@misc{ReuterLangerHauseretal., author = {Reuter, Rebecca and Langer, Thomas and Hauser, Florian and Muckelbauer, Daniel and Gegenfurtner, Andreas}, title = {Automatic generation of areas of interest in eye tracking: The case of software engineering}, series = {Earli Book of Abstracts}, journal = {Earli Book of Abstracts}, publisher = {RWTH Aachen}, language = {en} } @misc{HauserReuterGegenfurtneretal., author = {Hauser, Florian and Reuter, Rebecca and Gegenfurtner, Andreas and Gruber, Hans and Mottok, J{\"u}rgen and Hutzler, Ivonne}, title = {Heuristics in Software Modelling: An Eyetracking Study}, series = {Earli Book of Abstracts}, journal = {Earli Book of Abstracts}, publisher = {RWTH Aachen}, abstract = {To investigate the role of heuristics in the domain of software engineering, an eye tracking study was conducted in which experts and novices were compared. The study focused on one of the most challenging parts in this domain: the generation of an object model for a software product based on a requirements specification. During their training, software engineers are taught different techniques to solve this task. One of these techniques is the noun/verb analysis. However, it is still unclear to what extent novice and expert programmers are making use of it. Ideally, the noun/verb analysis works as a heuristic and helps programmers to make fast and accurate decisions. Participants in the study were 40 software programmers at four levels of expertise (novices, intermediates, experienced rogrammers, experts). They were presented with ten decision tasks. In each task, participants read a requirement specification and then had to choose one out of three presented class diagrams that they considered the best solution. During the task, their eye movements were recorded. Results show that all participants used the noun/verb analysis as a heuristic. Programmers with higher levels of expertise, however, outperformed programmers with lower levels of expertise. Interestingly, the more experienced programmers were not following the noun/verb analysis in a blindfolded way. They realised that the noun/verb analysis would produce diagrams, but a skilled software architect would not model them in this way. Instead they created their models in a way that they perceived as more logical and realistic}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HauserSchreistetterReuteretal., author = {Hauser, Florian and Schreistetter, Stefan and Reuter, Rebecca and Mottok, J{\"u}rgen and Gruber, Hans and Holmqvist, Kenneth and Schorr, Nick}, title = {Code reviews in C++: Preliminary results from an eye tracking study}, series = {ETRA '20 Short Papers: ACM Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and ApplicationsJune 2020}, booktitle = {ETRA '20 Short Papers: ACM Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and ApplicationsJune 2020}, isbn = {ISBN 9781450371346}, doi = {10.1145/3379156.3391980}, pages = {1 -- 5}, abstract = {Code reviews are an essential part of quality assurance in modern software projects. But despite their great importance, they are still carried out in a way that relies on human skills and decisions. During the last decade, there have been several publications on code reviews using eye tracking as a method, but only a few studies have focused on the performance differences between experts and novices. To get a deeper understanding of these differences, the following experiment was developed: This study surveys expertise-related differences in experts', advanced programmers', and novices' eye movements during the review of eight short C++ code examples, including correct and erroneous codes. A sample of 35 participants (21 novices, 14 advanced and expert programmers) were recruited. A Tobii Spectrum 600 was used for the data collection. Measures included participants' eye movements during the code review, demographic background data, and cued retrospective verbal comments on replays of their own eye movement recordings. Preliminary results give proof for experience-related differences between participants. Advanced and expert programmers performed significantly better in case of error detection and the eye tracking data implies a more efficient reviewing strategy.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HauserStarkMottoketal., author = {Hauser, Florian and Stark, Theresa and Mottok, J{\"u}rgen and Gruber, Hans and Reuter, Rebecca}, title = {Deliberate Practice in Programming: How is it carried out by programmers?}, series = {ECSEE '20: Proceedings of the 4th European Conference on Software Engineering Education, Seeon, Germany, June 2020}, booktitle = {ECSEE '20: Proceedings of the 4th European Conference on Software Engineering Education, Seeon, Germany, June 2020}, isbn = {ISBN 9781450377522}, doi = {10.1145/3396802.3396815}, pages = {42 -- 46}, abstract = {This work in progress study examines through which activities programmers perform deliberate practice to improve their own skills in coding and programming. For this reason, a qualitative questionnaire was developed and conducted with a sample of 22 participants. The results indicate that programmers perform formal and informal forms of training and learning. Typically, a classical programming training in the context of a university course or for work-related reasons is a first step in the acquisition of expertise. Building on these basic skills, non-formal and informal learning activities are carried out by the learners. Especially the social interaction and the collaborative work with other programmers is of great importance in this context. The activities mentioned by the test persons fulfil the characteristics of deliberate practice and will be examined more closely in a further study.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{ReuterHauserMuckelbaueretal., author = {Reuter, Rebecca and Hauser, Florian and Muckelbauer, Daniel and Stark, Theresa and Antoni, Erika and Mottok, J{\"u}rgen and Wolff, Christian}, title = {Using augmented reality in software engineering education? First insights to a comparative study of 2D and AR UML modeling}, series = {Proceedings of the 52nd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS) and 31st Conference on Software Engineering Education and Training (CSEE\&T), January 8 - 11, 2019 Grand Wailea, Hawaii}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 52nd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS) and 31st Conference on Software Engineering Education and Training (CSEE\&T), January 8 - 11, 2019 Grand Wailea, Hawaii}, doi = {10.24251/HICSS.2019.938}, pages = {7798 -- 7807}, abstract = {Although there has been much speculation about the potential of Augmented Reality (AR) in teaching for learning material, there is a significant lack of empirical proof about its effectiveness and implementation in higher education. We describe a software to integrate AR using the Microsoft Hololens into UML (Unified Modeling Language) teaching. Its user interface is laid out to overcome problems of existing software. We discuss the design of the tool and report a first evaluation study. The study is based upon effectiveness as a metric for students performance and components of motivation. The study was designed as control group experiment with two groups. The experimental group had to solve tasks with the help of the AR modeling tool and the control group used a classic PC software. We identified tendencies that participants of the experimental group showed more motivation than the control group. Both groups performed equally well}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{ReuterKnietzschHauseretal., author = {Reuter, Rebecca and Knietzsch, Marco and Hauser, Florian and Mottok, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Supporting Abstraction Skills Using Augmented Reality?}, series = {ITiCSE '19, Proceedings of the 2019 ACM Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education, July 2019, Aberdeen Scotland UK}, booktitle = {ITiCSE '19, Proceedings of the 2019 ACM Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education, July 2019, Aberdeen Scotland UK}, doi = {10.1145/3304221.3325562}, abstract = {We investigated the potential of augmented reality (AR) to enable visualization of abstract concepts and present the first iteration of a teaching experiment that evaluates the use of AR as support for abstraction skills. Students were confronted with the task to present and explain information to different groups of stakeholders at the example of a coffee machine. Results show that students find it helpful to have a visual app-prototype and especially one that can be disassembled in different levels. The main goal was to sensitize students for the need to think about and to abstract information for certain roles and perspectives.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{SchreistetterHauserReuteretal., author = {Schreistetter, Stefan and Hauser, Florian and Reuter, Rebecca and Jahn, Sabrina and Mottok, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Using Eye Tracking Data to analyze students' tasks solving behavior in classroom contexts}, series = {12th International Conference of Education, Research and Innovation (ICERI 2019), Conference Proceedings, 2019, Seville (Spain)}, booktitle = {12th International Conference of Education, Research and Innovation (ICERI 2019), Conference Proceedings, 2019, Seville (Spain)}, isbn = {978-84-09-14755-7}, issn = {2340-1095}, doi = {10.21125/iceri.2019.1473}, pages = {6087 -- 6096}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HauserReuterGegenfurtneretal., author = {Hauser, Florian and Reuter, Rebecca and Gegenfurtner, Andreas and Gruber, Hans and Mottok, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Eye movements in software modelling - what do they tell us about heuristics}, series = {12th International Conference of Education, Research and Innovation (ICERI 2019), Conference Proceedings, 2019, Seville (Spain)}, booktitle = {12th International Conference of Education, Research and Innovation (ICERI 2019), Conference Proceedings, 2019, Seville (Spain)}, isbn = {978-84-09-14755-7}, doi = {10.21125/iceri.2019.1469}, pages = {6064 -- 6070}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{SoskaReuterHauseretal., author = {Soska, Alexander and Reuter, Rebecca and Hauser, Florian and Reiß, Markus and Mottok, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Scaffolding in der Lehre von Design Pattern. Neue Konzepte f{\"u}r anwendungsorientiertes und aktivierendes Lernen}, series = {Tagungsband zum 3. Symposium zur Hochschullehre in den MINT-F{\"a}chern, 25. / 26. September 2017, TH N{\"u}rnberg}, booktitle = {Tagungsband zum 3. Symposium zur Hochschullehre in den MINT-F{\"a}chern, 25. / 26. September 2017, TH N{\"u}rnberg}, pages = {112 -- 116}, abstract = {Design Pattern sind wiederverwendbare Entwurfsmuster f{\"u}r Probleme in objektorientierten Programmiersprachen. Gene-rell wird dieser Lerninhalt als sehr abstrakt, theoretisch und schwer verst{\"a}ndlich beurteilt. Eine durchgef{\"u}hrte Studie mit Studierenden zu den Lernhindernissen w{\"a}hrend unseres Soft-ware Engineering Curriculums belegen diese Annahmen. Trotz heterogener Studierendengruppe mit unterschiedlichen Vor-kenntnissen, wird das Verst{\"a}ndnis der Konzepte von Design Pattern, verglichen mit anderen Lehrinhalten, als die gr{\"o}ßte Herausforderung angesehen. Zur Verbesserung des Lernens von Design Pattern, wurde aufgrund dieser Erkenntnisse ein Lehrkonzept zur Beseitigung der Lernhindernisse entwickelt. Dieses basiert auf einem angepassten Scaffolding-Ansatz, welcher u.a. durch die systematische Anwendung von studie-rendenzentrierten Methoden die Aneignung von theoretischen als auch praktischen Inhalten sukzessive f{\"o}rdert. Eine anschlie-ßende Evaluation belegt die Wirkungsweise des Lehrkonzepts.}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{ReuterHauserGoldVeerkampetal., author = {Reuter, Rebecca and Hauser, Florian and Gold-Veerkamp, Carolin and Mottok, J{\"u}rgen and Abke, J{\"o}rg}, title = {Towards a Definition and Identification of Learning Obstacles in Higher Software Engineering Education}, series = {EDULEARN17 Proceedings, 9th International Conference on Education and New Learning Technologies, 3-5 July, 2017, Barcelona, Spain}, booktitle = {EDULEARN17 Proceedings, 9th International Conference on Education and New Learning Technologies, 3-5 July, 2017, Barcelona, Spain}, isbn = {978-84-697-3777-4}, issn = {2340-1117}, doi = {10.21125/edulearn.2017.0943}, pages = {10259 -- 10267}, subject = {Hochschuldidaktik}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{ReuterHauserGoldVeerkampetal., author = {Reuter, Rebecca and Hauser, Florian and Gold-Veerkamp, Carolin and Stark, Theresa and Kis, Juliane and Mottok, J{\"u}rgen and Abke, J{\"o}rg and Meyer, Dany}, title = {Towards the construction of a questionnaire for the identification of learning obstacles}, series = {2018 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON 2018), 17-20 April, 2018, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain}, booktitle = {2018 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON 2018), 17-20 April, 2018, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain}, doi = {10.1109/EDUCON.2018.8363266}, pages = {457 -- 466}, abstract = {This paper deals with the identification of learning ob-stacles using the questionnaire method. Therefore, two iterations were proceeded: The first one was part of a survey that was carried out at four lo-cations at universities of applied sciences. We asked students about obstructive facts in general providing items for five learning ob-stacle dimensions that were set up before; emotional/motivational, epistemological/cognitive, didactical, resource-related and meta-cognitive learning obstacle dimensions. After the general part, we asked them to answer the same question, but in relation to the - in their opinion - most difficult learning content. With this question, we aim to get indications regarding to epistemological obstacles. In a second step, we used the "Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire", which was developed by Pintrich [1] as a basis to develop a questionnaire that extracts learning obstacles. In its original version, the "Motivated Strategies for Learning Question-naire" was intended to measure students' learning strategies, but, as the obstacle dimensions were partly derived from learning strategy classification, we chose this already validated question-naire [2]. Within this iteration, we could confirm a five-factor structure of the questionnaire that could be mapped to the five be-fore set learning obstacle dimensions.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HauserReuterGruberetal., author = {Hauser, Florian and Reuter, Rebecca and Gruber, Hans and Mottok, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Research competence: Modification of a questionnaire to measure research competence at universities of applied sciences}, series = {IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON), 17-20 April 2018, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain}, booktitle = {IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON), 17-20 April 2018, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain}, doi = {10.1109/EDUCON.2018.8363216}, pages = {109 -- 117}, abstract = {This paper deals with the validation and modification of the German questionnaire "F-Komp". In its original version, it was intended to measure university students' research competences. In the beginning of this study, there were only a few tools available which were reliable. For the purposes of this study, they were not suitable. At the same time, there was no validated version of the F-Komp available, which made the whole validation process for further usage necessary. This questionnaire is based on a structure, which consist of different skills and knowledge and is focused on measuring research competence in general. The validation and modification of the F-Komp is therefore the aim of our contribution as well as a revised version of the questionnaire. We proceeded an explorative factor and a reliability analysis to do a general evaluation of the tool. Some modifications were done in the questionnaire to make it more suitable to the requirements of technical oriented universities of applied sciences [5]. Our revised version is slightly longer and contains several items to gather data about the participants demographics. The modified questionnaire is based on a more appropriate factor structure. This structure is more practically oriented and pays attention to ethical issues. In future cases, this questionnaire will be used in research oriented courses to measure students' progress in acquiring the knowledge and methods which are necessary to perform as a scientist in different research areas.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HauserGegenfurtnerHutzleretal., author = {Hauser, Florian and Gegenfurtner, Andreas and Hutzler, Ivonne and Reuter, Rebecca and Mottok, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Eye movement patterns in source code review}, series = {EARLI SIG 17 and 25 Biennial Conference 2018, Cambridge, United Kingdom}, booktitle = {EARLI SIG 17 and 25 Biennial Conference 2018, Cambridge, United Kingdom}, abstract = {This study is based on the work of Uwano, Nakamura, Monden and Matsumoto (2006) who tried to identify programmers' eye movements in source code reviews by using eye tracking technology. The researchers were able to identify certain eye movement patterns but due to the technical limitations of earlier eye tracking systems and a small sample they could not find a valid proof for their existence. Now, twelve years later, the eye tracking technology has made significant improvements and is able to capture programmers' reading behavior in an unobtrusive and precise way. Now the goal is to verify the described patterns by using eye tracking data from expert and novice programmers. In the experiment they have to detect errors in six different codes and take part in a retrospective interview. At the moment, data collections are ongoing. At the time of the conference, we will present the results of our analyses.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HutzlerHauserReuteretal., author = {Hutzler, Ivonne and Hauser, Florian and Reuter, Rebecca and Mottok, J{\"u}rgen and Gruber, Hans}, title = {Will the noun/verb analysis be used to generate class diagrams? An eye tracking study}, series = {IATED, 11th International Conference of Education, Research and Innovation (ICERI 2018), 12-14 November 2018, Seville, Spain}, booktitle = {IATED, 11th International Conference of Education, Research and Innovation (ICERI 2018), 12-14 November 2018, Seville, Spain}, doi = {10.21125/iceri.2018.1103}, pages = {505 -- 514}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HauserMottokReuteretal., author = {Hauser, Florian and Mottok, J{\"u}rgen and Reuter, Rebecca and Hutzler, Ivonne and Gruber, Hans}, title = {Eye movement patterns in software engineering - What differs the expert from the novice?}, series = {IATED, 11th International Conference of Education, Research and Innovation (ICERI 2018), 12-14 November 2018, Seville, Spain}, booktitle = {IATED, 11th International Conference of Education, Research and Innovation (ICERI 2018), 12-14 November 2018, Seville, Spain}, doi = {10.21125/iceri.2018.1129}, language = {en} } @misc{StarkSchreistetterReuteretal., author = {Stark, T. and Schreistetter, Stefan and Reuter, Rebecca and Hauser, Florian and Holmqvist, Kenneth and Mottok, J{\"u}rgen and Gruber, Hans}, title = {Learning from Gaze: Eye Movement Modeling Examples in Software Engineering Education}, series = {Earli Book of Abstracts}, journal = {Earli Book of Abstracts}, publisher = {Earli}, pages = {291}, language = {en} }