@article{HantschWestnerMatschi, author = {Hantsch, Carolin and Westner, Markus and Matschi, Markus}, title = {IT/OT Convergence: Status Quo and Implementation Recommendations}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:898-opus4-77586}, pages = {17}, abstract = {This study examines IT/OT Convergence in 31 predominantly large German companies. It presents an "IT/OT Governance Framework" as a specific model for successful convergence implementation. The in-terviews revealed that companies are at very different stages of maturity in implementing IT/OT conver-gence. The analysis reveals a heterogeneous level of convergence maturity across the interviewed compa-nies, the majority of which are at the beginning or in the implementation phase. Close cooperation between IT and OT is favoured, but without IT completely taking over OT. An IT/OT tandem consisting of a CIO and a central OT responsible person is seen as the ideal way to take responsibility. Six specific recommen-dations were derived from the interviews and included in the IT/OT Governance Framework developed. These include ensuring top management support, using security as a driver, introducing a central OT re-sponsible person, bringing IT and OT teams closer together, continuously demonstrating the added value of convergence, and taking a step-by-step approach to implementation}, language = {en} } @article{HantschWestnerMatschi, author = {Hantsch, Carolin and Westner, Markus and Matschi, Markus}, title = {IT/OT-Konvergenz: Status-Quo und Umsetzungsempfehlungen}, series = {HMD Praxis der Wirtschaftsinformatik}, journal = {HMD Praxis der Wirtschaftsinformatik}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, doi = {10.1365/s40702-024-01111-1}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:898-opus4-77937}, pages = {16}, abstract = {Organisationen machen große Anstrengungen zur Verbesserung ihrer Ambidextrie, d. h. ihrer F{\"a}higkeit sowohl Exploitationsziele (z. B. Effizienz, Vorhersagbarkeit) als auch Explorationsziele (z. B. Anpassbarkeit, Innovation) zu erreichen. Obwohl gem{\"a}ß der Praxisliteratur Technologie in Software-Projekten dabei eine zentrale Rolle spielen kann, gibt es kaum Forschung dazu, wie technologische Faktoren Ambidexterie in Software-Projekten beeinflussen. In dieser Studie untersuchen wir die Rolle dreier technologischer Faktoren: kontinuierliche Integration, Standardisierung und Microservice-Architektur. Die Ergebnisse einer Mehrinformanten-Umfrage in 95 Projekten in der Schweiz und D{\"a}nemark zeigen, dass kontinuierliche Integration und Standardisierung mit h{\"o}herer Ambidexterie einhergehen, w{\"a}hrend der Zusammenhang zwischen Microservice-Architektur und Ambidextrie nicht signifikant ist. Unser Artikel geht {\"u}ber die existierende Forschung hinaus, indem er zeigt, dass kontinuierliche Integration und Standardisierung nicht nur Exploitation, sondern auch Exploration f{\"o}rdern k{\"o}nnen. Wir diskutieren auch Gr{\"u}nde f{\"u}r den insignifikanten Zusammenhang zwischen Microservice-Architektur und Ambidextrie.}, language = {de} } @misc{Westner, author = {Westner, Markus}, title = {Rezension "Designed for Digital".}, series = {HMD Praxis Der Wirtschaftsinformatik}, journal = {HMD Praxis Der Wirtschaftsinformatik}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, doi = {10.1365/s40702-022-00877-6}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:898-opus4-38626}, language = {de} } @article{WulfWestnerStrahringer, author = {Wulf, Frederik and Westner, Markus and Strahringer, Susanne}, title = {We have a platform, but nobody builds on it - what influences Platform-as-a-Service post-adoption?}, series = {International Journal of Information Systems and Project Management}, volume = {10}, journal = {International Journal of Information Systems and Project Management}, number = {1}, issn = {2182-7788}, doi = {10.12821/ijispm100103}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:898-opus4-33778}, pages = {49 -- 70}, abstract = {When higher-level management of a company has strategically decided to adopt Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) as a Cloud Computing (CC) delivery model, decision-makers at lower hierarchy levels still need to decide whether they want to post-adopt PaaS for building or running an information system (IS) - a decision that numerous companies are currently facing. This research analyzes the influential factors of this managerial post-adoption decision on the IS-level. A survey of 168 business and Information Technology (IT) professionals investigated the influential factors of this PaaS post-adoption decision. The results show that decision-makers' perceptions of risks inhibit post-adoption. Vendor trust and trialability reduce these perceived risks. While competitive pressure increases perceived benefits, it does not significantly influence PaaS post-adoption. Controversially, security and privacy, cost savings, and top management support do not influence post-adoption, as opposed to findings on company-level adoption. Subsamples constructed by the form of post-adoptive use (migration of IS, enhancement of IS, new IS development) exhibit better goodness-of-fit measures than the full sample. Future research should explore this interrelation of the form of post-adoptive use and the post-adoption influence factors.}, language = {en} } @article{StrahringerWestner, author = {Strahringer, Susanne and Westner, Markus}, title = {Von der IT-Leitung zur (Mit-)Gestaltung der digitalen Transformation}, series = {HMD Praxis der Wirtschaftsinformatik}, volume = {59}, journal = {HMD Praxis der Wirtschaftsinformatik}, publisher = {Springer}, doi = {10.1365/s40702-022-00875-8}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:898-opus4-39922}, pages = {717 -- 720}, abstract = {Die entsprechenden Antworten, wie die IT-F{\"u}hrung in Unternehmen auszugestalten sei, ist Gegenstand vielf{\"a}ltiger Forschung und im Ergebnis situativ aber nicht abschließend zu beantworten. Das vorliegende Schwerpunktheft greift diesen Aspekt auf und beleuchtet die Zukunft der F{\"u}hrung in der IT.}, language = {de} } @unpublished{KratzerWestnerStrahringer, author = {Kratzer, Simon and Westner, Markus and Strahringer, Susanne}, title = {Four Decades of Chief Information Officer Research}, organization = {Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)}, doi = {10.1145/3614178.3614182}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:898-opus4-54208}, abstract = {Despite the relevance and maturity of the Chief Information Officer (CIO) research field, no studies exist that exhaustively summarize the current body of knowledge, focusing on the development of the field over its entire timespan. The paper at hand addresses this research gap and presents an exhaustive literature review on the CIO research field using main path analysis. We identify the central papers in CIO research and eight main research streams by quantitatively and qualitatively analyzing 466 papers. We find that established research streams, e.g., 'Evolving role of the CIO' and 'CIO hierarchical position and relationships' as well as recently emerging research streams, e.g., 'CIO as business enabler' and 'CIOs and IT security,' draw growing attention. Based on our findings, we develop promising further avenues for research in the CIO field.}, subject = {Informationsmanager}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{WulfLindnerStrahringeretal., author = {Wulf, Frederik and Lindner, Tobias and Strahringer, Susanne and Westner, Markus}, title = {IaaS, PaaS, or SaaS? The Why of Cloud Computing Delivery Model Selection}, series = {Proceedings of the 54th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 2021}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 54th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 2021}, isbn = {978-0-9981331-4-0}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:898-opus4-7913}, pages = {6285 -- 6294}, abstract = {Most large-scale organizations adopted Cloud Computing (CC) on a company level in recent years. Managers now face the challenge to appropriately implement CC "operationally", i.e., for information systems (ISs). We refer to this as post-adoption, addressing the extent of technology usage after adoption. Specifically, managers need to choose among the CC delivery models Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS), Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS), and Software-asa-Service (SaaS). We differentiate the determinants of this post-adoption decision for IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS. Based on this analysis, we derive criteria that guide managers' delivery model selection: Adopt 1) IaaS for ISs requiring flexibility and reduced time to market, 2) PaaS to access specialized resources, and 3) SaaS to focus on core competencies. Moreover, we analyze the impact on the CC strategy and postulate them as recommendations: I) acknowledge the interplay between governance and time-to-market, II) realize cost savings on company level, and III) consider strategically important ISs for CC.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{SchwertsikWestner, author = {Schwertsik, Andreas and Westner, Markus}, title = {Produktorientierte IT-Leistungsverrechnung als Br{\"u}ckenschlag zwischen IT-Leistungserstellung und -verwendung}, series = {Prozesse, Technologie, Anwendungen, Systeme und Management : Tagungsband zur 27. AKWI-Fachtagung vom 07. bis 10.09.2014 an der Oberbayerischen Technischen Hochschule Regensburg / hrsg. von Thomas Barton}, booktitle = {Prozesse, Technologie, Anwendungen, Systeme und Management : Tagungsband zur 27. AKWI-Fachtagung vom 07. bis 10.09.2014 an der Oberbayerischen Technischen Hochschule Regensburg / hrsg. von Thomas Barton}, organization = {Angewandte Forschung in der Wirtschaftsinformatik}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:898-opus4-928}, pages = {78 -- 91}, abstract = {Das vorliegende Paper untersucht anhand einer Fallstudie die Implementierung einer produktorientierten Leistungsverrechnung f{\"u}r IT-Services im Kontext eines international f{\"u}hrenden Industrieg{\"u}terunternehmens. Zun{\"a}chst werden die {\"o}konomischen und regulatorischen Anforderungen, die zur Ein-f{\"u}hrung des Systems gef{\"u}hrt haben, skizziert. Danach wird der Aufbau und Ablauf des Verrechnungsverfahrens geschildert: auf IT-Leistungserstellungs-seite werden die angefallenen Kosten {\"u}ber die Bildung sogenannter modularer „Service-Bausteine" den organisatorisch verantwortlichen Stellen als auch IT-Services zugeordnet. Auf Basis der geplanten Nachfragemenge werden diese IT-Services bepreist und in einem IT-Servicekatalog verzeichnet. Dort k{\"o}nnen sie von den Fachbereichen nachgefragt werden. Im Sinne von Vorteilen werden u.a. eine verursachungsgerechte Kostenverteilung erm{\"o}glicht, Kostentransparenz und -vergleichbarkeit geschaffen sowie das Kostenbewusstsein bei Leistungsempf{\"a}ngern und -erstellern gef{\"o}rdert. Als Nachteil erweist sich der administrative Aufwand zur Durchf{\"u}hrung der Kalkulation und in der Folge eine gewisse Statik des Systems, da unterj{\"a}hrige {\"A}nderungen nur unter Inkaufnahme von Zusatzaufwand nachgesteuert werden k{\"o}nnen.}, subject = {IT-Abteilung}, language = {de} } @misc{WestnerFuhrmann, author = {Westner, Markus and Fuhrmann, Thomas}, title = {Applied Learning through Industry Collaboration}, series = {Applied Learning Conference, 2020, Singapur}, journal = {Applied Learning Conference, 2020, Singapur}, abstract = {Purpose In 1969, Germany founded a new type of tertiary education institution, the so-called "Universities of Applied Sciences" (UAS). In contrast to traditional universities, UAS are supposed to educate their students based on scientific methods but with a high degree of application orientation (Wissenschaftsrat, 2010). The goal was to generate highly employable graduates. Since then the number of UAS in Germany has risen to 216 in 2018/2019 (Statistisches Bundesamt, 2019). ~45\% of all German students start their tertiary education at a UAS (Autorengruppe Bildungsberichterstattung, 2018). UAS graduates are well perceived by domestic employers, enjoy high recruiting rates and attractive salary levels. The educational model has proven so successful that its approach and underlying philosophy has been replicated under terms such as "cooperative education" or "applied learning" in a vast number of different countries and educational systems around the globe (Altbach, Reisberg, \& Rumbley, 2011). This talk critically describes the key aspects that constitute German UAS' approaches to industry-oriented applied learning. The findings are relevant for academics, policy makers, and industry representatives to generate ideas on how to improve study curricula, policies, or collaboration between academia and industry. Method The approach taken consists of a descriptive and structured account of the key aspects that constitute the study curricula of a UAS from an applied learning perspective. By building on their own experiences as teaching professors and part of a German UAS' managerial team, the research method taken resembles an action research-oriented approach. Key Findings German UAS have numerous application-oriented learning elements in their curricula. These elements are performed inside the university like lab courses but many of these learning elements are carried out in cooperation with industry. Bachelor programs span over seven semesters. Fundamentals are taught in the first two semesters and from the third semester on, more and more application-oriented lectures and labs become part of the curricula. In the fifth semester, a mandatory internship is integrated in the study program. This internship is carried out either at companies in Germany or abroad. It is the goal of the internship that the students gain first practical experience in a real work environment. The work tasks in internship should be similar to the later professional demands and should contain a project. The students themselves are responsible for finding an appropriate job and organize the administrative aspects around the internship, thus their self-organization skills are advanced. The UAS teaching staff supervises the internships from an academic perspective. This mandatory internship has numerous advantages: students experience real industry environment and they build contacts to later employers thus forming a potential pathway to future employment. Bachelor and master courses each finish with thesis work. The majority of theses is carried out in companies under university supervision. This is a second chance for the students to accomplish a company project, to gain practical experience and to get in touch with potential employers. In addition to undergraduate and postgraduate education, German UAS do a lot of applied research together with companies. This applied research can also be the basis for the work of Ph.D students. Industry representatives are also involved when designing new study programs as consultants and give advice for accreditation and reaccreditation of programs. All these activities of German universities of applied sciences lead to a high practical relevance of education programs and to a high degree of employability of UAS graduates.}, language = {en} } @misc{WestnerFuhrmann, author = {Westner, Markus and Fuhrmann, Thomas}, title = {Entwicklung eines Programms f{\"u}r internationale Gastdozierende als Good Practice Modell f{\"u}r die Hochschulinternationalisierung}, series = {Internationalisierung der Curricula in den MINT-F{\"a}chern (ICM 2018), Berlin}, journal = {Internationalisierung der Curricula in den MINT-F{\"a}chern (ICM 2018), Berlin}, abstract = {Der Freistaat Bayern finanziert seit einigen Jahren ein Hochschulprogramm zur F{\"o}rderung von internationalen Gastprofessorinnen und Gastprofessoren an seinen Hochschulen. Mit diesen Finanzmitteln f{\"o}rdert die OTH Regensburg unter anderem internationale Gastvorlesungen. In der Fakult{\"a}t Informatik und Mathematik wurde seit 2015 eine Zusammenstellung internationaler Gastvorlesungen entwickelt, die als Wahlpflichtf{\"a}cher systematisch in ein bestehendes Curriculum integriert sind. So werden den heimischen Studierenden internationale Erfahrungen erm{\"o}glicht ("internationalization at home"), die fachliche Breite des Curriculums wird erh{\"o}ht und es k{\"o}nnen auf Basis pers{\"o}nlicher Kontakte internationale Hochschulpartnerschaften neu gekn{\"u}pft und weiter entwickelt werden. Jede Vorlesung in diesem Programm besteht aus mehreren Teilen. Zum Vorlesungsbeginn werden die geplanten Inhalte und Anforderung den Studierenden in einer Videokonferenz erl{\"a}utert. Die Studierenden erhalten Unterlagen, um sich in Selbstlerneinheiten auf die Pr{\"a}senzvorlesungen des Gastes vorzubereiten. Im Pr{\"a}senzteil verbringt die/der Gastdozierende ca. 2 bis 3 Wochen in Regensburg und h{\"a}lt an der Hochschule Blockvorlesungen. So ist es m{\"o}glich, Veranstaltungen mit 5 ECTS Credits in einem "blended learning" Lehr-/Lernformat durchzuf{\"u}hren. Studierende sch{\"a}tzen das Programm sehr und {\"a}ußern sich in Evaluationen {\"a}ußerst positiv {\"u}ber die fachliche und didaktische Erweiterung des F{\"a}cherspektrums. Dieses Programm wird als "good practice" innerhalb der Hochschule angesehen und soll in anderen technischen Fakult{\"a}ten verbreitet werden, u.a. wurde ein "Prozesshandbuch" mit konkreten Beispielen und Handreichungen erstellt. Der Vortrag geht auf diese und weitere Umsetzungsaspekte sowie zugeh{\"o}rige Herausforderungen ein.}, subject = {Hochschule}, language = {de} } @misc{KratzerStrahringerWestner, author = {Kratzer, Simon and Strahringer, Susanne and Westner, Markus}, title = {Fractional CIOs in SMEs}, series = {2024 2nd International Conference on Management Information Systems (ICMIS 2024), September 28-30, 2024, Tokyo, Japan}, volume = {2}, journal = {2024 2nd International Conference on Management Information Systems (ICMIS 2024), September 28-30, 2024, Tokyo, Japan}, abstract = {To remain competitive, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) need to man-age information technology (IT) effectively. Unlike larger organisations, SMEs often face limited resources and challenges in attracting talent, and typically lack the need for a full-time Chief Information Officer (CIO). In response, a growing number of professionals around the world are offering CIO services on a part-time, shared basis to multiple clients. This model provides SMEs with affordable and flexible access to experienced IT leadership. Known as 'fractional CIOs', these professionals deliver significant value, yet there has been little academic re-search into this phenomenon. Our study, conducted between 2020 and 2023 with 62 Fractional CIOs in 10 countries, aims to fill this gap. It provides a clear defini-tion of fractional CIOs, outlines their engagement models and identifies the key factors that contribute to their success. The findings are intended to enlighten both academics and industry professionals.}, language = {en} } @article{BaryWestnerStrahringer2019, author = {Bary, Benedikt von and Westner, Markus and Strahringer, Susanne}, title = {How decision maker's personal preferences influence the decision to backsource IT services}, series = {Journal of Information Technology Management (JITM)}, volume = {30}, journal = {Journal of Information Technology Management (JITM)}, number = {3}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:898-opus4-233}, pages = {1 -- 22}, year = {2019}, abstract = {To prepare their IT landscape for future business challenges, companies are changing their IT sourcing arrangements by using selective sourcing approaches as well as multi-sourcing with more but smaller sourcing contracts. Companies therefore have to reconsider and re-evaluate their IT sourcing setup more frequently. Collecting data from 251 global experts, we empirically tested the effect of service quality, relationship quality, and switching costs on IT sourcing decisions using partial least squares (PLS) analysis. Drawing on previously conducted expert interviews, our model extends previous studies and introduces a decision maker's sourcing preferences as a not yet examined moderator on IT sourcing decisions. This allows us to investigate the influence of the decision maker's beliefs on the decision process. We were able to confirm the negative effect of switching costs on a decision in favor of backsourcing, however we could not find significant support for the remaining hypotheses. We further discuss potential reasons for our findings and suggest future research opportunities based on our contribution.}, subject = {Outsourcing}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{StrasserWestner, author = {Strasser, Artur and Westner, Markus}, title = {Knowledge Transfer in IS Offshoring}, series = {Proceedings of the 19th Pacific Asia Conference on Information Systems (PACIS 2015) Singapore, July 5-9}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 19th Pacific Asia Conference on Information Systems (PACIS 2015) Singapore, July 5-9}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:898-opus4-835}, pages = {1 -- 15}, abstract = {IS offshoring research regarding knowledge transfer processes, roles involved, as well as influencing factors is characterized by its diverse and heterogeneous nature. Covering the last fifteen years of IS offshoring research, this paper provides a consolidated view of the field of study. It presents a generic knowledge transfer process consisting of four stages and five milestones. These stages are characterized and evaluated according to their relevance for knowledge transfer, the types of knowledge transferred, the main activities and methods for transfer and testing, as well as the goals pursued. Furthermore, we aggregate the diverse literature findings relating to individuals who facilitate knowledge transfer processes into a general role. We label this role "offshore coordinator" and present its core tasks and necessary skills. In addition, we identify and cluster core factors that influence success or failure of knowledge transfer. In summary, our study answers calls to discontinue with empirically derived definitions in favor of theory-based conceptualization of the IS offshoring research field with respect to knowledge transfer processes, roles, and success factors. Future studies can build on these results and examine questions with respect to particular characteristics of knowledge transfer processes and their influencing success and failure factors.}, subject = {Betriebliches Informationssystem}, language = {en} } @article{KoenningStrahringerWestner, author = {K{\"o}nning, Michael and Strahringer, Susanne and Westner, Markus}, title = {Unraveling the impact of cultural distance on IT outsourcing success}, series = {Journal of Enterprise Information Management}, volume = {34}, journal = {Journal of Enterprise Information Management}, number = {3}, publisher = {Emerald}, doi = {10.1108/JEIM-06-2019-0151}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:898-opus4-8708}, pages = {811 -- 837}, abstract = {PURPOSE IT outsourcing (ITO) has developed into an established practice for organizations but the interorganizational and oftentimes international collaboration it involves comes at a price: Reports from academia and practice suggest that more than 25\% of all ITO projects fail, many because of cultural differences between client and provider organizations. Against this background, this paper analyzes the complex nature of cultural distance and its multi-faceted effect on ITO success. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH This paper builds upon extant literature on culture on the national, organizational and team level, conceptualizes its effect on relationship quality and ITO success, and hypothesizes a model on potential moderators and management techniques to offset culture-induced challenges. It then evaluates and refines the model by means of an interpretive qualitative research design for an in-depth single-case study of ProSiebenSat.1 Media SE (P7S1), a leading European media company that reconfigured its IT sourcing model three times in 10 years. FINDINGS The results from interviews with top managers from client and provider organizations represent one of the first integrated views on the critical importance of cultural compatibility on multiple levels, provide manifold examples for its complex effect on ITO success, as well as moderators and potential management techniques to promote ITO success. RESEARCH LIMITATIONS/IMPLICATIONS This paper contributes relevant empirical insights to the growing body of literature on culture and its underestimated role in ITO success. It builds on tentative theory that is confirmed and refined. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS The paper helps in substantiating the complex and intangible nature of culture and demonstrates means for its effective management. ORIGINALITY/VALUE The results from interviews with top managers from client and provider organizations represent one of the first integrated views on the critical importance of cultural compatibility on multiple levels, provide manifold examples for its complex effect on ITO success, as well as moderators and potential management techniques to promote ITO success.}, language = {en} } @article{KaessStrahringerWestner, author = {K{\"a}ss, Sebastian and Strahringer, Susanne and Westner, Markus}, title = {Practitioners' Perceptions on the Adoption of Low Code Development Platforms}, series = {IEEE Access}, journal = {IEEE Access}, publisher = {IEEE}, issn = {2169-3536}, doi = {10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3258539}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:898-opus4-59170}, pages = {30}, abstract = {Organizations are under increasing pressure to develop applications within budget and time at high quality. Therefore, multiple organizations adopt Low Code Development Platforms (LCDP) to develop applications faster and cheaper compared to traditional application development. However, current research on LCDP adoption lacks empirical grounding as well as a deeper understanding of the importance of adoption drivers and inhibitors. We conducted semi-structured interviews and a Delphi study with seventeen experts to address these gaps. As a result, we identified twelve drivers and nineteen inhibitors for adopting LCDPs. We show that the experts have a consensus on the most and the least important drivers and inhibitors for LCDP adoption. Yet, the ranking of the drivers and inhibitors between the most and least important is highly context dependent. For some drivers and inhibitors, the experts' ranking is similar to academic literature, whereas, for others, it differs. In conclusion, the study at hand empirically validates drivers and inhibitors for LCDP adoption, adds six new drivers and six new inhibitors to the body of knowledge, and analyses the importance of these factors.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{BrosigWestnerStrahringer, author = {Brosig, Christoph and Westner, Markus and Strahringer, Susanne}, title = {Linking IT assets and competitive advantage - IT capabilities of servitized business models}, series = {34th Bled eConference Digital Support from Crisis to Progressive Change: June 27 - 30, 2021, Online: Conference Proceedings}, booktitle = {34th Bled eConference Digital Support from Crisis to Progressive Change: June 27 - 30, 2021, Online: Conference Proceedings}, editor = {Borštnar, Mirjana Kljajić}, isbn = {978-961-286-485-9}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:898-opus4-20158}, pages = {111 -- 123}, abstract = {This paper connects research from business model innovation and information systems by exploring critical IT capabilities for servitized business models. The adoption of servitized business models is a major business model innovation strategy. At the same time, digitalization drives the evolution of IT capabilities at these business models. Scholars argue that it remains unclear how IT capabilities enable servitized business models to build a competitive advantage by achieving cost advantages or differentiation. This paper explores IT capabilities that enable building a competitive advantage for servitized business models based on a qualitative analysis of multiple published case studies. The authors identify configurations of IT capabilities among servitized business models. The findings contribute to servitization research by exploring IT capabilities and how they are combined among servitized business models. The insights help practitioners deploy digital technologies and IT assets effectively as building blocks of IT capabilities to advance their servitized business model.}, subject = {Gesch{\"a}ftsmodell}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HantschWestner, author = {Hantsch, Carolin and Westner, Markus}, title = {Governance of IT/OT Convergence: A Review of Academic and Practitioner Literature}, series = {16th Mediterranean Conference on Information Systems (MCIS) 2024, Proceedings, October 3rd to 5th, 2024, Porto, Portugal}, booktitle = {16th Mediterranean Conference on Information Systems (MCIS) 2024, Proceedings, October 3rd to 5th, 2024, Porto, Portugal}, publisher = {AIS eLibrary}, isbn = {978-989-33-6886-2}, doi = {10.35096/othr/pub-7833}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:898-opus4-78335}, pages = {16}, abstract = {The convergence, i.e., integration, of Information Technology (IT) and Operational Technology (OT) is a critical aspect of digital transformation in industries, driving efficiency, innovation, and competitive advantage. However, this integration also introduces significant challenges, particularly in governance. This paper presents a comprehensive literature review of IT/OT convergence, focusing on the governance challenges and strategies drawn from both academic and practitioner literature. The findings reveal that effective governance is crucial for successful IT/OT convergence, requiring clear definitions of roles and responsibilities, cross-functional collaboration, and a unified approach to mitigate risks and align organizational goals. Key IT/OT convergence governance strategies include establishing a Center of Excellence, adopting a risk-based approach, and fostering a culture of change. The paper highlights the need for further research to develop comprehensive governance frameworks and empirically examine the impact of governance on IT/OT convergence success. This paper provides valuable insights for both researchers and practitioners navigating the complexities of IT/OT convergence and governance in the era of Industry 4.0.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{SpaethWestner, author = {Sp{\"a}th, Carina and Westner, Markus}, title = {Challenges in Agile Transformations: A Comprehensive Review}, series = {16th Mediterranean Conference on Information Systems (MCIS) 2024, Proceedings, October 3rd to 5th, 2024, Porto, Portugal}, booktitle = {16th Mediterranean Conference on Information Systems (MCIS) 2024, Proceedings, October 3rd to 5th, 2024, Porto, Portugal}, publisher = {AIS eLibrary}, doi = {10.35096/othr/pub-7832}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:898-opus4-78320}, pages = {18}, abstract = {This paper investigates the challenges organizations face during agile transformations, a critical adaptation in today's fast-paced business environment. Despite the potential benefits, many companies struggle with the implementation of agile methodologies. Through a systematic literature review of recent publications, we identify and categorize 19 challenges into three main areas: people, leadership, and organisation/processes. Our findings highlight that the most significant issues arise within the 'people' category, including plan-driven thinking, lack of knowledge, and inefficient collaboration. Leadership challenges involve insufficient management support and cultural mismatches, while organisation/process-related issues encompass inadequate planning and coordination. By synthesizing these challenges, this study provides a comprehensive overview aimed at helping practitioners anticipate and mitigate potential obstacles, thereby increasing the likelihood of successful agile transformations. These insights extend existing knowledge and emphasize the need for a holistic approach to manage the people, the leadership, and the organisation/process challenges of agile transformation.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{WestnerCuestaGorostidiGutierrezRodriguezetal., author = {Westner, Markus and Cuesta Gorostidi, Irene and Gutierrez Rodriguez, Uxue and Oyarbide-Zubillaga, Aitor and Fern{\´a}ndez Rodr{\´i}guez, Isabel}, title = {Enhancing work-based learning through the i-wobal project and its digital school of work-based learning (WBL) facilitators}, series = {17th annual International Conference of Education, Research and Innovation (ICERI2024), Seville, Spain. 11-13 November, 2024}, booktitle = {17th annual International Conference of Education, Research and Innovation (ICERI2024), Seville, Spain. 11-13 November, 2024}, publisher = {IATED}, address = {Sevilla}, isbn = {978-84-09-63010-3}, issn = {2340-1095}, doi = {10.21125/iceri.2024}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:898-opus4-78459}, pages = {10}, abstract = {The i-WOBAL project, supported by Erasmus+, strategically enhances work-based learning (WBL) in higher education and vocational training across Europe, with a particular focus on supporting the professional development of company and academic facilitators of students engaged in WBL environments. This initiative launches the i-WOBAL didactical guide, together with the establishment of the digital school of WBL facilitators, a digital learning space designed to translate the theoretical framework of the guide into practical, actionable strategies for facilitators. The project is the result of the coordinated work of a consortium of 7 higher education and vocational training institutions from 5 different European countries. The digital school of WBL facilitators serves as a training hub where facilitators from both academic institutions and the business sector receive specialised training to effectively guide and support students. The digital school offers a structured curriculum, including modules on relevant soft skills, to ensure that facilitators are well equipped to manage and enhance the WBL experience for students. This paper describes the curriculum and pedagogical approaches of the digital school of WBL facilitators, its role in facilitating the practical application of WBL strategies and the collaboration of the partners to bring in their unique expertise. The collaborative nature of the i-WOBAL project, involving a consortium of European educational and corporate institutions, promotes a shared culture of best practice and continuous innovation in WBL. The potential scalability of this model offers significant implications for future educational policies aimed at standardising and improving the facilitation of WBL across different educational systems and market environments.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{SpaethWestner, author = {Sp{\"a}th, Carina and Westner, Markus}, title = {Navigating Agile Transformations}, series = {SaudiCIS 2024 Proceedings:1st Saudi Conference on Information Systems, November 19 to 21, 2024, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia}, booktitle = {SaudiCIS 2024 Proceedings:1st Saudi Conference on Information Systems, November 19 to 21, 2024, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia}, publisher = {Association for Information Systems Electronic Library}, address = {Dhahran}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:898-opus4-78700}, pages = {1-9}, abstract = {This study investigates how companies overcome challenges in agile transformations. Through interviews with ten experts from German companies across different industries, we identify key drivers, challenges, and success factors. Our findings reveal inefficiency, mimetic isomorphism, and competitive pressure as primary transformation drivers. We categorize challenges and solutions into people, organizational, and process-related factors, emphasizing the central role of human elements. The study presents 14 key success factors, with management involvement, commitment to agility, and strategic staffing emerging as crucial. These insights provide a framework for understanding and implementing agile transformations, offering guidance for organizations. Our results contribute to both theoretical understanding and practical application of agile methodologies in corporate settings.}, language = {en} } @article{Westner, author = {Westner, Markus}, title = {Low-Code/No-Code: Citizen Developers and the Surprising Future of Business Applications}, series = {HMD Praxis der Wirtschaftsinformatik}, journal = {HMD Praxis der Wirtschaftsinformatik}, publisher = {Springer Fachmedien}, address = {Wiesbaden}, issn = {1436-3011}, doi = {10.1365/s40702-024-01106-y}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:898-opus4-74906}, pages = {1067 -- 1069}, language = {en} } @article{StrasserWestnerStrahringer, author = {Strasser, Artur and Westner, Markus and Strahringer, Susanne}, title = {Knowledge transfer in IS offshoring}, series = {Journal of Systems and Information Technology}, volume = {21}, journal = {Journal of Systems and Information Technology}, number = {1}, issn = {1328-7265}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:898-opus4-294}, pages = {36 -- 62}, abstract = {Purpose This paper aims to investigate the main tasks, necessary skills, and the implementation of the offshore coordinator's role to facilitate knowledge transfer in information systems (IS) offshoring. Design/methodology/approach This empirical exploratory study uses the classical Delphi method that includes one qualitative and two quantitative rounds to collect data on IS experts' perceptions to seek a consensus among them. Findings The participants agreed, with strong consensus, for a set of 16 tasks and 15 skills. The tasks focused primarily on relationship management and facilitating knowledge transfer on different levels. The set of skills consists of approximately 25 per cent "hard" skills, e.g. professional language skills and project management skills, and approximately 75 per cent "soft" skills, e.g. interpersonal and communication skills and the ability to deal with conflict. Two factors mainly influence implementing the offshore coordinator role: project size and the number of projects to be supported simultaneously. Practical implications The findings provide indications of how to define and fulfill this crucial role in practice to facilitate the knowledge transfer process in a positive way. Originality/value Similarities in previous research findings are aggregated to examine the intermediate role in detail from a consolidated perspective. This results in the first comprehensive set of critical tasks and skills assigned to the competency dimensions of the universal competency framework, demonstrating which and how many competency dimensions are critical.}, subject = {Betriebliches Informationssystem}, language = {en} } @article{KoenningWestnerStrahringer, author = {K{\"o}nning, Michael and Westner, Markus and Strahringer, Susanne}, title = {A Systematic Review of Recent Developments in IT Outsourcing Research}, series = {Information Systems Management}, volume = {36}, journal = {Information Systems Management}, number = {1}, publisher = {Taylor \& Francis}, pages = {78 -- 96}, abstract = {Incomplete conceptualization of the information technology outsourcing (ITO) literature represents a challenge for navigating extant research and engaging into purposeful academic discourse. We extend the analysis of empirical findings on determinants of ITO decisions, outcomes, and governance. We identify increasing levels of research maturity, analyze effects of 38 new independent variables, highlight contradictory findings, and observe increasing interest in emerging topics such as innovation through ITO and multisourcing.}, subject = {Outsourcing}, language = {en} } @article{KobusWestnerStrahringer, author = {Kobus, J{\"o}rn and Westner, Markus and Strahringer, Susanne}, title = {Enabling digitization by implementing Lean IT}, series = {The TQM Journal}, volume = {30}, journal = {The TQM Journal}, number = {6}, publisher = {Emerald insight}, pages = {764 -- 778}, abstract = {Purpose With the rise of digitization, IT organizations are challenged to provide efficient service delivery and offer innovative digital solutions while maintaining a constant resource capacity. To address this challenge, some IT organizations have adopted Lean Management (LM). Although LM is a standard production mode in manufacturing, it is less familiar to IT organizations. The purpose of this paper is to identify 12 lessons learned from companies who implemented LM in their IT organization (Lean IT) to free up their IT resource capacity from existing day-to-day operations so they could use it to enable their digitization strategy. Design/methodology/approach A case study of two major international companies from different industries. Data were collected from 25 structured interviews. Findings The lessons learned provide insights into how these companies implemented Lean IT, the potential outcomes they aimed for, what they did to achieve those outcomes, how they facilitated the implementation of Lean IT, and restrictions they encountered during the implementation. Research limitations/implications The findings are based on a limited range of IT organizations. Practical implications The lessons learned inform those implementing Lean IT because they explain how companies have implemented Lean IT to facilitate digitization and the benefits and pitfalls they encountered. A comparison of Lean IT and Lean Production shows that LM is transferable to IT organizations if domain specific requirements are respected. Originality/value This paper reports the unique experience of companies implementing Lean IT, which can inform other companies in a similar situation.}, subject = {Unternehmen}, language = {en} } @article{KopperWestnerStrahringer, author = {Kopper, Andreas and Westner, Markus and Strahringer, Susanne}, title = {Kontrollierte Nutzung von Schatten-IT}, series = {HMD Praxis der Wirtschaftsinformatik}, volume = {54}, journal = {HMD Praxis der Wirtschaftsinformatik}, publisher = {Springer}, doi = {10.1365/s40702-016-0286-x}, pages = {97 -- 110}, abstract = {Basierend auf einer systematischen und umfangreichen Analyse von Praxisbeitr{\"a}gen zum Thema Schatten-IT, die zwischen September 2015 und August 2016 erschienen sind, beschreibt der vorliegende Artikel Governance-Aspekte zu diesem Ph{\"a}nomen. Er erg{\"a}nzt damit vorhergehende akademische Studien. Es zeigt sich, dass unter Praktikern der Eindruck vorherrscht, dass IT-Abteilungen unter zunehmendem Druck stehen, schneller auf sich {\"a}ndernde Anforderungen aus den Fachbereichen reagieren zu m{\"u}ssen. K{\"o}nnen IT-Abteilungen diesen Erwartungen nicht entsprechen, beschaffen sich Fachbereiche und Nutzer selbst L{\"o}sungen in Form von Schatten-IT. Als m{\"o}gliche Antwort darauf kann sich die IT-Abteilung agiler organisieren und die IT-Architektur im Unternehmen modernisieren. Eine weitere M{\"o}glichkeit besteht darin, sich das innovative Potenzial von Schatten-IT zunutze zu machen und deren Umsetzung aktiv durch organisatorische und technische Maßnahmen zu unterst{\"u}tzen. IT-Sicherheitsmanagement und technische Schutzmechanismen k{\"o}nnen helfen, die so entstandenen L{\"o}sungen abzusichern und die Risiken zu minimieren. Nach vorherrschender Ansicht entwickelt sich die IT-Abteilung als Konsequenz aus all diesen Maßnahmen zu einem nutzerorientierten, internen Service-Provider und strategischen Partner f{\"u}r die Fachbereiche.}, subject = {IT-Abteilung}, language = {de} } @article{KobusWestnerStrahringer, author = {Kobus, J{\"o}rn and Westner, Markus and Strahringer, Susanne}, title = {Einf{\"u}hrung von Lean Management in IT-Organisationen}, series = {HMD Praxis der Wirtschaftsinformatik}, volume = {53}, journal = {HMD Praxis der Wirtschaftsinformatik}, number = {6}, pages = {879 -- 893}, abstract = {In der Produktion gilt „Lean Management" als einer der de-facto Standardmanagementans{\"a}tze. Lean Management in IT-Organisationen (Lean IT) ist dahingegen in der Praxis weniger verbreitet und in der Wissenschaft kaum erforscht. Dieser Beitrag aggregiert und erweitert die Ergebnisse mehrerer Forschungsarbeiten. Dabei werden vorrangig zwei Aspekte diskutiert: (1) Ein m{\"o}gliches Einf{\"u}hrungsmodell f{\"u}r Lean IT. Dieses verkn{\"u}pft f{\"u}nf Rollen (Sponsor, Programmleiter, Navigator, Linienf{\"u}hrungskraft und Linienexperte) mit vier Phasen (Vorbereitung, Analyse, Gestaltung und Implementierung). (2) Besondere Herausforderungen f{\"u}r Linienf{\"u}hrungskr{\"a}fte, die aufgrund der „bottom up"-Ausrichtung bei Lean-IT-Einf{\"u}hrungen stark gefordert werden. Neben einer klaren Vision f{\"u}r die Organisationseinheit und dem Verst{\"a}ndnis, an welcher Stelle Lean IT die Organisationseinheit konkret unterst{\"u}tzen kann, ben{\"o}tigen sie Offenheit, Ver{\"a}nderungswillen und die Bereitschaft Verantwortung an Mitarbeiter zu delegieren. Außerdem sollten sie {\"u}ber ein ausreichendes Zeitbudget f{\"u}r die Einf{\"u}hrung verf{\"u}gen, um ihrer gestaltenden und qualit{\"a}tssichernden Funktion nachkommen zu k{\"o}nnen.}, subject = {Betriebliches Informationssystem}, language = {de} } @article{BaryWestnerStrahringer, author = {Bary, Benedikt von and Westner, Markus and Strahringer, Susanne}, title = {Adding experts' perceptions to complement existing research on information systems backsourcing}, series = {International Journal of Information Systems and Project Management}, volume = {6}, journal = {International Journal of Information Systems and Project Management}, number = {4}, publisher = {SciKA}, issn = {2182-7788}, doi = {10.12821/ijispm060402}, pages = {17 -- 35}, abstract = {This paper extends the existing literature on information systems (IS) backsourcing by the perception of practitioners. For this purpose, we conducted a series of qualitative, semistructured interviews with IS sourcing experts. The interview questions focused on the participants' perceptions and experiences with the topic, on identifying reasons for and against IS backsourcing, and on revealing relevant trends pertinent to IS backsourcing. We then compared those findings with two previously conducted comprehensive literature reviews on academic and practitioner literature on IS backsourcing. By following this approach, we contribute to the existing research by verifying previous findings, for example, the most important reasons why companies decide in favor of IS backsourcing. Additionally, we were able to enhance previous contributions as we highlight the significance of differentiating between the scope of IS backsourcing by looking at the underlying services which are potentially backsourced. Further, we identified the importance of managers' personal preferences as an additional reason for IS backsourcing, for example, based on personal experiences or a perceived need for change. Based on our findings, we created a comprehensive overview of all aspects connected to the IS backsourcing process and derived opportunities for further research to contribute to the IS backsourcing research agenda.}, subject = {Betriebliches Informationssystem}, language = {en} } @article{StrasserWestner, author = {Strasser, Artur and Westner, Markus}, title = {Information systems offshoring}, series = {Journal of Information Technology Management}, volume = {26}, journal = {Journal of Information Technology Management}, number = {2}, pages = {70 -- 142}, abstract = {An increasing amount of IS offshoring research has been published during the last four years. This paper presents a comprehensive view of the field of study from a managerial point of view. It provides a consolidated view of the field of study between 2010 and 2013 based on a manual search comprising 69 selected journals and 9 conferences, as well as a search using 6 journal databases. The literature review ensures continuity of research by connecting to a comprehensive literature analysis covering the years 1999 to 2009. This way it consolidates and critically reflects the state of the research of the last 14 years. Overall, we compiled 95 relevant publications originating from leading IS journals and IS conference proceedings. The results indicate that IS offshoring research is largely non-theory based, using almost entirely empirical data and interpretive research methods and -to a smaller extent -positivist research designs. The ISO research of the last 14 years focuses on the implementation stages "how" and "outcome" while the pre-implementation-stages "why", "what", and "which" are comparatively sparsely researched. Future studies should apply a more theory-driven approach with a greater attention on pre-implementation aspects of information systems offshoring. In addition, future research should investigate the special nature of near- and onshoring, captive offshoring as well asagile (project) management techniques suitable for ISO.}, subject = {Betriebliches Informationssystem}, language = {en} } @article{KobusWestnerStrahringeretal., author = {Kobus, J{\"o}rn and Westner, Markus and Strahringer, Susanne and Strode, Diane}, title = {Lean Management in IT Organizations}, series = {Journal of Information Technology Theory and Application (JITTA)}, volume = {19}, journal = {Journal of Information Technology Theory and Application (JITTA)}, number = {1}, publisher = {Association for Information Systems (AIS)}, issn = {1532-3416}, pages = {55 -- 85}, abstract = {Lean management (LM) is well established in manufacturing organizations, and LM adoption in service organizations has recently increased. However, we lack research that focuses on the success of lean management implementations in IT organizations (lean IT). This paper contributes to knowledge of the success factors of lean IT implementation and the relative importance of each factor based on the insights of field experts. The experts identified, agreed on, and ranked 12 implementation success factors for lean IT in a Delphi study using the best/worst scaling technique. The most important factors were leadership involvement, change culture and work ethic, employee involvement, and performance management. Factors of intermediate importance were implementation facilitation, training and education, clear vision and direction, long-term focus, communication, and a holistic approach. Least important factors were existing skills, organizational changes/standardization, and financial resources. This paper contributes a more nuanced understanding of the relative importance of lean IT success factors, proposes relationships between them, and comprehensively explains how to use the rigorous best/worst scaling method in a traditional ranking-type Delphi study.}, subject = {Lean Management}, language = {en} } @article{BaryWestner, author = {Bary, Benedikt von and Westner, Markus}, title = {Information Systems Backsourcing}, series = {Journal of Information Technology Management}, volume = {29}, journal = {Journal of Information Technology Management}, number = {1}, publisher = {University of Tehran}, pages = {62 -- 78}, abstract = {Information systems backsourcing describes the transferof previously outsourced activities, assets, or personnel back to the originating companyto regain ownership and control. While there is much research on information systems outsourcing, the topic of backsourcing information systemsis still an emerging research area. Therefore, ourpaper aims to explore and synthesizethe existing literature on information systemsbacksourcing, since there is no exhaustiveliteraturereview of the state of the research to our knowledge available yet. In this paper, wecreate a framework to structure the existing research along the overallbacksourcing process. We identifydifferent motivators, such asexpectation gaps, orinternal and external organizational changes, leading towards a backsourcing decision, and factors positively or negatively influencing this decision. Additionally, we derive implementation success factors based on the existing literature to guide companies through the backsourcing process.We also differentiate the term backsourcing from related, sometimes synonymously used terms, by emphasizing the change of ownership back to the company of originas the main criterion.Additionally, we discuss opportunities for future research in the field of information systems backsourcing.}, subject = {Betriebliches Informationssystem}, language = {en} } @article{KobusWestnerStrahringer, author = {Kobus, J{\"o}rn and Westner, Markus and Strahringer, Susanne}, title = {Change management lessons learned for Lean IT implementations}, series = {International Journal of Information Systems and Project Management}, volume = {5}, journal = {International Journal of Information Systems and Project Management}, number = {1}, pages = {47 -- 60}, abstract = {Lean Management is a standard production mode that has been familiar to production organizations for several decades. To date, however, academic literature has presented surprisingly little information about the application of Lean Management in Information Technology (IT) organizations, or what is called Lean IT. Drawing upon an empirical qualitative case study of the IT departments of two multinational companies, in this paper we identify change management lessons learned for Lean IT implementations, as well as seven characteristics of a corresponding change management approach. As an extension of our work, researchers should validate and expand our initial findings, preferably in a quantitative setting.}, subject = {Betriebliches Informationssystem}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{KoenningHeinrichLeyhetal., author = {K{\"o}nning, Michael and Heinrich, Kai and Leyh, Christian and Westner, Markus}, title = {A quantitative analysis of culture-induced differences in pivotal IT outsourcing contract features}, series = {Proceedings of the 27th European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS 2019): Stockholm \& Uppsala, Sweden, June 8-14}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 27th European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS 2019): Stockholm \& Uppsala, Sweden, June 8-14}, pages = {1 -- 15}, abstract = {More than 30 years after its first implementation, IT outsourcing (ITO) is unanimously considered a critical component of corporate strategy for private and public institutions alike. While implementations of ITO around the world share some common characteristics like typical reasons for outsourcing, key success factors, or dimensions along which they can be classified, extant research also points to regional differences. However, research on this topic, specifically regarding pivotal contract features like contract value, contract length, or pricing methods, is still in its infancy, and quantitative analyses on the subject are particularly scarce. We address this research gap by analyzing data on 14,917 ITO contracts closed between 2007 and 2017 through the lens of cultural regions and three statistical methods. The contribution of our paper is threefold. First, our descriptive analysis points to globally decreasing contract lengths and contract values, confirming previous studies and practice reports. Second, an ANOVA with independent post-hoc testing provides quantitative supportfor the degree of dissimilarity among individual regions in pivotal ITO contract features. Finally, our quantitative replication of a previous study identifies culture-induced regional differences between USA and Japan regarding the effect of influence factors on ITO contract features.}, subject = {Betriebliches Informationssytem}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{WulfWestnerSchoenetal., author = {Wulf, Frederik and Westner, Markus and Sch{\"o}n, Maximilian and Strahringer, Susanne and Loebbecke, Claudia}, title = {Preparing for a Digital Future: Cloud Strategy at Continental AG}, series = {Proceedings of the 40th International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS 2019): Munich, Germany, December 15-18}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 40th International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS 2019): Munich, Germany, December 15-18}, pages = {1 -- 16}, abstract = {This paper is directed towards IT executives aiming to promote the adoption of cloud computing (CC) with in their company. We conducted a longitudinal case study on the evolving CC strategy and its implementation at the multinational company Continental, based on a previous case study by Loebbecke et al. (2012). We narrate Continental's pathway towards CC adoption, which comprised the experimentation, professionalization, and utilization of CC, and discuss current and previous barriers encountered during the implementation. We derive five lessons learned that can serve as practical guidance for executives aiming to accelerate CC adoption within their own organization: (1) differentiate the CC strategy by delivery model; (2)drive proof of concepts to generate reusable blueprints; (3) preinvest in the integration of IaaS and PaaS providers; (4) implement CC gradually, transforming applications during the transition to the cloud; and (5) disseminate knowledge within the organization to enable change.}, subject = {Cloud Computing}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{GrundlerWestner, author = {Grundler, Andreas and Westner, Markus}, title = {Scaling Agile Frameworks vs. Traditional Project Portfolio Management}, series = {Proceedings of the International Conferences on Internet Technologies \& Society (ITS 2019), Hongkong}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the International Conferences on Internet Technologies \& Society (ITS 2019), Hongkong}, isbn = {978-989-8533-84-5}, pages = {51 -- 62}, abstract = {Practitioners have developed numerous frameworks around scaling agile and lean methods. These frameworks are more frequently being used in practice in large-scale system development activities. Therefore, they are in the scope of project portfolio management. The paper examines the conformity of selected scaling agile frameworks to the objectives of project portfolio management through qualitative analysis. Four prominent frameworks are investigated: Scrum of Scrums, Large cale Scrum, Disciplined Agile, and the Scaled Agile Framework. The study shows significant differences between the frameworks and their view on project portfolio management with the Scaled Agile Framework offering the most detailed portfolio management-relevant processes and roles. In contrast to that, Large Scale Scrum does not see the need for portfolio management but promotes self-managing teams. Two of the four frameworks share the perception shift from projects to the products, which has significant implications for practitioners because it challenges and redefines prevalent management roles and practices.}, subject = {Agile Softwareentwicklung}, language = {en} } @article{WestnerStrahringer, author = {Westner, Markus and Strahringer, Susanne}, title = {Determinants of success in IS offshoring projects}, series = {Information \& Management}, volume = {47}, journal = {Information \& Management}, number = {5-6}, pages = {291 -- 299}, abstract = {High labor cost in western countries allows cost savings by companies engaging in IS offshoring. However, studies worldwide indicate that a large number of companies that engaged in IS offshoring are not satisfied with the outcome. Our study examined the determinants of IS offshore project success: We developed a model and empirically tested it with data collected from 304 experts who reported on projects offshored from Germany to a wide range of near and distant countries. The model posited a direct effect of offshoring expertise and trust in offshore service provider (OSP) on success, as well as an indirect effect mediated by project suitability, knowledge transfer, and liaison quality. An analysis using partial least squares (PLSs) provided significant support for almost all these relationships. However, it showed that offshoring expertise played a minor role in explaining success and the mediating constructs. Trust in OSP had a small direct effect on success and a medium to large effect on the mediating constructs. Project suitability, knowledge transfer, and liaison quality all had small direct effects on success.}, subject = {Betriebliches Informationssystem}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{ZemlerWestner, author = {Zemler, Florian and Westner, Markus}, title = {Blockchain and GDPR}, series = {Proceedings of the 30th Portland International Conference for Management of Engineering an Technology (PICMET), 2019, Portland, Oregon}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 30th Portland International Conference for Management of Engineering an Technology (PICMET), 2019, Portland, Oregon}, pages = {8}, abstract = {Blockchain and the European General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) are two topics that are currently highly discussed in academia and amongst professionals. The Blockchain technology is claimed to revolutionize how business is being conducted by its way of storing data and sharing it with others. The recently introduced GDPR has a huge impact on processing personal data because it brought major changes to privacy regulation. This might also affect the processing of personal data in Blockchain-based application scenarios. Based on literature analysis, the paper at hand provides an overview of the Blockchain technology, presents a decision model, and introduces two possible Blockchain application scenarios. It analyses relevant requirements of the GDPR in view of processing personal data and compares these with the fundamental principles of the Blockchain technology. The paper concludes that processing personal data in the Blockchain is violating the GDPR because it conflicts with fundamental specification of this regulation. This finding reveals the need for further research to propose concepts and frameworks for a GDPR-compliant processing of personal data using Blockchain technology.}, subject = {Blockchain}, language = {en} } @article{WestnerStrahringer, author = {Westner, Markus and Strahringer, Susanne}, title = {The current state of IS offshoring in Germany}, series = {Journal of Information Technology Management}, volume = {21}, journal = {Journal of Information Technology Management}, number = {1}, pages = {49 -- 70}, abstract = {This paper empirically examines the current state of the IS offshoring phenomenon in Germany regarding project characteristics and success patterns. Relying on a sample of 304 projects conducted at various industry sectors and companies, results show that IS offshoring primarily occurs in sectors Telecommunications and IT at large corporations. Cost reduction is the main reason for going offshore and offshore projects are executed as part of a larger program at companies. Noticeably, most projects are delivered from India. Additionally, neither captive offshoring nor offshore outsourcing dominates as a de-livery option. Comparing different project subgroups regarding project success, the results reveal that projects delivered by an internal or partially owned service provider are more successful. Other project characteristics such as a project's embedded-ness in a larger offshoring program, a project's size, or a project's offshoring degree in terms of relatively offshored labor hours show few significant differences. The paper addresses the paucity of empirical research on the current state of the IS offshoring phenomenon in Germany.}, subject = {Betriebliches Informationssystem}, language = {en} } @article{WestnerStrahringer, author = {Westner, Markus and Strahringer, Susanne}, title = {Evaluation criteria for selecting offshoring candidates}, series = {Journal of Information Technology Management}, volume = {19}, journal = {Journal of Information Technology Management}, number = {4}, pages = {16 -- 34}, abstract = {The identification of suitable applications or projects is a main initial step in any software development or maintenance related IS offshoring arrangement. This paper examines evaluation criteria and their importance for selecting application or project candidates for offshoring. Based on a literature analysis and interviews with 47 experts from 36 different German companies describing 64 case examples, we find that in contrast to the literature, "size", "codification", and "language" are perceived as important selection criteria by experts. Case examples additionally show that "business specificity" seems to be a main reason for application or project failures, that "business criticality" appears to be less important than suggested by the literature, and that adequate "size" might be a necessary prerequisite, but seems not to be a sufficient criterion for an application's or project's suitability for offshoring. These differences in comparison to findings from the literature may be explained by cultural and language differences.}, subject = {Betriebliches Informationssystem}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{WulfStrahringerWestner, author = {Wulf, Frederik and Strahringer, Susanne and Westner, Markus}, title = {Information security risks, benefits, and mitigation measures in cloud sourcing}, series = {Proceedings of the IEEE 21th Conference on Business Informatics (CBI): 2019, Moscow, Russia}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the IEEE 21th Conference on Business Informatics (CBI): 2019, Moscow, Russia}, pages = {258 -- 267}, abstract = {This paper develops a categorization of cloud security risks, elaborates how they impact information security, and discusses potential security benefits from cloud sourcing. This review integrates the literature on information systems and computer science to summarize managerial and technological mitigation measures that enhance cloud security. The analysis uncovers gaps regarding the empirical investigation of security considerations in the corporate decision-making process. Specifically, the micro level of how security comes into play in the decision-making process and whether mitigation measures proposed by scholars are practically feasible requires further investigation. Furthermore, the macro level, how stakeholders perceive cloud sourcing, is not yet well understood.}, subject = {Cloud Computing}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{WestnerFuhrmannWaasetal., author = {Westner, Markus and Fuhrmann, Thomas and Waas, Thomas and Skelton, David}, title = {Internationalization of a Computer Science Faculty}, series = {9th Annual International Conference on Computer Science Education: Innovation and Technology (CSEIT 2018), 2018, Singapore}, booktitle = {9th Annual International Conference on Computer Science Education: Innovation and Technology (CSEIT 2018), 2018, Singapore}, doi = {10.5176/2251-2195_CSEIT18.118}, pages = {33 -- 38}, abstract = {The paper at hand describes how a regional university of applied sciences tried to internationalize its learning and teaching environment. It describes the challenges encountered, the managerial approach taken, illustrates the implemented initiatives, and how effective they turned out. The results might be relevant to faculty staff in managerial positions at regional universities all over the world that face the challenge to internationalize their teaching and learning environment for the benefit of their domestic students.}, subject = {Internationalisierung}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{SkeltonWestner, author = {Skelton, David and Westner, Markus}, title = {International internships}, series = {Refereed Proceedings of the 3rd International Research Symposium on Cooperative and Work-Integrated Education, Stuttgart, Germany : 3rd - 27th of June, 2018, Stuttgart, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany}, booktitle = {Refereed Proceedings of the 3rd International Research Symposium on Cooperative and Work-Integrated Education, Stuttgart, Germany : 3rd - 27th of June, 2018, Stuttgart, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany}, editor = {Zegwaard, Karsten E. and Ford, Marty}, isbn = {978-0-473-46291-8}, pages = {193 -- 198}, abstract = {Students are increasingly considering expanding their cooperative experiences into the global environment. This paper investigates the experiences of students undertaking their internship capstone in other countries under the supervision of a partner institute and a participating industry sponsor. These experiences of German students interning in New Zealand (NZ), and NZ students interning in Germany offer an insight into the organisation required by the partner institutions and the comparative cultural and technical differences that these students have encountered. The international agreement between Ostbayerische Technische Hochschule (OTH) Regensburg, Germany, and the Eastern Institute of Technology (EIT), NZ, has already built a mutual framework of visiting lecturers teaching in each other's institutes, and a programme of hosting exchange students in each other's institutes. A natural progression of this partnership has now moved into the active recruitment and brokering of international internship opportunities for their respective final year Business and Information Technology (IT) students. The benefits are evident personally to the students, which are discussed in this paper, but there are also clear benefits for EIT and OTH in terms of marketing opportunities for prospective students and enriching the learning environments. This paper explores the challenges faced by the Schools of Business and Computing at EIT as it pioneers the first two years of establishing internship options for final year German exchange students within NZ, and matching final year EIT degree students to industry sponsors within Bavaria, a federal state of Germany. A qualitative approach was taken for this study with data acquired from internship students involved, the key organising lecturers from each institute, and industry sponsors from each country. A number of student, staff and industry representative interviews were conducted along with a cultural appraisal of relevant literature in the global education field. A further overview of the macro benefits for the partner institutes in terms of marketing, and programme enrichment is also part of the conclusion. The paper may be useful as a template for other institutes on developing international internship opportunities through global partners.}, subject = {Wirtschaftswissenschaftliches Studium}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{BaryWestnerStrahringer, author = {Bary, Benedikt von and Westner, Markus and Strahringer, Susanne}, title = {Do researchers investigate what practitioners deem relevant?}, series = {Proceedings of the 20th IEEE International Conference on Business Informatics (IEEE CBI 2018): Vienna, Austria, 11-14 July}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 20th IEEE International Conference on Business Informatics (IEEE CBI 2018): Vienna, Austria, 11-14 July}, doi = {10.1109/CBI.2018.00014}, pages = {40 -- 49}, abstract = {There is a common understanding amongst academics that information systems (IS) research sometimes has limited relevance for practitioners. This can be explained by the fact that research lags behind the fast moving IS environment, has limited practical applicability and is hard to access. We have focused on the research area of IS backsourcing, and analyzed practitioner literature to increase our understanding of topics of interest for practitioners, to determine a potential gap between academic and practitioner literature, and to identify future research directions in this field. We observed that most publications are either news or background articles, focusing on describing backsourcing cases. Additionally, we identified four recurring themes, namely reasons for backsourcing, presentation of survey results, discussion of industry trends, and backsourcing success stories. The main reasons identified to trigger backsourcing decisions are cost savings, quality improvements, and increasing control and flexibility. By comparing our findings with academic literature on IS backsourcing, we conclude that generally both literature types cover similar topics. However, researchers have a more formulative or interpretive focus than the often descriptive practitioner literature. Academic literature also examines a broader range of topics, while practitioner literature has a narrower focus. Additionally, we observe one difference regarding applied terminology: while researchers employ the term backsourcing, practitioners mostly use back in-house or insourcing. Our paper contributes to facilitating the exchange between academics and practitioners, presents topics to consider when aiming to increase practical relevance and provides researchers with concrete directions for future research within the field of IS backsourcing.}, subject = {Betriebliches Informationssystem}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{KoenningWestnerStrahringer, author = {K{\"o}nning, Michael and Westner, Markus and Strahringer, Susanne}, title = {Multisourcing on the Rise: Results from an Analysis of more than 1,000 IT Outsourcing Deals in the ASG Region}, series = {Tagungsband Multikonferenz Wirtschaftsinformatik 2018 (MKWI 2018): data driven X - turning data into value, Leuphana Unversit{\"a}t L{\"u}neburg, 6.-9. M{\"a}rz 2018}, booktitle = {Tagungsband Multikonferenz Wirtschaftsinformatik 2018 (MKWI 2018): data driven X - turning data into value, Leuphana Unversit{\"a}t L{\"u}neburg, 6.-9. M{\"a}rz 2018}, number = {Band V}, publisher = {Leuphana, Universit{\"a}t L{\"u}neburg}, address = {L{\"u}neburg}, pages = {1813 -- 1824}, abstract = {Information technology outsourcing (ITO) has long been recognized for its numerous potential advantages such as lowering costs, accessing external skills, and improving efficiency, flexibility, and quality. However, it also exposes client companies to various risks, including vendor lock-in, poor agility, or insufficient vendor expertisein individual domains, especially inincreasingly dynamic market environments. Consequently, companies increasingly implement multisourcing by composing a "best of breed" set of vendors for their various IT services. In this paper,we use a dataset of 1,016 ITO deals closed with Austrian, Swiss, and German client companies between 2006 and 2017 to analyze the development of the ITO market in general and multisourcing in particular. Our results show decreasing services run rates, shorter contract lengths, an increasing number of concurrent service providers per client,and a distribution of the total number of contracts to a larger set of vendors, all pointing towards an increasing popularity of multisourcing.}, subject = {Outsourcing}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{KobusWestner, author = {Kobus, J{\"o}rn and Westner, Markus}, title = {Ranking-type delphi studies in IS research}, series = {Proceedings of the 9th IADIS International Conference Information Systems, Vilamoura, Portugal, 9-11 April}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 9th IADIS International Conference Information Systems, Vilamoura, Portugal, 9-11 April}, pages = {28 -- 38}, abstract = {Ranking-type Delphi is a frequently used method in IS research. However, besides several studies investigating a rigorous application of ranking-type Delphi as a research method, a comprehensive and precise step-by-step guide on how to conduct a rigorous ranking-type Delphi study in IS research is currently missing. In addition, a common critic of Delphi studies in general is that it is unclear if there is indeed authentic consensus of the panelists, or if panelists only agree because of other reasons (e.g. acquiescence bias or tiredness to disagreement after several rounds). This also applies to ranking-type Delphi studies. Therefore, this study aims to (1) Provide a rigorous step-by-step guide to conduct ranking-type Delphi studies through synthesizing results of existing research and (2) Offer an analytical extension to the ranking-type Delphi method by introducing Best/Worst Scaling, which originated in Marketing and Consumer Behavior research. A guiding example is introduced to increase comprehensibility of the proposals. Future research needs to validate the step-by-step guide in an empirical setting as well as test the suitability of Best/Worst Scaling within described research contexts.}, subject = {Delphi-Technik}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{WestnerSkeltonTinat, author = {Westner, Markus and Skelton, David and Tinat, Johannes}, title = {Enhancing students' IS offshoring capabilities}, series = {Proceedings of the 7th Annual Conference of Computing and Information Technology Research and Education New Zealand (CITRENZ 2016), Wellington, New Zealand, July 11-13}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 7th Annual Conference of Computing and Information Technology Research and Education New Zealand (CITRENZ 2016), Wellington, New Zealand, July 11-13}, pages = {9}, abstract = {An appreciation of globalisation issues by information systems (IS) graduates is a growing requirement of organisations with global reach. This paper discusses the planning of a joint course to be delivered online and face to face by two lecturers representing two tertiary institutes in Germany and New Zealand respectively. The IS offshoring content of the course is relatively unique and aspects of globalisation will be demonstrated through the dual country delivery of the course. The two lecturers involved have spent time lecturing and studying in their global partner's country and tertiary institutes and so this joint delivery method is likely to also strengthen cultural ties between the two participating institutions including the students involved. Further research goals and issues are discussed for post-delivery of this dual country blended course. This paper provides a basis for this concept to be evaluated in further research.}, subject = {Informatikstudium}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{KobusWestnerStrahringer, author = {Kobus, J{\"o}rn and Westner, Markus and Strahringer, Susanne}, title = {Lean Management of IT Organizations}, series = {Proceedings of the 37th International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS 2016), Dublin,}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 37th International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS 2016), Dublin,}, pages = {1 -- 12}, abstract = {Lean Management has been successfully implemented in production organizations since several decades. The study at hand investigates the implementation of Lean Management to IT organizations (Lean IT). The study offers three contributions: First, it explains on a conceptual level how Lean Management can be transferred from production to IT organizations (philosophy, principles, tools). Second, it provides a theoretical perspective on why Lean IT can be beneficial for IT organizations (IT Slack theory). Third, it provides insights to the stated research questions (three benefits and three propositions) from an initial case study of an internal IT service provider for a large international insurance company (> US\$25 Billion revenue; >20,000 employees; active in >120 countries) and lays out the research methodology and potential focus areas for further studies.}, subject = {Lean Management}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{KopperWestner, author = {Kopper, Andreas and Westner, Markus}, title = {Towards a Taxonomy for Shadow IT}, series = {Proceedings of the 22nd Americas Conference on Information Systems (AMCIS 2016), San Diego, August 11-14}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 22nd Americas Conference on Information Systems (AMCIS 2016), San Diego, August 11-14}, pages = {1 -- 10}, abstract = {In a comprehensive literature review, we identified 21 different terms used for Shadow IT related concepts. This variety makes it difficult to identify related research and build upon it. To address this ambiguity, we reduce the different terms to six distinct concepts by developing a taxonomy and examining their relation¬ships. We do so by using a rigorous iterative methodology to identify common characteristics and to classify terms along them. By clustering the results, we derive and visualize the taxonomy. The identified concepts are Feral Practices, Workarounds, Shadow IT, Shadow Systems, Un-enacted Projects, and Shadow Sourcing. We elaborate on the concepts along their characteristics and clearly define and delimit them. As a result, we create a guide for their usage, increase search- and comparability, and unify existing knowledge.}, subject = {Informationstechnik}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{KopperWestner, author = {Kopper, Andreas and Westner, Markus}, title = {Deriving a Framework for Causes, Consequences, and Governance of Shadow IT from Literature}, series = {Proceedings zur Multikonferenz Wirtschaftsinformatik 2016 (MKWI 2016), Technische Universit{\"a}t Ilmenau, Th{\"u}ringen, 09.-11. M{\"a}rz 2016}, booktitle = {Proceedings zur Multikonferenz Wirtschaftsinformatik 2016 (MKWI 2016), Technische Universit{\"a}t Ilmenau, Th{\"u}ringen, 09.-11. M{\"a}rz 2016}, pages = {1687 -- 1698}, abstract = {Shadow IT is a widespread phenomenon which includes systems, services, and processes that are not part of the "official" corporate IT. The topic is still an emerging research area and slowly gaining traction in recent years but a state of the art analysis is missing to date. We therefore conduct a structured literature review to derive a framework for causes, consequences, and governance of Shadow IT. We identify motivators, enablers, and missing barriers as causes for Shadow IT, both positive and negative consequences on an organizational and a technical level and governance approaches which focus on clearance of existing or prevention of future Shadow IT. Our review reveals that constructivist, qualitative design using a case study approach dominates existing research. There are no dominant theories yet to explain Shadow IT. We also highlight possibilities for future research to focus on the less explored governance aspect.}, subject = {Informationsmanagement}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{SonnleitnerWestner, author = {Sonnleitner, Daniel and Westner, Markus}, title = {Quo vadis IT infrastructure}, series = {Proceedings of the 22nd UKAIS Conference : Ubiquitous Information Systems: Surviving and thriving in a connected society, 2017 Oxford, April 3rd-5th 2017}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 22nd UKAIS Conference : Ubiquitous Information Systems: Surviving and thriving in a connected society, 2017 Oxford, April 3rd-5th 2017}, pages = {14}, abstract = {Many IT organizations are confronted with the question whether to modernize their IT infrastructure. While most data centers run on a virtualized environment, Cloud Computing technology emerges with new characteristics on fast provision of standardized resources in a scalable IT infrastructure. Public cloud vendors offer IT services on demand, so that IT organizations do not have to operate their own hardware. Moreover, private cloud architectures gain influence, claiming to provide flexible and elastic IT infrastructure. The paper at hand guides the strategic decision for adoption of Cloud Computing on IT infrastructure. Therefore, we first introduce a taxonomy for IT infrastructure encompassing a technological and a sourcing perspective. Second, we evaluate selective areas of the taxonomy adopting the SWOT framework to understand both opportunities and challenges of Cloud Computing for IT infrastructure from a business perspective.}, subject = {Cloud Computing}, language = {en} } @article{StrahringerWestnerBary, author = {Strahringer, Susanne and Westner, Markus and Bary, Benedikt von}, title = {IT-Backsourcing}, series = {Das Wirtschaftsstudium : wisu}, journal = {Das Wirtschaftsstudium : wisu}, number = {6}, publisher = {Lange ; Mohr}, address = {D{\"u}sseldorf ; T{\"u}bingen}, pages = {702 -- 706}, abstract = {The importance of information systems (IS) for companies has grown rapidly over the recent years. For example, companies from various industries are focusing their efforts to digitize business models, to adopt agile forms of collaboration, and to leverage automation of routine tasks. This forces companies to review their IS sourcing strategies and to potentially consider alternatives for current outsourcing contracts. One potential option could be to backsource IS services currently performed by external vendors. Based on empirical observations, previous academics defined it as the repatriation of all assets, activities, and skills needed to perform IS services back in-house, which had been outsourced previously to one or multiple vendors. The distinctive characteristic of backsourcing is the change in ownership back to the mother organization. This distinguishes the term backsourcing from similar terms, e.g., backshoring, reshoring, or relocating, which rather focus on the change in location of the service delivery. At the initial sourcing decision, the strategy to outsource an IS service was considered most promising. However, certain developments both inside the company, but also on a broader industry level may lead to a re-evaluation of the situation and thus to an adjustment of the original sourcing strategy. Over the last years, there has been a strong increase in cloud-based services and a shift towards the deployment of standardized, almost "industrialized" applications as services. Before, large companies leveraged their size in realizing economies of scale within their sourcing volumes. The raise of cloud computing as well as standardization of service delivery decreased those benefits and led towards a decline in large outsourcing contracts across a variety of services and a growth of multi-sourcing of individual IS services from the respective "best-in-breed" vendors for shorter time periods. Besides sourcing the best vendor for each service, companies that implement multi-sourcing strategies additionally aim for cost benefits due to an increased competition between vendors, and an increase in agility and adaptability. At the same time, a move towards multi-sourcing strategies with shorter contract durations leads to an increase in so-called "second generation sourcing decisions", namely whether to continue outsourcing a respective service or to bring the service back in-house. Given the developments within the IS environment, this research projects aims at understanding why IS services are backsourced and which factors influence a company's decision to backsource an IS service.}, subject = {Betriebliches Informationssystem}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{Westner, author = {Westner, Markus}, title = {Video-enhanced lectures in high-teaching-load environments with limited resources}, series = {Proceddings of the 11th International Technology, Education and Development Conference (INTED 2017), Valencia, Spain. 6-8 March}, booktitle = {Proceddings of the 11th International Technology, Education and Development Conference (INTED 2017), Valencia, Spain. 6-8 March}, doi = {10.21125/inted.2017.0168}, pages = {197 -- 207}, abstract = {Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) have been gaining a lot of attention in the last years. Those courses and their videos are often professionally produced and incorporate a significant investment of time and financial resources. In many cases such courses are "flagship" productions of the associated school or university and produced with budgets lecturers in other institutions do not have available. This makes the use of videos in a regular teaching environment challenging. In addition, lecturers often act in high-teaching-load environments further tightening their capacity constraints. This raises the question whether and how lecturers can benefit from videos in their lectures for increased teaching effectiveness while not sacrificing teaching efficiency. The paper at hand attempts to address this question by providing a critical perspective on the use of videos in a high-teaching-load environment characterized by little financial and staff resource availability. The paper thereby builds upon the three years' experience of its author in using videos to enhance lectures in German tertiary education institutions in a multi-language, i.e., English and German, teaching environment. The presented findings are both relevant for teaching practice and research: lecturers may benefit from the presented ideas and experiences and may adopt them for their teaching. Researchers may find starting points for new research opportunities on the effectiveness and efficiency of video-enhanced lecturing and learning. The paper is organized as follows. Section 2 describes the context of the study from an institutional and technological perspective. Section 3 outlines the methodology applied and 4 how data was collected. Results from data analysis are presented in section 5. The paper concludes with a reflective summary and outlook in section 6.}, subject = {Hochschulbildung}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{WestnerKennedyFurlong, author = {Westner, Markus and Kennedy, F. and Furlong, A.}, title = {Global student collaboration through international blended learning}, series = {Proceedings of the 10th Annual International Conference of Education, Research and Innovation (ICERI2017), Seville, Spain. 16-18 November}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 10th Annual International Conference of Education, Research and Innovation (ICERI2017), Seville, Spain. 16-18 November}, doi = {10.21125/iceri.2017.2030}, pages = {7625 -- 7631}, abstract = {In today's business, collaboration in globally distributed teams becomes more and more common. This is particularly the case in professional services and information systems (IS) where the immaterial nature of services makes globally distributed service creation easily possible. Consequently, companies expect that graduates have intercultural skills and that they are able to work in globally distributed teams, especially in professional services like consulting or in IS. However, management or IS curriculums often lack courses that teach those respective skills. The suggested course attempts to fill this gap through an innovative course design and delivery. The course intends to replicate a professional project environment in which the students are supposed to deliver a project as a joint international team. In the beginning of the course, students learn key aspects of project management, intercultural management, distributed collaboration, and the professional services industry in a self-paced manner through video lectures. Then they form teams, plan their project, and subsequently execute their project plan jointly. Instructors from the participating institutions supervise and coach the students. The project execution is supposed to resemble a business project with a meeting schedule, agreed deliverables, regular steering committees in which the instructors play the role of the clients. This paper outlines the concept of this international blended-teaching course. It suggests potential learning objectives, a course description, a teaching syllabus, and an assessment framework.}, subject = {Integriertes Lernen}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{KobusWestner, author = {Kobus, J{\"o}rn and Westner, Markus}, title = {Lean Management of IT Organizations}, series = {Proceedings of the 19th Pacific Asia Conference in Information Systems (PACIS 2015), Singapore, Jul 5-9}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 19th Pacific Asia Conference in Information Systems (PACIS 2015), Singapore, Jul 5-9}, pages = {16}, abstract = {Lean Management has been successfully applied by companies around the world, mainly in production/manufacturing functions. Recently, the interest to investigate a wider application of Lean Management especially in service functions increased. However, it is not clear how Lean Management can be applied to IT organizations. Therefore, this study aims to provide an overview on common characteristics and future research directions. A literature review on existing scholarly research from January 2004 to June 2014 is conducted. Using a database-driven search approach, a total of 1,206 research contributions are found of which 49 were identified as relevant. Results indicate a low theory grounding of mostly formulative and interpretative research items. This implies that research on Lean Management of IT organizations is still at its nascent state. Content-wise, five research themes emerge. The majority of research investigates IT organizations in a role to support Lean Management in production/manufacturing functions (determining "what to work on"), therefore more research on how Lean Management can be applied to IT organizations themselves (determining "how to work") could be beneficial. Future research could also try to build on Change Management theories, as the implementation of Lean Management is of transformational character.}, subject = {Lean Management}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{KobusWestner, author = {Kobus, J{\"o}rn and Westner, Markus}, title = {Lean Management of IT Organizations}, series = {Proceedings of the 21th Americas Conference on Information Systems (AMCIS 2015), Puerto Rico, August 13-15}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 21th Americas Conference on Information Systems (AMCIS 2015), Puerto Rico, August 13-15}, pages = {1 -- 17}, abstract = {Lean Management has been successfully applied in production/manufacturing functions since more than four decades. Recently, the interest to investigate Lean Management also in service functions increased. Therefore, this study aims to (1) Consolidate critical success factors (CSFs) for the implementation of Lean Management of IT organizations; and (2) Describe a theoretical foundation for these CSFs. With respect to (1) a database-driven search was conducted. CSFs then were extracted and categorized. In total 13 CSF groups were assigned to three dimensions: Mindset and behavior; Organization and skills; and Process facilitation and performance management. To understand underlying mechanisms better, and with respect to (2) we related existing (IS) theory to identified groups of CSFs. Especially, five theoretical concepts are discussed: Absorptive capacity, Agency theory, Cognitive dissonance, Dynamic capabilities, and System dynamics. Future research needs to validate the results of (1) and (2) empirically in IT functions.}, subject = {Lean Management}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{Westner, author = {Westner, Markus}, title = {Antecedents of success in IS offshoring projects}, series = {Proceedings of the 17th European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS 2009), Verona}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 17th European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS 2009), Verona}, pages = {3104 -- 3116}, abstract = {The paper presents a research model and a measurement instrument for a research-in-progress study on the antecedents of success in IS offshoring projects. In this empirical-confirmatory study, we intend to analyse the impact of the constructs "offshoring expertise", "trust in offshore service provider", "project suitability", "knowledge transfer", and "liaison quality" on offshore project success. Constructs and indicators are derived from an extensive literature review. We plan to formulate a structural equation model and to test it using partial least squares (PLS) as an analysis technique. Our research model addresses the paucity of research that quantitatively examines offshoring success.}, subject = {Informationstechnik}, language = {en} } @book{Westner, author = {Westner, Markus}, title = {IS offshoring}, publisher = {Gabler}, address = {Wiesbaden}, isbn = {978-3-8349-2046-1}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-8349-8407-4}, abstract = {Information systems (IS) offshoring describes the transfer of IS services to an offshoring service provider in a near or far away country. It has received growing attention in the past and there is a strong momentum in shifting IS services abroad. Markus Westner examines the IS offshoring phenomenon from the perspective of German companies. He first provides an overview of the current literature in the field of IS offshoring. Based on interviews with 47 industry experts, evaluation criteria for selecting projects for offshoring are identified. Finally, the author examines determinants of IS offshore project success in German companies based on a statistical analysis of 304 projects using structural equation modeling (PLS).}, subject = {Informationssystem}, language = {en} } @techreport{Westner, type = {Working Paper}, author = {Westner, Markus}, title = {Information systems offshoring}, address = {Dresden}, subject = {Informationstechnik}, language = {en} } @incollection{Westner, author = {Westner, Markus}, title = {{\"U}bersicht {\"u}ber aktuelle Weblog-Skripte und -Services}, series = {Weblogs professionell : Grundlagen, Konzepte und Praxis im unternehmerischen Umfeld}, booktitle = {Weblogs professionell : Grundlagen, Konzepte und Praxis im unternehmerischen Umfeld}, editor = {Picot, Arnold and Fischer, Tim}, isbn = {978-3898643757}, pages = {175 -- 190}, subject = {Kommunikation}, language = {de} } @article{StrahringerWestnerKobus, author = {Strahringer, Susanne and Westner, Markus and Kobus, J{\"o}rn}, title = {Lean IT}, series = {WISU - Das Wirtschaftsstudium}, journal = {WISU - Das Wirtschaftsstudium}, number = {1}, pages = {87 -- 92}, subject = {Informationstechnik}, language = {de} } @article{WestnerStrasser, author = {Westner, Markus and Strasser, Artur}, title = {IT-Offshoring}, series = {WISU - Das Wirtschaftsstudium}, journal = {WISU - Das Wirtschaftsstudium}, number = {5}, pages = {650 -- 652}, subject = {Informationsmanagement}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{WestnerStrahringer, author = {Westner, Markus and Strahringer, Susanne}, title = {Current state of IS offshoring research}, series = {M{\"a}ki{\"o}, Juho; Betz, Stefanie; Stephan, Rolf (Eds.): Offshoring of software development. Methods and tools for risk management. Karlsruhe: Universit{\"a}tsverlag Karlsruhe}, booktitle = {M{\"a}ki{\"o}, Juho; Betz, Stefanie; Stephan, Rolf (Eds.): Offshoring of software development. Methods and tools for risk management. Karlsruhe: Universit{\"a}tsverlag Karlsruhe}, pages = {7 -- 22}, abstract = {This paper empirically examines the current state of the IS offshoring phenomenon in Germany regarding project characteristics and success patterns. Relying on a sample of 304 projects conducted at various industry sectors and companies, results show that IS offshoring primarily occurs in sectors Telecommunications and IT at large corporations. Cost reduction is the main reason for going offshore and offshore projects are executed as part of a larger program at companies. Noticeably, most projects are delivered from India. Additionally, neither captive offshoring nor offshore outsourcing dominates as a de-livery option. Comparing different project subgroups regarding project success, the results reveal that projects delivered by an internal or partially owned service provider are more successful. Other project characteristics such as a project's embedded-ness in a larger offshoring program, a project's size, or a project's offshoring degree in terms of relatively offshored labor hours show few significant differences. The paper addresses the paucity of empirical research on the current state of the IS offshoring phenomenon in Germany.}, subject = {Informationsmanagement}, language = {en} } @article{vonBaryWestnerStrahringer, author = {von Bary, Benedikt and Westner, Markus and Strahringer, Susanne}, title = {IT Backsourcing}, series = {International Journal of IT/Business Alignment and Governance}, volume = {10}, journal = {International Journal of IT/Business Alignment and Governance}, number = {2}, publisher = {IGI Global}, doi = {10.4018/IJITBAG.2019070102}, pages = {15}, abstract = {With the growing importance of IT as competitive advantage, companies aim to increase their digital transformation activities. Consequently, companies are also revisiting their existing IT sourcing arrangements. In the article at hand, the authors explore the concept of IT backsourcing by presenting the results from a quantitative online survey with global IT practitioners. The authors confirm that backsourcing is frequently applied in practice, with key reasons being dissatisfaction with service or relationship quality and higher than expected costs. Further, the authors identify IT services with an increased likelihood of being backsourced, e.g., application development or data center, and discuss the effect of a CIO change on the backsourcing decision. In addition, the authors show that there are differences in the perceptions on the antecedents and the results of backsourcing decisions between management and operational level. The authors conclude with practical implications for IT managers based on their findings.}, subject = {Outsourcing}, language = {en} } @article{KopperWestnerStrahringer, author = {Kopper, Andreas and Westner, Markus and Strahringer, Susanne}, title = {From Shadow IT to Business-managed IT: A qualitative comparative analysis to determine configurations for successful management of IT by business entities}, series = {Information Systems and e-Business Management}, volume = {18}, journal = {Information Systems and e-Business Management}, number = {2}, doi = {10.1007/s10257-020-00472-6}, pages = {209 -- 257}, abstract = {Shadow IT describes covert/hidden IT systems that are managed by business entities themselves. Additionally, there are also overt forms in practice, so-called Business-managed IT, which share most of the characteristics of Shadow IT. To better understand this phenomenon, we interviewed 29 executive IT managers about positive and negative cases of Shadow IT and Business-managed IT. By applying qualitative comparative analysis (QCA), we derived four conditions that characterize these cases: Aligned, local, simple, and volatile. The results show that there are three sufficient configurations of conditions that lead to a positive outcome; one of them even encompasses Shadow IT. The most important solution indicates that IT systems managed by business entities are viewed as being positive if they are aligned with the IT department and limited to local requirements. This allows to balance local responsiveness to changing requirements and global standardization. In contrast, IT systems that are not aligned and permanent (and either organization-wide or simple) are consistently considered as negative. Our study is the first empirical quantitative-qualitative study to shed light on the success and failure of Shadow IT and Business-managed IT.}, subject = {Informationsmanagement}, language = {en} } @article{vonBaryWestnerStrahringer, author = {von Bary, Benedikt and Westner, Markus and Strahringer, Susanne}, title = {IT-Backsourcing}, series = {HMD Praxis der Wirtschaftsinformatik}, volume = {57}, journal = {HMD Praxis der Wirtschaftsinformatik}, number = {4}, publisher = {Springer}, doi = {10.1365/s40702-020-00591-1}, pages = {849 -- 865}, abstract = {IT-Backsourcing bezeichnet die Re-Integration vormals outgesourcter IT-Services zur{\"u}ck zum auslagernden Unternehmen. Die vorliegende Studie stellt die Ergebnisse einer Umfrage unter IT-Managern zu Einflussfaktoren von IT-Backsourcing-Entscheidungen vor. Es l{\"a}sst sich feststellen, dass IT-Backsourcing von Unternehmen in unterschiedlichen Branchen und f{\"u}r eine Vielzahl an unterschiedlichen IT-Services, wie z. B. Applikationsentwicklung oder Infrastruktur-Leistungen, durchgef{\"u}hrt wird. Hauptgr{\"u}nde f{\"u}r die Entscheidung f{\"u}r ein IT-Backsourcing sind mangelnde Qualit{\"a}t, hohe Kosten sowie eine schlechte Beziehung zum IT-Dienstleister. Die Ergebnisse der Umfrage zeigen, dass diejenigen Unternehmen, die sich f{\"u}r ein Backsourcing entschieden haben, nach der Entscheidung insgesamt zufriedener waren als diejenigen, die in einer Outsourcing-Beziehung geblieben sind. Zudem werden verschiedene Handlungsempfehlungen f{\"u}r IT-Manager aufgezeigt. Zur Ausarbeitung einer zukunftsorientieren IT-Sourcing-Strategie empfiehlt es sich, eine service-spezifische Sourcing-Strategie zu verfolgen und entsprechend spezialisierte Dienstleister einzusetzen. Im Falle einer Entscheidung f{\"u}r ein IT-Backsourcing sollten verschiedene Erfolgsfaktoren beachtetet werden, wie z. B. eine fr{\"u}hzeitige Neubesetzung von Schl{\"u}sselstellen sowie ein l{\"u}ckenloser Wissenstransfer.}, subject = {Betriebliches Informationssystem}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{BrosigWestnerStrahringer, author = {Brosig, Christoph and Westner, Markus and Strahringer, Susanne}, title = {Revisiting the Concept of IT Capabilities in the Era of Digitalization}, series = {2020 IEEE 22nd Conference on Business Informatics (CBI 2020): Antwerp, Belgium, 22-24 June 2020, proceedings}, booktitle = {2020 IEEE 22nd Conference on Business Informatics (CBI 2020): Antwerp, Belgium, 22-24 June 2020, proceedings}, publisher = {IEEE}, doi = {10.1109/CBI49978.2020.00017}, pages = {84 -- 93}, abstract = {In the era of digitalization, companies review how to build competitive advantage drawing on their capabilities. In this context, the paper revisits the concept of IT capabilities. We summarize the "canonical" body of literature to characterize how leading scholars conceptualized and differentiated IT capabilities and then we show how new types of IT capabilities (for example, rising from SMACIT technologies) relate to this. We find that the resource-based view is still leading in how to conceptualize IT capabilities. However, an alternative perspective on IT assets is emerging, looking at it from the angle of digital technologies as stacks. Digital technologies form the foundation for a new technology-driven perspective on IT capabilities. This new view complements the established differentiation of IT capabilities considering IT infrastructure flexibility, IT management, and IT personnel capability. Both perspectives describe the explorative and exploitative nature of IT capabilities. This paper helps scholars and practitioners to clearly distinguish different perspectives of IT capabilities on how to build a competitive advantage from IT today.}, subject = {Informationstechnik}, language = {en} } @article{HillebrandWestner, author = {Hillebrand, Patrick and Westner, Markus}, title = {Success factors of long-term CIOs}, series = {Information Systems and e-Business Management}, volume = {20}, journal = {Information Systems and e-Business Management}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, doi = {10.1007/s10257-021-00546-z}, pages = {79 -- 122}, abstract = {Although the average tenure of CIOs has increased over the last years, the majority of CIOs have been in their positions for only three years or less. Nevertheless, some CIOs have been successful in their position for a long time. In this study, we use tenure as a proxy for success as a CIO. The goal of this paper is to examine factors that are critical to the success of long-term CIOs. For this purpose, we created and analyzed resumes of 384 CIOs. Out of these 384, we conducted 19 interviews with CIOs from top-tier companies and collected and analyzed both qualitative and quantitative data. In the process, we were able to identify nine factors that are critical for the success (CSF) of CIOs. These factors fall into three categories. Category "Personality" includes "Accepting and embracing change" (CSF \#1), "Being perseverant to pursue long-term goals" (CSF \#2), "Anticipating the future through visionary thinking" (CSF \#3), and "Being empathetic to deal with uncertainty felt by co-workers" (CSF \#4). The "Role Fulfilment" category includes "Cross-functional involvement and integration of the IT organization" (CSF \#5), "Positioning and restructuring of the IT organization" (CSF \#6), and "Well-connected and communicative leadership" (CSF \#7). The "Organizational Environment" category consists of "Availability of skilled workforce" (CSF \#8) and "Reporting line to the CEO" (CSF \#9). CSFs 1, 2, and 3 were perceived as most important by the participating CIOs. The results may be of particular interest both to aspiring CIOs and equally their employing organizations, as they reflect what long-term CIOs value during their time in office.}, language = {en} } @article{WulfWestnerStrahringer, author = {Wulf, Frederik and Westner, Markus and Strahringer, Susanne}, title = {Cloud Computing Adoption: A Literature Review on What Is New and What We Still Need to Address}, series = {Communications of the Association for Information Systems}, volume = {48}, journal = {Communications of the Association for Information Systems}, number = {1}, publisher = {Association for Information Systems, AIS}, issn = {1529-3181}, doi = {10.17705/1CAIS.04843}, pages = {523 -- 561}, abstract = {Research on cloud computing (CC) recently emerged congruently with the technology's importance for organizations at a fast pace. This makes it difficult for practitioners to obtain a consolidated overview of what determines CC adoption based on the numerous papers in this regard. Moreover, for further research in the field to add value, it is necessary to identify what still needs to be addressed. In this vein, we conducted a descriptive review of 39 papers, integrating the results of a previous review on 23 papers from 2014, to compare findings across studies. We identify 44 determinant factors that exhibit consistent directional influence on the dependent meta-variable "CC adoption", extending previous literature reviews with regard to asset, client, and environmental characteristics. We then critically reviewed the research landscape to identify what is there, and what is not yet covered: Future research should specifically regard the adoption of Infrastructure-, Platform-, and Everything-as-a-Service, private, hybrid, and multi-cloud deployment, investigate vendor, solution, and individual characteristics, analyzing information systems, or the decision-maker.}, subject = {Cloud Computing}, language = {en} } @article{WulfWestnerSchoenetal., author = {Wulf, Frederik and Westner, Markus and Sch{\"o}n, Maximilian and Strahringer, Susanne and Loebbecke, Claudia}, title = {Cloud-Computing-Nutzung bei der Continental AG}, series = {Wirtschaftsinformatik \& Management}, volume = {13}, journal = {Wirtschaftsinformatik \& Management}, number = {4}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, issn = {1867-5905}, doi = {10.1365/s35764-021-00342-x}, pages = {302 -- 309}, abstract = {Dieser Artikel richtet sich an IT-F{\"u}hrungskr{\"a}fte, die die Nutzung von Cloud Computing (CC) in ihren Unternehmen f{\"o}rdern wollen. Eine Fallstudie des Konzerns Continental AG zeigt, wie Continental CC in großem Maßstab f{\"u}r die Organisation nutzbar machte. Das Unternehmen ging dabei in drei Schritten vor: Nach einer Experimentierphase wurde der Einsatz zunehmend professionalisiert und CC abschließend umfangreich nutzbar gemacht. Hieraus k{\"o}nnen drei Hand-lungsempfehlungen f{\"u}r F{\"u}hrungskr{\"a}fte abgeleitet werden: (1) die CC-Strategie nach dem Delivery-Modell differenzieren, (2) in die Integration von Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS)- und Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS)-Anbietern investieren und (3) den Wissenstransfer innerhalb des Unternehmens f{\"o}rdern, um Ver{\"a}nderungen zu erm{\"o}glichen.}, subject = {Cloud Computing}, language = {de} } @article{KlotzKratzerWestneretal., author = {Klotz, Stefan and Kratzer, Simon and Westner, Markus and Strahringer, Susanne}, title = {Literary Sketches in Information Systems Research: Conceptualization and Guidance for Using Vignettes as a Narrative Form}, series = {Information Systems Management}, volume = {39}, journal = {Information Systems Management}, number = {4}, publisher = {Taylor\&Francis}, issn = {1934-8703}, doi = {10.1080/10580530.2021.1996661}, pages = {345 -- 362}, abstract = {This paper analyzes the usage of vignettes as a narrative form in information systems (IS) research. A review of 48 papers from IS top journals with 119 vignettes exposes the versatile usage of vignettes as a narrative form and shows their usefulness in research communication. The paper conceptualizes vignette usage through a taxonomy and archetypes. To support the future dissemination of this useful narrative technique, it further derives recommendations and guidance for scholars.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HassmannWestner, author = {Hassmann, Tobias and Westner, Markus}, title = {Conceptualizing sustainability in the context of ICT. A literature review analysis}, series = {Communication Papers of the 18th Conference on Computer Science and Intelligence Systems (FedCSIS 2023), Warsaw, Poland, 17-20 September, 2023}, booktitle = {Communication Papers of the 18th Conference on Computer Science and Intelligence Systems (FedCSIS 2023), Warsaw, Poland, 17-20 September, 2023}, editor = {Ganzha, M. and Maciaszek, L. and Paprzycki, M. and Ślęzak, D.}, publisher = {Warsaw University of Technology}, isbn = {978-83-967447-8-4}, issn = {2300-5963}, doi = {10.15439/2023F5720}, pages = {121 -- 129}, abstract = {This paper examines the conceptualization of sustainability in the context of information and communication technology (ICT) research. Through an inductive text analysis of sixteen literature reviews spanning from 2014 to 2023, key themes and concepts are identified, highlighting the complex relationship between ICT and sustainability. ICT is perceived both as an enabler and a problem for sustainability. Furthermore, the terminology and concept of sustainability in the context of ICT remain unclear. The emergence of digitalization as a novel socio-technical phenomenon poses additional challenges for conceptual alignment. While a holistic view of sustainability in ICT is desired, business and social implications receive less attention. The paper summarizes and discusses the developments in research on this topic over the past decade.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{WestnervonBaryStrahringer, author = {Westner, Markus and von Bary, Benedikt and Strahringer, Susanne}, title = {Do Researchers Investigate what Practitioners Deem Relevant? Gaps Between Research and Practice in the Field of Information Systems Backsourcing}, series = {20th IEEE International Conference on Business Informatics (CBI)}, booktitle = {20th IEEE International Conference on Business Informatics (CBI)}, publisher = {IEEE}, doi = {10.1109/CBI.2018.00014}, pages = {40 -- 49}, abstract = {There is a common understanding amongst academics that information systems (IS) research sometimes has limited relevance for practitioners. This can be explained by the fact that research lags behind the fast moving IS environment, has limited practical applicability and is hard to access. We have focused on the research area of IS backsourcing, and analyzed practitioner literature to increase our understanding of topics of interest for practitioners, to determine a potential gap between academic and practitioner literature, and to identify future research directions in this field. We observed that most publications are either news or background articles, focusing on describing backsourcing cases. Additionally, we identified four recurring themes, namely reasons for backsourcing, presentation of survey results, discussion of industry trends, and backsourcing success stories. The main reasons identified to trigger backsourcing decisions are cost savings, quality improvements, and increasing control and flexibility. By comparing our findings with academic literature on IS backsourcing, we conclude that generally both literature types cover similar topics. However, researchers have a more formulative or interpretive focus than the often descriptive practitioner literature. Academic literature also examines a broader range of topics, while practitioner literature has a narrower focus. Additionally, we observe one difference regarding applied terminology: while researchers employ the term backsourcing, practitioners mostly use back in-house or insourcing. Our paper contributes to facilitating the exchange between academics and practitioners, presents topics to consider when aiming to increase practical relevance and provides researchers with concrete directions for future research within the field of IS backsourcing.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{KopperFurstenauZimmermannetal., author = {Kopper, Andreas and Furstenau, Daniel and Zimmermann, Stephan and Rentrop, Christopher and Rothe, Hannes and Strahringer, Susanne and Westner, Markus}, title = {Business-managed IT: A conceptual framework and empirical illustration}, series = {26. European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS 2018), Protsmouth, UK}, booktitle = {26. European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS 2018), Protsmouth, UK}, abstract = {Research on Shadow IT is facing a conceptual dilemma in cases where previously "covert" systems developed by business entities (individual users, business workgroups, or business units) are integrated in the organizational IT management. These systems become visible, are therefore not "in the shadows" anymore, and subsequently do not fit to existing definitions of Shadow IT. Practice shows that some information systems share characteristics of Shadow IT, but are created openly in alignment with the IT department. This paper therefore proposes the term "Business- managed IT" to describe "overt" information systems developed or managed by business entities. We distinguish Business- managed IT from Shadow IT by illustrating case vignettes. Accordingly, our contribution is to suggest a concept and its delineation against other concepts. In this way, IS researchers interested in IT originated from or maintained by business entities can construct theories with a wider scope of application that are at the same time more specific to practical problems. In addition, value-laden terminology is complemented by a vocabulary that values potentially innovative developments by business entities more adequately. From a practical point of view, the distinction can be used to discuss the distribution of task responsibilities for information systems.}, language = {en} } @article{WestnerKratzerDrechsleretal., author = {Westner, Markus and Kratzer, Simon and Drechsler, Andreas and Strahringer, Susanne}, title = {The Fractional CIO in SMEs: conceptualization and research agenda}, series = {Information Systems and e-Business Management}, volume = {20}, journal = {Information Systems and e-Business Management}, publisher = {Springer}, doi = {10.1007/s10257-022-00557-4}, pages = {581 -- 611}, abstract = {We conceptualize the new phenomenon of the Fractional Chief InformationOfficer (CIO) as a part-time executive who usually works for more than one pri-marily small- to medium-sized enterprise (SME) and develop promising avenuesfor future research on Fractional CIOs. We conduct an empirical study by drawingon semi-structured interviews with 40 individuals from 10 different countries whooccupy a Fractional CIO role. We derive a definition for the Fractional CIO, dis-tinguish it from other forms of employment, and compare it with existing researchon CIO roles. Further, we find four salient engagement types of Fractional CIOsoffering value for SMEs in various situations: Strategic IT management, Restruc-turing, Rapid scaling, and Hands-on support. The results reveal similarities withexisting CIO roles as well as novel insights concerning the different engagementtypes. Lastly, we propose a research agenda for the Fractional CIO field, based onfour research themes derived from existing CIO research and insights from theinterviews.}, language = {en} } @article{BrosigStrahringerWestner, author = {Brosig, Christoph and Strahringer, Susanne and Westner, Markus}, title = {From selling machinery to hybrid offerings}, series = {International Journal of Information Systems and Project Management}, volume = {10}, journal = {International Journal of Information Systems and Project Management}, number = {3}, publisher = {SciKA}, issn = {2182-7788}, doi = {10.12821/ijispm100301}, pages = {5 -- 27}, abstract = {The transition towards services has been imperative for manufacturing firms for years. The change from a productoriented to a more service-dominant business model affects the organizational structure of firms. However, literature provides limited insights into how manufacturing firms organize themselves in this transition. Even though digital technologies are critical for the transition, it is unclear how to orchestrate digital and traditional Information Technology (IT) resources in manufacturing firms accordingly. We analyze the case of a typical manufacturing firm that has adjusted its structure to reorganize for solution offerings based on product, service, and digital components. Our results describe a hybrid organizational structure that splits front- and back-end units. The back-end units are split along solution components. Digital IT resources are internalized and governed decentrally, with traditional IT resources being outsourced and steered centrally. Our findings contribute to digital servitization research by clarifying the overarching as well as the digital and traditional IT-related organization for manufacturing firms.}, language = {en} } @article{WestnerFuhrmann, author = {Westner, Markus and Fuhrmann, Thomas}, title = {Internationale Gastdozierende virtuell und vor Ort}, series = {Die Neue Hochschule}, journal = {Die Neue Hochschule}, publisher = {hlb Hochschullehrerbund e.V.}, pages = {6}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{KaessGodefroidBorghoffetal., author = {K{\"a}ss, Sebastian and Godefroid, Marie and Borghoff, Vincent and Strahringer, Susanne and Westner, Markus and Plattfaut, Ralf}, title = {Towards a taxonomy of concepts describing IT outside the IT department}, series = {Australasian Conference on Information Systems 2021, Sydney}, booktitle = {Australasian Conference on Information Systems 2021, Sydney}, abstract = {Due to technological advances, IT is increasingly introduced and managed outside of (or even hidden from) an organisation's IT department. As a result, researchers and practitioners have created multiple concepts describing different facets and trends of this development. While the individual concepts typically focus on different aspects, there are overlaps between these concepts. This effect hampers research progress as it creates redundancies and separate streams of knowledge development. We propose a taxonomy of the concepts Lightweight IT, IT Consumerisation, Bring Your Own Device, Shadow IT, and Business-Managed IT to solve this research problem based on a systematic literature review. For this purpose, we derive characterising dimensions of each concept from existing studies and analyse literature according to the usage of terms. As a result, we can describe and delineate the concepts. Thus, we contribute a taxonomy of IT outside the IT department to improve the transfer of research results between research streams.}, language = {en} } @incollection{KopperStrahringerWestner, author = {Kopper, Andreas and Strahringer, Susanne and Westner, Markus}, title = {Kontrollierte Nutzung von Schatten-IT}, series = {IT-GRC-Management - Governance, Risk und Compliance}, booktitle = {IT-GRC-Management - Governance, Risk und Compliance}, publisher = {Springer Vieweg}, address = {Wiesbaden}, isbn = {978-3-658-20058-9}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-658-20059-6_9}, pages = {129 -- 150}, abstract = {Basierend auf einer systematischen und umfangreichen Analyse von Praxisbeitr{\"a}gen zum Thema Schatten-IT und einer Interviewstudie mit 16 IT-F{\"u}hrungskr{\"a}ften beschreibt der vorliegende Artikel Governance-Aspekte zu diesem Ph{\"a}nomen. Er erg{\"a}nzt damit vorhergehende akademische Studien. Es zeigt sich, dass unter Praktikern der Eindruck vorherrscht, dass IT-Abteilungen unter zunehmendem Druck stehen, schneller auf sich {\"a}ndernde Anforderungen aus den Fachbereichen reagieren zu m{\"u}ssen. K{\"o}nnen IT-Abteilungen diesen Erwartungen nicht entsprechen, beschaffen sich Fachbereiche und Nutzer selbst L{\"o}sungen in Form von Schatten-IT. Als m{\"o}gliche Antwort darauf kann sich die IT-Abteilung agiler organisieren und die IT-Architektur im Unternehmen modernisieren. Eine weitere M{\"o}glichkeit besteht darin, sich das innovative Potenzial von Schatten-IT zunutze zu machen und deren Umsetzung aktiv durch organisatorische und technische Maßnahmen zu unterst{\"u}tzen. IT-Sicherheitsmanagement und technische Schutzmechanismen k{\"o}nnen helfen, die so entstandenen L{\"o}sungen abzusichern und die Risiken zu minimieren. Die IT-Abteilung k{\"o}nnte sich als Konsequenz aus all diesen Maßnahmen zu einem nutzerorientierten, internen Service-Provider und strategischen Partner f{\"u}r die Fachbereiche entwickeln.}, language = {de} } @article{KratzerStrahringerWestner, author = {Kratzer, Simon and Strahringer, Susanne and Westner, Markus}, title = {Der Chief Information Officer als Forschungsgegenstand: Ein Blick zur{\"u}ck auf vier Jahrzehnte Forschung und ein Ausblick auf zuk{\"u}nftige Perspektiven}, series = {HMD Praxis der Wirtschaftsinformatik}, volume = {59}, journal = {HMD Praxis der Wirtschaftsinformatik}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, doi = {10.1365/s40702-022-00878-5}, pages = {721 -- 740}, abstract = {Trotz der Relevanz und des Reifegrads des Forschungsbereichs Chief Information Officer (CIO) gibt es nur wenige Studien, die den aktuellen Wissensstand objektiv und umf{\"a}nglich zusammenfassen. Die vorliegende Arbeit schließt diese Forschungsl{\"u}cke und pr{\"a}sentiert eine umfassende Literatur{\"u}bersicht {\"u}ber das CIO-Forschungsfeld unter Verwendung der Hauptpfadanalyse. Anhand einer quantitativen und qualitativen Analyse von 438 Forschungsbeitr{\"a}gen werden die zentralen Arbeiten in der CIO-Forschung und verschiedene Forschungsrichtungen identifiziert. Es zeigt sich, dass sowohl etablierte Forschungsrichtungen, wie z. B. ‚Entwicklung der CIO-Rolle' und ‚Hierarchische Position und Beziehungen des CIOs', als auch neu entstehende Forschungsrichtungen, wie z. B. ‚CIO als Business Enabler', wachsende Aufmerksamkeit auf sich ziehen. Auf der Grundlage der Ergebnisse werden vielversprechende weitere Wege auf dem Gebiet der CIO-Forschung aufgezeigt, z. B. solche, die den Einfluss neuerer Technologien untersuchen.}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{BrosigBleyStrahringeretal., author = {Brosig, Christoph and Bley, Katja and Strahringer, Susanne and Westner, Markus}, title = {The Missing Piece - Calibration of Qualitative Data for Qualitative Comparative Analyses in IS Research}, series = {Thirtieth European Conference on Information Systems, New Horizons in Digitally United Societies (ECIS 2022): 18. - 24.06.2022, Timisoara, Romania}, booktitle = {Thirtieth European Conference on Information Systems, New Horizons in Digitally United Societies (ECIS 2022): 18. - 24.06.2022, Timisoara, Romania}, publisher = {Association for Information Systems}, pages = {1 -- 16}, abstract = {Over the last years, configurational research has become increasingly popular in the Information Systems (IS) discipline. Researchers value configurational methods like Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) as their application contributes to a better understanding of complex phenomena. QCA helps to uncover interrelations of conditions that lead to an outcome, building on the principles of equifinality, conjunctural causation, and asymmetry. More recently, IS researchers have started to analyze qualitative data, like case study data, with QCA. However, there is a lack of methodological guidance on how to calibrate qualitative data into set membership values for QCA. Therefore, this paper structures methodological steps and the associated options to calibrate qualitative data from an interdisciplinary perspective and critically reviews the observed methodological choices in IS research. This paper also gives recommendations for calibrating qualitative data to support informed methodological choices for future research.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HeldWestner, author = {Held, Tobias and Westner, Markus}, title = {IT Business Value Measurement and Communication among German CIOs: A Conceptual Framework}, series = {2022 IEEE 24th Conference on Business Informatics (CBI): 15-17 June 2022, Amsterdam, Netherlands}, booktitle = {2022 IEEE 24th Conference on Business Informatics (CBI): 15-17 June 2022, Amsterdam, Netherlands}, publisher = {IEEE}, doi = {10.1109/CBI54897.2022.00023}, pages = {146 -- 155}, abstract = {This paper applies design science research methodology to iteratively develop a framework for measuring and communicating IT business value from a CIO perspective. The framework design is based on analysis and integration of literature combined with empirical findings. The framework was evaluated by CIO interviews and a practical feasibility study. The results show that IT business value can be measured and communicated using our framework by applying six consecutive process steps. Thereby, IT business value is not a single number but a set of quantitative and qualitative metrics relevant to stakeholders. Our framework represents a novel and integrated approach on how CIOs can select appropriate metrics, measure, and communicate IT business value to stakeholders. In addition, the paper provides insights for CIOs on how to be successful in IT business value management.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{KaessStrahringerWestner, author = {K{\"a}ss, Sebastian and Strahringer, Susanne and Westner, Markus}, title = {Drivers and Inhibitors of Low Code Development Platform Adoption}, series = {2022 IEEE 24th Conference on Business Informatics (CBI): 15.06. - 17.06.2022, Amsterdam}, booktitle = {2022 IEEE 24th Conference on Business Informatics (CBI): 15.06. - 17.06.2022, Amsterdam}, publisher = {IEEE}, doi = {10.1109/CBI54897.2022.00028}, pages = {196 -- 205}, abstract = {When done right, the use of low code development promises a significant competitive advantage in the software development process for organizations. Thus, multiple vendors have created low code development platforms to ease the use of low code development. However, current research on low code development platforms mainly focuses on the technological aspects of the platforms but not on their adoption. Hence, it remains unclear what drives and inhibits the adoption of low code development platforms. We conducted a literature review and identified thirteen factors that inhibit the adoption and seven factors that drive it. We structure these factors along with the diffusion of innovation framework that helps to disentangle drivers and inhibitors. As a result, we provide an initial explanation of the adoption of low code development platforms. Nevertheless, we conclude that existing research on the adoption of low code development platforms is not specific enough to understand the phenomenon substantially. Further, for some factors (e.g., cost), there is a disagreement in the academic literature on whether they are drivers or inhibitors. Hence, we identify gaps and derive avenues for future research.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HassmannWestner, author = {Hassmann, Tobias and Westner, Markus}, title = {Enhancing Expert Interviews: Insights from Information Systems and Digital Transformation Research}, series = {32nd International conference on information systems development (ISD 2024), August 26-28, 2024, Gdańsk, Poland}, booktitle = {32nd International conference on information systems development (ISD 2024), August 26-28, 2024, Gdańsk, Poland}, editor = {Marcinkowski, Bartosz and Przybyłek, Adam and Jarzębowicz, Aleksander and Iivari, Netta and Insfran, Emilio and Lang, Michael and Linger, Henry and Schneider, Christoph}, publisher = {AIS eLibrary}, isbn = {978-83-972632-0-8}, doi = {10.62036/ISD.2024.48}, abstract = {Expert interviews, a commonly employed qualitative data collection procedure in information systems (IS) research, lack consistent conceptualization. This paper aims to address this gap by providing a conceptual framework and comprehensive guidelines for a rigorous implementation of expert interviews, supported by real-world examples. After a systematic selection of method-relevant literature, a thematic analysis of twenty-eight articles, books, and book chapters is conducted to elicit the distinctive characteristics and rigorous conduct of expert interviews. Validation is provided by analyzing nineteen studies published in important IS outlets that use expert interviews. A particular focus is on a subset of five studies that cover digital transformation topics. The analysis reveals expert interviews' flexibility as data collection procedure and shows the wide range of application opportunities for IS researchers. Lastly, we discuss theoretical and practical implications of our findings to enhance the rigor, systematic use, and relevance of expert interviews in IS research.}, language = {en} } @article{HollerWestner, author = {Holler, Nathalie and Westner, Markus}, title = {Factors Influencing Cloud Computing Adoption in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises: A Systematic Review}, series = {Informatica}, volume = {49}, journal = {Informatica}, number = {1}, publisher = {Slovenian Association Informatika}, issn = {1854-3871}, doi = {10.31449/inf.v49i1.6971}, abstract = {This paper investigates the factors influencing cloud computing adoption in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) through a systematic literature review. The analysis identified twelve key factors influencing the adoption of cloud computing in SMEs. Based on the Technology-Organisation-Environment (TOE) model and the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), a conceptual framework was developed for future research. The most important factors are cost, organisational readiness, compatibility, relative advantage and top management support. Other influential factors include security, perceived usefulness, firm size, government support, perceived ease of use, vendor support and competitive pressure. The majority of studies were conducted in Asian countries, including developing countries, limiting the generalisability of the findings to SMEs in more developed economies. This research highlights the need for cloud computing solutions that not only reduce costs and ensure high levels of security and privacy, but are also easy to use and integrate. Further research is recommended to explore these factors within SMEs in more developed economies.}, language = {en} } @incollection{HassmannWestner, author = {Hassmann, Tobias and Westner, Markus}, title = {A Framework for Rigorous Execution and Presentation of Expert Interviews in IS and Digital Transformation Research}, series = {Advances in Information Systems Development: Exploring New Horizons and Opportunities}, booktitle = {Advances in Information Systems Development: Exploring New Horizons and Opportunities}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, address = {Cham}, isbn = {9783031878794}, issn = {2195-4968}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-031-87880-0_4}, pages = {63 -- 86}, abstract = {This article addresses the inconsistent conceptualization of expert interviews in information systems (IS) research by providing a structured framework for their rigorous execution and presentation. Through a thematic analysis of 28 method-relevant papers, key characteristics and good practices for executing expert interviews are identified. Additionally, 39 highly cited IS studies were reviewed to examine expert interview utilization in IS research and to identify good practices for presenting expert interview outcomes, which are further validated on nine digital transformation (DT) studies. Our findings highlight the adaptability and varied applications of expert interviews in IS research and offer recommendations to strengthen rigor in their preparation, execution, and presentation of outcomes. Theoretical and practical implications are provided to guide a more systematic and rigorous use of expert interviews in IS research.}, language = {en} } @article{StrasserStrahringerWestner, author = {Strasser, Artur and Strahringer, Susanne and Westner, Markus}, title = {Determinants of success and failure of knowledge transfer in information systems offshoring}, series = {International Journal of Information Technology and Management}, volume = {22}, journal = {International Journal of Information Technology and Management}, number = {1/2}, publisher = {Inderscience}, issn = {1741-5179}, doi = {10.1504/IJITM.2023.10055151}, abstract = {The transfer of knowledge from client to service provider poses major challenges in information systems (IS) offshoring projects. Knowledge transfer directly affects IS offshoring success. Therefore, associated challenges must be overcome. Our study examines the determinants of success and failure of knowledge transfer in IS offshoring projects based on a ranking-type Delphi study. We questioned 32 experts from Germany, each with more than ten years of experience in near- or offshore initiatives to seek a consensus among them. We identified 19 success and 20 failure determinants. These determinants are ranked in order of importance using best-worst scaling. Aspects of closer cooperation are critical for effective knowledge transfer. This includes regular collaboration, willingness to help and support, and mutual trust. In contrast, critical determinants of failure are concerned with fears and fluctuation of human resources. Hidden ambiguities or knowledge gaps, an unwillingness and disability to share knowledge, and high fluctuation of human resources negatively impact knowledge transfer.}, language = {en} } @article{KratzerWestnerStrahringer, author = {Kratzer, Simon and Westner, Markus and Strahringer, Susanne}, title = {Mehr als Vollzeit: Fractional CIOs in KMUs}, series = {HMD Praxis der Wirtschaftsinformatik}, journal = {HMD Praxis der Wirtschaftsinformatik}, publisher = {Springer}, issn = {2198-2775}, doi = {10.1365/s40702-023-01010-x}, pages = {23}, abstract = {Auch kleine und mittlere Unternehmen (KMUs) ben{\"o}tigen zunehmend ein effektives Informationstechnologie- (IT)-Management, um wettbewerbsf{\"a}hig zu bleiben. Im Vergleich zu großen Unternehmen verf{\"u}gen KMUs jedoch oft nicht {\"u}ber die Ressourcen, die Arbeitgeberattraktivit{\"a}t oder den Bedarf, um einen Chief Information Officer (CIO) in Vollzeit zu besch{\"a}ftigen. Um diese L{\"u}cke zu schließen, hat eine wachsende Zahl von Expertinnen und Experten weltweit damit begonnen, CIO-Dienste in Teilzeit anzubieten. Auf diese Weise erhalten KMUs Zugang zu erfahrenen und kompetenten IT-F{\"u}hrungskr{\"a}ften zu einem Bruchteil der Kosten und ohne langfristige Verpflichtungen. W{\"a}hrend diese so genannten „Fractional CIOs" in der Praxis bereits einen Mehrwert schaffen, gibt es noch kaum wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zu diesem neuen Ph{\"a}nomen. In einem gr{\"o}ßeren Forschungsprojekt mit insgesamt 62 Fractional CIOs aus 10 L{\"a}ndern wurden daher eine Definition, Typen verschiedenartiger Engagements und Erfolgsfaktoren abgeleitet. Die vorliegende Studie fasst die Ergebnisse zusammen und setzt sie in Bezug zum deutschen Markt, indem sie drei Fractional CIOs/CTOs aus Deutschland befragt. Es zeigt sich, dass die folgenden vier Engagement-Typen von Fractional CIOs f{\"u}r KMUs in verschiedenen Situationen von Nutzen sind: Strategisches IT-Management, Restrukturierung, Skalierung und Hands-on Support. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus zeigt die Studie, dass Vertrauen, die Unterst{\"u}tzung durch das Top-Management-Team und die Integrit{\"a}t des Fractional CIOs Schl{\"u}sselfaktoren f{\"u}r den Erfolg von Fractional CIO-Engagements sind. F{\"u}r den deutschen Markt werden die Ergebnisse durch drei befragte Fractional CIOs/CTOs weitgehend best{\"a}tigt. Die Fractional CIOs/CTOs k{\"o}nnen zwar keine genauen Gr{\"u}nde f{\"u}r die geringe Akzeptanz der Rolle nennen, betonen aber ihr Wertpotenzial f{\"u}r den deutschen Markt.}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{HillebrandWestner, author = {Hillebrand, Patrick and Westner, Markus}, title = {Tenure and Background of CIOs in Germany - Influencing Factors and International Comparison}, series = {Proceedings of the of the 18th Conference on Computer Science and Intelligence Systems (FedCSIS 2023), Warsaw, Poland, 17-20 September, 2023}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the of the 18th Conference on Computer Science and Intelligence Systems (FedCSIS 2023), Warsaw, Poland, 17-20 September, 2023}, publisher = {Warsaw University of Technology}, doi = {10.15439/2023F5836}, pages = {557 -- 566}, abstract = {The average tenure of Chief Information Officers (CIOs) has increased over the past few years. Nevertheless, the average tenure of CIOs is shorter than that of Chief Executive Officers (CEOs). While most studies on tenure and background are based on data from US IT executives, studies on German CIOs are missing. This study analyzes the tenure of German CIOs as a proxy for management effectiveness and how certain factors influence it. An original and unique dataset of 384 IT executives from German companies is examined. The data include the size and industry sector of the companies, educational and professional backgrounds of the CIOs, and the CIOs' reporting lines. Data were analyzed using the chi-square test and Fisher's exact test. The German CIOs had a median tenure of 4.0 years. However, if we examine executives who are currently in office and executives with a completed term of office separately , the median tenure differs. The results also show that German CIOs do not have shorter tenures than German CEOs. When compared with US CIOs, the results depend on the values selected for comparison. In addition, the analysis shows that neither the size and industry sector of the companies nor the educational and professional backgrounds of the CIOs and managers of the CIO reports have a statistically significant influence on the tenure of IT executives. The factors examined in this study can be considered as preconditions for the CIO position. In the future, factors that play a role during tenure should be examined.}, language = {en} } @article{WinklerWestner, author = {Winkler, Fabian and Westner, Markus}, title = {A Systematic Literature Review of DevOps Success Factors and Adoption Models}, series = {SOICT '23: Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on Information and Communication Technology. Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, 7-8 December 2023}, journal = {SOICT '23: Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on Information and Communication Technology. Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, 7-8 December 2023}, publisher = {ACM}, isbn = {979-8-4007-0891-6}, doi = {10.1145/3628797.3628883}, pages = {525 -- 532}, abstract = {This paper investigates DevOps adoption, emphasizing its cultural dimensions in the context of the information systems domain. Utilizing a robust systematic literature review methodology, we discerned nine salient success factors and delineated three stage models instrumental for a smooth transition into DevOps-centric projects. Despite the increasing breadth of research in the DevOps area, the absence of a consolidated definition remains a challenge, underscoring the importance of a unified interpretative framework. This research notably extends the current body of knowledge by focusing on the cultural dynamics of DevOps adoption. As a result, it offers a refined lens through which both practitioners involved in the adoption process and academic researchers can comprehend the nuances and implications of cultural shifts in the evolving landscape of DevOps within information systems.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HassmannWestner, author = {Hassmann, Tobias and Westner, Markus}, title = {IS executives and sustainability}, series = {26th International Conference on Business Informatics (CBI), 09-13 September 2024, Vienna, Austria}, booktitle = {26th International Conference on Business Informatics (CBI), 09-13 September 2024, Vienna, Austria}, publisher = {IEEE}, isbn = {979-8-3315-2909-3}, issn = {2378-1971}, doi = {10.1109/CBI62504.2024.00017}, pages = {1-10}, abstract = {The pressing global sustainability challenges, encapsulated in the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), require profound transformations across multiple levels. It is imperative for the Information Systems (IS) discipline to engage in addressing these challenges. This paper aims to contribute to this imperative through a scoping literature review, examining factors that enable IS executives to drive sustainability outcomes within organizations, utilizing the Input-Mediator-Outcome (IMO) framework. By analyzing 31 articles from important IS journals and conferences between 2008 and 2024, this review identifies key input factors for sustainability outcomes, such as individual IS executive inputs, the role of the Top Management Team (TMT) setting and organizational contexts, as well as external influences. In addition, it explores how team-specific processes can augment sustainability efforts. The paper concludes by proposing future research questions to address underrepresented SDGs, investigate external impact factors more thoroughly, and emphasize the role of individual IS executive inputs. These insights aspire to advance the understanding of IS executives' potential to influence sustainability in organizational settings.}, language = {en} } @article{KratzerWestnerStrahringer, author = {Kratzer, Simon and Westner, Markus and Strahringer, Susanne}, title = {Factors for Fractional CIO Engagement Success}, series = {Information \& Management}, volume = {60}, journal = {Information \& Management}, publisher = {Elsevier}, issn = {0378-7206}, doi = {10.1016/j.im.2023.103793}, abstract = {As small- to medium-sized enterprises struggle with IT management, an increasing number appoint Fractional CIOs, i.e., CIOs that work part-time for multiple organizations simultaneously. We use Q-methodology to empirically evaluate the relative importance of factors for Fractional CIO engagement success and find that trust, top management team support, and the Fractional CIO's integrity are most important. Further, we identify three groups of Fractional CIOs: Strategic IT Advisors, Full-ownership CIOs, and Change Agents. Our results guide organizations when hiring and working with Fractional CIOs and provide the basis for further research on Fractional CIO archetypes.As small- to medium-sized enterprises struggle with IT management, an increasing number appoint Fractional CIOs, i.e., CIOs that work part-time for multiple organizations simultaneously. We use Q-methodology to empirically evaluate the relative importance of factors for Fractional CIO engagement success and find that trust, top management team support, and the Fractional CIO's integrity are most important. Further, we identify three groups of Fractional CIOs: Strategic IT Advisors, Full-ownership CIOs, and Change Agents. Our results guide organizations when hiring and working with Fractional CIOs and provide the basis for further research on Fractional CIO archetypes.}, language = {en} } @article{KratzerWestnerStrahringer, author = {Kratzer, Simon and Westner, Markus and Strahringer, Susanne}, title = {Four Decades of Chief Information Officer Research}, series = {ACM SIGMIS Database: the DATABASE for Advances in Information Systems}, volume = {54}, journal = {ACM SIGMIS Database: the DATABASE for Advances in Information Systems}, number = {3}, publisher = {ACM}, doi = {10.1145/3614178.3614182}, pages = {37 -- 74}, abstract = {Despite the relevance and maturity of the Chief Information Officer (CIO) research field, no studies exist that exhaustively summarize the current body of knowledge, focusing on the development of the field over its entire timespan. The paper at hand addresses this research gap and presents an exhaustive literature review on the CIO research field using main path analysis. We identify the central papers in CIO research and eight main research streams by quantitatively and qualitatively analyzing 466 papers. We find that established research streams, e.g., 'Evolving role of the CIO' and 'CIO hierarchical position and relationships' as well as recently emerging research streams, e.g., 'CIO as business enabler' and 'CIOs and IT security,' draw growing attention. Based on our findings, we develop promising further avenues for research in the CIO field.}, subject = {Informationsmanager}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{SchrollWestner, author = {Schroll, Jonas and Westner, Markus}, title = {Relation between Edge Computing and the Internet of Things}, series = {2023 Portland International Conference on Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET), 23-27 July 2023, Monterrey, Mexico}, booktitle = {2023 Portland International Conference on Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET), 23-27 July 2023, Monterrey, Mexico}, publisher = {IEEE}, doi = {10.23919/PICMET59654.2023.10216820}, pages = {1 -- 9}, abstract = {The Internet of Things (IoT) is an emerging computing paradigm providing new approaches to collect and analyze environmental data. However, as specific challenges arose, the paradigm of Edge Computing with its potential solution capabilities came into place. The combination of both paradigms is currently highly discussed in industry and research. This paper aims to contribute to this field by conducting a systematic literature review to examine the differences and relation between IoT and Edge Computing on a meta-level. It first investigates conceptual backgrounds, use cases, and implementation types. After that, the differences between the paradigms are highlighted. It becomes clear that the significant distinction is in the architectural composition. However, the scientific consensus reveals that both paradigms have a common historical background, and Edge Computing is perceived as the next step in the evolution of IoT. Furthermore, Edge Computing-based systems can address common IoT challenges identified in the two paradigms' problem-solution space. Ultimately, there is a need for further research in security, edge intelligence, and standardization, with Edge Computing frameworks able to address these in practice.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HillebrandWestner, author = {Hillebrand, Patrick and Westner, Markus}, title = {Lean IT}, series = {2023 Portland International Conference on Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET), 23-27 July 2023, Monterrey, Mexico}, booktitle = {2023 Portland International Conference on Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET), 23-27 July 2023, Monterrey, Mexico}, publisher = {IEEE}, doi = {10.23919/PICMET59654.2023.10216855}, pages = {1 -- 11}, abstract = {Companies have applied Lean Management and its methods in their production functions for several decades. They also increasingly use Lean Management to improve service delivery, for example, in their IT organizations, which is referred to as "Lean IT". Lean IT finds widespread recognition in business practice, but corresponding academic research is still scarce. The paper at hand intends to shed light on the current perspectives of Lean IT from an academic point and a practitioner point of view. The paper applies an innovative quantitative approach of literature analysis using semantic entity annotator and a keyword analysis to systematically identify and compare topics academics and practitioners deem relevant in context of Lean IT. We analyze practitioner media and scholarly articles published from January 2014 to June 2019. The analysis shows that research does not seem to adequately address the topics that are highly relevant for practitioners when it comes to Lean IT, e.g., issues pertinent to Automation, DevOps, role of the CIO, IT Service Management or Scrum in context of Lean IT are under-researched. Our analysis further shows that interest in Lean IT as a field is rising in both groups. Our study can help to guide further research activities.}, language = {en} } @article{KratzerWestnerStrahringer, author = {Kratzer, Simon and Westner, Markus and Strahringer, Susanne}, title = {Traction with fraction: Strategic IS management in SMEs through Fractional CIOs}, series = {International Journal of Information Systems and Project Management}, volume = {12}, journal = {International Journal of Information Systems and Project Management}, number = {1}, issn = {2182-7788}, doi = {10.12821/ijispm120101}, pages = {5 -- 16}, abstract = {Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) increasingly need to manage nformation technology (IT) effectively in order to remain competitive. However, compared to larger organizations, SMEs often face challenges in terms of resources and employer attractiveness, and regularly do not have the need to employ a Chief Information Officer (CIO) on a full-time basis. To address this issue, a growing number of global experts have begun to provide CIO services on a part-time basis for multiple clients simultaneously. This approach allows SMEs to tap into the expertise of experienced IT leaders at a fraction of the cost and without committing to long-term arrangements. While these professionals, known as "Fractional CIOs", have proven their value in the field, there has been a lack of academic research on this emerging trend. Therefore, we carried out a comprehensive research project between 2020 and 2023, involving 62 Fractional CIOs from 10 countries. The research produced a definition, different types of engagements, and success factors for Fractional CIOs and their engagements. This paper summarizes these findings for a wider audience of academics and practitioners.}, language = {en} } @article{BrosigGraeubigStrahringeretal., author = {Brosig, Christoph and Gr{\"a}ubig, Dix M. and Strahringer, Susanne and Westner, Markus}, title = {Prerequisites and Causal Recipes for Manufacturers' IT-Enabled Service Innovation Success}, series = {Communications of the Association for Information Systems}, volume = {55}, journal = {Communications of the Association for Information Systems}, publisher = {Association for Information Systems, AIS}, issn = {1529-3181}, doi = {10.17705/1CAIS.05509}, pages = {205 -- 256}, abstract = {For manufacturing firms, success in innovating IT-enabled services is a critical antecedent to benefit from digital servitization of their business models. Digital servitization literature has explored mechanisms for success in innovating IT-enabled services, indicating that the phenomenon is multifaceted and needs to be explained from multiple theoretical perspectives. We derive a conceptual model for success in innovating IT-enabled services covering its multifaceted nature by referring to knowledge-based and organizational control theory. We test this model using qualitative cases of IT-enabled service innovation initiatives in manufacturing firms and use set-theoretic analyses to account for the multifaceted nature of the phenomenon. The necessary condition analysis yields that a certain degree of service innovation capabilities is a prerequisite for success. With the results of a qualitative comparative analysis, we obtain five solution terms as causal recipes for success in innovating IT-enabled services. Our results contribute to research by offering a theory-based approach that explains the multiplicity of success in IT-enabled service innovation. Practitioners benefit from our results by understanding prerequisites and causal recipes for success while learning from unsuccessful initiatives in innovating IT-enabled services of manufacturing firms. Our study is also an example of how to rigorously calibrate qualitative data using a structured approach.}, language = {en} } @article{KopperFuerstenauZimmermannetal., author = {Kopper, Andreas and F{\"u}rstenau, Daniel and Zimmermann, Stephan and Klotz, Stefan and Rentrop, Christopher and Rothe, Hannes and Strahringer, Susanne and Westner, Markus}, title = {Shadow IT and Business-Managed IT: A Conceptual Framework and Empirical Illustration}, series = {International Journal of IT/Business Alignment and Governance (IJITBAG)}, volume = {9}, journal = {International Journal of IT/Business Alignment and Governance (IJITBAG)}, number = {2}, publisher = {IGI Global}, doi = {10.4018/IJITBAG.2018070104}, pages = {53 -- 71}, abstract = {Research on Shadow IT is facing a conceptual dilemma in cases where previously "covert" systems developed by business entities are integrated in the organizational IT management. These systems become visible, are thus not "in the shadows" anymore, and subsequently do not fit to existing definitions of Shadow IT. Practice shows that some information systems share characteristics of Shadow IT but are created openly in alignment with the IT organization. This paper proposes the term "Business-managed IT" to describe "overt" information systems developed or managed by business entities and distinguishes it from Shadow IT by illustrating case vignettes. Accordingly,our contribution is to suggest a concept and its delineation against other concepts. In this way, IS researchers interested in IT originated from or maintained by business entities can construct theories with a wider scope of application that are at the same time more specific to practical problems. In addition, the terminology allows to value potentially innovative developments by business entities more adequately.}, subject = {Unternehmen}, language = {en} } @article{KaessStrahringerWestner, author = {K{\"a}ss, Sebastian and Strahringer, Susanne and Westner, Markus}, title = {A Multiple Mini Case Study on the Adoption of Low Code Development Platforms in Work Systems}, series = {IEEE Access}, journal = {IEEE Access}, publisher = {IEEE}, issn = {2169-3536}, doi = {10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3325092}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:898-opus4-65634}, pages = {118762 -- 118786}, abstract = {Although adopting Low Code Development Platforms (LCDPs) promises significant efficiency and effectiveness improvements for application development, its adoption still needs further empirical research. This paper uses a combinatorial approach to research LCDP adoption and presents the results of a multiple mini case study with 36 cases on LCDP adoption. A combination of the Socio-Technical Systems theory and the Technology-Organisational-Environment model is used as a theoretical lens. In this paper, we show that LCDP adoption is a multifaceted phenomenon and identify three archetypes for LCDP adoption (i.e., IT Resource Shortage Mitigators, Application Development Democratisers, and Synergy Realisers) and one archetype for LCDP non-adoption (i.e., Intricacy Adversaries). Each archetype can be interpreted as an individual path towards LCDP (non-)adoption. Based on these archetypes, we derive seven starting points for practitioners to adopt LCDPs in work systems. Moreover, by using the theoretical lenses, the paper shows that for an LCDP adoption to occur, an optimisation of the social and technical sub-systems is required.}, language = {en} } @article{KopperKlotzWestneretal., author = {Kopper, Andreas and Klotz, Stefan and Westner, Markus and Strahringer, Susanne}, title = {Shadow IT and Business-managed IT}, series = {Journal of Information Technology Management (JITM)}, volume = {30}, journal = {Journal of Information Technology Management (JITM)}, number = {4}, issn = {1042-1319}, pages = {25}, abstract = {Two concepts describe the autonomous deployment of IT by business entities: Shadow IT and Business-managed IT. Shadow IT is deployed covertly, that is, software, hardware, or IT services created/procured or managed by business entities without alignment with the IT organization. In contrast, Business-managed IT describes the overt deployment of IT, that is, in alignment with the IT organization or in a split responsibility model. The purpose of this paper is to extend the conceptual understanding of Shadow IT and Business-managed IT, comparing the perceptions of 29 CIOs and senior IT managers with the results of a systematic literature review. By doing so, this paper presents a structured and comprehensive view of causing factors, outcomes, and governance of Shadow IT and Business-managed IT in practice. A comparison of academic literature and practitioner perceptions reveals the limitations and gaps of the current research and highlights avenues for future research. The authors find three category-spanning themes occurring as causing factors, outcomes, and—as part of governance measures—factors to improve the IT organization: (1) (Poor) business-IT alignment (2) (lack of) agility, and (3) (lack of) policies. This study is innovative with its comprehensive qualitative interview data that the authors compare to the existing literature. Therefore, the paper brings together theoretical and practical insights into Shadow IT and Businessmanaged IT, which should aid practitioners and scholars in decision making and future research.}, subject = {Corporate Governance}, language = {en} } @article{KaessBrosigWestneretal., author = {K{\"a}ss, Sebastian and Brosig, Christoph and Westner, Markus and Strahringer, Susanne}, title = {Short and sweet: multiple mini case studies as a form of rigorous case study research}, series = {Information Systems and e-Business Management}, journal = {Information Systems and e-Business Management}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, doi = {10.1007/s10257-024-00674-2}, pages = {34}, abstract = {Case study research is one of the most widely used research methods in Information Systems (IS). In recent years, an increasing number of publications have used case studies with few sources of evidence, such as single interviews per case. While there is much methodological guidance on rigorously conducting multiple case studies, it remains unclear how researchers can achieve an acceptable level of rigour for this emerging type of multiple case study with few sources of evidence, i.e., multiple mini case studies. In this context, we synthesise methodological guidance for multiple case study research from a cross-disciplinary perspective to develop an analytical framework. Furthermore, we calibrate this analytical framework to multiple mini case studies by reviewing previous IS publications that use multiple mini case studies to provide guidelines to conduct multiple mini case studies rigorously. We also offer a conceptual definition of multiple mini case studies, distinguish them from other research approaches, and position multiple mini case studies as a pragmatic and rigorous approach to research emerging and innovative phenomena in IS.}, language = {en} } @article{KlotzKopperWestneretal., author = {Klotz, Stefan and Kopper, Andreas and Westner, Markus and Strahringer, Susanne}, title = {Von Schatten-IT zu Business-managed IT: Fachbereichs-IT gezielt gestalten}, series = {Wirtschaftsinformatik \& Management}, volume = {14}, journal = {Wirtschaftsinformatik \& Management}, number = {4}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, issn = {1867-5913}, doi = {10.1365/s35764-022-00421-7}, pages = {282 -- 287}, abstract = {Fachbereichs-IT, Schatten-IT, Business-managed IT. All diese Begriffe beschreiben IT, die neben den eigentlichen, regul{\"a}ren IT-Systemen oder -Prozessen in Unternehmen existieren und von Mitarbeiterinnen und Mitarbeitern der Fachbereiche genutzt werden. Im Fall von„Schatten-IT" handelt es sich um IT-Systeme und -Prozesse (IT-Instanzen), die sich ohne Kenntnis der IT-Verantwortlichen etabliert haben; im Fall von„Business-managed IT" entstehen die IT-Systeme und -Prozesse in Kenntnis der bzw. in Abstimmung mit den IT-Verantwortlichen im Unternehmen.„Fachbereichs-IT" subsumiert Schatten-IT und Business-managed IT. Welche Ursachen f{\"u}hren zu solchen IT-Instanzen, welche Potenziale und Risiken haben diese IT-Instanzen und wie lassen sie sich steuern?}, language = {de} }