@article{BernalDhandapaniElakneswaranetal., author = {Bernal, Susan A. and Dhandapani, Yuvaraj and Elakneswaran, Yogarajah and Gluth, Gregor J. G. and Gruyaert, Elke and Juenger, Maria C. G. and Lothenbach, Barbara and Olonade, Kolawole Adisa and Sakoparnig, Marlene and Shi, Zhenguo and Thiel, Charlotte and van den Heede, Philip and Vanoutrive, Hanne and Von Greve-Dierfeld, Stefanie and De Belie, Nele and Provis, John L.}, title = {Report of RILEM TC 281-CCC: A critical review of the standardised testing methods to determine carbonation resistance of concrete}, series = {Materials and Structures}, volume = {57}, journal = {Materials and Structures}, number = {8}, publisher = {Springer}, issn = {0025-5432}, doi = {10.1617/s11527-024-02424-9}, pages = {31}, abstract = {The chemical reaction between CO2 and a blended Portland cement concrete, referred to as carbonation, can lead to reduced performance, particularly when concrete is exposed to elevated levels of CO2 (i.e., accelerated carbonation conditions). When slight changes in concrete mix designs or testing conditions are adopted, conflicting carbonation results are often reported. The RILEM TC 281-CCC 'Carbonation of Concrete with Supplementary Cementitious Materials' has conducted a critical analysis of the standardised testing methodologies that are currently applied to determine carbonation resistance of concrete in different regions. There are at least 17 different standards or recommendations being actively used for this purpose, with significant differences in sample curing, pre-conditioning, carbonation exposure conditions, and methods used for determination of carbonation depth after exposure. These differences strongly influence the carbonation depths recorded and the carbonation coefficient values calculated. Considering the importance of accurately determining carbonation potential of concrete, not just for predicting their durability performance, but also for determining the amount of CO2 that concrete can re-absorb during or after its service life, it is imperative to recognise the applicability and limitations of the results obtained from different tests. This will enable researchers and practitioners to adopt the most appropriate testing methodologies to evaluate carbonation resistance, depending on the purpose of the conclusions derived from such testing (e. g. materials selection, service life prediction, CO2 capture potential).}, language = {en} } @unpublished{VollprachtGluthRogiersetal., author = {Vollpracht, Anya and Gluth, Gregor J. G. and Rogiers, Bart and Uwanuakwa, Ikenna D. and Phung, Quoc Tri and Zaccardi, Yury Villagran and Thiel, Charlotte and Vanoutrive, Hanne and Etcheverry, Juan Manuel and Gruyaert, Elke and Kamali-Bernard, Siham and Kanellopoulos, Antonios and Zhao, Zengfeng and Milagre Martins, Isabel and Rathnarajan, Sundar and De Belie, Nele}, title = {Report of RILEM TC 281-CCC: Insights into factors affecting the carbonation rate of concrete with SCMs revealed from data mining and machine learning approaches}, publisher = {Research Square Platform LLC}, doi = {10.21203/rs.3.rs-4169492/v1}, abstract = {The RILEM TC 281-CCC ''Carbonation of concrete with supplementary cementitious materials'' conducted a study on the effects of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) on the carbonation rate of blended cement concretes and mortars. In this context, a comprehensive database has been established, consisting of 1044 concrete and mortar mixes with their associated carbonation depth data over time. The dataset comprises mix designs with a large variety of binders with up to 94\% SCMs, collected from the literature as well as unpublished testing reports. The data includes chemical composition and physical properties of the raw materials, mix-designs, compressive strengths, curing and carbonation testing conditions. Natural carbonation was recorded for several years in many cases with both indoor and outdoor results. The database has been analysed to investigate the effects of binder composition and mix design, curing and preconditioning, and relative humidity on the carbonation rate. Furthermore, the accuracy of accelerated carbonation testing as well as possible correlations between compressive strength and carbonation resistance were evaluated. The analysis revealed that the w/CaOreactive ratio is a decisive factor for carbonation resistance, while curing and exposure conditions also influence carbonation. Under natural exposure conditions, the carbonation data exhibit significant variations. Nevertheless, probabilistic inference suggests that both accelerated and natural carbonation processes follow a square-root-of-time behavior, though accelerated and natural carbonation cannot be converted into each other without corrections. Additionally, a machine learning technique was employed to assess the influence of parameters governing the carbonation progress in concretes.}, language = {en} } @article{VollprachtGluthRogiersetal., author = {Vollpracht, A. and Gluth, Gregor J. G. and Rogiers, Bart and Uwanuakwa, I. D. and Phung, Quoc Tri and Villagran Zaccardi, Y. and Thiel, Charlotte and Vanoutrive, H. and Etcheverry, Juan Manuel and Gruyaert, Elke and Kamali-Bernard, Siham and Kanellopoulos, Antonios and Zhao, Zengfeng and Milagre Martins, Isabel and Rathnarajan, Sundar and De Belie, Nele}, title = {Report of RILEM TC 281-CCC: insights into factors affecting the carbonation rate of concrete with SCMs revealed from data mining and machine learning approaches}, series = {Materials and Structures}, volume = {57}, journal = {Materials and Structures}, number = {9}, publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media}, issn = {1359-5997}, doi = {10.1617/s11527-024-02465-0}, abstract = {The RILEM TC 281-CCC ''Carbonation of concrete with supplementary cementitious materials'' conducted a study on the effects of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) on the carbonation rate of blended cement concretes and mortars. In this context, a comprehensive database has been established, consisting of 1044 concrete and mortar mixes with their associated carbonation depth data over time. The dataset comprises mix designs with a large variety of binders with up to 94\% SCMs, collected from the literature as well as unpublished testing reports. The data includes chemical composition and physical properties of the raw materials, mix-designs, compressive strengths, curing and carbonation testing conditions. Natural carbonation was recorded for several years in many cases with both indoor and outdoor results. The database has been analysed to investigate the effects of binder composition and mix design, curing and preconditioning, and relative humidity on the carbonation rate. Furthermore, the accuracy of accelerated carbonation testing as well as possible correlations between compressive strength and carbonation resistance were evaluated. One approach to summerise the physical and chemical resistance in one parameter is the ratio of water content to content of carbonatable CaO (w/CaOreactive ratio). The analysis revealed that the w/CaOreactive ratio is a decisive factor for carbonation resistance, while curing and exposure conditions also influence carbonation. Under natural exposure conditions, the carbonation data exhibit significant variations. Nevertheless, probabilistic inference suggests that both accelerated and natural carbonation processes follow a square-root-of-time behavior, though accelerated and natural carbonation cannot be converted into each other without corrections. Additionally, a machine learning technique was employed to assess the influence of parameters governing the carbonation progress in concretes.}, language = {en} }