muss. Bei der Validierung des Betriebssystems wurde neben einem funktionellen Test auch die Performance f{\"u}r charakteristische Aufgaben, wie beispielsweise einem Kontextwechsel, gemessen. Diese Werte werden mit einem kommerziellen, stark optimierten AUTOSAR-OS verglichen.}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{HauserMottokGruber, author = {Hauser, Florian and Mottok, J{\"u}rgen and Gruber, Hans}, title = {Eye Tracking Metrics in Software Engineering}, series = {Proceedings of the 3rd European Conference of Software Engineering Education (ECSEE'18); Seeon/ Bavaria Germany, 14.06.2018 -15.06.2018}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 3rd European Conference of Software Engineering Education (ECSEE'18); Seeon/ Bavaria Germany, 14.06.2018 -15.06.2018}, editor = {Mottok, J{\"u}rgen}, publisher = {ACM}, address = {New York, NY}, isbn = {9781450363839}, doi = {10.1145/3209087.3209092}, pages = {39 -- 44}, abstract = {This paper aims to provide an overview of the interdisciplinary combination of educational science, psychology, software engineering and the eye tracking methodology. The domain of software engineering is offering great potential for applied eye tracking research and in turn it can benefit from the possibilities of this upcoming technology as well. Nevertheless, software engineering has to struggle with some obstacles. These are namely the different terms, missing guidelines for experimental setups and a lack of common and standardized metrics. If eye tracking should be used in a broader way these problems must be solved. The main purpose of this paper is to list all eye tracking metrics which are relevant for software engineering and to give guidelines to help beginners by avoiding possible pitfalls.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{ThomeczekAttenbergerKolbetal., author = {Thomeczek, Ludwig and Attenberger, Andreas and Kolb, Johannes and Matoušek, V{\´a}clav and Mottok, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Betrachtungen zu Latenzquellen und deren Beobachtung in POSIX-Systemen am Beispiel von Container-Runtimes}, series = {Echtzeit 2019}, volume = {35}, booktitle = {Echtzeit 2019}, editor = {Unger, Herwig}, publisher = {Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden}, address = {Wiesbaden}, isbn = {978-3-658-27807-6}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-658-27808-3_12}, pages = {109 -- 118}, abstract = {Die am weitesten verbreiteten autonomen Systeme der Zukunft sind aller Voraussicht nach intelligente Fahrzeuge, welche selbst{\"a}ndig im Straßenverkehr navigieren und mit der Umgebung interagieren. Diese neuen Funktionen erfordern den Einsatz von performanten Mehrkernprozessoren sowie von komplexen (POSIX-kompatiblen) Betriebssystemen. Gleichzeitig erfordert der Einsatz im Automobil hohe funktionale Sicherheit (ASIL-Level), was unter anderem robuste Echtzeiteigenschaften der verwendeten Hard- und Software voraussetzt. Den Echtzeiteigenschaften steht die erh{\"o}hte Komplexit{\"a}t mit neuen Quellen f{\"u}r nichtdeterministische Latenzen gegen{\"u}ber. In diesem Paper pr{\"a}sentieren wir eine {\"U}bersicht {\"u}ber diese neuen Einflussfaktoren, und vermessen anschließend Containerlaufzeitumgebungen und deren Latenzverhalten. Wir zeigen dabei, das Netzwerkbr{\"u}cken unter Last erheblichen Einfluss (Faktor 4-5) auf die Netzwerklatenz aus{\"u}ben k{\"o}nnen.}, language = {de} } @article{FreilingGrimmGrosspietschetal., author = {Freiling, Felix and Grimm, R{\"u}diger and Großpietsch, Karl-Erwin and Keller, Hubert B. and Mottok, J{\"u}rgen and M{\"u}nch, Isabel and Rannenberg, Kai and Saglietti, Francesca}, title = {Technische Sicherheit und Informationssicherheit. Unterschiede und Gemeinsamkeiten}, series = {Informatik-Spektrum}, volume = {37}, journal = {Informatik-Spektrum}, number = {1}, publisher = {Springer}, doi = {10.1007/s00287-013-0748-2}, pages = {14 -- 24}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{ThomeczekAttenbergerMatoušeketal., author = {Thomeczek, Ludwig and Attenberger, Andreas and Matoušek, V{\´a}clav and Mottok, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Latenzen von POSIX Betriebssystemen im Kontext von Hypervisoren in Real-Time Systemen}, series = {Echtzeit und Sicherheit - Echtzeit 2018, Fachtagung des gemeinsamen Fachausschusses Echtzeitsysteme von Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Informatik e.V. (GI), VDI/VDE-Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Mess- und Automatisierungstechnik (GMA) und Informationstechnischer Gesellschaft im VDE (ITG), Boppard, 15. und 16. November 2018}, booktitle = {Echtzeit und Sicherheit - Echtzeit 2018, Fachtagung des gemeinsamen Fachausschusses Echtzeitsysteme von Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Informatik e.V. (GI), VDI/VDE-Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Mess- und Automatisierungstechnik (GMA) und Informationstechnischer Gesellschaft im VDE (ITG), Boppard, 15. und 16. November 2018}, isbn = {978-3-662-58095-0}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-662-58096-7_11}, pages = {99 -- 108}, abstract = {Neu eingef{\"u}hrte Funktionen in der Automobilindustrie, wie zum Beispiel das autonome Fahren, erfordern den Einsatz von performanten Mehrkernprozessoren sowie von komplexen (POSIXkompatiblen) Betriebssystemen. Im Rahmen des branchenspezifischen Preisdrucks kommt es zudem zu einer Konsolidierung von Steuerger{\"a}ten. Gleichzeitig erfordert der Einsatz im Automobil hohe funktionale Sicherheit (ASIL-Level), was unter anderem robuste Echtzeiteigenschaften der verwendeten Hard- und Software voraussetzt. Als Folge dessen werden zur Trennung von harten und weichen Echtzeitsystemen auf derselben Hardware Hypervisoren eingesetzt. Dieses Paper beleuchtet die Latenzauswirkungen diverser Softwarekonfigurationen auf Hardware der n{\"a}chsten Generation mithilfe eines vorgestellten Testsetups und dessen Ergebnissen.}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{MuchaMottokKraemer, author = {Mucha, Matthias and Mottok, J{\"u}rgen and Kr{\"a}mer, Stefan}, title = {Estimation of Worst Case Response Time Boundaries in Multi-Core Real-Time Systems}, series = {2017 International Conference on Applied Electronics (AE), 5-6 Sept. 2017, Pilsen}, booktitle = {2017 International Conference on Applied Electronics (AE), 5-6 Sept. 2017, Pilsen}, publisher = {IEEE}, isbn = {978-80-261-0641-8}, issn = {1803-7232}, doi = {10.23919/ae.2017.8053598}, pages = {1 -- 6}, abstract = {We address a novel probabilistic approach to estimate the Worst Case Response Time boundaries of tasks. Multi-core real-time systems process tasks in parallel on two or more cores. Tasks in our contribution may preempt other tasks, block tasks with semaphores to access global shared resources, or migrate to another core. The depicted task behavior is random. The shape of collected response times of a task within a processing time is multimodal. Extreme Value approaches need unimodal response time distributions to estimate the Worst Case Response Time of tasks. The new proposed method derives a set of three task set shapes from the source task set. It is used to minimize the uncertainty of random task behavior by maximizing the coverage of possible Worst Case Response Times. The case study evaluates the new proposed estimation method by the use of dynamically generated random tasks with varying task properties.}, language = {en} } @article{DeBradaMottoketal., author = {De, Sangita and Brada, Premek and Mottok, J{\"u}rgen and Niklas, Michael}, title = {The Empirical Evaluation of Semantic Alignment Quality Metrics for Vehicle Domain Component Frameworks Interface Ontologies}, series = {FLAIRS 2021 : The 34th International FLAIRS Conference. Proceedings}, volume = {34}, journal = {FLAIRS 2021 : The 34th International FLAIRS Conference. Proceedings}, number = {1}, publisher = {LibraryPress@UF}, doi = {10.32473/flairs.v34i1.128512}, pages = {6}, abstract = {Semantic alignment of application software components' ontologies represents a great interest in vehicle application domains that manipulate heterogeneous overlapping knowledge application frameworks. In the past few years, with the growth in the novel vehicle service requirements such as autonomous driving, V2X (Vehicle-to-Vehicle communication) and many others, automotive application software component models are becoming increasingly collaborative with other qualified cross-enterprise industrial partners to accomplish these complex service requirements. The most daunting impediment to this cross-enterprise collaboration is semantic interoperability. For efficient services collaboration through cross-enterprise semantic interoperability between the vehicle application frameworks' software components, aligning the interface ontologies of these components by identifying the depth of semantic alignment relationships between the concepts of the interface ontologies is the major focus of this paper. In contrast to several existing ontology structural metrics, this work defines, evaluates and validates ontology metrics to measure the depth of semantic alignment between the vehicle domain software component frameworks' interface ontological models. To emphasize the substantial role of semantic alignment of software component frameworks' interface ontologies in semantic interoperability, a typical vehicle domain case study involving vehicle applications is considered for demonstration.}, language = {en} } @article{SchmidFritzMottok, author = {Schmid, Michael and Fritz, Florian and Mottok, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Fine-grained parallelism framework with predictable work-stealing for real-time multiprocessor systems}, series = {Journal of Systems Architecture}, volume = {124}, journal = {Journal of Systems Architecture}, number = {March}, publisher = {Elsevier}, doi = {10.1016/j.sysarc.2022.102393}, abstract = {Lately, parallel task models have received much attention in the development of real-time multiprocessor systems, as they allow highly compute-intensive tasks to have shorter deadlines which is very much required in modern reactive systems. However, missing modularity and portability can make parallel programming a cumbersome endeavor. As a consequence, compute-intensive sectors in the desktop and server segment have relied on parallelism frameworks such as Intel Threading Building Blocks, Cilk and OpenMP. These parallelism frameworks, however, are optimized for decent average case performance and consequently, do not meet the strict requirements imposed by real-time systems. In this paper, we present a proof-of-concept parallelism framework which was implemented in particular for soft real-time systems and having tight timing and safety requirements of such critical systems in mind. The proposed runtime system implements static memory allocation in a work-stealing environment that conforms to the strict space and tight probabilistic time bounds of work-stealing schedulers. Furthermore, we evaluate the performance of this framework by conducting multiprogrammed benchmarks on a real-time embedded multicore architecture.}, language = {en} } @article{JosephSchummRummeletal., author = {Joseph, Saskia and Schumm, Michael and Rummel, Otmar and Soska, Alexander and Renschke, Michael and Mottok, J{\"u}rgen and Niemetz, Michael and Schroll-Decker, Irmgard}, title = {Teaching finite state machines with case method and role play}, series = {2014 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON 2014) : Istanbul, Turkey, 3 - 5 April 2014}, journal = {2014 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON 2014) : Istanbul, Turkey, 3 - 5 April 2014}, publisher = {IEEE}, doi = {10.1109/EduCon.2013.6530275}, pages = {1302 -- 1305}, abstract = {The professional requirements in Software Engineering have become highly volatile due to the complexities of project development and rapid and innovative changes occurring in the field. Therefore, the development of inter-personal and social competences has gained central importance in the training of software developers. This paper will present a concept allowing to acquire competences by using Case Method and Role Play as instruments in several lectures of Software Engineering. By approaching the issue of competence acquisition on a technical as well as on an educational and social level, life-long learning is facilitated and supported.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{PozzobonRennerMottoketal., author = {Pozzobon, Enrico and Renner, Sebastian and Mottok, J{\"u}rgen and Matoušek, V{\´a}clav}, title = {An optimized Bitsliced Masked Adder for ARM Thumb-2 Controllers}, series = {27th International Conference on Applied Electronics (AE): Sep 6, 2022 - Sep 7, 2022, Pilsen, Czech Republic}, booktitle = {27th International Conference on Applied Electronics (AE): Sep 6, 2022 - Sep 7, 2022, Pilsen, Czech Republic}, publisher = {IEEE}, doi = {10.1109/AE54730.2022.9919884}, pages = {4}, abstract = {The modular addition is used as a non-linear operation in ARX ciphers because it achieves the requirement of introducing non-linearity in a cryptographic primitive while only taking one clock cycle to execute on most modern architectures. This makes ARX ciphers especially fast in software implementations, but comes at the cost of making it harder to protect against side-channel information leakages using Boolean masking: the best known 2-shares masked adder for ARM Thumb micro-controllers takes 83 instructions to add two 32-bit numbers together. Our approach is to operate in bitsliced mode, performing 32 additions in parallel on a 32-bit microcontroller. We show that, even after taking into account the cost of bitslicing before and after the encryption, it is possible to achieve a higher throughput on the tested ciphers (CRAX and ChaCha20) when operating in bitsliced mode. Furthermore, we prove that no first-order information leakage is happening in either simulated power traces and power traces acquired from real hardware, after sufficient countermeasures are put into place to guard against pipeline leakages.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{LaloSailerMottoketal., author = {Lalo, Erjola and Sailer, Andreas and Mottok, J{\"u}rgen and Siemers, Christian}, title = {Overhead-Aware Schedule Synthesis for Logical Execution Time (LET) in Automotive Systems}, series = {2022 IEEE 35th International System-on-Chip Conference (SOCC): 05-08 September 2022, Belfast, United Kingdom}, booktitle = {2022 IEEE 35th International System-on-Chip Conference (SOCC): 05-08 September 2022, Belfast, United Kingdom}, publisher = {IEEE}, isbn = {978-1-6654-5985-3}, doi = {10.1109/SOCC56010.2022.9908103}, pages = {1 -- 6}, abstract = {The Logical Execution Time (LET) has recently been integrated in multi-core automotive systems to ensure timing and dataflow determinism. Although buffering mechanisms are introduced to incorporate LET semantics, they do not guarantee that tasks are executed within their LET frames. In fact, LET and buffering semantics are violated if scheduling is not designed to execute all tasks within their LET frames and in a specific order. In this paper, we describe a scheduling synthesis technique for Fixed-Priority Scheduling (FPS) to achieve resource-efficient execution of LET systems. The proposed approach considers LET semantics, scheduling overheads, and delays caused by operating system operations and provides the possibility to optimize the schedule with respect to aspects like scheduling overheads. Our performance and feasibility evaluation shows that the proposed algorithm provides results in a reasonable amount of time for models of complex industrial applications. Thus, the integration of the proposed algorithm into an automated process is of high benefit to accelerate the development of vehicle applications.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{FrauenschlaegerMottok, author = {Frauenschl{\"a}ger, Tobias and Mottok, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Security-Gateway for SCADA-Systems in Critical Infrastructures}, series = {27th International Conference on Applied Electronics (AE): 06-07 September 2022, Pilsen, CZ}, booktitle = {27th International Conference on Applied Electronics (AE): 06-07 September 2022, Pilsen, CZ}, publisher = {IEEE}, doi = {10.1109/AE54730.2022.9920070}, pages = {6}, abstract = {Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems are used to control and monitor components within the energy grid, playing a significant role in the stability of the system. As a part of critical infrastructures, components in these systems have to fulfill a variety of different requirements regarding their dependability and must also undergo strict audit procedures in order to comply with all relevant standards. This results in a slow adoption of new functionalities. Due to the emerged threat of cyberattacks against critical infrastructures, extensive security measures are needed within these systems to protect them from adversaries and ensure a stable operation. In this work, a solution is proposed to integrate extensive security measures into current systems. By deploying additional security-gateways into the communication path between two nodes, security features can be integrated transparently for the existing components. The developed security-gateway is compliant to all regulatory requirements and features an internal architecture based on the separation-of-concerns principle to increase its security and longevity. The viability of the proposed solution has been verified in different scenarios, consisting of realistic field tests, security penetration tests and various performance evaluations.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{SchmidMottok, author = {Schmid, Michael and Mottok, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Investigation of Scheduling Algorithms for DAG. Tasks through Simulations}, series = {ERTS 2022, 11th European Congress Embedded Real Time Systems: 1-2 June, Toulouse, France}, booktitle = {ERTS 2022, 11th European Congress Embedded Real Time Systems: 1-2 June, Toulouse, France}, pages = {9}, abstract = {In the real-time systems sector, various task models and corresponding tests exist to model and verify the schedulability of task sets on the system at hand. While those models and schedulability tests have intensively been studied from a theoretical point of view, it is hard to ma e use of them to compare the actual execution behavior of scheduling algorithms on a real system. In contrast to schedulability tests, simulators can help to investigate the performance of specific scheduling algorithms. One of the most generalized task models to describe parallel tasks is the Directed Acyclic Graph model that allows to represent tasks as a series of subtasks that depict the potentially parallel computations and precedence constraints that denote the order in which the subtasks are allowed to execute. In this paper, we investigate various scheduling algorithms for the Directed Acyclic Graph model. For that, we first recapitulate the examined scheduling algorithms in detail and point out relevant differences. Subsequently, we present the evaluation of different global and federated scheduling algorithms using fine-grained parallel tasks. To this end, we generate random Directed Acyclic Graph tasks and simulate their execution on multiprocessor systems using scheduling algorithms such as global rate-monotonic and semi-federated scheduling as well as global scheduling policies using the thread pool model.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{GrabingerHauserMottok, author = {Grabinger, Lisa and Hauser, Florian and Mottok, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Accessing the Presentation of Causal Graphs and an Application of Gestalt Principles with Eye Tracking}, series = {2022 IEEE International Conference on Software Analysis, Evolution and Reengineering (SANER 2022), 1st Workshop on Advances in Human-Centric Experiments in Software Engineering (HUMAN 2022): 15-18 March 2022, Honolulu, HI, USA}, booktitle = {2022 IEEE International Conference on Software Analysis, Evolution and Reengineering (SANER 2022), 1st Workshop on Advances in Human-Centric Experiments in Software Engineering (HUMAN 2022): 15-18 March 2022, Honolulu, HI, USA}, publisher = {IEEE}, doi = {10.1109/SANER53432.2022.00153}, pages = {1278 -- 1285}, abstract = {The discipline of causal inference uses so-called causal graphs to model cause and effect relations of random variables. As those graphs only encode a relation structure there is no hard rule concerning their alignment. The present paper presents a study with the aim of working out the optimal alignment of causal graphs with respect to comprehensibility and interestingness. In addition, the study examines whether the central gestalt principles of psychology apply for causal graphs. Data from 29 participants is acquired by triangulating eye tracking with a questionnaire. The results of the study suggest that causal graphs should be aligned downwards. Moreover, the gestalt principles proximity, similarity and closure are shown to hold true for causal graphs.}, language = {en} } @misc{RennerPozzobonMottok, author = {Renner, Sebastian and Pozzobon, Enrico and Mottok, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {3rd Round Ciphers Evaluation on Microcontrollers}, series = {Lightweight Cryptography Workshop (virtual): May 9-11 2022}, journal = {Lightweight Cryptography Workshop (virtual): May 9-11 2022}, publisher = {National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)}, address = {Gaithersburg}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{DeNiklasRooneyetal., author = {De, Sangita and Niklas, Michael and Rooney, Brian and Mottok, J{\"u}rgen and Brada, Premek}, title = {Towards Semantic model-to-model Mapping of Cross-Domain Component Interfaces for Interoperability of Vehicle Applications : An Approach towards Synergy Exploration}, series = {MDE4IoT \& ModComp 2019: Model-Driven Engineering for the Internet of Things (MDE4IoT) \& Interplay of Model-Driven and Component-Based Software Engineering (ModComp); joint proceedings of the Workshop on Model-Driven Engineering for the Internet of Things (MDE4IoT) \& of the Workshop on Interplay of Model-Driven and Component-Based Software Engineering (ModComp); co-located with the IEEE/ACM 22nd International Conference on Model Driven Engineering Languages and Systems (MODELS 2019), Munich, Germany, September 15 and 17, 2019}, booktitle = {MDE4IoT \& ModComp 2019: Model-Driven Engineering for the Internet of Things (MDE4IoT) \& Interplay of Model-Driven and Component-Based Software Engineering (ModComp); joint proceedings of the Workshop on Model-Driven Engineering for the Internet of Things (MDE4IoT) \& of the Workshop on Interplay of Model-Driven and Component-Based Software Engineering (ModComp); co-located with the IEEE/ACM 22nd International Conference on Model Driven Engineering Languages and Systems (MODELS 2019), Munich, Germany, September 15 and 17, 2019}, publisher = {RWTH Aachen}, address = {Aachen}, doi = {10.13140/RG.2.2.28765.15840}, abstract = {With the increase in demand of services in the automotive industry, automotive enterprises prefer to collaborate with other qualified cross-domain partners to provide complex automotive functions (or services), such as autonomous driving, OTA (Over The Air) vehicle update, V2X (Vehicle-to-Vehicle communication), etc. One key element in cross-domain enterprise collaboration is the mutual agreement between interfaces of software components. In this context, model-to-model mappings of software component models of heterogeneous frameworks for automotive services and to explore the synergies in their interface semantics, have become an essential factor in improving the interoperability among the automotive and other cross-domain enterprises. However, one of the challenges in achieving cross-domain component interface model-to-model mappings at an application level lies in detecting the interface semantics and the semantic relations that are conveyed in different component models in different frameworks. This paper addresses this challenge using a Model Driven Architecture (MDA) based analytical approach to explore interface semantic synergies in the cross-domain component meta-models that are used for automotive services. The approach applies manual semantic checking measurements at an application interface level to understand the meanings and relations between the different meta-model entities of cross-domain framework software components. In this research, we attempt to ensure that interface description models of software components from heterogeneous frameworks can be compared, correlated and re-used for automotive services based on semantic synergies. We have demonstrated our approach using component meta-models from cross-domain enterprises, that are used for the automotive application domain.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{RennerPozzobonMottok, author = {Renner, Sebastian and Pozzobon, Enrico and Mottok, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {The Final Round: Benchmarking NIST LWC Ciphers on Microcontrollers}, series = {Attacks and Defenses for the Internet-of-Things, 5th International Workshop, ADIoT 2022: Copenhagen, Denmark, September 30, 2022, Revised Selected Papers}, booktitle = {Attacks and Defenses for the Internet-of-Things, 5th International Workshop, ADIoT 2022: Copenhagen, Denmark, September 30, 2022, Revised Selected Papers}, editor = {Li, Wenjuan and Furnell, Steven and Meng, Weizhi}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, address = {Cham}, isbn = {978-3-031-21311-3}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-031-21311-3_1}, pages = {1 -- 20}, abstract = {In this work, we present our benchmarking results for the ten finalist ciphers of the Lightweight Cryptography (LWC) project initiated by National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). We evaluate the speed and code size of various software implementations on five different platforms featuring four different architectures. Moreover, we benchmark the dynamic memory utilization of the remaining NIST LWC algorithms on one 32-bit ARM controller. We describe our test cases and methodology and provide some information regarding the design and properties of the finalists before showing and discussing our results. Altogether, we evaluated almost 300 implementations of the 3rd round candidates and pick the most appropriate and best (primary) implementation of each cipher for our comparisons. We include a variant of AES-GCM in our benchmarking in order to be able to compare the state-of-the-art to the novel LWC ciphers. Our research gives an overview over the performance of the latest software implementations of the NIST LWC finalists and shows under which circumstances which candidate is performing the best in our individual test cases. Additionally, we make all benchmarking results, the code for our test framework and every tested implementation available to the public to ensure a transparent testing process.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{RennerPozzobonMottok, author = {Renner, Sebastian and Pozzobon, Enrico and Mottok, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Evolving a Boolean Masked Adder Using Neuroevolution}, series = {Attacks and Defenses for the Internet-of-Things, 5th International Workshop, ADIoT 2022: Copenhagen, Denmark, September 30, 2022, Revised Selected Papers}, booktitle = {Attacks and Defenses for the Internet-of-Things, 5th International Workshop, ADIoT 2022: Copenhagen, Denmark, September 30, 2022, Revised Selected Papers}, editor = {Li, Wenjuan and Furnell, Steven and Meng, Weizhi}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, address = {Cham}, isbn = {978-3-031-21310-6}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-031-21311-3_2}, pages = {21 -- 40}, abstract = {The modular addition is a popular building block when designing lightweight ciphers. While algorithms mainly based on the addition can reach very high performance, masking their implementations results in a huge penalty. Since efficient protection against side-channel attacks is a requirement in lots of use cases, we focus on optimizing the Boolean masking of the modular addition. Contrary to recent related work, we target evolving a masked full adder instead of parts of a parallel prefix adder. We study how techniques typically found in neural network evolution and genetic algorithms can be adapted in order to help in evolving an efficiently masked adder. We customize a well-known neuroevolution algorithm, develop an optimized masked adder with our new approach and implement the ChaCha20 cipher on an ARM Cortex-M3 controller. We compare the performance of the protected neuroevolved implementation to solutions found by traditional search methods. Moreover, the leakage of our new solution is validated by a t-test conducted with a leakage simulator. We present under which circumstances our masked implementation outperforms related work and prove the feasibility of successfully using neuroevolution when searching for complex Boolean networks.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{DeMottokBrada, author = {De, Sangita and Mottok, J{\"u}rgen and Brada, Premek}, title = {Evaluation of Semantic Interoperability of Automotive Service API Models Based on Metamodels Similarity Metrics Using a Semi-automated Approach}, series = {iCETiC 2022 : 5th International Conference on Emerging Technologies in Computing 2022: Aug 15, 2022 - Aug 16, 2022, Chester, UK}, booktitle = {iCETiC 2022 : 5th International Conference on Emerging Technologies in Computing 2022: Aug 15, 2022 - Aug 16, 2022, Chester, UK}, editor = {Miraz, M.H. and Southall, G. and Ali, Maaruf and Ware, A.}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Cham}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-031-25161-0_2}, pages = {14 -- 28}, abstract = {In recent years, mapping of application software components' ontologies semantically emerged as a big research challenge in automotive application domain that manipulates several cross-enterprise synergy knowledge application frameworks. The same knowledge formalized by different experts in different vehicle application frameworks leads to heterogeneous representations of components' interface data. Consequently, this causes the most daunting impediment in semantic interoperability between the service components in cooperative automotive systems. From a modeling perspective, in the absence of standardized domain-based unified modeling techniques, the orchestration and resolution of semantic data interoperability between various vehicle application frameworks' components' interface models remain a challenge. However, this challenge could be addressed using ontological metamodeling by specifying semantic associations between components' interface model concepts based on the domain knowledge. Apart from the semantic mapping of interface ontological metamodels, this work also defines quality metrics to determine the degree of semantic alignment achieved between the various interface ontologies. Additionally, to reduce development time and cost towards semantic interoperability, this work proposes a semi-automated plugin tool for the applicability of the evaluated quality metrics to semantic mapping of real-world components' interface models.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{GrabingerHauserMottok, author = {Grabinger, Lisa and Hauser, Florian and Mottok, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Evaluating Graph-based Modeling Languages}, series = {Proceedings of the 5th European Conference on Software Engineering Education, Seeon/Germany, June 19 - 21, 2023}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 5th European Conference on Software Engineering Education, Seeon/Germany, June 19 - 21, 2023}, publisher = {ACM}, isbn = {978-1-4503-9956-2}, doi = {10.1145/3593663.3593664}, pages = {120 -- 129}, abstract = {As humans, we tend to use models to describe reality. Modeling languages provide the formal frameworks for creating such models. Usually, the graphical design of individual model elements is based on subjective decisions; their suitability is determined at most by the prevalence of the modeling language. With other words: there is no objective way to compare different designs of model elements. The present paper addresses this issue: it introduces a systematic approach for evaluating the elements of graph-based modeling languages comprising 14 criteria - derived from standards, usability analyses, or the design theories 'Physics of Notations' and 'Cognitive Dimensions of Notations'. The criteria come with measurement procedures and evaluation schemes based on reasoning, eye tracking, and questioning. The developed approach is demonstrated with a specific use case: three distinct sets of node elements for causal graphs are evaluated in an eye tracking study with 41 subjects.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HauserGrabingerMottok, author = {Hauser, Florian and Grabinger, Lisa and Mottok, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Something Short Gets Even Shorter: Adapting the LIST-K for the Use in an Online Learning Management System}, series = {Proceedings of the 5th European Conference on Software Engineering Education, Seeon/Germany, June 19 - 21, 2023}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 5th European Conference on Software Engineering Education, Seeon/Germany, June 19 - 21, 2023}, publisher = {ACM}, isbn = {978-1-4503-9956-2}, doi = {10.1145/3593663.3593684}, pages = {65 -- 72}, abstract = {This study examines how Klingsieck's LIST-K questionnaire [22] can be shortened and adapted to the requirements of an online learning management system. In a study with 213 participants, the questionnaire is subjected to an exploitative factor analysis. In a next step, the results are evaluated in terms of their reliability. This process creates a modified factor structure for the LIST-K, comprising a total of eight factors. The reliability of the modified questionnaire is at an α of .770. The shortened version of the LIST-K questionnaire is currently being used on an experimental basis in different courses.}, language = {en} } @article{DePremekMottok, author = {De, Sangita and Premek, Brada and Mottok, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Derivation of Optimized Threshold of Semantic Alignment Metrics for Intepretation of Interoperability and Reusability of Cross-enterprise Vehicle Service Interface Models}, series = {Informatica}, volume = {47}, journal = {Informatica}, number = {7}, publisher = {Slovenian Society Informatika}, issn = {0350-5596}, doi = {10.31449/inf.v47i7.4739}, abstract = {Over the past decade, cars have turned gradually into real cyber physical systems. The collaboration of services between the service-oriented, cross-enterprise vehicle application frameworks has increased to generate novel, smart and complicated vehicle services. Consequently, from an interoperability perspective, semantically mapping of vehicle service component's interface ontological models emerged as a big research interest in automotive application domain that manipulates several cross-enterprise synergy knowledge applications frameworks. The ontological metamodeling lays the foundation for building semantic bridge and exploring semantic associations between service components' interface models based on the domain knowledge for semantic interoperability. Also, several semantic quality metrics has been defined over time for the vehicle service interface ontological metamodels. The empirically evaluated values of these metrics can be used to assess progress in cross-enterprise interoperability between the service and the clients' APIs ontological models in vehicle domain. Despite potential benefits of semantic alignment quality metrics, the effective use of these metrics for vehicle service interface ontologies have proven elusive. Yes, such metrics can be used successfully for quantification, but then they mostly fail to provide adequate annotations in subsequent decision-making in the direction of semantic interoperability and reusability. The effective use of ontology semantic alignment quality metrics is basically hindered in the absence of the meaningful thresholds. In fact, the absence of an effective and meaningful threshold for the semantic similarity measure between various vehicle service interface ontological metamodels, motivates this research work which not only proposes a design approach to an optimized threshold for the semantic similarity metrics but also applies this threshold on few defined semantic alignment quality metrics. This paper also uses a real-world vehicle domain industrial case study to illustrate the design approach.}, language = {en} } @unpublished{LinzMottok, author = {Linz, Tilo and Mottok, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Application of Causal Models in Scenario-based Testing}, doi = {10.13140/RG.2.2.34160.06402}, abstract = {This paper presents a new methodology for scenario-based testing of automated driving functions in the context of ISO 21448 (safety of the target function). By using structural causal models (SCMs), the evaluation process of highly automated vehicle systems is to be improved, thus increasing their safety and reliability. Using SCMs, the presented methodology systematically analyzes causal relationships between various risk factors of the investigated system and its operating environment and automatically identifies potential parameter combinations that influence system safety. This approach makes it possible to safeguard automated driving functions, such as an emergency brake assistant, by determining foreseeable risks and providing them as test parameters for relevant scenarios. The HolmeS3 approach combines expert knowledge with probabilistic data analysis to develop robust causal models that can be validated through both simulation and real-world testing. The use of causal inference enables the generation of critical test cases, known as "edge and corner cases", which are essential for testing vehicle systems under investigation. This focused testing approach helps to limit the test case explosion that occurs with conventional approaches by specifically identifying highly relevant parameter combinations that potentially (negatively) influence system performance. The methodology presented, which was developed as part of the HolmeS3 R\&D project, offers transparency, comparability, explainability and traceability in the modeling and testing processes. It supports compliance with the ISO 21448 standard and lays the foundation for the causality-driven development of safe and reliable automotive technology. The project's tools and methods can be applied beyond the automotive sector to all cyber-physical systems that require rigorous safety validation.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{FrauenschlaegerMottok, author = {Frauenschl{\"a}ger, Tobias and Mottok, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Problems and New Approaches for Crypto-Agility in Operational Technology}, series = {12th European Congress Embedded Real Time Systems (ERTS 2024), 11-12 June 2024, Toulouse, France}, booktitle = {12th European Congress Embedded Real Time Systems (ERTS 2024), 11-12 June 2024, Toulouse, France}, abstract = {In recent years, cybersecurity has also become relevant for Operational Technology (OT). Critical systems like industrial automation systems or transportation systems are faced with new threats, and therefore require the implementation of thorough security measures. Regulations further mandate the deployment and regular verification of these security measures. However, OT systems differ from well-known systems of classic Information Technology (IT), such as mission times spanning decades, infrequent updates only during on-site maintenance, or diverse devices with varying support for security measures. The growing field of crypto-agility examines approaches to integrate security measures in an agile and flexible way, making updates easier and, therefore, encouraging a more frequent deployment of them. This paper contributes to this research field in the context of secure communication in two ways. We first examine the current state of crypto-agility by providing an overview of existing measures for OT systems. Then, we propose a new architecture concept with different deployment approaches to integrate security measures in a crypto-agile way. Based on a security library with a generic interface and a flexible proxy application, our architecture is capable of securing both new OT systems and existing ones via retrofit.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{SchwindFrauenschlaegerMottok, author = {Schwind, Philipp and Frauenschl{\"a}ger, Tobias and Mottok, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Implementation of a Bump-in-the-Wire Security Gateway}, series = {Proceedings of the 12th Prague Embedded Systems Workshop, June 27 - 29, 2024, Horoměřice, Czech Republic}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 12th Prague Embedded Systems Workshop, June 27 - 29, 2024, Horoměřice, Czech Republic}, isbn = {978-80-01-07303-2}, pages = {26 -- 35}, abstract = {In the face of escalating cyber threats, the integration of Operational Technology (OT) with Information Technology (IT) systems presents heightened vulnerabilities to critical infrastructures. This paper focuses on the need for cybersecurity, showcasing the design and implementation of a security gateway to achieve bump-in-the-wire security between two units to be protected (assets). For that, each asset is assigned one security module that safeguards its communication paths. To ease bump-in-the-wire capability, the communication between the asset and the security-gateway must be stateless and operate on OSI layer 2. This is necessary to safeguard the whole communication bandwidth, regardless of the used protocols. For this objective, Linux-based packet sockets are used. An encrypted tunnel is established between two security gateways using the Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS) protocol. The results show that the implemented solution is capable of securing the asset's network traffic without the need of any modifications.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HornFrauenschlaegerMottok, author = {Horn, Luca and Frauenschl{\"a}ger, Tobias and Mottok, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Integration and Evaluation of Different FPGA based Hardware Accelerators for the AES Algorithm in the TLS Protocol to be Used in Critical Automation Systems}, series = {4. Symposium Elektronik und Systemintegration, Tagungsband: Symposium am 17. April 2024 Hochschule Landshut}, booktitle = {4. Symposium Elektronik und Systemintegration, Tagungsband: Symposium am 17. April 2024 Hochschule Landshut}, publisher = {Hochschule Landshut}, address = {Landshut}, isbn = {978-3-9818439-9-6}, pages = {18 -- 27}, abstract = {This thesis addresses the challenges of hardware-assisted cryptography in the context of automation systems in critical infrastructures. While hardware accelerators enhance cryptographic calculations in both performance and security, their permanence poses issues in adapting to evolving security concerns. To overcome this problem, we integrated and evaluated a hardware accelerator for the AES algorithm on an FPGA within a TLS application, comparing its performance with other accelerators. Employing a hybrid FPGA-CPU processor system, this setup achieves over 800 Mbit/s data rates, showcasing a more than 27 times acceleration in TLS transmissions compared to purely software-based solutions. The FPGA's flexibility and upgradability therefore make it an ideal platform for critical infrastructure, ensuring longevity and superior acceleration in TLS data transfers.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HauserGrabingerMottoketal., author = {Hauser, Florian and Grabinger, Lisa and Mottok, J{\"u}rgen and Gruber, Hans}, title = {Visual Expertise in Code Reviews: Using Holistic Models of Image Perception to Analyze and Interpret Eye Movements}, series = {ETRA '23: 2023 Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications, Tubingen Germany 30 May 2023- 2 June 2023}, booktitle = {ETRA '23: 2023 Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications, Tubingen Germany 30 May 2023- 2 June 2023}, publisher = {ACM}, doi = {10.1145/3588015.3589189}, pages = {1 -- 7}, abstract = {This study uses holistic models of image perception to analyze and interpret eye movements during a code review. 23 participants (15 novices and 8 experts) take part in the experiment. The subjects' task is to review six short code examples in C programming language and identify possible errors. During the experiment, their eye movements are recorded by an SMI 250 REDmobile. Additional data is collected through questionnaires and retrospective interviews. The results implicate that holistic models of image perception provide a suitable theoretical background for the analysis and interpretation of eye movements during code reviews. The assumptions of these models are particularly evident for expert programmers. Their approach can be divided into different phases with characteristic eye movement patterns. It is best described as switching between scans of the code example (global viewing) and the detailed examination of errors (focal viewing).}, language = {en} } @article{PozzobonWeissMottoketal., author = {Pozzobon, Enrico and Weiß, Nils and Mottok, J{\"u}rgen and Matoušek, V{\´a}clav}, title = {An evolutionary fault injection settings search algorithm for attacks on safe and secure embedded systems}, series = {Neural Network World (NNW)}, volume = {33}, journal = {Neural Network World (NNW)}, number = {5}, publisher = {Czech Technical University in Prague}, doi = {10.14311/NNW.2023.33.020}, pages = {357 -- 374}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{FuerederMottok, author = {F{\"u}reder, Lukas and Mottok, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Assessment of a MACsec-based Security System for Use in Critical Infrastructure Communication}, series = {Proceedings of the 12th Prague Embedded Systems Workshop, June 27 - 29, 2024, Horoměřice, Czech Republic}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 12th Prague Embedded Systems Workshop, June 27 - 29, 2024, Horoměřice, Czech Republic}, isbn = {978-80-01-07303-2}, pages = {51 -- 59}, abstract = {This paper investigates the integration of Media Access Control Security (MACsec) into the communication of critical infrastructure, specifically within power grid applications, such as Substation Automation Systems (SAS) using the IEC 61850 standard. Building on the principles of both standards, this study aims to determine if MACsec can meet the security and performance requirements set by IEC 62351 for power system communications. Furthermore, a test environment containing a number of Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs) supporting communication compliant to all IEC 61850 message types is established to evaluate this integration. The results of the measurements executed in this environment indicate that MACsec could secure all types of messages, such as Manufacturing Message Specification (MMS), Sampled-Value (SV) and Generic Object Oriented Substation Events (GOOSE), within the required time periods without significant delays. Even with additional encryption activated in the cipher suite, the resulting transmission times are well below the required times. This suggests that MACsec can enhance the security goals for industrial communication by providing confidentiality in addition to the already mandated assurance of authenticity and integrity to all messages without compromising performance. Only the requirement for end-to-end security cannot be met by MACsec in this configuration, as the security system re-encrypts with every hop of the transmission. For this reason, we propose a hybrid approach of Transport Layer Security (TLS) and MACsec as part of future work.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{BittnerHendricksHornetal., author = {Bittner, Dominik and Hendricks, Ricky-Ricardo and Horn, Luca and Mottok, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {In-depth Benchmarking of Transfer Learning Techniques for Improved Bottle Recognition}, series = {2023 IEEE 13th International Conference on Pattern Recognition Systems (ICPRS), Guayaquil, Ecuador, 04-07 July 2023}, booktitle = {2023 IEEE 13th International Conference on Pattern Recognition Systems (ICPRS), Guayaquil, Ecuador, 04-07 July 2023}, publisher = {IEEE}, isbn = {979-8-3503-3337-4}, doi = {10.1109/ICPRS58416.2023.10178995}, pages = {1 -- 6}, abstract = {An immense diversity in bottle types requires high accuracy during sorting for recycling purposes by breweries. This extremely complex and time-consuming procedure can result in enormous additional costs for them. This paper presents transfer learning-based algorithms for classifying beer bottle brands using camera images, applicable in individual sorting solutions for different use cases. The problem is tackled using customised EfficientNet, InceptionResNet and VGG models along with an augmented dataset. In addition, a detailed analysis of different model and parameter combinations is performed, enabling tailor-made technologies for specific conditions and resource limitations. In accompanying validations and subsequent tests, a test accuracy of 100\% in the recognition of beer brands could be achieved, proving the proposed method fully contributes to the solution of the problem.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{RoehrlStauferNadimpallietal., author = {R{\"o}hrl, Simon and Staufer, Susanne and Nadimpalli, Vamsi Krishna and Bugert, Flemming and Bugert, Flemming and Hauser, Florian and Grabinger, Lisa and Bittner, Dominik and Ezer, Timur and Mottok, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {PYTHIA - AI SUGGESTED INDIVIDUAL LEARNING PATHS FOR EVERY STUDENT}, series = {INTED2024 Proceedings: 18th International Technology, Education and Development Conference, Valencia, Spain. 4-6 March, 2024}, booktitle = {INTED2024 Proceedings: 18th International Technology, Education and Development Conference, Valencia, Spain. 4-6 March, 2024}, isbn = {978-84-09-59215-9}, issn = {2340-1079}, doi = {10.21125/inted.2024.0783}, pages = {2871 -- 2880}, abstract = {During the COVID-19 pandemic, the importance of digital course rooms, where teachers provide their learning materials, increased dramatically. While these platforms are crucial for providing teaching materials, they often fall short in addressing individual student needs. A system within an academic setting, capable of creating and presenting individual learning paths for each student, can solve these issues. These paths are composed of various learning elements - defined in our previous work as units of educational content with which a learner works. Currently, there is no suitable system that enables the integration of learning path generating algorithms into a digital course room. Therefore we present an application that enables this integration into the Moodle Learning Management System (LMS). More precisely, this paper presents a Moodle plugin together with its framework. It describes the mechanism for effectively collecting data from Moodle, which AI algorithms then use to generate personalized learning paths. Subsequently these paths are visualized with the help of the Moodle plugin. We started with a set of requirements and use cases for the interface connecting Moodle to the AI system, which were established with a group of experts. Based on the requirements, various relevant technologies were assessed, and the best ones were chosen for implementation. Following that, the paper develops a strategy for software structuring as well as an architecture, focusing on performance, modularity, and ease of deployment for widespread use. Furthermore, the architecture ensures a simple method for integrating the algorithms. Afterwards, the framework's concrete implementation is described. A technique for enriching learning elements with metadata is presented, and additionally a concept for presenting these learning elements within a hierarchy. Moreover, it is shown how questionnaire responses and learning analytics are utilized for data collection. We cover in detail techniques for extracting and storing data from the Moodle database, as well as methods for customizing Moodle course rooms and a standard API for incorporating AI algorithms. Finally, the paper discusses the application of the proposed framework in an actual course and how student feedback is collected, which could enhance the framework. It concludes with an assessment of the outcomes obtained and prospects for the framework's future advancements.}, language = {en} } @article{FuxenSchoenhaerlSchmidtetal., author = {Fuxen, Philipp and Sch{\"o}nh{\"a}rl, Stefan and Schmidt, Jonas and Gerstner, Mathias and Jahn, Sabrina and Graf, Julian and Hackenberg, Rudolf and Mottok, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {A Cybersecurity Education Platform for Automotive Penetration Testing}, series = {International Journal On Advances in Security}, volume = {15}, journal = {International Journal On Advances in Security}, number = {3\&4}, publisher = {IARIA}, issn = {1942-2636}, pages = {106 -- 118}, abstract = {The paper presents a penetration testing framework for automotive IT security education and evaluates its realization. The automotive sector is changing due to automated driving functions, connected vehicles, and electric vehicles. This development also creates new and more critical vulnerabilities. This paper addresses a possible countermeasure, automotive IT security education. Some existing solutions are evaluated and compared with the created Automotive Penetration Testing Education Platform (APTEP) framework. In addition, the APTEP architecture is described. It consists of three layers representing different attack points of a vehicle. The realization of the APTEP is a hardware case and a virtual platform referred to as the Automotive Network Security Case (ANSKo). The hardware case contains emulated control units and different communication protocols. The virtual platform uses Docker containers to provide a similar experience over the internet. Both offer two kinds of challenges. The first introduces users to a specific interface, while the second combines multiple interfaces, to a complex and realistic challenge. This concept is based on modern didactic theories, such as constructivism and problem-based/challenge-based learning. Computer Science students from the Ostbayerische Technische Hochschule (OTH) Regensburg experienced the challenges as part of a elective subject. In an online survey evaluated in this paper, they gave positive feedback. Also, a part of the evaluation is the mapping of the ANSKo and the maturity levels in the Software Assurance Maturity Model (SAMM) practice Education \& Guidance as well as the SAMM practice Security Testing. The scientific contribution of this paper is to present an APTEP, a corresponding learning concept and an evaluation method.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{StauferHauserGrabingeretal., author = {Staufer, Susanne and Hauser, Florian and Grabinger, Lisa and Bittner, Dominik and Nadimpalli, Vamsi Krishna and Bugert, Flemming and Ezer, Timur and R{\"o}hrl, Simon and Mottok, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Learning elements in LMS - a survey among students}, series = {INTED2024 Proceedings: 18th International Technology, Education and Development Conference, Valencia, Spain. 4-6 March, 2024}, booktitle = {INTED2024 Proceedings: 18th International Technology, Education and Development Conference, Valencia, Spain. 4-6 March, 2024}, publisher = {IATED}, isbn = {978-84-09-59215-9}, issn = {2340-1079}, doi = {10.21125/inted.2024.1087}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:898-opus4-71135}, pages = {4224 -- 4231}, abstract = {In higher education, improving learning and learning success are goals of general improvement. Lecturers teaches content and students acquire that content in an efficient way. To structure content, learning element categories are evaluated from the student's point of view in higher education area. The aim is to validate given definitions of ten learning element categories within a Learning Management System (LMS). This paper evaluates a categorization of learning elements for organizing learning content in online education within LMSs. Therefore, ten categories of learning elements and corresponding definitions were defined in a previous work as base for this paper. The learning elements to examine are manuscript, exercise, quiz, brief overview, learning goal, summary, collaboration tool, auditory additional material, textual additional material, and visual additional material. To validate the definitions and to get improvements to each learning element a survey is processed. Beside the demographic data questions, the survey consists of two questions to the acceptance of the definitions and asks for improvements. 148 students between the ages 19 and 35 participate in the survey in summer term 2023. The education level of the participants ranges from undergraduates to Ph.D. students. The results of this paper are that more than 80\% accept the given definitions. Some definitions of the learning elements are changed, but the changes are restricted to additions of maximal four words. This categorization of learning elements could lead to improvements in learning by giving the content more structure. With the structure students get the possibility to learn with preferred learning elements which could lead to more success in learning and to a decreasing dropout rate in universities. In the future, the learning elements allow to classify content within LMSs with the goal of generating individual learning paths. Furthermore, our project will integrate these learning elements, use them to generate learning paths, and could set a new standard in the way of personalized learning.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{GrabingerEzerHauseretal., author = {Grabinger, Lisa and Ezer, Timur and Hauser, Florian and Mottok, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {The impact of eyenalyzer}, series = {ICERI2024 Proceedings: 17th Annual International Conference of Education, Research and Innovation, 11th-13th November 2024, Seville, Spain}, booktitle = {ICERI2024 Proceedings: 17th Annual International Conference of Education, Research and Innovation, 11th-13th November 2024, Seville, Spain}, publisher = {IATED}, isbn = {978-84-09-63010-3}, issn = {2340-1095}, doi = {10.21125/iceri.2024.0271}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:898-opus4-78215}, pages = {695 -- 701}, abstract = {Empirical research poses numerous challenges for beginners. This is especially true for data analysis - a task that usually requires knowledge from two distinct areas: statistics and programming. To support prospective researchers with that task, we developed a web-based tool called eyenalyzer. It supports common activities in the data analysis phase of empirical studies in a way that is suitable for novices in both, statistics and programming. The present article describes a controlled experiment investigating the impact of this tool with a total of 20 participants. All of them are given a set of common data analysis tasks. Half of the participants complete the tasks using eyenalyzer, the other half can use anything except for eyenalyzer. For each task and participant, we record the time in minutes, the task score, and the perceived difficulty. The results confirm that our tool is a valuable support for novice researchers: With eyenalyzer, the participants are significantly faster, achieve higher scores, and perceive the tasks to be less difficult.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{JahnWeissAkcakocaetal., author = {Jahn, Sabrina and Weiss, Nils and Akcakoca, Ugur and Mottok, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Under The Hood - A Concept for Virtualized Automotive Security Education}, series = {EDULEARN21: Proceedings, 13th International Conference on Education and New Learning Technologies, Online Conference. 5-6 July, 2021}, booktitle = {EDULEARN21: Proceedings, 13th International Conference on Education and New Learning Technologies, Online Conference. 5-6 July, 2021}, editor = {G{\´o}mez Chova, Luis and L{\´o}pez Mart{\´i}nez, A. and Candel Torres, I.}, isbn = {978-84-09-31267-2}, issn = {2340-1117}, doi = {10.21125/edulearn.2021.1231}, pages = {6109 -- 6118}, abstract = {In recent years, our society faced a massive interconnection of computer-based everyday objects, which opens these items for cyber-attacks. Dependent on the physical capabilities, successful attacks can vary from data exposure or a loss of functionality to a threat to life and limb. Connected- and autonomous vehicles are extremely safety-critical systems with a huge damage potential. This global trend, together with existing and upcoming regulations (ISO 270xx, ISO 21434, UNECE WP.29, UNECE R155), and the lack of qualified professionals create a tension field for the entire automotive industry. Hence, new education concepts for engineers of safety-critical and connected systems are necessary to secure our daily and future systems against cyber-attacks and raise awareness and knowledge of the topic of IT-Security. Existing automotive security education systems have one common problem: All systems are hardware-based and therefore have very steep learning curves for beginners. Hardware-based systems, in general, are expensive in their initial costs, require regular maintenance, and add diverse operational difficulties independent of the aspired education goal. Additionally, the global pandemic increased the necessity of virtual education concepts for security training in cyber-physical systems. Therefore, we present a novel concept for the education of cyber-security professionals for automotive systems based on discovery and problem-based learning in a virtual learning environment (VLE). Our concept contains individual exercises focusing on the topics of vulnerabilities and attacks in automotive networks and systems. Each exercise relates those topics to the corresponding security goals and countermeasures for mitigation. The learners work collaboratively in a self-contained manner within the VLE to acquire the necessary information to answer questions or find a solution to the given problem. To consider the heterogeneous background (e.g. knowledge, experience, preconceptions) of the learners, the topics can be presented in different difficulties, enabling an adaptable learning environment and different learning trajectories within the exercises. The concept is based on a VLE, consisting of automotive networks and components, which simulate the behavior of a vehicle. This environment provides a hands-on, "real-life" scenario, which allows discovery and problem-based learning in a realistic, but cheap and scalable education environment. Furthermore, virtualization removes common difficulties, always present in training on real hardware. This aims to decrease complexity, prevent learning obstacles related to hardware handling, and enables a location-independent learning environment. The target group of our education concept is Bachelor and Master students of computer science, engineering (e.g. electrical engineering, mechatronics), or similar studies, and (experienced) engineers from the industry. In summary, our publication contains two contributions. We present an adaptable virtual learning environment for automotive security education, combined with an educational concept based on discovery and problem-based learning techniques. The goals of our concept are the education of cyber-security professionals for safety-critical, connected automotive systems and the support of life-long learning reaching from academic education to training in the industry.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{EzerGrabingerHauseretal., author = {Ezer, Timur and Grabinger, Lisa and Hauser, Florian and Staufer, Susanne and Mottok, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {EYE TRACKING AS TECHNOLOGY IN EDUCATION: FURTHER INVESTIGATION OF DATA QUALITY AND IMPROVEMENTS}, series = {INTED2024 Proceedings: 18th International Technology, Education and Development Conference, Valencia, Spain. 4-6 March, 2024}, booktitle = {INTED2024 Proceedings: 18th International Technology, Education and Development Conference, Valencia, Spain. 4-6 March, 2024}, publisher = {IATED Academy}, isbn = {978-84-09-59215-9}, issn = {2340-1079}, doi = {10.21125/inted.2024.0802}, pages = {2955 -- 2961}, abstract = {Eye tracking serves as a powerful tool across a variety of empirical research areas: From usability research over cognitive research to educational research and applications in classrooms. However, data noise in eye tracking data poses a challenge to researchers and educators, as it leads to gaze positions being measured imprecisely under unfavorable conditions. In our previous study, we systematically investigated factors that influence data quality and are easily controllable in a classroom or laboratory environment, such as illumination, sampling frequency, and head orientation. However, no recommendations regarding the light source and light orientation could be provided, as these influences could not be analyzed in sufficient detail. Yet, a further examination of these factors, eliminating human influences by using an artificial head, revealed significant differences between individual settings. Hence, in this empirical study of eye tracking as an educational technology, we delve deeper into examining the impact of both light source and light orientation on data quality. This is investigated with an artificial head together with the Tobii Pro Spectrum eye tracking device. To measure data quality, we use the metrics precision and standard deviation as indicators of data noise. The obtained results derive practical advice for educators and researchers, such as not to illuminate the subject from the rear, in order to gather useful data for research and future classroom applications. Thereby, this study serves as a complement to our previous research, answering open questions regarding best practices for researchers and educators when using eye trackers. It aims to provide valuable insights into producing data of the highest quality possible when using eye trackers, both in laboratory settings and in future classrooms applications.}, language = {en} }