@inproceedings{KaramaraBogdanskiZoelleretal., author = {Karamara, Merve and Bogdanski, Moritz-Ole and Z{\"o}ller, Raphael and Albrecht, Sophie Viktoria and Linner, Thomas and Bock, Thomas and Braml, Thomas}, title = {Increasing efficiency and sustainability: A comparative analysis of concrete 3D printing and traditional methods based on case studies}, series = {MATEC Web of Conferences}, volume = {409}, booktitle = {MATEC Web of Conferences}, publisher = {EDP Sciences}, doi = {10.1051/matecconf/202540913005}, pages = {7}, abstract = {At the forthcoming Concrete Solutions 2025 conference, the subject of concrete 3D printing will be explored in the "Case Studies" category, with a comparison to traditional methods. Concrete 3D printing offers several significant advantages, including the ability to create complex geometries, increased material efficiency, faster build times and cost savings. These are particularly important in the context of the current skilled labour shortage and emphasis on resource efficiency in construction. Nevertheless, challenges persist in the areas of machine reliability, process integration, and material adaptation to meet the requirements of 3D printing. The case studies will present modular and design-engineering-based strategies for the development of efficient, scalable automation solutions that integrate 3D printing into existing processes and allow for project-specific customisation through selective automation. These findings provide a robust framework for industrial applications that enhance efficiency and adaptability. By comparing concrete 3D printing to conventional methods, the insights offer a foundation for advancing automated production in construction, promoting scalable, resource-efficient, and economically sustainable practices that address the industry's evolving demands.}, language = {en} } @article{LinnerSeelingerVogtLydiaetal., author = {Linner, Thomas and Seelinger, Anja and Vogt Lydia, and Sch{\"a}pers Barbara, and Steinb{\"o}ck, Martina and Krewer, Carmen and Bock, Thomas}, title = {REACH: Solutions for Technology-Based Prevention and Empowerment for Older People and their Caregivers}, series = {Journal of Population Ageing: Special Issue on responsive engagement of older persons promoting activity and customized healthcare}, volume = {13}, journal = {Journal of Population Ageing: Special Issue on responsive engagement of older persons promoting activity and customized healthcare}, number = {1}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, doi = {10.1007/s12062-020-09268-5}, pages = {131 -- 137}, abstract = {REACH stands for "Responsive Engagement of the Elderly Promoting Activity and Customized Healthcare". Sustained physical activity matters greatly to the health and well-being of older people and significantly improves their chance of maintaining independent living. It can make a difference across the whole care continuum as well as in almost every setting. Therefore, REACH solutions focus on the systematic, target-oriented increase of physical activity of older people, and tackle the whole prevention spectrum (primary, secondary, and tertiary). It seeks to empower older people and their formal and informal caregivers, and works towards viable solutions for both the formal and in-formal care sector. Technology-based personalization of prevention, activation, and care services provided in various living and care settings is at the center of the developed solutions. Ideally toolkit approach would allow for the tailoring of solutions that create value for end-users, care providers and health care payers alike through the combination, integration and adaptation/re-design elements towards the different contexts of different countries, different payment and reimbursement structures. This Special Issue sheds light on such solutions, their conception, their development, and their testing.}, language = {en} } @article{NgHallSchmailzletal., author = {Ng, Ming Shan and Hall, Daniel and Schmailzl, Marc and Linner, Thomas and Bock, Thomas}, title = {Identifying enabler and relational ontology networks in design for digital fabrication}, series = {Automation in construction}, volume = {144}, journal = {Automation in construction}, number = {December}, publisher = {Elsevier}, doi = {10.1016/j.autcon.2022.104592}, pages = {1 -- 20}, abstract = {As use of digital fabrication increases in architecture, engineering and construction, the industry seeks appropriate management and processes to enable the adoption during the design/planning phase. Many enablers have been identified across various studies; however, a comprehensive synthesis defining the enablers of design for digital fabrication does not yet exist. This work conducts a systematic literature review of 59 journal articles published in the past decade and identifies 140 enablers under eight categories: actors, resources, conditions, attributes, processes, artefacts, values and risks. The enablers' frequency network is illustrated using an adjacency matrix. Through the lens of actor-network theory, the work creates a relational ontology to demonstrate the linkages between different enablers. Three examples are presented using onion diagrams: circular construction focus, business model focus and digital twin in industrialisation focus. Finally, this work discusses the intersection of relational ontology with process modelling to design future digital fabrication work routines.}, language = {en} } @article{NgHallSchmailzletal., author = {Ng, Ming Shan and Hall, Daniel and Schmailzl, Marc and Linner, Thomas and Bock, Thomas}, title = {Identifying enablers and relational ontology networks in design for digital fabrication}, series = {Automation in Construction}, volume = {144}, journal = {Automation in Construction}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {0926-5805}, doi = {10.1016/j.autcon.2022.104592}, abstract = {As use of digital fabrication increases in architecture, engineering and construction, the industry seeks appropriate management and processes to enable the adoption during the design/planning phase. Many enablers have been identified across various studies; however, a comprehensive synthesis defining the enablers of design for digital fabrication does not yet exist. This work conducts a systematic literature review of 59 journal articles published in the past decade and identifies 140 enablers under eight categories: actors, resources, conditions, attributes, processes, artefacts, values and risks. The enablers' frequency network is illustrated using an adjacency matrix. Through the lens of actor-network theory, the work creates a relational ontology to demonstrate the linkages between different enablers. Three examples are presented using onion diagrams: circular construction focus, business model focus and digital twin in industrialisation focus. Finally, this work discusses the intersection of relational ontology with process modelling to design future digital fabrication work routines.}, language = {en} } @article{IturraldeFeuchtIllneretal., author = {Iturralde, Kepa and Feucht, Malte and Illner, Daniel and Hu, Rongbo and Pan, Wen and Linner, Thomas and Bock, Thomas and Eskudero, Ibon and Rodriguez, Mariola and Gorrotxategi, Jose and Izard, Jean-Baptizste and Astudillo, Julen and Cavalcanti Santos, Jo{\~a}o. and Gouttefarde, Marc and Fabritius, Marc and Martin, Christoph and Henninge, Tomas and Normes, Stein M. and Jacobsen, Yngve and Pracucci, Alessandro and Ca{\~n}ada, Jesus and Jimenez-Vicaria, Jose David and Alonso, Rub{\´e}n and Elia, Lorenzo}, title = {Cable-driven parallel robot for curtain wall module installation}, series = {Automation in Construction}, volume = {138}, journal = {Automation in Construction}, number = {June}, publisher = {Elsevier}, doi = {10.1016/j.autcon.2022.104235}, abstract = {A cable-driven parallel robot (CDPR) was developed for the installation of curtain wall modules (CWM). The research addressed the question of whether the CDPR was capable installing CWMs with sufficient accuracy while being competitive compared to conventional manual methods. In order to develop and test such a system, a conceptual framework that consisted of three sub-systems was defined. The tests, carried out in two close-to-real demonstration buildings, revealed an absolute accuracy of the CWM installation of 4 to 23 mm. The working time for installing a CWM was reduced to 0.51 h. The results also show that the system is competitive for a workspace greater than 96 m2 compared to conventional manual methods. However, improvements such as reducing the hours for setting up the CDPR on the one hand and achieving a faster and more robust MEE on the other hand will be still necessary in the future.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{BulgakovBockOttoetal., author = {Bulgakov, Alexey and Bock, Thomas and Otto, Jens and Buzalo, Natalia and Linner, Thomas}, title = {Requirements for Safe Operation and Facility Maintenance of Construction Robots}, series = {Proceedings of the 37th International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in Construction (ISARC 2020): From Demonstration to Practical Use, To New Stage of Construction Robot, October 27-28, 2020, Kitakyushu, Japan}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 37th International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in Construction (ISARC 2020): From Demonstration to Practical Use, To New Stage of Construction Robot, October 27-28, 2020, Kitakyushu, Japan}, editor = {Tateyama, Kazuyoshi and Ishii, Kazuo and Inoue, Fumihiro}, publisher = {The International Association for Automation and Robotics in Construction (I.A.A.R.C.)}, isbn = {978-952-94-3634-7}, doi = {10.22260/ISARC2020/0053}, pages = {369 -- 376}, abstract = {Construction robots are devices of increased danger and, under certain conditions, can become a source of injuries to maintenance personnel, as well as lead to the failure of technological equipment. Most of the accidents are associated with the presence of maintenance personnel in the working area during programming, configuration, training, repair and maintenance of robots. The article describes measures to ensure safety during the maintenance of robots and manipulators. The stages of preparing the construction industry for the use of manipulators, robots and robotic complexes are presented. A system of measures for preparing equipment for use and its maintenance during operation is proposed.}, language = {en} } @article{HuIturraldeLinneretal., author = {Hu, Rongbo and Iturralde, Kepa and Linner, Thomas and Zhao, Charlie and Pan, Wen and Pracucci, Alessandro and Bock, Thomas}, title = {A Simple Framework for the Cost-Benefit Analysis of Single-Task Construction Robots Based on a Case Study of a Cable-Driven Facade Installation Robot}, series = {Buildings, Architecture: Integration of Art and Engineering}, volume = {11}, journal = {Buildings, Architecture: Integration of Art and Engineering}, number = {1}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, doi = {10.3390/buildings11010008}, pages = {1 -- 8}, abstract = {Single-task construction robots (STCRs) have become a popular research topic for decades. However, there is still a gap in the ubiquitous application of STCRs for onsite construction due to various reasons, such as cost concerns. Therefore, cost-benefit analysis (CBA) can be used to measure the net economic benefit of the STCRs, compared to traditional construction methods, in order to boost the implementation of STCRs. This paper presents a simple and practical framework for the economic evaluation of STCRs and conducts a case study of a cable-driven facade installation robot to verify the method. The results show that the cable-driven robot for facade installation is worth investing in in the UK, as well as in the majority of G20 countries. Furthermore, other socioenvironmental implications of STCRs and the limitations of the study are also discussed. In conclusion, the proposed method is highly adaptable and reproducible. Therefore, researchers, engineers, investors, and policy makers can easily follow and customize this method to assess the economic advantages of any STCR systems, compared to traditional construction technologies.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{NgBockLinner, author = {Ng, Ming Shan and Bock, Thomas and Linner, Thomas}, title = {Robotization: Design for Fabrication, Assembly, Disassembly and the Circular Built Environment with Robot-Oriented Design}, series = {22th Symposium on Construction Robotics in Japan - Ongoing commitment to construction robot technology needed for a sustainable society}, booktitle = {22th Symposium on Construction Robotics in Japan - Ongoing commitment to construction robot technology needed for a sustainable society}, pages = {8}, abstract = {Robotics has been gradually adopted in the construction sector to improve productivity and efficiency through automation. Recent scholars study design for automation to facilitate robotization in design and planning. Besides, it has the potential to enable circularity to assist in the current resource crisis. This article explores how robotization can foster the circular built environment with design for fabrication, assembly and disassembly in current practice. This article first presents the industry adoption of robotization through design for fabrication, assembly and disassembly (Design for X) and Robot-Oriented Design (ROD) in Japan and abroad. Secondly, based on the concept of ROD, this work investigates how this fosters the circular built environment through industry review and literature review. It is concluded with three takeaways of robotization for the circular built environment with ROD and future directions in research. The work contributes to the body of knowledge in automation in construction, construction management, technology and innovation.}, language = {en} } @article{IturraldeLinnerBock, author = {Iturralde, Kepa and Linner, Thomas and Bock, Thomas}, title = {Matching kit interface for building refurbishment processes with 2D modules}, series = {Automation in Construction}, volume = {110}, journal = {Automation in Construction}, number = {February}, publisher = {Elsevier}, doi = {10.1016/j.autcon.2019.103003}, abstract = {A need exists for faster installation of prefabricated modules in the refurbishment market. Current solutions for installing and fitting prefabricated modules on existing buildings are time consuming. The objective of this research is to reduce the time currently required for the installation of timber-based 2D modules by using innovative technologies while improving placement accuracy. A novel installation concept was proposed based on a digitally produced matching kit interface that corrects existing building's irregularities and connector placement deviations. This solution was tested, validated, and compared in several manufacturing contexts. The tests recorded measurable variables such as the manufacturing time and placement accuracy of the modules. The results demonstrate decreases up to 73\% in installation time and placement deviations of less than 2 mm.}, language = {en} } @techreport{EhrariAndersenHenningBojeValketal., author = {Ehrari, Humira and Andersen, Henning Boje, and Valk, Carlijn and Lu, Yuan and Visser, Thomas and Larsen, Rasmus Tolstrup and Korfitsen, Christoffer Bruun and Langberg, Henning and Randriambelonoro, Mirana E. and Sch{\"a}pers, Barbara and Linner, Thomas}, title = {User acceptance and motivational strategies}, doi = {10.13140/RG.2.2.20619.64800}, abstract = {This deliverable describes the results and reflections by the partners' efforts on user acceptance and motivation strategies. The report presents the outcome of an identification and detailing of user acceptance and motivation strategies for the overall system (REACH, Touchpoints \& Engine concept) and subsystems (Touchpoints, REACH toolkit elements), providing full consideration and detailing of ethical, privacy, legal and usability/accessibility aspects. The REACH system incorporates two strands of technological elements; on the one hand, sensing and monitoring elements, and, on the other hand, motivational and physical engagement elements. For both types, user acceptance is critical allowing for a user experience that leads to (intrinsic, extrinsic, etc.) motivation to more physical activity. The remainder of this Deliverable is structured as follows. First, we introduce the REACH-specific interplay of the concept "user acceptance" with the linked concepts "behaviour change/motivation" and "personalization" in the context of (early) physical activation of elderly persons, and outline the related work and activities conducted in REACH (overall and per TP). Second, we present an analysis and structuring of acceptability drivers (ethical, privacy/security, legal, and accessibility considerations) per Touchpoint. From this we developed an integrated view that represents REACH specific know-how about how to use these acceptability drivers to integrate advanced ICT-driven technology for early detection and intervention use cases seamlessly into age inclusive communities. Third, we present our findings in the context of the development of acceptability drivers for the use of sensing and monitoring elements. We conclude the deliverable by outlining acceptability related evidence and examples from REACH trials (based on Deliverable D27 findings), and by summarizing the overall findings of this deliverable.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HuKaboutehPawlitzaetal., author = {Hu, Rongbo and Kabouteh, Amir and Pawlitza, Katja and G{\"u}ttler, J{\"o}rg and Linner, Thomas and Bock, Thomas}, title = {Developing Personalized Intelligent Interior Units to Promote Activity and Customized Healthcare for Aging Society}, series = {Proceedings of the 36th International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in Construction (ISARC 2019), 21.05.2019-24.05.2019, Banff, Canada}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 36th International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in Construction (ISARC 2019), 21.05.2019-24.05.2019, Banff, Canada}, editor = {Al-Hussein, Mohamed}, publisher = {The International Association for Automation and Robotics in Construction}, isbn = {978-952-69524-0-6}, doi = {10.22260/ISARC2019/0032}, pages = {234 -- 241}, abstract = {The world's population is aging at an unprecedented pace. Aging society is not only a severe crisis in the developed world such as Germany and Japan, but also a rigorous challenge in emerging economies such as China. Many age-related diseases are fostered by the lack of physical, cognitive, and social activities. Increasing the activity level has many benefits for the elderly and can improve their independence. The research project REACH (funded by European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program under grant agreement No. 690425) aims to develop a service system that will turn clinical and care environments into personalized modular sensing, prevention, and intervention systems that encourage the elderly to become healthy through activities (e.g., physical, cognitive, socializing, personalized food, etc.). As a core research partner, the Chair of Building Realization and Robotics at Technical University of Munich developed a series of Personalized Intelligent Interior Units (PI²Us), which are a special type of smart furniture, that materialize the REACH concepts and functionality seamlessly into the different REACH use case settings. Specifically, the design and functions of the PI²Us, which consist of the PI²U-SilverArc, PI²U-MiniArc, PI²U-Bed, and PI²U-iStander, will be described in detail. In addition, a modular apartment integrating all PI²Us and key technologies in REACH is designed and simulated to create a total interior living and care environment for elderly users. Due to its modularity, parts of the apartment can be easily adapted and rapidly deployed in different REACH use case settings in four European countries, which will then help the REACH consortium execute a series of testing activities. In conclusion, this research project provides a systematic and innovative example for the world to mitigate the impact of aging society.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{PanHuLinneretal., author = {Pan, Wen and Hu, Rongbo and Linner, Thomas and Bock, Thomas}, title = {Developing a roadmap for implementing on-site construction automation and robotics in Hong Kong}, series = {CIB World Building Congress 2019 "Constructing Smart Cities" ; 17.06.2019-21.06.2019, Hong Kong, China}, booktitle = {CIB World Building Congress 2019 "Constructing Smart Cities" ; 17.06.2019-21.06.2019, Hong Kong, China}, abstract = {For a long time, the conventional construction sector in Hong Kong has been perceived as old-fashioned and lagging behind compared to many other industrial sectors. Numerous challenges are facing the construction industry, such as diminishing productivity, unstable quality, increasing demand, as well as population aging and shortage in the local labor market. One possible solution is to identify and deploy the state-of-the-art technologies that could potentially be implemented in the Hong Kong construction industry. Many studies have been documented about the design and development of a specific construction robotic system. However, there is limited literature on how to investigate the implementation and integration of a range of proposed systems in a specific, local context, and to evaluate the process and impact from short-term, mid-term, and long-term perspectives. Based on the ongoing consultancy project commissioned by the Construction Industry Council (CIC) in Hong Kong, this paper demonstrates the method adopted in proposing a systematic approach as well as the development of a comprehensive roadmap for implementing on-site construction automation and robotic technologies in the context of Hong Kong. In general, the proposed roadmap, which is structured based on the reviews of the current situation in Hong Kong's construction industry, will evaluate short-term and mid-term practical strategies and action plans. Furthermore, it will forecast a long-term perspective, aspirations, and potential business strategy. The activity of road-mapping is extended with the objective to mitigate existing risks and barriers, and to plan ahead. Eventually, it will serve as a guideline for the construction industry in Hong Kong and beyond to execute similar types of projects in the future.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{IturraldeFeuchtHuetal., author = {Iturralde, Kepa and Feucht, Malte and Hu, Rongbo and Pan, Wen and Schlandt, Marcel and Linner, Thomas and Bock, Thomas and Izard, Jean-Baptizste and Eskudero, Ibon and Rodriguez, Mariola and Gorrotxategi, Jose and Astudillo, Julen and Cavalcanti Santos, Jo{\~a}o. and Gouttefarde, Marc and Fabritius, Marc and Martin, Christoph and Henninge, Tomas and Stein, M. Nornes and Normes, Stein M. and Jacobsen, Yngve and Pracucci, Alessandro and Ca{\~n}ada, Jesus and Jimenez-Vicaria, Jose David and Paulotto, Carlo and Alonso, Rub{\´e}n and Elia, Lorenzo}, title = {A Cable Driven Parallel Robot with a Modular End Effector for the Installation of Curtain Wall Modules (Best Paper Award)}, series = {Proceedings of the 37th International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in Construction (ISARC 2020): From Demonstration to Practical Use, To New Stage of Construction Robot, October 27-28, 2020, Kitakyushu, Japan}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 37th International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in Construction (ISARC 2020): From Demonstration to Practical Use, To New Stage of Construction Robot, October 27-28, 2020, Kitakyushu, Japan}, editor = {Tateyama, Kazuyoshi and Ishii, Kazuo and Inoue, Fumihiro}, publisher = {The International Association for Automation and Robotics in Construction (I.A.A.R.C.)}, isbn = {978-952-94-3634-7}, doi = {10.22260/ISARC2020/0204}, pages = {1472 -- 1479}, abstract = {The installation of curtain wall modules (CWMs) is a risky activity carried out in the heights and often under unfavorable weather conditions. CWMs are heavy prefabricated walls that are lifted normally with bindings and cranes. High stability is needed while positioning in order not to damage the fragile CWMs. Moreover, this activity requires high precision while positioning brackets, the modules, and for that reason, intensive survey and marking are necessary. In order to avoid such inconveniences, there were experiences to install fa{\c{c}}ade modules in automatic mode using robotic devices. In the research project HEPHAESTUS, a novel system has been developed in order to install CWMs automatically. The system consists of two subsystems: a cable driven parallel robot (CDPR) and a set of robotic tools named as Modular End Effector (MEE). The platform of the CDPR hosts the MEE. This MEE performs the necessary tasks of installing the curtain wall modules. There are two main tasks that the CDPR and MEE need to achieve: first is the fixation of the brackets onto the concrete slab, and second is the picking and placing of the CWMs onto the brackets. The first integration of the aforementioned system was carried out in a controlled environment that resembled a building structure. The results of this first test show that there are minor deviations when positioning the CDPR platform. In future steps, the deviations will be compensated by the tools of the MEE and the installation of the CWM will be carried out with the required accuracy automatically.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HuLinnerWangetal., author = {Hu, Rongbo and Linner, Thomas and Wang, Suting and Cheng, Wenting and Liu, Xiaolong and G{\"u}ttler, J{\"o}rg and Zhao, Charlie and Lu, Yuan and Bock, Thomas}, title = {Towards a Distributed Intelligent Home Based on Smart Furniture for China's Aging Population}, series = {Proceedings of the 38th International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in Construction (ISARC): 02.11.2021 - 04.11.2021, Dubai, United Arab Emirates}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 38th International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in Construction (ISARC): 02.11.2021 - 04.11.2021, Dubai, United Arab Emirates}, editor = {Feng, Chen and Linner, Thomas and Brilakis, Ioannis}, publisher = {International Association for Automation and Robotics in Construction (IAARC)}, isbn = {978-952-69524-1-3}, doi = {10.22260/ISARC2021/0008}, pages = {41 -- 48}, abstract = {Population aging is one of the major challenges facing the world. In particular, the advent of China's aging society caused by various factors will be a major threat to its future development. Therefore, serious measures need to be taken to achieve its demographic sustainability. Smart furniture can be considered as a novel subcategory of gerontechnology. One of the main outcomes of the EU-funded REACH project was a variety of smart furniture named Personalized Intelligent Interior Units (PI2Us) which served as the key component of a distributed intelligent home to promote the health and activity level of older adults. This outcome can potentially be a solution to mitigate the consequences caused by population aging. In order to understand the attitudes and opinions of Chinese older adults towards the relevant technologies, the authors conducted an opinion survey using the PI2Us as an example, which sampled more than 380 older adults in 26 out of 34 provincial-level administrative divisions of China. The survey showed that Chinese older adults in general have a highly positive attitude towards smart furniture and smart home technologies. Several other insights also can be revealed from the survey. Based on further analyses, the paper summarized why the elderly-oriented smart furniture and distributed intelligent home has the potential to thrive in China's market soon. Finally, a three-year project action plan for implementing localized solutions in cooperation with a large Chinese furniture manufacturer was presented.}, language = {en} } @incollection{LinnerHuIturraldeetal., author = {Linner, Thomas and Hu, Rongbo and Iturralde, Kepa and Bock, Thomas}, title = {A Procedure Model for the Development of Construction Robots}, series = {Innovation in Construction : a Practical Guide to Transforming the Construction Industry}, booktitle = {Innovation in Construction : a Practical Guide to Transforming the Construction Industry}, editor = {Ghaffar, Seyed Hamidreza and Mullett, Paul and Pei, Eujin and Roberts, John}, publisher = {SpringerNature}, address = {Berlin}, isbn = {978-3-030-95798-8}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-95798-8_14}, pages = {321 -- 352}, abstract = {Due to a constantly growing interest in construction robots, guidance on the design and management for its development process is needed to employ the best practice know-how and accelerate efficient development and marketisation. The development of construction robots usually involves stakeholders from the construction sector, non-construction sectors, and investors. A systematic design management method can help to integrate the needs and aims of different stakeholders and team members during the development process. Therefore, a procedure model for the development of construction robots is proposed as an integrative guidance on how to systematically conceptualise engineer requirements and to design, develop, implement, evaluate, manage, and mature the designs of construction robots. Several recent projects have been used by the authors to test and verify parts of the proposed cyclic method. In addition, the authors explain how the proposed model has been composed of an adapted set of proven principles and methodologies from the systems engineering and management field and highlight the specific concepts for developing and testing the construction robots. The application of the procedure model revealed that the concept and method are feasible and, in principle, can provide a comprehensive and practical guide on the steps forward. A unique characteristic of the proposed procedure model is the core principle which allows the evolvement over time with each cycle of use. In addition, interchangeable elements can be inserted into the procedure model depending on the region, type of robot, and technical readiness level.}, language = {en} } @incollection{IturraldePanLinneretal., author = {Iturralde, Kepa and Pan, Wen and Linner, Thomas and Bock, Thomas}, title = {Automation and robotic technologies in the construction context: research experiences in prefabricated fa{\c{c}}ade modules}, series = {Rethinking building skins : Transformative technologies and research trajectories}, booktitle = {Rethinking building skins : Transformative technologies and research trajectories}, editor = {Gasparri, Eugenia and Brambilla, Arianna and Lobaccaro, Gabriele and Goia, Francesco}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Cambridge, MA}, isbn = {9780128224779}, doi = {10.1016/B978-0-12-822477-9.00009-7}, pages = {475 -- 493}, abstract = {In recent years, there has been an increase in robots that perform activities in the built environment. In this chapter, projects were featured as case studies to demonstrate the potential of using automation and robotic technologies to facilitate building fa{\c{c}}ade installation tasks. The Building Energy Renovation Through Timber-Prefabricated Modules (BERTIM) and the Highly automatEd PHysical Achievements and performancES using cable roboTs Unique Systems (HEPHAESTUS) research projects consist of researching, developing and prototyping different automated solutions for the handling of building envelopes in various processes of the installation sequence. The BERTIM research project focuses on building envelope upgrading, automated building fa{\c{c}}ade manufacturing, while the HEPHAESTUS research project is focused on the cable-driven parallel robot for the installation of curtain wall modules. Both projects have proved the potential use of new technologies for the installation of prefabricated envelopes and reduced working time and costs during installation.}, language = {en} } @techreport{AndersenHenningBojeBardramMaxhunietal., author = {Andersen, Henning Boje, and Bardram, Jakob E. and Maxhuni, Alban and Larsen, Rasmus Tolstrup and Sch{\"a}pers Barbara, and Krewer, Carmen and Steinb{\"o}ck, Martina and Sprengel, D. and Linner, Thomas and Schlandt, Marcel and Kabouteh, Amir and G{\"u}ttler, J{\"o}rg and Hu, Rongbo and Lu, Yuan and Bock, Thomas}, title = {Detailed set of privacy guidelines and schemata: Summarization of the outcome of the development of necessary data privacy and security schemata to (1) protect sensed data; (2) ascertain computational anonymity; (3) ensure privileged intervention access}, abstract = {Deliverable D32: Detailed set of privacy guidelines and schemata Responsive Engagement of the Elderly promoting Activity and Customized Healthcare 2 Deliverable D32: Detailed set of privacy guidelines and schemata: Summarization of the outcome of the development of necessary data privacy and security schemata to (1) protect sensed data; (2) ascertain computational anonymity; (3) ensure privileged intervention access (associated with task T.7.5). Abstract: This deliverable report examines the outcomes of the REACH research project with regard to data privacy and data security, associated with Task T7.5. This document gives an overview of our analyses involving ethics and privacy concerns in terms of the individual touchpoints and shows how these findings guided the project towards the determination of the medical purpose and intended use-cornerstones to on the path to market entry. In addition, we provide a brief overview of how the guidelines regarding data protection and encryption influenced the technical design and implementation of project components. Furthermore, we provide an update on the management of legal implications (and the implications resulting from this for system requirements and business strategy) of the use of machine learning and artificial intelligence in the context of REACH solutions, incorporating an external expert opinion. Finally, this deliverable report contains a summary of our approach towards risk gov-ernance and standardization in this regard: our work in REACH on privacy and security schemata, culminated in a CEN Workshop Agreement (guideline) that generalizes REACH outcomes and makes them accessible and usable beyond the REACH consortium .}, language = {en} } @article{HuLinnerTrummeretal., author = {Hu, Rongbo and Linner, Thomas and Trummer, Julian and G{\"u}ttler, J{\"o}rg and Kabouteh, Amir and Langosch, Katharina and Bock, Thomas}, title = {Developing a Smart Home Solution Based on Personalized Intelligent Interior Units to Promote Activity and Customized Healthcare for Aging Society}, series = {Journal of Population Ageing: Special Issue on responsive engagement of older persons promoting activity and customized healthcare}, volume = {13}, journal = {Journal of Population Ageing: Special Issue on responsive engagement of older persons promoting activity and customized healthcare}, number = {1}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, doi = {10.1007/s12062-020-09267-6}, pages = {257 -- 280}, abstract = {The world's population is aging at an unprecedented pace. Aging society is not only a severe crisis in the developed world, but also a rigorous challenge in emerging economies. Many age-related diseases are fostered by the lack of physical, cognitive, and social activities. Increasing the activity level has many benefits for the elderly and can improve their independence. Based on the analysis of the state-of-the-art and shortcomings of the current smart home solutions, the EU-funded research project REACH aims to develop a service system that will turn clinical and care environments into personalized modular sensing, prevention, and intervention systems that encourage the elderly to become healthy through various activities. To achieve that goal, the research team developed a series of smart furniture (PI2Us) that materialize the research concepts and functionality seamlessly into the various environments. Specifically, the development process and the functionality testing results of the PI2Us are reported in detail. In addition, a simulated smart home solution concept (TRACK) integrating key assistive technologies developed is proposed to create a comprehensive interior living and care environment for elderly users. Due to its modularity and flexibility, the partial or entire solution can be easily adapted and rapidly deployed in different use case settings in Europe, which allows the project consortium to execute different testing activities. In the next phase, the research team will focus on enhancing the usability and performance of the prototypes in order to eventually push them to the market. In conclusion, this research provides an innovative smart home solution for the industry to mitigate the impact of aging society.}, language = {en} } @article{LinnerPanHuetal., author = {Linner, Thomas and Pan, Wen and Hu, Rongbo and Zhao, Charlie and Iturralde, Kepa and Taghavi, Meysam and Trummer, Julian and Schlandt, Marcel and Bock, Thomas}, title = {A technology management system for the development of single-task construction robots}, series = {Construction Innovation}, volume = {20}, journal = {Construction Innovation}, number = {1}, publisher = {Emerald}, doi = {10.1108/CI-06-2019-0053}, pages = {96 -- 111}, abstract = {Purpose: Because of the sharply growing interest worldwide of "hard" physical-mechanical robot systems for the execution of on-site construction tasks [i.e. single-task construction robots (STCRs)], the purpose of this study is to equip development projects with a systematic design-management system model that allows to integrate the different needs and aims of stakeholders. Design/methodology/approach: This paper proposes a STCR-technology management system (STCR-TMS) for the complete development cycle of STCR designs. The STCR-TMS is based on established principles from systems engineering and management and STCR-specific activities developed and tested by the authors as standalone elements in previous research work. Findings: The application of the STCR-TMS revealed the practicability of the method and the underlying concepts to provide practical guidance for the development process. Additional findings indicate that the method is sufficiently generic and flexible for application to different types of robots and indifferent world regions. This research has also shown that key activities need to be addressed to increase the practicability of the STCR-TMS. Originality/value:  A unique characteristic of this method is the evolution with each utilization cycle. In addition, individual elements are interchangeable and can be adapted based on external circumstances. These properties allow the TMS to be applied to other fields in construction robotics. With the progression of the verification and validation of the method, know-how and certain elements can be fed into standardization activities (e.g. establishing a management system standard).}, language = {en} } @article{PanLinnerPanetal., author = {Pan, Mi and Linner, Thomas and Pan, Wei and Cheng, Huimin and Bock, Thomas}, title = {Structuring the context for construction robot development through integrated scenario approach}, series = {Automation in Construction}, volume = {114}, journal = {Automation in Construction}, number = {June}, publisher = {Elsevier}, doi = {10.1016/j.autcon.2020.103174}, abstract = {The technological development of construction robots is underway globally. However, current development activities face significant uncertainties, particularly in terms of the definition and management of system requirements, which are primarily based on vague assumptions about the future. Thus, a new tool is required to grasp how construction robots—and their surrounding ecosystems—will be used. This research adopts an unprecedented scenario-based approach to develop and analyze future alternatives for construction robotics in a systematic manner. Hong Kong "toward 2035" is used as an initial test case, and four scenarios of the robot ecosystem, i.e., "Bottleneck," "Age of Iron Worker," "Dynamic Co-evolution of Robotization and Modularization," and "Rise of the Robots," are developed from evidence-based analysis. Scenarios highlight the crucial role of workers for construction robot utilization. Driving forces, opportunities, and challenges are identified for elaborating strategies under each scenario. The integrated scenario approach and findings lay an important foundation for systems engineering processes in construction robotics to develop a new tool for structuring system context and specifying system requirements.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HuLinnerSchmailzletal., author = {Hu, Rongbo and Linner, Thomas and Schmailzl, Marc and G{\"u}ttler, J{\"o}rg and Lu, Yuan and Bock, Thomas}, title = {Exploring Gerontechnology for Aging-Related Diseases in Design Education: An Interdisciplinary Perspective}, series = {Proceedings of the 37th International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in Construction (ISARC 2020): From Demonstration to Practical Use, To New Stage of Construction Robot, October 27-28, 2020, Kitakyushu, Japan}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 37th International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in Construction (ISARC 2020): From Demonstration to Practical Use, To New Stage of Construction Robot, October 27-28, 2020, Kitakyushu, Japan}, editor = {Tateyama, Kazuyoshi and Ishii, Kazuo and Inoue, Fumihiro}, publisher = {The International Association for Automation and Robotics in Construction (I.A.A.R.C.)}, isbn = {978-952-94-3634-7}, doi = {10.22260/ISARC2020/0102}, pages = {735 -- 742}, abstract = {Aging society is not only a crisis in the developed world but also a severe challenge in some emerging economies. However, the awareness of population aging and gerontechnology is far from sufficiently addressed in the architectural design education in universities. Therefore, an interdisciplinary approach in design education is urgently needed to raise the awareness of the aging crisis among the future architects, interior designers, and beyond. This article introduces a novel model of a design seminar offered by a German University, addressing population aging issues in the architecture department. The syllabus, formality, and the expected results of the seminar are revealed in detail. The participants are encouraged to apply interdisciplinary knowledge such as barrier-free architecture, mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, robotics, medicine, psychology, and business to achieve the goals of the seminar. Based on the originality and degree of completion, several students' works are selected and reported, targeting a variety of diseases or syndromes related to aging, such as dementia, immobility, and tremors. Overall, participants of this seminar are motivated and have positive feedback on this seminar, oftentimes claiming that they have seldom studied similar topics in previous architecture education. This enables students from architecture as well as other fields to be better prepared to tackle the upcoming challenges such as labor shortages and infectious diseases in a rapidly aging world. Furthermore, the seminar creates novel concepts that serve as a win-win "honeypot" for both students and their instructors, potentially sparking research topics and start-ups with concepts fostered in this seminar.}, language = {en} } @article{CheahBockCaoetal., author = {Cheah, Chien Chern and Bock, Thomas and Cao, Jianfu and Linner, Thomas and Liu, Yun-Hui and Yamashita, Atsushi and Yang, Liman}, title = {Guest Editorial Introduction to the Focused Section on Mechatronics and Automation for Constructions}, series = {IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics}, volume = {26}, journal = {IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics}, number = {6}, publisher = {IEEE}, doi = {10.1109/TMECH.2021.3127237}, pages = {2819 -- 2825}, abstract = {Rapid advances in modern technologies have completely revolutionized many industries in recent years. It is anticipated that mechatronic and automation technologies would play an important role in transforming the construction industry to embrace for the fourth industrial revolution. However, construction automation problems bring up new research challenges that diverge from traditional methods. Unlike the factory environment, which is typically structured and predictable, construction sites are dynamic places where the working environment is unstructured and always changing. Due to lack of skilled labor, time and cost overruns, quality deficiencies, and the recent pandemics, mechatronic and automation technologies offer solutions for future safe, rapid, performative, prize worthy, and digitally protocolled construction projects. The coexistence of human workers, heavy vehicles, varying environmental conditions, and automated mechatronic systems also make safe human-machine interaction an important issue. Beyond expertise in a specific discipline, construction automation also requires multidisciplinary expertise to integrate with various fields, such as Internet of Things (IOT), robotics and its construction oriented subsystems, adaptive/robust control, machine vision, sensing technologies, artificial intelligence (AI), and building/construction/process information modeling (BIM/CIM/PIM) for automated construction process management and design. The main aims of this focused section in the IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics (TMECH) are to document the current state of the art in mechatronics and automation for constructions, and to present new results in several emerging research areas.}, language = {en} } @article{PanLinnerPanetal., author = {Pan, Mi and Linner, Thomas and Pan, Wei and Cheng, Huimin and Bock, Thomas}, title = {Influencing factors of the future utilisation of construction robots for buildings: A Hong Kong perspective}, series = {Journal of Building Engineering}, volume = {30}, journal = {Journal of Building Engineering}, number = {July}, publisher = {Elsevier}, doi = {10.1016/j.jobe.2020.101220}, abstract = {Construction robots are expected to have disruptive impacts on the building industry, but 8 there is still a lack of utilisation. While significant attention has been paid to technical 9 advancement, little has been done to comprehensively understand the broader societal issues 10 associated with the use of this technology. This paper aims to provide a holistic exploration 11 of the influencing factors of the future utilisation of construction robots in a systems manner, 12 analyse the interactions among these factors and identify the key ones that are most 13 influential in shaping the technological transformation. A modified fuzzy decision-making 14 trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) method is developed and applied. Hong Kong 15 was selected as the desirable case for the study due to its vibrant yet challenging built 16 environments. Factors were first systematically identified and synthesised before being 17 empirically verified, evaluated and analysed through the modified fuzzy DEMATEL. The 18 results demonstrate the multi-faceted and complexly interrelated factors influencing the 19 utilisation of construction robots. Eleven influencing factors were determined as critical for 20 shaping the future trajectory of robotic applications, among which "construction cost", 21 "governmental support" and "the scale of prefabrication" are the most influential ones. The 22 findings indicate that more interdisciplinary efforts and broader non-technical discussions are 23 needed to achieve the successful transition of the industry towards robotic construction. The 24 findings further reveal the driving forces of environmental pressures behind the future 25 utilisation of construction robots. Detailed utilisation scenarios which fit to the evolution of 26 the whole society are recommended for future research.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{PanIturraldeHuetal., author = {Pan, Wen and Iturralde, Kepa and Hu, Rongbo and Linner, Thomas and Bock, Thomas}, title = {Adopting Off-site Manufacturing, and Automation and Robotics Technologies in Energy-efficient Building}, series = {Proceedings of the 37th International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in Construction (ISARC 2020): From Demonstration to Practical Use, To New Stage of Construction Robot, Kitakyushu, Japan, October 27-28, 2020}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 37th International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in Construction (ISARC 2020): From Demonstration to Practical Use, To New Stage of Construction Robot, Kitakyushu, Japan, October 27-28, 2020}, editor = {Tateyama, Kazuyoshi and Ishii, Kazuo and Inoue, Fumihiro}, publisher = {The International Association for Automation and Robotics in Construction (I.A.A.R.C.)}, isbn = {978-952-94-3634-7}, doi = {10.22260/ISARC2020/0215}, pages = {1549 -- 1555}, abstract = {Delivering energy-efficient buildings or settlements has become a popular topic amongst architects, engineers, and building engineering physicists. There are many methods for improving building energy performances, both for new build projects and for retrofitting existing buildings. However, the construction industry faces some profound challenges to satisfy the increasing demand for energy-efficient buildings or other solutions and to be able to offer them at an affordable cost. A holistic approach has been adopted to validate whether automation robotics and off-site manufacturing technologies can yield positive changes in the delivery of energy-efficient buildings. This paper emphasizes the potential transformations and possible impacts on the design, construction, and installation process of an energy-efficient building once the advanced technologies are implemented. This paper also highlights case studies in multiple ongoing or past European Union (EU) Horizon 2020 research projects as well as private projects to demonstrate the applicability and technical feasibility of the proposed solution. The scenario proposed was used to demonstrate how to apply the proposal in a large-scale residential building project. In addition, the findings from this study will serve as proof of the concept of a larger research project, or as an inspiration for the construction industry to execute energy-efficient building projects in the future.}, language = {en} } @incollection{IlhanBockLinneretal., author = {Ilhan, Bahriye and Bock, Thomas and Linner, Thomas and Iturralde, Kepa and Pan, Wen and Hu, Rongbo}, title = {Innovative Robotics and Automation for Offsite Manufacturing}, series = {Offsite Production and Manufacturing for Innovative Construction : People, Process and Technology}, booktitle = {Offsite Production and Manufacturing for Innovative Construction : People, Process and Technology}, editor = {Goulding, J. S. and Rahimian, F. P.}, publisher = {Routledge}, address = {London}, isbn = {9781138550711}, doi = {10.1201/9781315147321-13}, abstract = {This chapter presents additional research and development on offsite modular manufacturing of interior subsystems - to transform real estate stock to future demands triggered by demographic challenges, thereby allowing instant deployment. It explores the use of innovative systems for prefabrication. Regarding offsite production and manufacturing, the transformation of parts and low-level components into higher-level components by highly mechanised, automated or robot-supported industrial settings therefore needs to take place. Construction automation for offsite manufacturing, requires the integration of products, organisation, informational aspects, and machine technology in order to maximise efficiency and deliver product quality. A construction-kit cell can confine the production-unit elements in a specific area of the building, yet contain a greater capacity than an upgraded existing environment. A fully robotic construction industry will require significant research and development - of each product, process, and participant of the building production process.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HuPanIturraldeetal., author = {Hu, Rongbo and Pan, Wen and Iturralde, Kepa and Linner, Thomas and Bock, Thomas}, title = {Construction Automation and Robotics for Concrete Construction: Case Studies on Research, Development, and Innovations}, series = {Proceedings of the 40th International Association for Automation and Robotics in Construction (ISARC 2023), Chennai, India}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 40th International Association for Automation and Robotics in Construction (ISARC 2023), Chennai, India}, publisher = {IAARC}, isbn = {978-0-6458322-0-4}, issn = {2413-5844}, doi = {10.22260/ISARC2023/0095}, pages = {683 -- 690}, abstract = {The construction industry, supported by the materials industry, is a major user of natural resources. Automation and robotics have the potential to play a key role in the development of circular construction by increasing productivity, reducing waste, increasing safety, and mitigating labor shortages. Starting with a brief synopsis of the history of construction robotics and the concept of robot-oriented design, this article presents exemplary case studies of research projects and entrepreneurial activities in which the authors have participated that have contributed to the advancement of concrete construction. The activities of the authors have systematically led to spin-offs and start-ups, especially in recent years (e.g., CREDO Robotics GmbH, ARE23 GmbH, KEWAZO GmbH, ExlenTec Robotics GmbH, etc.), which shows that the use of construction robots is becoming an important part of the construction industry. With the use of automation and robotics in the built environment especially for concrete construction, current challenges such as the housing shortage can be addressed using the leading machinery and robot technology in Germany and other parts of the world. The knowledge and know-hows gained in these endeavors will lay the groundwork for the next frontier of construction robotics beyond the construction sites.}, language = {en} } @incollection{KuhnFranziusMoelleretal., author = {Kuhn, Alexander and Franzius, Jan Niklas and M{\"o}ller, Dennis and Pralle, Norbert and Reich, Franziska and Hellmuth, Ren{\´e} and Tombeil, Anne-Sophie and Wenzel, G{\"u}nter and Linner, Thomas and Schmailzl, Marc and Hu, Rongbo and Bock, Thomas and Maufroy, Christophe and Kopp, Verena and B{\"o}lke, Nico and Daub, Urban}, title = {Kompetenzzentrum f{\"u}r Baurobotik im Hochbau (CONSAS) - F{\"o}rderkennzeichen 16SV8637}, series = {Roboter f{\"u}r Assistenzfunktionen: Konzeptstudien f{\"u}r die Interaktion in der Praxis}, booktitle = {Roboter f{\"u}r Assistenzfunktionen: Konzeptstudien f{\"u}r die Interaktion in der Praxis}, isbn = {9783731512448}, pages = {169 -- 207}, language = {de} } @incollection{HuIturraldePanetal., author = {Hu, Rongbo and Iturralde, Kepa and Pan, Wen and Linner, Thomas and Bock, Thomas}, title = {Bauautomatisierung und Robotik im Betonbau: Fallstudien zu Forschung, Entwicklung und Innovation}, series = {Beton-Kalender 2024}, booktitle = {Beton-Kalender 2024}, editor = {Bergmeister, Konrad and Fingerloos, Frank and W{\"o}rner, Johann-Dietrich}, publisher = {Ernst \& Sohn}, address = {Berlin}, isbn = {978-3-433-03407-1}, pages = {563 -- 573}, language = {de} } @article{MarzaniTondelliKumaetal., author = {Marzani, Giulia and Tondelli, Simona and Kuma, Yuko and Cruz Rios, Fernanda and Hu, Rongbo and Bock, Thomas and Linner, Thomas}, title = {Embedding Circular Economy in the Construction Sector Policy Framework: Experiences from EU, U.S., and Japan for Better Future Cities}, series = {Smart Cities}, volume = {8}, journal = {Smart Cities}, number = {2}, publisher = {MDPI}, doi = {10.3390/smartcities8020048}, pages = {48}, abstract = {The transition towards a Circular Economy (CE) in the construction sector is essential to achieving sustainable, inclusive smart cities. This study examines the integration of CE principles into construction policies across four key global contexts: the European Union (focusing on Italy and Germany), the United States, and Japan. Through a comparative policy analysis, the research identifies best practices, implementation barriers, and the role of digitalization in advancing CE strategies. In Europe, CE is embedded in policy frameworks such as the Green Deal and the New Circular Economy Action Plan, driving the shift toward sustainable urban development. The United States, while in the early stages of CE adoption, is fostering circular initiatives at local levels, particularly in waste management and building deconstruction. Japan's policy landscape integrates CE within a broader strategy for resource efficiency, emphasizing technological innovation. The findings highlight the necessity of a research-driven approach to inform policies that leverage digital tools, such as Building Information Modeling and Digital Product Passports, to enhance material traceability and urban circularity. This study contributes to the global effort of designing smart cities that are not only technologically advanced but also environmentally and socially sustainable through the adoption of CE principles in the built environment.}, language = {en} } @incollection{LinnerSchmailzlBocketal., author = {Linner, Thomas and Schmailzl, Marc and Bock, Thomas and Hu, Rongbo and G{\"u}ttler, J{\"o}rg}, title = {Active Assisted Living Technology in the Context of the Built Environment}, series = {The Routledge Companion to Ecological Design Thinking: Healthful Ecotopian Visions for Architecture and Urbanism}, booktitle = {The Routledge Companion to Ecological Design Thinking: Healthful Ecotopian Visions for Architecture and Urbanism}, publisher = {Routledge}, address = {New York}, doi = {10.4324/9781003183181-50}, pages = {10}, language = {en} } @incollection{HuBockLuetal., author = {Hu, Rongbo and Bock, Thomas and Lu, Yuan and Linner, Thomas}, title = {A Procedure Model for Developing Gerontechnological Solutions to Achieve Demographic Sustainability in Aging Society}, series = {Sustainable Engeneering}, booktitle = {Sustainable Engeneering}, editor = {Dunmade, Israel Sunday and Daramola, Michael Olawale and Green Energy and Technology,}, publisher = {Springer}, isbn = {978-3-031-47214-5}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-031-47215-2_26}, pages = {449 -- 475}, abstract = {Population aging is arguably one of the most serious challenges facing human society. It is not only a severe crisis in the developed world but also a rigorous threat to emerging economies. Therefore, vigorous measures need to be taken to mitigate the impact of aging society. This chapter proposes a procedure model as the foundation to systematically develop gerontechnological solutions. Based on the analysis of the state-of-the-art assistive smart furniture and smart home solutions and the requirements of older adults, a service system called Ambient Rehabilitation Kit that transforms clinical and care environments into personalized modular sensing, prevention, and intervention systems was proposed, encouraging older adults to become healthier through various activities. To achieve that goal, several modular smart interior devices integrating advanced sensing and assistive technologies were developed which seamlessly materialize the care concepts and functionality. Meanwhile, a strategy for testing and exhibiting the system was proposed. Furthermore, this chapter also introduces a framework for the cost-benefit analysis of the gerontechnological solutions compared to traditional care methods. Finally, in order to mitigate the severe threat imposed by rapid population aging to the social sustainability of emerging economies, the prospects for implementing the Ambient Rehabilitation Kit in China's market are discussed, and a research and development action plan is proposed based on the results of a nationwide opinion survey.}, language = {en} } @techreport{KrewerSchaepersAndersenetal., author = {Krewer, Carmen and Sch{\"a}pers, Barbara and Andersen, Henning Boje and Linner, Thomas and Steinb{\"o}ck, Martina and Hu, Rongbo and Zhao, Charlie and G{\"u}ttler, J{\"o}rg and Schlandt, Marcel and Valk, Carlijn and Lu, Yuan and Kulev, Igor and Salehzadeh Niksirat, Kavous and Larsen, Rasmus Tostrup and Schrader, Lisa and Partyga, P. and Kraul, M. and Kozak, Dominika and Schwarze, A.-K. and Rusu, Alexandru and Murali, S. and Ricon, F. and Lingeg{\aa}rd, H. and v. Zanten, B. and Lovei, Peter and Visser, Thomas and Seelinger, Anja and van den Boom, Camilla and Steenbakkers, J. and Henriksen, L. and Randrinambelonoro, M. and Perrine, C.}, title = {Formalized results of final testing and optimization activities: Summarization of testing and evaluation of final testing of continuously improved system in the form of prototypes in real world environments and presentation of optimization measures.}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:898-opus4-36195}, abstract = {Deliverable D28: Formalized results of final testing and optimization activities: Summarization of testing and evaluation of final testing of continuously improved system in the form of prototypes in real world environments and presentation of optimization measures (associated with tasks T6.5, T6.6, T6.7, T6.8). D28 is an update on D27. Additional associated deliverables are D12, D13, D23, D31, and D44. Abstract: In order to provide a comprehensive summary of all testing activities, the medical core group (DTU, HUG, SK, TUM) created a mini protocol template (which requested the outline of some methodological aspects of each study such as study designs, the recruitment phase, population under investigation, etc.), and ensured that data were submitted and provided by the trial manager to the core group. In this deliverable we present, structure, and interpret the formalized results of the final testing and optimization activities of all testing activities in REACH. The deliverable includes the summarization of testing and evaluation of final testing of a continuously improved system in the form of prototypes in real world environments and the presentation of optimization measures. The deliverable is an update on deliverable D27 and associated with tasks T6.5, T6.6, T6.7, T6.8. In reaction to the reviewers' comments we initiated additional trials focusing on practice cases. Those trials are specifically ladled and included in the updated overview. A review on factors, i.e., falling, frailty, cognitive decline , sarcopenia, social isolation, and malnutrician, was performed to show the most important cofactors. Addressed in this deliverable is also the role of privacy and the hierarchy of needs which are essential components of the acceptance and use of technology .}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{LafhajAlbalkhyLinner, author = {Lafhaj, Zoubeir and Albalkhy, Wassim and Linner, Thomas}, title = {Teaching Construction Robotics for Higher Education Students "Imagine and Make"}, series = {Proceedings of the 39th International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in Construction (ISARC 2022): Bogot{\´a}, Colombia, July 13-15, 2022}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 39th International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in Construction (ISARC 2022): Bogot{\´a}, Colombia, July 13-15, 2022}, editor = {Linner, Thomas and Garc{\´i}a de Soto, Borja and Hu, Rongbo and Brilakis, Ioannis}, publisher = {International Association on Automation and Robotics in Construction}, isbn = {978-952-69524-2-0}, issn = {2413-5844}, pages = {47 -- 54}, abstract = {The use of robotics in construction projects is still in its infancy despite the opportunities that robots can present to the improvement of construction practices. One of the strategies to effectively increase the reliance on robots in construction is increasing the knowledge and improving the educational programs about robotics for university students. This paper contributes to the ongoing efforts around the world to improve the teaching methods about construction robotics through the presentation of a novel method that is called "Imagine and Make", in which students learn how to integrate robotics in different aspects and practices in construction projects. The method has been applied at Centrale Lille in France since 2018. The results of the application of "Imagine and Make" in the first semester in 2021-2022, evaluation by students, and teaching outcomes are reported in this paper. Keywords - Robotics, Construction management techniques, Construction 4.0, Robotics teaching, France}, language = {en} } @article{Linner, author = {Linner, Thomas}, title = {Special issue ISARC 2021}, series = {Construction Robotics}, volume = {Vol. 6}, journal = {Construction Robotics}, number = {Issue 2}, editor = {Linner, Thomas}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, doi = {10.1007/s41693-022-00079-y}, pages = {58 -- 68}, abstract = {The research filed of construction robotics broadens increasingly in terms of complexity, approaches, technologies used, active stakeholders, and application areas. Worldwide labour and resource shortages, the need to increase circularity and resource efficiency, new materials and the increasing utilisation of digital construction tools in the planning and construction industry massively spur the uptake of robotic solutions for on-site construction. The initial boom of construction robots happened in the 1970s, driven by the Japanese construction industry. In the 1980s, a combination with parallel developments was supposed to achieve complete, integrated robotic on-site factories. From the mid-1980s onwards, the global interest in construction robots decreased gradually. Bulky and expensive systems, complex on-site navigation and logistics approaches, a narrow scope of tasks, inflexibility, incompatibility with on-site work organisation and professional qualification, low usability and insufficient inter-robot coordination capabilities revealed the immaturity of the systems. Only a few organisations predominantly situated in Asia such as Takenaka, Obayashi, Kajima Corporation, Nihon Bisho Co., Samsung, and Hitachi maintained development activities. However, since the mid-2010s, development activities are gaining traction again. On the application side, this is mainly driven by trends such as the need to upgrade the energy performance of buildings in Europe, a global necessity to remove asbestos from existing structures, and a demand for enormous quantities of high-rise buildings all over East Asia. On the system side, the renewed interest stems from major advances in physical-mechanical robot technology in other automation-driven industries such as the automotive industry. Robots became lighter, more flexible, their parts modular and interchangeable, more user friendly as well as significantly cheaper. On the digital side, the BIM-to-Robot pipeline was subject of intensive reserach and development. More and more methods and tools help to increase the usability of robots and facilitate the simulation and optimisation of robot-driven construction processes. In the last 4-5 years, the worldwide growing need and interest in construction robotics became highly evident. More than 200 robot systems are pushed by start-ups and spin-offs and their investors to the market. This is backed by an enormous number of activities and projects carried out in the academic area pushing to the boundaries of what is technologically possible. Major associations and their conferences increase significantly in popularity such as ISARC (International Association for Automation and Robotics in Construction), EC3 (European Council of Computing in Construction), and Robots in Architecture. Competency in digital construction, automation and robotics becomes a key for all stakeholders in the construction industry and many universities worldwide launch dedicated interdisciplinary programs. Powerful governments (China) and major funding programs such as Horizon Europe (Europe) massively request and fund the development of robotic solutions for construction such as drones, mobile robots, 3D-printing solutions, cable-driven robots, and exoskeletons. Regulators and standardisation organisation start to develop the first certification and standardisation schemes for construction robots and large software companies make attempts to allow to simulate and program robotic construction processes efficiently and robustly based on digital building and construction data. To showcase the diversity of cutting-edge research in the area, this special issue invited eight extended versions of selected papers from the ISARC 2021 conference. As such, this issue covers digital approaches to embed fabrication and robot information in BIM and IFC and program robots directly from digital building models. New robot systems spur novel robotic production processes, and machine learning enable novel logistics approaches for building components that may ultimately lead to robotic cranes and other robotic on-site logistics and handling solutions (including autonomous construction machines). In parallel, systematic evaluation and robot development methods are developed that allow to shed light on their performance in the construction process.}, language = {en} } @article{AlBalkhyKarmaouiDucoulombieretal., author = {AlBalkhy, Wassim and Karmaoui, Dorra and Ducoulombier, Laure and Lafhaj, Zoubeir and Linner, Thomas}, title = {Digital twins in the built environment: Definition, applications, and challenges}, series = {Automation in Construction}, volume = {162}, journal = {Automation in Construction}, publisher = {Elsevier}, doi = {10.1016/j.autcon.2024.105368}, abstract = {Digital Twins (DT) implementation in the Built Environment (BE) industry is still in its early stages. Aiming to increase the knowledge about DT, this study analyzes how DT can be understood in the BE sector and investigates its different potential benefits and expected challenges. To do so, the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach was employed. Using 228 publications, the current study presents a proposed definition and structure for DT systems. The proposed structure is based on four main layers: physical, digital, application, and user layers. The study also classified the applications of DT into six groups: sustainability and environmental, facility management, safety, health, and risk management, structural performance, construction management, and architectural and urban-related applications. The challenges of DT implementation were also grouped based on industry-related, social and organizational, economic, technological, and political and legal challenges. Based on the results, future research directions and practical recommendations were presented to support the successful deployment of the technology.}, language = {en} } @article{Linner, author = {Linner, Thomas}, title = {Special issue: Implementation-Oriented Construction Robotics}, series = {Construction Robotics}, volume = {7}, journal = {Construction Robotics}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, doi = {10.1007/s41693-023-00100-y}, pages = {1 -- 2}, language = {en} } @techreport{AndersenSchaepersKreweretal., author = {Andersen, Henning Boje and Sch{\"a}pers, Barbara and Krewer, Carmen and Ehrari, Humira and Schlandt, Marcel and Linner, Thomas}, title = {Formalised results of pretesting I and II activities}, abstract = {In this deliverable, we present, structure and interpret the formalised results of all testing activities that have been carried out thus far in REACH. We first (Chapter 2) introduce the detailed testing strategy of REACH, which details and brings forward previously described conceptual provisions (see Deliverables D4, D9 and D29) and responds to previous reviewer comments (R5 and R6, second review, November 2017; aiming at the improved emphasis of geriatric and medical aspects and their normalisation across Touchpoints and project activities). In response to the reviewers' comments, REACH re-aligned some of its resources and formed a medical/geriatric task force (SK, HUG, DTU, TUM), which analyses and streamlines testing activities across Touchpoints, clarifies the common goals and measures, and works towards a normalisation of study designs and tools used across the project. We outline in this context the overall hypothesis for the REACH system along with four well-defined sub-hypotheses for each Touchpoint. Based on this, in Chapter 3, we present our methodological approach with regard to testing in REACH and provide an overview and a classification system for all testing activities carried out. Accordingly, in Chapter 4, we present the results (documentation of the carried-out testing activities), and in Chapter 5, we interpret the testing results. Chapter 6 summarises the state of play regarding testing in REACH and outlines the next steps and upcoming activities. The Appendix contains the full trial reports sorted according to a variety of items. This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 690425.}, language = {en} } @article{LafhajAlBalkhyLinner, author = {Lafhaj, Zoubeir and AlBalkhy, Wassim and Linner, Thomas}, title = {"Imagine and make": teaching construction robotics for higher education students}, series = {Construction Robotics}, journal = {Construction Robotics}, number = {7}, publisher = {Springer}, issn = {2509-8780}, doi = {10.1007/s41693-023-00092-9}, pages = {65 -- 75}, abstract = {The use of robotics in construction projects is still in its infancy despite the opportunities that robots can present for the improvement of construction practices. One of the strategies to effectively increase the reliance on robots in construction is increasing the knowledge and improving the educational programs about robotics for university students. This paper contributes to the ongoing efforts worldwide to improve the teaching methods about construction robotics through the presentation of a novel method called "Imagine and Make", in which students learn how to integrate robotics in different aspects and practices in construction projects. The method has been applied at Centrale Lille in France since 2018. The results of the application of "Imagine and Make" in the first semester of 2021-2022, evaluation by students, and teaching outcomes are reported in this paper.}, language = {en} } @techreport{LinnerSteenbakkersvandenBoometal., author = {Linner, Thomas and Steenbakkers, S. and van den Boom, Camilla and Lu, Yuan and Hu, Rongbo and Zhao, Charlie and Partyga, P. and Kaul, M. and Lingeg{\aa}rd, H. and Ricon, F. and Murali, S. and van Zanten, B. and Valk, Carlijn and Sole, M., C., and Andersen, Henning Boje}, title = {Business model proposals for the REACH system and sub-systems: Presentation of the outcome of the detailing of business models for system and subsystems}, abstract = {This deliverable report focuses on the exploitation of the results and solutions from the REACH2020 research project and subsequent business models, associated with task T8.4. In particular, this report gives an overview of the progress regarding the purpose and planning of a REACH consultancy firm, including business models and marketing strategies for systems and sub-systems. Moreover, this report provides insight into possible market segmentation solutions over the care continuum. Furthermore, status updates are provided with regard to a number of practice cases where REACH achieved external visibility and effects and gathered information on the alignment of its business system. Furthermore, the results for exemplary value chains are presented for specific REACH sub-systems. For the exploitation of the results after the end of the research project, an agreement for future collaboration was signed with the New North Zealand Hospital, reflecting REACH's capability and aim to become a major player and partner for strengthening the ecosystem around future smart hospitals.}, language = {en} } @techreport{KaboutehGuettlerLinneretal., author = {Kabouteh, Amir and G{\"u}ttler, J{\"o}rg and Linner, Thomas and Valk, Carlijn and Lu, Yuan and Kozak, Dominika}, title = {Final mock-up version of REACH system}, abstract = {In REACH, WP6 focusses on systems engineering and testing aspects such as system integration, verification, validation, and optimization. The presented Deliverable (associated with Task T6.2) provides a presentation/demonstration of the executed trials including different partner groups in different use case settings. It is worth mentioning that since this deliverable report has a nature of "Demonstrator", this document tries to show the implemented trials. Therefore, it was tried to integrate as many pictures as possible to prove the trials. This deliverable report targets mainly the Touchpoints TP1, TP2 and TP3. This is decided due to the person months of the partners involved in this task. In these trials the partners addressed a pre-integration of sub modules involved in the future REACH presentation. Additionally, this deliverable discusses the trials from the first step which is the planning and execution, then to the execution/implementation and then to analysis and studying the results. Furthermore, using these trials the deficiencies and shortcomings were identified in these lab experimentations. Early detection of shortcomings and deficiencies will lead to simplified implementation and adjustment before reaching the final testing and integration stages. At the current time, the partners are already planning and preparing for the future tests/trials at the use case settings sites. This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 690425.}, language = {en} } @article{PitFiskFreihautetal., author = {Pit, Sabrina and Fisk, Malcolm and Freihaut, Winona and Akintunde, Fashola and Aloko, Bamidele and Berge, Britta and Burmeister, Anne and Ciac{\^a}ru, Adriana and Deller, J{\"u}rgen and Dulmage, Rae and Han, Tae Hwa and Hao, Qiang and Honeyman, Peter and Huber, Peter C. and Linner, Thomas and Lundberg, Stefan and Nwamara, Mofoluwaso and Punpuing, Kamolpun and Schramm, Jennifer and Yamada, Hajime and Yap, Jason C. H.}, title = {COVID-19 and the ageing workforce: global perspectives on needs and solutions across 15 countries}, series = {International Journal for Equity in Health volume}, volume = {20}, journal = {International Journal for Equity in Health volume}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, doi = {10.1186/s12939-021-01552-w}, pages = {1 -- 22}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: COVID-19 has a direct impact on the employment of older people. This adds to the challenge of ageism. The World Health Organization has started a worldwide campaign to combat ageism and has called for more research and evidence-based strategies that have the potential to be scaled up. This study specifically aims to identify solutions to combat the adverse effects of COVID-19 on the global ageing workforce. METHODS: We present 15 case studies from different countries and report on what those countries are doing or not doing to address the impact of COVID-19 on ageing workers. RESULTS: We provide examples of how COVID-19 influences older people's ability to work and stay healthy, and offer case studies of what governments, organizations or individuals can do to help ensure older people can obtain, maintain and, potentially, expand their current work. Case studies come from Australia, Austria, Canada, China, Germany, Israel, Japan, Nigeria, Romania, Singapore, Sweden, South Korea, Thailand, United Kingdom (UK), and the United States (US). Across the countries, the impact of COVID-19 on older workers is shown as widening inequalities. A particular challenge has arisen because of a large proportion of older people, often with limited education and working in the informal sector within rural areas, e.g. in Nigeria, Thailand and China. Remedies to the particular disadvantage experienced by older workers in the context of COVID are presented. These range from funding support to encouraging business continuity, innovative product and service developments, community action, new business models and localized, national and international actions. The case studies can be seen as frequently fitting within strategies that have been proven to work in reducing ageism within the workplace. They include policy and laws that have increased benefits to workers during lockdowns (most countries); educational activities such as coaching seniorpreneurship (e,g, Australia); intergenerational contact interventions such as younger Thai people who moved back to rural areas and sharing their digital knowledge with older people and where older people reciprocate by teaching the younger people farming knowledge. CONCLUSION: Global sharing of this knowledge among international, national and local governments and organizations, businesses, policy makers and health and human resources experts will further understanding of the issues that are faced by older workers. This will facilitate the replication or scalability of solutions as called for in the WHO call to combat ageism in 2021. We suggest that policy makers, business owners, researchers and international organisations build on the case studies by investing in evidence-based strategies to create inclusive workplaces. Such action will thus help to challenge ageism, reduce inequity, improve business continuity and add to the quality of life of older workers.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{ChenPanLinneretal., author = {Chen, Tianxi and Pan, Mi and Linner, Thomas and Zhong, Honghao}, title = {Development of Robotics for Building Exterior Inspection: A Literature Review}, series = {Proceedings of the 41st International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in Construction, Lille, France, June 3-5, 2024}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 41st International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in Construction, Lille, France, June 3-5, 2024}, editor = {Gonzalez-Moret, Vicente and Zhang, Jiansong and Garc{\´i}a de Soto, Borja and Brilakis, Ioannis}, publisher = {IAARC}, doi = {10.22260/ISARC2024/0139}, abstract = {The aging of buildings is a global concern, with potential risks to human safety and property. Building inspection and maintenance are crucial for ensuring structural integrity and safety. However, traditional manual methods are time-consuming and pose safety risks, especially for exterior inspection at height. Robotics offer a promising alternative to enhance building inspection efficiency and cost- effectiveness, but still in the early development stage. This paper aims to review and analyze the state-of-the-art design and development of robotics for building exterior inspection, referring to the literature published in the last two decades. Firstly, the review classifies different types of robots for building exterior inspection in terms of locomotion and adhesion modes, and discusses the capability of robots from navigation, obstacle surmounting, wall-to-wall/floor transition, curved wall climbing, grasping, barrier avoidance, and self-protection. Secondly, the paper examines the applicability of robots to various building materials for inspections and summarizes the most typical applications (i.e. glass curtain walls, tile walls, and concrete walls). Thirdly, the paper discusses the typical data collection and analysis methods for building exterior inspection using robots. The paper also explored potential enhancements for robotic inspection through the integration of building information modeling, augmented reality/virtual reality, and the involvement of human-in-the-loop. Finally, the paper summarizes the typical application of robotics in building exterior inspection regarding robot types, inspection applications, data collection and analysis methods, discusses the challenges, and outlines the future directions.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{SchmailzlSpitzhirnEderetal., author = {Schmailzl, Marc and Spitzhirn, M. and Eder, Friedrich and Kr{\"u}ll, Georg and Obergrießer, Mathias and Linner, Thomas and Albalkhy, Wassim and Lafhaj, Zoubeir}, title = {Towards interfacing human centered design processes with the AEC industry by leveraging BIM-based planning methodologies}, series = {40th International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in Construction (ISARC 2023): Chennai, India, July 3-9, 2023}, booktitle = {40th International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in Construction (ISARC 2023): Chennai, India, July 3-9, 2023}, publisher = {I.A.A.R.C.}, isbn = {978-0-6458322-0-4}, issn = {2413-5844}, doi = {10.22260/ISARC2023/0045}, pages = {325 -- 332}, abstract = {Digital workflows in the Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) industry have been working with a wide range of software solutions trying to enable a Design-to-Production (DtP) end-to-end data flow. Thereby, state-of-the-art software solutions attempt to streamline the design and production processes accordingly. However, most digital workflows lack in terms of adequate sequential data preparation, agglomeration, and interfacing capabilities for consecutive design phases. These issues result in long, tedious correction loops, a wide range of software solutions and extensions to mitigate the issues. In addition, many digital workflows do not consider or integrate construction, production and machine relevant data holistically (respectively geometry and semantics). In this context, the production relevant data in from of human-centered work process data referring to digital human models (DHM), derived human abilities, safety and ergonomic criteria are often neglected. However, this is essential to interface the construction, human and machine relevant data in a holistic manner. This paper therefore proposes a DtP-workflow which is intended to solve some of the issues by interfacing relevant software solutions incorporating construction, production (including DHM and more) and machine relevant data in a holistic manner using a Building Information Modeling (BIM)-approach (based on the IFC schema). In this regard, the DtP-workflow aims to reverse common top-down digital workflows by considering and integrating the relevant data for consecutive design phases from the beginning. Subsequently, the DtP-workflow should achieve a reduction in planning effort.}, language = {en} } @article{ThielStrasserObergriesseretal., author = {Thiel, Charlotte and Strasser, Juliane and Obergrießer, Mathias and Linner, Thomas}, title = {Strategien zur Implementierung der Kreislaufwirtschaft beim Bauen mit Beton}, series = {Beton- und Stahlbetonbau}, volume = {118}, journal = {Beton- und Stahlbetonbau}, publisher = {Ernst \& Sohn, a Wiley Brand}, address = {Berlin}, doi = {DOI: 10.1002/best.202200118}, abstract = {Beton ist das am meisten verwendete Baumaterial weltweit. CO2-Emissionen, die bei der Zement- und Betonherstellung an-fallen, m{\"u}ssen reduziert, Produktionsmethoden verbessert und Betonzusammensetzungen angepasst werden. Zudem steigt die Nachfrage nach Beton, w{\"a}hrend fossile Brennstoffreserven und die Verf{\"u}gbarkeit von mineralischen Rohstoffen abnehmen. Hinzu kommt, dass bei der Betonherstellung neue mineralogi-sche Phasen entstehen, was ein echtes Recycling erschwert. Die Implementierung kreislaufkonformer Strategien wie der Verl{\"a}ngerung der Nutzungsphase ist ein wichtiger Hebel, um Umweltwirkungen im Bauwesen zu reduzieren, und erfordert die ganzheitliche Betrachtung des Bauwerks. Besonders großes Potenzial liefern hier die digital vernetzte und modellba-sierte Planung sowie die darauf aufbauende robotergest{\"u}tzte Fertigung der Bauteile, mit der sich leicht l{\"o}sbare Verbindun-gen, einfach r{\"u}ckbaubare, multifunktionale, flexible sowie bzgl. Dauerhaftigkeit optimierte Strukturen {\"o}kologisch und kosten-effizient generieren lassen. Technisch w{\"a}ren bereits viele Pro-jekte in der Praxis umsetzbar, allerdings m{\"u}ssen hierzu die rechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen verbessert und b{\"u}rokratische H{\"u}rden abgebaut werden. Dieser Beitrag hat das Ziel, das Be-wusstsein f{\"u}r den n{\"o}tigen Wechsel von der Linear- zur Kreis-laufwirtschaft im Betonbau und den korrespondierenden Daten zu erh{\"o}hen und dem Planer einfache Grunds{\"a}tze f{\"u}r den Ent-wurf, die Ausschreibung und Umsetzung mitzugeben, um jetzt schon einen wichtigen Beitrag zum verantwortungsvollen Um-gang mit immer knapper werdenden Ressourcen zu leisten.}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{AlbalkhyHernandezValeraKarmaouietal., author = {Albalkhy, Wassim and Hernandez Valera, Elias and Karmaoui, Dorra and Lafhaj, Zoubeir and Linner, Thomas and Ayadi, Syrine and Zerrari, Reda and Boutabba, Assia}, title = {Motives and Barriers for Offsite and Onsite Construction 3D Printing}, series = {Proceedings of the 41st International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in Construction. - Lille, France. - 6/3/2024 - 6/5/2024}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 41st International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in Construction. - Lille, France. - 6/3/2024 - 6/5/2024}, editor = {Gonzalez-Moret, Vicente and Zhang, Jiansong and Garc{\´i}a de Soto, Borja and Brilakis, Ioannis}, publisher = {International Association for Automation and Robotics in Construction (IAARC)}, issn = {2413-5844}, doi = {10.22260/ISARC2024/0154}, pages = {1190 -- 1197}, abstract = {This study aims to compare between onsite and offsite construction 3D printing (C3DP). For this purpose, the Systematic Literature Review approach (SLR) was employed. The review which was based on studying 48 sources identified six categories to classify the motives and barriers for the two C3DP techniques; cost, transportation, design flexibility, workers and materials, production process, and environmental considerations. The literature identified the cost as the main factor that influences the choice between the two techniques. The presented list of motives and barriers is helpful to support decision-making in C3DP projects.}, language = {en} } @incollection{GebhardtLinner, author = {Gebhardt, H. and Linner, Thomas}, title = {DIN Arbeitsausschuss „Alternde Gesellschaften" : Einleitung}, series = {Arbeit und Altern : Eine Bilanz nach 20 Jahren Forschung und Praxis}, booktitle = {Arbeit und Altern : Eine Bilanz nach 20 Jahren Forschung und Praxis}, editor = {Richter, G{\"o}tz}, publisher = {Nomos}, isbn = {9783748909378}, doi = {10.5771/9783748909378-445}, pages = {445 -- 450}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{DieckhoffBarliebGrothetal., author = {Dieckhoff, Christina and Barlieb, Christophe and Groth, Christian and Linner, Thomas and Weininger, Florian}, title = {Erfolgsfaktor Interdisziplinarit{\"a}t: Das Lehrformat Digitalisierungskollegs an Bayerischen Hochschulen}, series = {Informatik 2023 : Designing Futures: Zuk{\"u}nfte gestalten ; Tagung vom 26.-29.2023, Berlin}, booktitle = {Informatik 2023 : Designing Futures: Zuk{\"u}nfte gestalten ; Tagung vom 26.-29.2023, Berlin}, publisher = {Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Informatik e.V.}, isbn = {978-3-88579-731-9}, issn = {1617-5468}, doi = {10.18420/inf2023_22}, pages = {241 -- 252}, abstract = {Um den zunehmenden Anforderungen an die Beherrschung digitaler Techniken und an die F{\"a}higkeit zur interdisziplin{\"a}ren Zusammenarbeit an Studierende aller Fachrichtungen zu begegnen wurde das interdisziplin{\"a}re Lehrformat Digitalisierungskollegs f{\"u}r Studierende entwickelt. Das in vielen Fachbereichen ausbauf{\"a}hige Angebot von Digitalthemen in der Hoch- schullehre wird hiermit dauerhaft erweitert. Ein Digitalisierungskolleg besteht aus einer Vorlesungs- reihe mit angrenzendem Seminar, in denen Studierende interdisziplin{\"a}re L{\"o}sungen f{\"u}r Fragen der digitalen Transformation entwickeln. Geleitet werden sie von etablierten Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftlern, aktiv betreut und ausgestaltet von ein bis zwei Coaches. Kernelement sowohl des Kollegs als auch der einzelnen Projekte ist die Interdisziplinarit{\"a}t. Eine*r der beteiligten Projekt- leiter*innen hat einen direkten Bezug zur Technik und kommt aus der Informatik, der Wirtschafts- informatik, der Elektrotechnik oder vergleichbaren Disziplinen. Zielgruppe der Projekte sind Studierende verschiedener Disziplinen im Masterstudium oder in den letzten Semestern eines Bachelorstudiums. Durch die Teilnahme erwerben auch Studierende aus digitalisierungsfernen F{\"a}chern fr{\"u}hzeitig umfangreiche IT-Kenntnisse. Als Begleiteffekt der umfangreichen Vernetzung zwischen den Digitalisierungskollegs (Studierende, Coaches und Projektleitende) entsteht bereits zu Beginn einer wissenschaftlichen Karriere eine große digitale Community. Alle Teilnehmenden lernen fr{\"u}hzeitig die interdisziplin{\"a}re Zusammenarbeit und verbessern erheblich ihre Karriere- chancen innerhalb und außerhalb der Wissenschaft.}, language = {de} } @techreport{KuhnFranziusMoelleretal., author = {Kuhn, Alexander and Franzius, Jan Niklas and M{\"o}ller, Dennis and Pralle, Norbert and Reich, Franziska and Hellmuth, Ren{\´e} and Tombeil, Anne-Sophie and Wenzel, G{\"u}nter and Linner, Thomas and Schmailzl, Marc}, title = {Machbarkeitsstudie f{\"u}r den Aufbau eines Kompetenzzentrums f{\"u}r Baurobotik im Hochbau : Akronym: CONSAS (Construction Assistance Robotics) : innerhalb des F{\"o}rderschwerpunktes des BMBF "Roboter f{\"u}r Assistenzfunktionen: Interaktion in der Praxis" Phase 1: Machbarkeitsstudie}, publisher = {Ed. Z{\"u}blin AG}, address = {Stuttgart}, doi = {10.2314/KXP:1845903056}, pages = {30 S.}, abstract = {The overall aim of the project proposal is to develop a systematic, integrative approach for the use of assistance robotics on building construction sites, involving all stakeholders in construction robotics.}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{SaffertSchmailzlSpitzhirnetal., author = {Saffert, Anne-Sophie and Schmailzl, Marc and Spitzhirn, Michael and Linner, Thomas}, title = {A Cyber-Physical Toolbox for Teaching Digital Construction - Technical Configuration, Learning Tactics and Hands-On Testing and Evaluation in Dedicated Courses}, series = {Learning Factories of the Future, Proceedings of the 14th Conference on Learning Factories 2024, Volume 2}, booktitle = {Learning Factories of the Future, Proceedings of the 14th Conference on Learning Factories 2024, Volume 2}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, address = {Cham}, isbn = {9783031653995}, issn = {2367-3370}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-031-65400-8_10}, pages = {83 -- 91}, abstract = {The construction industry faces substantial economic, environmental, and social challenges. Simultaneously, the industry experiences one of the lowest degrees of digitalization. In this context, cyber-physical education is essential to empower learners with skills to utilize digital and physical solutions more effectively. Therefore, a modular as well as construction specific learning setting was designed. The setting facilitates a range of topics, such as production planning considering human and robot capabilities, (semi-) automated construction machines, robotics, sensing \& actuation and more. The digital part of the cyber-physical toolbox consists of various methods and tools to learn programming languages, frameworks, offline simulators, post-processors and more. This step is essential to enable an end-to-end data-/workflow from design (e.g., BIM-based planning methodologies) to (machine-based) production. A focus is given to human-machine/-robot collaboration and appropriate simulation tools (e.g., emaWD) enabling the incorporation of human factors. The physical setting is highly modular, and each device and its periphery can be customized to a broad variety of learning scenarios and levels. This paper describes the details of the learning setting, extracts learning strategies, and analyzes selected learning scenarios and their initial testing in various learning formats.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{EderHoengSchmailzletal., author = {Eder, Friedrich and Hoeng, Simon Konrad and Schmailzl, Marc and Linner, Thomas and Obergrießer, Mathias}, title = {Towards improving data interoperability for the reconstruction of existing buildings}, series = {The 20th conference of the International Society for Computing in Civil and Building Engineering (ICCCBE 2024), August 25 to 28, 2024, Montreal}, booktitle = {The 20th conference of the International Society for Computing in Civil and Building Engineering (ICCCBE 2024), August 25 to 28, 2024, Montreal}, abstract = {Digital representations of buildings are the supporting structures of various use-cases in the emerging field of data-driven decision making. From large scale applications in the context of city planning to the detailed evaluation of critical infrastructure they enable specialists to observe problems, interpret relationships, test solutions virtually and apply them in the real world. This is only feasible if the individual underlying digital model meets the requirements imposed by the analysis at hand. In practice, especially models of existing buildings are not easy to come by as the information describing the existing structure is often scattered across multiple different data sources in various formats. Previous research efforts have outlined methodologies which leverage machine learning, computer vision and subsequent semantic enrichment in order to achieve the (re)construction of such building models. However, these methods are generally not integrated with each other, nor do they consider being able to interface with a shared repository of building related data. In this paper we present a methodology which focuses on establishing a common context for all building related data by utilizing the Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) schema. In particular we focus on utilizing readily available geometric and semantic data originating from geographic information systems as a basis, subsequently referencing additional data sources in their corresponding context and finally outlining interfaces with downstream enrichment processes in both directions. Through incorporating contextualized (IFC) data into the early stages of the remodeling workflow, we outline an end-to-end process from the initial component-based data-acquisition to the as-built building information model. In establishing a standardized foundation for data exchange and collaboration it enables all stakeholders to work more seamlessly across different stages of the remodeling project.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{SchmailzlSaffertKaramaraetal., author = {Schmailzl, Marc and Saffert, Anne-Sophie and Karamara, Merve and Linner, Thomas and Eder, Friedrich and Hoeng, Simon Konrad and Obergriesser, Mathias}, title = {Enhancing Decision-Making for Human-Centered Construction Robotics: A Methodological Framework}, series = {Proceedings of the 41st International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in Construction (ISARC), Lille, France}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 41st International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in Construction (ISARC), Lille, France}, publisher = {International Association for Automation and Robotics in Construction (IAARC)}, isbn = {978-0-6458322-1-1}, issn = {2413-5844}, doi = {10.22260/ISARC2024/0083}, pages = {637 -- 644}, abstract = {While the Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) industry is increasingly aware of the rising demands for productivity and human-centered construction improvements, the holistic adoption of robotics as a fundamental strategy to address these challenges has not yet reached comprehensive fruition. This paper therefore introduces a methodological framework aiming to address the industry's pressing need for a systematic approach for assessing the feasibility of integrating robotics into human-centered construction processes. It aims to enhance decision-making regarding the degree of automation in human-centered construction processes, ranging from partial to full robotization or non-robotization. The framework is characterized by a more holistic end-to-end data-/workflow and therefore adopts a multifaceted approach, leveraging BIM-based planning methodologies and integrating new technologies [e.g., Motion Capturing (MoCap), work process simulation software incorporating Digital Human Models (DHM), self-developed conversion/interfacing software and more] that have not been widely used in the industry to date. Subsequently, the framework is evaluated in a real-life bricklaying construction process to ensure a more application-based approach. Overall, the framework advances current construction processes with a more inclusive and conscious technology infill to empower construction professionals with the workflow and corresponding tools necessary for the practical integration of robotics into human-centered construction processes.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{SchmailzlSaffertKaramaraetal., author = {Schmailzl, Marc and Saffert, Anne-Sophie and Karamara, Merve and Linner, Thomas and Eder, Friedrich and Hoeng, Simon Konrad and Obergrießer, Mathias}, title = {Enhancing Decision-Making for Human-Centered Construction Robotics: A Methodological Framework}, series = {Proceedings of the 41st International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in Construction (ISARC 2024), 2024, Lille, France}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 41st International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in Construction (ISARC 2024), 2024, Lille, France}, publisher = {IAARC}, isbn = {978-0-6458322-1-1}, doi = {10.22260/ISARC2024/0083}, pages = {637 -- 644}, abstract = {While the Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) industry is increasingly aware of the rising demands for productivity and human-centered construction improvements, the holistic adoption of robotics as a fundamental strategy to address these challenges has not yet reached comprehensive fruition. This paper therefore introduces a methodological framework aiming to address the industry's pressing need for a systematic approach for assessing the feasibility of integrating robotics into human-centered construction processes. It aims to enhance decision-making regarding the degree of automation in human-centered construction processes, ranging from partial to full robotization or non-robotization. The framework is characterized by a more holistic end-to-end data-/workflow and therefore adopts a multifaceted approach, leveraging BIM-based planning methodologies and integrating new technologies [e.g., Motion Capturing (MoCap), work process simulation software incorporating Digital Human Models (DHM), self-developed conversion/interfacing software and more] that have not been widely used in the industry to date. Subsequently, the framework is evaluated in a real-life bricklaying construction process to ensure a more application-based approach. Overall, the framework advances current construction processes with a more inclusive and conscious technology infill to empower construction professionals with the workflow and corresponding tools necessary for the practical integration of robotics into human-centered construction processes.}, language = {en} } @techreport{HuKaboutehSchlandtetal., author = {Hu, Rongbo and Kabouteh, Amir and Schlandt, Marcel and G{\"u}ttler, J{\"o}rg and Linner, Thomas and Kozak, Dominika and Walter, B. and Sch{\"a}pers, Barbara and Randriambelonoro, Mirana E.}, title = {Partly functional / functional mock-ups and prototypes of Personalised Intelligent Interior Units (PI²Us)}, abstract = {This deliverable report examines the outcome of the construction of functional or partly functional prototypes or mock-ups of Personalized Interior Intelligent Environment Units (PI²Us) for demonstration and testing purposes, associated with Task T5.4. The first part of this document will give an overview of the relation of this task to other tasks of WP5, other work packages, and the larger framework of the REACH project. The second part sets out the details of the progressive development from early concepts to the current prototyping stage. Moreover, the subsequent lab-based testing is described in the third part of the report. This includes both already carried out and planned testing activities for either early stage validation or final demonstration in a naturalistic test environment. Finally, part four summarizes the results and puts the different prototypes in perspective to the respective touchpoints and the overall REACH engine functionality. This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 690425.}, language = {en} } @incollection{SchmailzlLinner, author = {Schmailzl, Marc and Linner, Thomas}, title = {ReduSys - Kontaktreduzierte Pflege durch multimodale Systeme, Robotik und digitales Bauen}, series = {Die Nachhaltigkeitsziele der UN im Spiegel der Wissenschaft: Beispiele aus der Sozial- und Gesundheitsforschung}, booktitle = {Die Nachhaltigkeitsziele der UN im Spiegel der Wissenschaft: Beispiele aus der Sozial- und Gesundheitsforschung}, editor = {Heese, Carl and Sch{\"u}tz, Sandra and Obergrießer, Stefanie}, publisher = {Springer VS}, address = {Wiesbaden}, isbn = {978-3-658-43333-8}, issn = {2731-8834}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-658-43334-5_17}, pages = {301 -- 316}, abstract = {Durch die fortschreitende Digitalisierung wird der klinische bzw. pflegerische Kontext zunehmend interdisziplin{\"a}r. Im Zuge dessen wird die menschzentrierte und zugleich integrative Technologieentwicklung immer wichtiger um ad{\"a}quate und reflektierte Systeml{\"o}sungen f{\"u}r die Herausforderungen (z. B. demografischer Wandel, Fachkr{\"a}ftemangel etc.) von heute als auch morgen zu schaffen. In diesem Beitrag wird daher das Forschungsprojekt (BMBF-Projekt) ReduSys (Akronym: Kontaktreduzierte Pflege im klinischen Umfeld durch multimodale Systeme und Robotik) vorgestellt und die sozio-technischen Entwicklungen im Kontext der Nachhaltigkeit er{\"o}rtert. ReduSys strebt eine ganzheitliche Systeml{\"o}sung an, welche bestehend aus verschiedenen Technologien (z. B. Sensorik, IoT, Robotik VR etc.) den {\"U}bergang von der herk{\"o}mmlichen zur kontaktreduzierten Pflege (z. B. bei pandemischen Situationen wie der Covid-19 Pandemie) erm{\"o}glichen soll. Durch den Technologieeinsatz (z. B. kontaktlos-kontinuierliche Vitalparametererfassung via Medical Smart Bed oder humanoide Robotik via ‚Robody' etc.) sollen Pflegekr{\"a}fte nachhaltig entlastet und gleichzeitig eine bessere Patientenf{\"u}rsorge gew{\"a}hrleistet werden. In diesem Zusammenhang bildet die Fakult{\"a}t Bauingenieurwesen mit dem ‚Building Lab/Digitales Bauen' an der OTH Regensburg die Schnittstelle zwischen gebauter Umwelt und den eingesetzten digitalen und robotischen Technologien. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus wird der Systemansatz durch die weiteren Projektpartner komplementiert und kontinuierlich praxisnah validiert, um eine m{\"o}glichst integrative Systeml{\"o}sung zu gew{\"a}hrleisten. In diesem Beitrag wird auf die Entwicklung digitaler, als auch modularer Technologie als ‚Infill' f{\"u}r Geb{\"a}ude bzw. M{\"o}bel seitens der OTH Regensburg eingegangen, um veranschaulichen zu k{\"o}nnen, wie mit gezielten technologischen Eingriffen ein signifikanter Mehrwert f{\"u}r die klinische bzw. pflegerische Umgebung geschaffen werden kann und simultan Aspekte der {\"o}kologischen, sozialen, wie auch wirtschaftlichen Nachhaltigkeit in die technische Entwicklung miteinfließen k{\"o}nnen}, language = {de} } @incollection{BiersackSchmailzlLinneretal., author = {Biersack, Stefan and Schmailzl, Marc and Linner, Thomas and Eder, Friedrich and Obergrießer, Mathias}, title = {Von der Handarbeit zur Hochtechnologie im Reallabor: Die M{\"o}glichkeit der BIM-basierten Planung und effizienten Produktion von Ziegelw{\"a}nden durch Roboter}, series = {Mauerwerk-Kalender 2025}, volume = {2025}, booktitle = {Mauerwerk-Kalender 2025}, editor = {Schermer, Detleff and Brehm, Eric}, edition = {1. Aufl}, publisher = {Ernst \& Sohn}, isbn = {978-3-433-03445-3}, doi = {10.1002/9783433612019.ch7}, subject = {Mauerwerk}, language = {de} } @techreport{SeelingerVogtLinneretal., author = {Seelinger, Anja and Vogt, L. and Linner, Thomas and G{\"u}ttler, J{\"o}rg and Hu, Rongbo and Schlandt, Marcel and Zhao, Charlie and Sch{\"a}pers, Barbara and Andersen, Henning Boje and Brombacher, A. and Lu, Yuan}, title = {Standardization activities}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:898-opus4-36227}, abstract = {REACH has the ambition to influence and gain from standardization on national, European, and international level. We aim to create synergies between parallel work on these levels that will finally make a beneficial impact. Systematic parallel and synergeti cwork on these levels allow REACH to create a maximized impact for all involved stakeholders, and in particular, create better health and health care "ecosystems" for potential REACH end users.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HoengWiedererEderetal., author = {H{\"o}ng, Simon K. and Wiederer, Jonas and Eder, Friedrich and Obergriesser, Mathias and Linner, Thomas}, title = {Towards AI-enhanced facade planning : integrating human expertise with machine learning-driven parametric modeling}, series = {EC³ \& CIB W78 : 2025 European Conference on Computing in Construction \& 42nd CIB W78 IT in Construction Conference}, volume = {6}, booktitle = {EC³ \& CIB W78 : 2025 European Conference on Computing in Construction \& 42nd CIB W78 IT in Construction Conference}, publisher = {European Council for Computing in Construction}, isbn = {978-9-083451-31-2}, issn = {2684-1150}, doi = {10.35490/EC3.2025.320}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:898-opus4-84862}, pages = {192 -- 199}, abstract = {Planning modern facade systems is complex, requiring optimization across multiple domains.This paper proposes an AI-enhanced workflow for facade planning, harnessing computer vision and human input via a Large Language Model.A generative AI system then guides a parametric model to produce 3D facade designs. Automated checks provide feedback to a Reinforcement Learning system, to iteratively determine optimal solutions.These solutions are verified and finalized by human expertise, ensuring improved outcomes with reduce planning time and effort.The approach illustrates how combining advanced AI methods with human expertise can address the multifactorial challenges of facade design within current industry practices.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{SaffertWiedererHoengetal., author = {Saffert, Anne-Sophie and Wiederer, Jonas and H{\"o}ng, Simon and Linner, Thomas and Obergrießer, Mathias and Neumann, Patrick}, title = {Towards AI-based optimization of human-centered and robot-assisted construction processes}, series = {Proceedings of the 42nd International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in Construction (ISARC), Montreal, Canada July 28-31, 2025}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 42nd International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in Construction (ISARC), Montreal, Canada July 28-31, 2025}, publisher = {IAARC}, isbn = {978-0-6458322-2-8}, issn = {2413-5844}, doi = {10.22260/ISARC2025/0112}, pages = {861 -- 868}, abstract = {This research explores an innovative AI-driven approach to optimizing construction processes with a focus on humancentered design, addressing key challenges in the construction industry, such as skilled labor shortages and ergonomic risks associated withwork-related musculoskeletal disorders. By integrating process design with AI-based algorithms into simulation tools, various construction process layout variants including robot-assisted scenarios can be simulated and evaluated based on user-specific key performance indicators (e.g., ergonomic score, layouting parameters) to identify optimized solutions. A data processing algorithm automates the process, eliminating the need for manual simulation variations and resulting in increased operational productivity. The AI-based system evaluates and optimizes process layouts by adjusting control parameters. A case study on a brick laying process serves as an exemplary use case, highlighting the necessity and impact of adopting process optimization. The findings emphasize the transformative potential of automated process optimization within simulation environments to rethink existing construction practices, enhance worker well-being, and boost operational productivity.}, language = {en} } @article{LinnerdeSotoElMahdyetal., author = {Linner, Thomas and de Soto, Borja Garc{\´i}a and El-Mahdy, Deena and Gonzalez, Vicente A.}, title = {Topical collection: robotic solutions for digitally enabled production processes in construction}, series = {Construction Robotics}, volume = {10}, journal = {Construction Robotics}, publisher = {Springer}, issn = {2509-811X}, doi = {10.1007/s41693-025-00174-w}, pages = {1}, abstract = {Across the global construction sector, a new generation of robotic systems is rapidly entering the market. Solutions for on-site drilling, spraying, masonry, logistics, and finishing are now being piloted at an unprecedented pace. Their deployment in emerging construction robotics hubs in Singapore, Hong Kong, Canada, Dubai, Abu Dhabi, Egypt, Denmark, Switzerland, and Germany demonstrates both the momentum of this technological shift and the considerable challenges that remain. In real-world testing environments, the integration of these robots into digital construction pipelines—particularly BIM-to-robot workflows, semantic task modeling, and robust digital twins—continues to be a bottleneck. These challenges position digitally enabled fabrication and robotics as a priority topic within academia, motivating research on methods, techniques, algorithms, and workflows that can accelerate adoption in construction. This Topical Collection brings together research spanning the emerging landscape of digitally enabled construction robotics. The contributions advance robotic fabrication, from flexible timber processes to innovative formwork, reinforcement, and earth-based additive methods, alongside computer vision, BIM integration, and sensing approaches that improve monitoring and quality assurance. The collection also includes mobile and aerial systems for inspection and mapping to support system autonomy in construction. Together, these works show how integrated perception, planning, and sociotechnical understanding of human-robot collaboration are becoming essential for reliable robotic performance in construction. While current construction robots still focus on simple, structured tasks, the advances in this topical collection point toward a more capable generation. Contributions outline principles for robot-compatible buildings through new fabrication logics and BIM-linked task data, while work on perception, BIM integration, and data fusion reduces interoperability gaps. Research on sensing and adaptive processes supports more consistent workflows, and mobile and aerial robotics provide insights for deployment and site logistics. Collectively, these developments show how digitally enabled production processes can help to overcome key systemic barriers and enable future, scalable construction robotics.}, language = {en} }